arc flash, iipp and ghs awareness
TRANSCRIPT
Arc Flash, IIPP, and GHS Awareness Level Safety Training
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ARC FLASH, IIPP AND GHS AWARENESS
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ARC FLASH, ELECTRICAL SAFETY
AWARENESS
Arc Flash, IIPP, and GHS Awareness Level Safety Training
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United States OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.303-308 adopted NFPA 70E standard for electrical installations in August 2007Cal/OSHA Subchapter 5◦ Group 1. Low-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders (Sections
2299 - 2599)◦ Group 2. High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders (Sections
2700 - 2974)2009 version of NFPA 70E places stronger emphasis on safety program management2012: Current Edition2015: Next Edition
Standards
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OSHA’s Top 10 Cited Violations
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OSHA Citations Are Costly
OSHA Citations
• 13 incidents and $1.6M since the beginning of 2012.
• Violations can carry penalties of up to $250,000 for individuals or $500,000 for companies.
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Regulatory Requirements
Area OSHA 29CFR 1910 NFPA 70
Suitability for safe installation and use in accordance with listing or labeling. .303(b)(1) 110-3
Unused openings in cabinets, boxes, and fittings .305(b)(1) 110-12(a)Electrical Splices .303© 110-14(b)Workspace about electrical equipment .303(g)(1) 110-16Guarding of live parts .303(g)(2) 110-17Disconnect and circuit identification .303(f) 110-22Reverse polarity .304(a)(2) 200-11Grounding .305(j)(2)(i) 210-7GFICs ----- 210-8Grounding of fixed equipment .304(f)(5)(iv) 250-42Grounding of cord and plug connected equipment .304(f)(5)(v) 250-45Effective grounding path .304(f)(4) 250-52Flexible cord and cable uses permitted .305(g)(1)(i) 400-7Flexible cord and cable uses not permitted .305(g)(1)(ii) 400-8Flexible cord and cable splices .305(g)(2)(ii) 400-9Pull at joints and terminals .305(g)(2)(iii) 400-10
Common OSHA Citations
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Cal/OSHA Standards
California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 8 (T8) Electrical Safety Orders:
• Sections 2299 – 2599– Low-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders
• Sections 2700 – 2989– High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders
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Fed/OSHA Standards• General Industry (29 CFR 1910)
– 1910.137, Electrical protective devices– 1910.269, Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution– 1910.302, Electric utilization systems– 1910.303, General requirements– 1910.304, Wiring design and protection– 1910.305, Wiring methods, components, and equipment for general use– 1910.306, Specific purpose equipment and installations– 1910.307, Hazardous (classified) locations– 1910.308, Special systems– 1910.331, Scope– 1910.332, Training– 1910.333, Selection and use of work practices– 1910.334, Use of equipment– 1910.335, Safeguards for personnel protection
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Fed/OSHA Standards
(continued)• Construction Industry (29 CFR 1926)
– 1926 Subpart K, Electrical
• Shipyard Employment (29 CFR 1915)– 1915.181, Electrical circuits and distribution boards
• Marine Terminals (29 CFR 1917)– 1917.157, Battery charging and changing
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Significant Changes to the NFPA 70E Standard
2012 Edition
Program administrator should be aware of these changes and make sure they are administered in the workplace
and documented in the written program.
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Engineering/Electrical Installations
Objectives:• Principles of Electricity• Hazards of Electricity• Wiring Protection & Grounding• Workspace• Hazardous Locations• Cord & Plug Equipment• Electrical Equipment
High & Low Voltage Electrical Safety
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Management/Work Practices
Objectives:• Personnel Protection• Energy Control• Electrical Safety
Program• Training• Misc. Work Practices
High & Low Voltage Electrical Safety
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Definitions
• High Voltage: Specifically covering installation and equipment greater than 600 Volts nominal
• Low Voltage: Specifically covering installation and equipment less than or equal to 600 Volts nominal
• Safe Work Condition: Energized exposed parts are properly guarded, or de-energized
• Unsafe Work Condition: Energized exposed parts are not properly guarded, or energized
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Principles of Electricity-Units
• Resistance– Conditions which retard current flow– All materials exhibit some resistance– Units=Ohms or Ω– Conductor: Materials that allow
electrons to flow easily (Copper, Water)
– Insulator: Materials that do not allow electrons to flow easily (Rubber, Glass)
– Live wire without insulation or guarding is exposed
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Principles of Electricity-Units
• Voltage– Amount of work it would take to
move a charge between two points
– Measurement of electricity in terms of pressure
– Measurement of electrical potential
– Nominal voltage designates the voltage class of a circuit
– Volts or V
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Principles of Electricity-Units
• Amperage– Measure of electron flow
(current)– Total volume of current
flowing past a certain point in a given period of time
– Amps or I
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Principles of Electricity-The Basics• Electricity flows through a closed circuit through a conductor
• When the circuit is closed (on) electrical current is flowing from it’s source (hot/black wire)
• Returns to the source though the neutral (white wire)
Current Returns (No Pressure)
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Principles of Electricity-Units
Equation I-1
V=IR
Where: V is VoltsI is Current in AmpsR is Resistance in Ohms
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Principles of Electricity-Units
Exercise 1
Find the voltage of 10 amp circuit if the resistance is 10 ohms.
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Principles of Electricity
Wire Gauge Ampacity Maximum Wattage Load
14 Gauge 15 Amps 1440 W (120 V)
12 Gauge 20 Amps1920 W (120 V)3940 W (240V)
10 Gauge 30 Amps2880 W (120V)5760 W (240 V)
8 Gauge 40 Amps 7680 W (240 V)
6 Gauge 50 Amps 9600 W (240 V)
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Principles of Electricity-Measurement
• The International Electrotechnical commission (IEC) Standard 61010
• Four Measurement Categories (CAT Rated) are assigned to test instrument which correspond to use applications
• The higher the category, the higher the power available in that environment
Category (CAT)
IIIIIIIV
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Principles of Electricity-Measurement
Category Types of Measurements ExamplesI 1. Voltage levels are low.
2. Protected electronic equipment such as a photocopier or computer.
3. Equipment connected to circuits in which measures are taken to limit over-voltages to appropriately low level.
II 1. Single phase receptacle connected loads.2. Appliances, portable tools, and other household or
similar loads.3. Outlet/branch circuits:a. >30 feet from CAT III Sourceb. >60 feet from CAT IV Source
III 1. 3-Phase Distribution.2. Single-Phase commercial lighting3. Fixed location equipment such as distribution panels
and motors.IV 1. 3-Phase at utility connection.
2. Any outdoor location.3. Origin of installation where low voltage connection is
made to utility power.
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Principles of Electricity-Measurement
• Test Instruments• Understanding the use of test
instruments • Qualified persons must be
trained in the proper use of voltage detector– Verifies the absence of
voltage and limitations • NFPA 70E, Article 110.6(D)(e)
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• Test Instruments
• General Rules of Thumb– The closer you get to a power
source, the higher the CAT number
– Select a multimeter to the highest CAT number it can be used.
Principles of Electricity-Measurement
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Principles of Electricity-Measurement
Resistance
DC Amps
AC Volts
DC Volts
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HAZARDS OF ELECTRICITY
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Hazards of Electricity
Can you work on an energized system?
•Justifications:
• So the emergency alarms systems can stay activated
• Equipment design
• Performing diagnostic work
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Hazards of Electricity
• Electricity travels in closed circuits through a conductor
• When the body becomes part of the electrical circuit Electric shock occurs when a body comes in contact:
• With both wires of an electrical circuit
• With one wire of an energized circuit and the ground
• With a metallic part that has become “hot” by contact with an energized conductor
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Hazards of Electricity
• Severity of Shock• LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT
MEAN LOW HAZARD!!!• Voltage is a function of
current and resistance. • Current (amperes) determines
the severity of electrical hazard.• Direct Effects• Indirect Effects
Voltage itself does not determine the severity of electrical hazard.
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• Electric Shock• Refers to current passing over or through a human
body or it’s members and to the injuries that result.• A person must become a conductor between two
points that differ in electrical potential.
• Direct Effects• Refers to specific damage to the body.
• Indirect Effects• Electrical shock may cause muscles to contract
causing a worker to lose his or her balance and fall.
Hazards of Electricity
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Hazards of Electricity
1 milliamp Faint tingle5 milliamp Slight shock-not painful6-25 milliamp Painful shock (women)9-30 milliamp “Let go” range (men)50-150 milliamp Extreme pain-muscular
contraction1000-4300 milliamp Death most likely10,000 milliamp Cardiac arrest, burns,
death
Higher current (Amperage) are typically the most hazardous
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• Mild Shock: • Caused by brief contact with
current <5 mA
• Physical effects may include:
• Tingling feeling in the affected area
• Slight discoloration of skin
• Minor burns
Hazards of Electricity
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Hazards of Electricity
• Severe Shock: Longer contact with current 5 mA to 25 mA.
• Physical effects may include:• Numbness or temporary
paralysis of body parts• Moderate to serious pain• Spasms or loss of muscle
control• Loss of consciousness• Breathing difficulties
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Hazards of Electricity
• Deadly Shock: Happens when worker is frozen to an electrical contact point and receives continuous current >25 mA.
• Physical effects may include:• Paralysis of respiratory muscles• 2nd or 3rd degree burns• Destroyed nerves• Ruptured internal organs• Shattered teeth• Broken bones• Torn muscles
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Hazards of Electricity
• Internal Injuries• Contraction of chest muscles (may interfere with
breathing causing asphyxiation)
• Destruction of nerves• Tissues• Muscles • Caused by the heat as the heavy current runs through
the body
• Paralysis of nerve center• May result in failure to breath• Often continues after victim is free from circuit
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• Internal Injuries• Burns
• Contact with metal objects such as jewelry
• Ventricular Fibrillation• Interference with the normal heart rhythm
• Fibers of heart, instead of contracting in a coordinated manner, contract separately at different times
• Blood circulation ceases
Hazards of Electricity
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Arc Flashes• Arcing can be caused by:
• Short circuits between cable carrying heavy currents• Pulling fuses in energized circuits
• Explosions:• Accumulation of combustible dust• Flammable vapors • On overheated conductors or equipment
Hazards of Electricity
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• Heat & Fire• Fires are caused when
more current flows through a conductor than it’s designed capacity.
• This will cause excessive heating that can ignite surrounding materials.
• Electricity is the most common cause of fires in home and workplace.
Hazards of Electricity
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Exercise 31. The unit of electricity that actually kills a person is:
a. Voltageb. Resistancec. Wattaged. Current
2. The group with the highest percentage of electrocutions in the workplace is:a. Power plant operatorsb. Experienced electrical workersc. Machine operatorsd. Workers with little or no experience in electrical procedures
Hazards of Electricity
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• Disconnecting Means– Switch or circuit breaker
– capable of interrupting current flow from a supply source
– This will disconnect electrical equipment from it’s source
– Event of an emergency– During normal servicing of
operations
Engineering Control-Disconnects
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Engineering Control-Disconnects
All disconnecting means must be identified
DisconnectCircuit Breaker
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Engineering Control-Disconnects
Panelboard with marked Circuit Breakers and
legend.
Disconnect marked with service location.
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• Overcurrent Protection: • Devices designed to disconnect a circuit• When a maximum allowable heat level is reached• The safe current carrying capacity of conductors is
determined by their:• Size• Material• Insulation• Way they are installed
Overcurrent devices should interrupt the current flow when it exceeds the conductor’s capacity.
Engineering Control-Disconnects
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• Fuses:• Disconnects circuit
• Element inside the fuse body melts • Too much current passes through• Causes heat
• Fuse Types• Plug• Link• Cartridge
Engineering Control-Disconnects
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Engineering Control-Disconnects
• Fuses that are accessible to unqualified employees must be equipped with a disconnecting means to allow the fuse to be serviced.
• Circuit Breaker: Functions to disconnect a circuit when excessive flow causes a heat build up in a bi-metal strip Panelboard houses
circuit breakers.
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Engineering Control-Disconnects
Disconnect
Fuses
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Engineering Control-Workspace
• Workspace:• Access and working space shall
be provided• Safe Operations and
Maintenance• Depth distances shall be
maintained• Permit a 90-degree opening
of door or hinged parts
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• Proper distance measurements:
– Exposed: live parts
– Enclosed: From the enclosure front opening
– Depends on voltage
Engineering Control-Workspace
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Workspace-600 V or less
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Workspace-Greater than 600 V
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Engineering Control-Workspace
– Condition 1: Exposed live parts on one side and no live or grounded parts on the other side of the working space, or exposed live parts on both sides effectively guarded by suitable wood or other insulating material
– Condition 2: Exposed live parts on one side and grounded parts on the other. Cinderblock and tiled walls are considered grounded surfaces
– Condition 3: Exposed live parts on both sides of the work space (not guarded as provided in Condition A) with the operator between.
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Engineering Control-Workspace
Nominal Voltage Minimum Elevation
601-7500 9.0
7501-35,000 9.5’
>35 kV 9.5’+0.37”/kV above 35 kV
• Elevation of unguarded energized parts above Workspace
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Engineering Control-Workspace
Exercise 4
What is the workspace requirement for a 600 volt system where there is the possibility of exposed parts on both sides?
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Engineering Control-Temp Wire/Cord & Plug
• Cord and Plug Equipment• Temporary Wiring• Hand Tools
Never carry tool by the cord or hose.Never yank a cord to
disconnect it from it’s receptacle
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Engineering Control-Temp Wire/Cord & Plug
• Flexible Cords Permitted• Wiring of Fixtures• Connection of portable lamps or appliances• Elevator cables• Appliances where the fastening means and
mechanical connections are designed to permit removal for maintenance or repair
• Pendants
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• Flexible Cords Not Permitted• Substitute for fixed wiring• Cannot run through:
• Walls• Ceilings• Floors• Doorways or windows
• Cannot be:• Attached to building surfaces• Concealed behind building
• Walls• Ceilings• Floors
Engineering Control-Temp Wire/Cord & Plug
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Engineering Control-Temp Wire/Cord & Plug
• Power Strips• Power strips must be UL Listed• Shall have build in overcurrent devices • Shall not be piggy backed or plugged into each other.
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Engineering Control-Temp Wire/Cord & Plug
• Power Strips
• Do not use power strips for:• Appliances with heating elements• Electric room heaters• Bench top cooking appliances
• Do not plug into extension cords• Plug directly into a wall socket
• Extension cords should not to be used for permanent applications
• A heavy reliance on power strips is an indication that you have too few outlets to address your needs
• Have additional outlets installed where you need them
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Engineering Control-Temp Wire/Cord & Plug
Amps of Equipment
Cord Length in Feet
25’ 50’ 100’ 150’
0-6 18 gauge 16 gauge 16 gauge 14 gauge
10 18 gauge 16 gauge 14 gauge 14 gauge
10-12 16 gauge 16 gauge 14 gauge 12 gauge
12-16 14 gauge 12 gauge Not recommended
Wire size for extension cords
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Engineering Control-Temp Wire/Cord & Plug
Exercise 5
What is the maximum cord length & gauge you can use with a 14 Amp tool?
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Engineering Control-Temp Wire/Cord & Plug
• Power Hand Tools• Keep power cords away from
• Heat• Oil• Sharp edges
• Disconnect tool when changing bits, blades & accessories
• Avoid accidental starting
• Ensure tools are UL listed
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Engineering Control-Temp Wire/Cord & Plug
• Grounding for extension cords• Written program for non-permanent wiring where GFCI is
not used• Designate a competent person
• Grounding conductor does not have “continuity” • Damaged or broken wire• User is not protected• No return path to the ground
• Visual inspection before each day’s use:• External defects• Missing pins/insulation• Indications of possible internal damage
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Engineering Control-Temp Wire/Cord & Plug
• Perform tests at intervals:• Ensures continuity
– Before each use– Evidence of damage– Before it is returned
to service after repairs
– Periods not exceeding 3 months
A continuity tester is used to ensure the
grounding conductor is properly intact.
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Engineering Control-Electrical Equipment
• Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)• Fast acting• Electrical circuit-interrupting device• If current flow between the black
(ungrounded) and neutral wires differs• Greater than 5mA• GFCI will quickly open the circuit
• When current is not equal, some electrical energy is flowing to ground• Possibly through a person
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Engineering Control-Electrical Equipment
• GFCI Requirements• Bathrooms • Kitchens• Rooftops• Not part of permanent wiring system
• Tripping may be caused by:• Wet areas• Too many power tools on a GFCI branch. • Poorly installed GFCIs. • Damaged or defective GFCIs
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Engineering Control-Electrical Equipment
Exercise 6a
Placing a GFCI in position A will provide protection to _________
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Exercise 6b
Placing a GFCI in position B will provide protection to __ but not __
Engineering Control-Electrical Equipment
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Engineering Control-Electrical Equipment
Exercise 6c
Placing a GFCI in position C will not provide protection to ____
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WHAT IS ARC FLASH?
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• Causes of Arc Flash– An arcing flash is the flow of
current through the air between:– Phase conductors– Phase conductors and neutral or
ground– An arc can release tremendous
amounts of concentrated radiant energy
– Point of the arcing– Small fraction of a second– Resulting in extremely high
temperatures
There are many potential causes of arc flashes from
electrical equipment.
ARC FLASH
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• Arc Flash• Caused by human error
• Dropped tools• Accidental contact
with electrical systems
• Improper work procedures
• Insulation failure
ARC FLASH
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Video: Arc flash caused by an overloaded transformer
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Management/Work Practices
• Qualified Person: • Skills & knowledge related to
the construction and operation of the electrical equipment & installations
• Received safety training on the hazards involved
• Trained to safeguard• Himself • Surrounding environments
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• All employees working on energized electrical systems must be trained on all the aspects of their job and working with electrical system
• Qualified High voltage Electrical Worker– Trained as to hazards associated with work– How to control hazards (LOTO)– Universal safety procedures– Skills & techniques necessary to distinguish live parts
Training
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• Qualified High voltage Electrical Worker (con’t)– Skills necessary to determine voltages– Clearance distances– Selection of tools and PPE– Selection of proper work procedures– Recognize signs and symptoms of electrical shock– Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)– Automatic External Defibrillator (AED)– Emergency Procedures
Training
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• Personnel Protection• Includes:
– PPE– Approach Boundaries– Tools– Alerting Techniques
Personnel Protection
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• NFPA 70E, Article 130.7, page 70E-28 to 40
• Gloves• Head Protection• Eye & Face Protection• Foot Protection• Apparel
Personnel Protection-PPE
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Personnel Protection-PPE (Gloves)
Voltage Rated Gloves have a classification according to the
voltage range they can be used
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Class Protection VDC
Protection VAC
00 Up to 750 Up to 500
0 Up to 1500 Up to 1000
1 Up to 11,250 Up to 7500
2 Up to 25,500 Up to 17,000
3 Up to 39,750 Up to 26,500
4 Up to 54,000 Up to 36,000
Personnel Protection-PPE (Gloves)
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• Care and Use– Equipment shall be inspected
before each use.– An air test should be performed
along with the inspection.• Equipment should not be used if:
– There is a hole, tear, or cut– Embedded foreign object– Texture changes
• Storage:– Light– Ozone– Temperature extremes– Excessive humidity
Personnel Protection-PPE (Gloves)
Air test must be performed prior to donning voltage rated
gloves.
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Personnel Protection-PPE (Gloves)
Chemical Attack: Swelling caused by oils & petroleum
compounds
Contamination: Discard protectors contaminated by oils & petroleum
compounds
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Personnel Protection-PPE (Gloves)
Snags: Damage shown is due to wood or metal
splinters or other sharp objects.
Folding Gloves: Strain on rubber at folded point is
equal to stretching to glove to twice it’s length.
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Personnel Protection-PPE (Gloves)
Rubber insulating equipment must be tested by an outside laboratory to ensure proper insulating protection.
Frequencies depend on the equipment.
Type of Equipment When to TestRubber Insulating Gloves* Before issue & every 6 monthsRubber Insulating Blankets Before issue & every 12 months
Rubber Insulating Sleeves Before issue & every 12 months
*ASTM requires every glove must be electrically tested before it is shipped. Some manufacturers automatically stamp the month and year of the test. Some stamp them for an small add on charge. Gloves can sit on the shelf for up to 1 year before hey need to be retested. If you keep records of when you put the gloves into service, they would need to be electrically tested 6 months from issue date.
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Personnel Protection-PPE (Gloves)
ASTM Standard Specification
D 120-87 Rubber Insulating Gloves
D 1048-93 Rubber Insulating Blankets
D 1049-93 Rubber Insulating Covers
D 1051-87 Rubber Insulating Sleeves
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• Protector Gloves.• Provide protection against
punctures, snags and abrasions
• Shall be worn over insulating gloves.
• Shall be worn where required for flash protection.
• NFPA 70E, Article 130.7(C)(13)(c)(1)-(2), Page 38
Personnel Protection-PPE (Gloves)
Protector gloves are worn over voltage rated gloves
for flash protection & protect the v-rated gloves against punctures & snags
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Personnel Protection-PPE (Gloves)
Exercise 7
Class 00 gloves will provide protection up to:a. 800 VDCb. 500 VACc. 1000 VACd. 5400 VAC
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Personnel Protection-PPE (Head Protection)
• Basic Rules for Hard Hats– Headband must be adjustable
to proper size– Should be visually inspected
daily– Shall not drill or punch holes in
hard hats– Should not be:
– stored or carried in rear window shelf of car
– not be worn backwards
Look for classification on the hat
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Personnel Protection-PPE (Head Protection)
Old ClassNew Class (after 1997)
Class AClass G
Class BClass E
Class CClass C
Description General service, limited voltage
protection.
Utility Service, high voltage protection
General Service, metallic, no voltage
protection
Insulation Protection 2200 V 20,000 V NONE
Impact Resistance 850 lbs Ave.1000 lbs max
850 lbs Ave.1000 lbs max
850 lbs Ave.1000 lbs max
Penetration Resistance 3/8” max 3/8” max 7/16” max
Old ANSI StandardNew ANSI Standard
Z89.1-1969Z89.1-1997
Z89.2-1971Z89.1-1997
Z89.1-1969Z89.1-1997
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Personnel Protection-PPE (Head Protection)
Exercise 8
Which hard hat will protect up to 480 V?
a. Class Zb. Class Gc. Class Cd. Bump Cap
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• Employees must wear protective equipment for the eyes & face: • Danger of injury• Electric arcs or flashes• Flying objects
• NFPA 70E, Article 130.7(C)(3) & 130.7(C)(4), page 70E-28
Personnel Protection-PPE (Eye/Face Protection)
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Personnel Protection-PPE (Eye/Face Protection)
• Basic Rules for Eye & Face Protection– Made of appropriate material– Shall have an arc rating
suitable for the arc exposure – Face shield without arc
ratings shall not be used – Safety glasses/goggles shall
always be worn under face shields or hood.
– Check NFPA 70E Table 130.7(C)(10) for eye & face protection in accordance with Hazard Risk Category (HRC).
Appropriate eye & face protection for HRC=2*
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Personnel Protection-PPE (Eye/Face Protection)
HRC=0
Safety Glasses
HRC=1 or 2
Arc Face Shield
HRC=2*
Arc Face Shield + Sock Hood
HRC=3 or 4
Arc Hood
• Face shields must be worn in combination with safety glasses.• Arc Rating of face shields must correspond to HRC for available
incident energy.
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Personnel Protection-PPE (Foot Protection)
• Dielectric overshoes are required
• Ensure foot protection is non-conductive
• Complies with ANSI Z41
• NFPA 70E, Article 130.7(C)(7), page 70E-29
Foot wear should be in good condition and not
have exposed steel caps.
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Personnel Protection-PPE (Protective Clothing)
• Flame Resistant Clothing: – Clothing made from fabrics
that self extinguish – Fabrics are a combination
of natural and synthetic materials
– Most severe burn injuries and fatalities are caused by non-flame resistant clothing igniting and continuing to burn.
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Personnel Protection-PPE (Protective Clothing)
• Flame retardantsare chemicals that inhibit sustained combustion
• Flame resistance is the characteristic of not supporting combustion in air
• FRC should be appropriate to hazard
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• Always the outermost layer
• Worn correctly; zipped & buttoned
• Outermost layer must meet requirements for Arc Flash Protection Hazard Risk Category
• Undergarments must be of natural fiber such as cotton
Personnel Protection-PPE (Protective Clothing)
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Personnel Protection-PPE (Protective Clothing)
• NFPA 70E, Table 130.7(C)(11), page 70E-37(Protective Clothing Characteristics)
• Describes minimum performance requirements for clothing intended to protect against electric arc flashes
• Based on• Hazard Risk Category (HRC)• Arc Thermal Protection Value (ATPV)
• Fabrics must : – Retain flame resistance through multiple launderings – Be tested to ASTM F1959 to determine the
performance in an electric arc flash
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Protective Clothing Categories have minimum Arc Thermal Performance Values. These Arc Thermal Protection Values (ATPV) correspond to the maximum incident energy that the clothing will protect with worker.
HRC 0 - ATPV = N/A HRC 1 - ATPV = 4 cal/cm2 HRC 2 - ATPV = 8 cal/cm2 HRC 3 - ATPV = 25 cal/cm2 HRC 4 - ATPV = 40 cal/cm2
Personnel Protection-PPE (Protective Clothing)
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• Voltage Rated Tools
• When performing energized work• Maximum voltage rating • Identified as insulated for use
on energized parts
• Qualified persons shall ensure tools are in good condition prior to use.
Personnel Protection-Tools
1000 V
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Personnel Protection-Tools
Insulated tools will be rated with maximum voltage rating and double diamond symbol.
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FLASH PROTECTION BOUNDARY & LIMITS
OF APPROACH
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Personnel Protection-Flash Boundaries
• Requires an arc flash hazard analysis
• NFPA 70E, Article 130.3, pages 24-25
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Personnel Protection-Flash Boundaries
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Personnel Protection-Approach Boundaries
• Limited approach boundary: Outermost boundary that can be crossed by qualified worker.
• Restricted Approach Boundary: Safest distance before qualified worker is required to use shock protection equipment and techniques. Unqualified persons may not cross this boundary
under any circumstances.
• Prohibited Approach Boundary: Crossing this boundary is the same as coming into contact with a live part
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Personnel Protection-Approach Boundaries
• Basic Principles– Increase the distance between person and decrease
the potential for accident.– Unqualified people should not cross the limited
approach boundary unless they are wearing appropriate equipment and are under the supervision of a qualified person.
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Personnel Protection-Approach Boundaries
• Safe approach distance for Qualified Persons • Determine limited approach boundary and, if
boundary is to be cross, appropriate protective equipment is used.
• For a qualified person to cross the limited approach boundary, he/she must:• Have a plan that is documented and approved by
management.• Use PPE appropriate for the equipment and
voltage level involved. • Requires shock hazard analysis.• NFPA 70E, Article 130.2, pages 24
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Personnel Protection-Approach Boundaries
• Approach Boundaries
• NFPA Chapter 1,Table 130.2(C), page 70E-25
• Limited Approach Boundary
• Exposed Movable Conductor: – Typically an overhead – Worker requires a bucket truck or other means, such as a
movable platform, to work on conductor
• Exposed Fixed Circuit Path: – Distances less than for movable conductor– Example would be an open section of a panelboard where
a worker or object could come into contact with the exposed part
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Personnel Protection-Approach Boundaries
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Crossing this boundary is the
same as coming into
contact with a live part
Qualified Persons Only.
Qualified or Unqualified Persons (if accompanied by Qualified Person)
Shock boundaries depend on the system voltage level
Limited Shock Boundary
Restricted Shock Boundary
Prohibited Shock Boundary
Personnel Protection-Approach Boundaries
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Personnel Protection-Approach Boundaries
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Personnel Protection-Equipment Labeling
• NFPA 70E, Article 130.7(E), • NFPA 70E Article 130.3(C), • Markings shall be located so as
to be clearly visible to qualified persons before:• Examination• Adjustment• Servicing
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• NFPA 70E Requires equipment be field marked with:– Available incident energy – Required level of PPE
• Markings shall be located to be clearly visible to qualified persons: – Before examination– Adjustment– Servicing or maintenance
Arc Flash & Shock HazardAppropriate PPE Required
Hazard Risk Category 1Arc Rating 4 cal/cm2
PPE Approach Boundaries
Class 00 Gloves + Over Gloves Prohibited 1 inch
Arc Rated Coveralls Restricted1 foot
Arc Rated Face Shield Limited 3 feet,6 inches
Class E Hard Hat Flash Boundary4 feet
Safety Glasses
Ear Plugs
Personnel Protection-Equipment Labeling
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Personnel Protection-Equipment Labeling
DANGER indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. This signal word is to be limited to the most extreme situations.
WARNING indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.
CAUTION indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury. It may also be used to alert against unsafe practices."
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• Work Permit Elements– Description of equipment to be worked on and
location– Justification of why work must be performed in
energized condition– Description of safe work practices to be employed– Results of shock hazard analysis– Determination of shock protection boundaries
Electrical Safety Program-Work Permit
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Electrical Safety Program-Work Permit
– PPE– Means employed to
restrict access of unqualified persons to persons working in area
– Job Briefing– Approvals– Documentation– Article 130.1(B)– Annex J
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• Emergency Procedures• Use of precautionary techniques
and PPE• Methods of release of shock
victims• Fire and CPR (if duties
warrant)• CPR training certified
annually
• NFPA 70E, Article 110.6(A)-(D)
Emergency Procedures
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• Emergency Procedures – NFPA 70E, 110.6(C) – If you see a co-worker
receiving continuous shock, immediately turn off the power.
– If you can’t shut down the power, free the victim by using a dry non-conductive object.
– Never use your bare hands to free a victim frozen by electric shock
Emergency Procedures
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• Signs of traumatic shock– Make sure victim is lying
down– Calm victim by being quiet
and reassuring– If the skin is unnaturally
warm, loosen clothing and try to cool the victim by fanning air
• If face is red, raise his head• If face is pale, raise his tail
Emergency Procedures
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• Actions for Class C Fires– If you see smoke coming from
any equipment or electrical enclosure, press the STOP button
– Turn off the main power disconnect of the machine
– Clear the area of all non-essential personnel
– Only use approved extinguishers
Emergency Procedures
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• Ladders: used near exposed energized sources must have non-conductive side rails
• Moisture: Any type of moisture may provide a conductive path resulting in shock– Never work around a source of
electricity when you or your surroundings, you tools or cloths are wet.
– Keep a towel or rag handy for drying your hands
• NFPA 70E,Table 130.7(F)
Miscellaneous Work Practices
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• Clothing: Do not wear clothes that are so tight that they restrict your freedom of movement– So loose they may get caught
in equipment.– Button shirt cuffs– Remove neckties.– Belts with large metal buckles
can be conductors• If you have long hair, restrain it
Miscellaneous Work Practices
Common safe work practices should be exercised when working around energized
equipment
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• Before starting work:– Take off all jewelry, rings and
metal wristwatches– Gold and silver are excellent
conductors
• Choose the right tool for the job:– Inspect tools
• Good shape– Never modify tools– Do not use:
• Cracks• Tears• Gaps in the insulation
Miscellaneous Work Practices
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• Power Tools
• NEC Standards for double insulation or 3rd wire power cord grounding
• Inspect tools for wear or defects• Inspect all power cords and switches
for:– Cuts– Frayed insulation– Exposed terminals.
• Ensure that extension cords– Right size and rating
• Always use grounded electrical outlets– Do not overload them.
Miscellaneous Work Practices
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• Limited access to the work area with signs and barriers.• Know the electrical power levels you may be exposed to
so you can take all necessary precautions.• Do not assume the hazards are less because the
voltages are low.• Never work alone on a live circuit. • Always have an observer trained in emergency shutdown
and first aid.
Review
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INJURY AND ILLNESS PREVENTION
PROGRAM (IIPP) AWARENESSCCR Title 8, Section 3203(See regulation handout)
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Why Have an IIPP?
• In California every employer has a legal obligation to provide and maintain a safe and healthful workplace for employees.
• California Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1973.
• As of 1991, a written, effective Injury and Illness Prevention Program (IIPP) is required.
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IIPP Requirements 1. Identify Responsible Persons2. Employee Compliance & Discipline3. Communicating Safety to Employees4. Identifying/ Hazard Assessment5. Incident Investigation6. Procedures for Correcting Hazards7. Employee Safety Training8. Recordkeeping
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Supervisor/Manager Responsibilities
• Implement the IIPP• Ensure employees receive safety training• Ensure timely correction of workplace hazards• Discipline employees for safety violations• Coordinate workplace inspections• Ensure financial resources available for safety
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Employee Responsibilities
• Follow general safe work practices & Code of Safe Work Practices
• Promptly report hazards and injuries• Protect yourselves from recognized &
uncontrolled hazards• Refrain from tasks that require specialized
training
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Employee Recognition & Discipline
• Discipline may be required when:– Failure to comply with safety rules– Possession or under the influence of controlled
substances– Improper use of company equipment
Supervisors will evaluate your safety performance during your annual review
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Employee Recognition & Discipline
• Recognition Procedure:– Witness a co-worker’s Safety action– Nominate co-worker for safety awards using
proper company procedures• Nomination should include:
– Description of the worthy action– Date action was taken, and– Description of the positive effect the action had
on co-workers
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Communicating Safety
• Training • Newsletters• Bulletin Board
- OSHA Postings• Safety Hotline or Suggestion Box• Safety Manuals and Policies
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Workplace InspectionsFormal Safety Inspections
– As needed– Completed by an inspection team
Daily Inspections– general work space/tools– conducted by every employee
Monthly Checklist– Tools, Fire Extinguishers, First Aid Kits, etc.
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Workplace InspectionsHazard Identification
– Report to supervisor for correction– Employees to identify hazards in daily activities– Potentially hazardous condition can be corrected
immediately by the employee– Conditions causing imminent danger that cannot
be corrected shall have work stopped until repairs are made
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Workplace Inspections
Preventative Maintenance Programs– Identify hazards before a serious situation arises– Follow manufacturer’s guidelines– Recurring safety concerns should be investigated
with assistance from supervisor
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Safety Committee• Review results of periodic inspections• Review incident reports for follow-up on
corrective action• Submit suggestions to management to prevent
future incidents• Review department’s Code of Safe Work
Practices on an annual basis• Review alleged hazardous conditions
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Employee Training
• Safety training WILL be on-going• New or transferred employees will have specific
training before beginning their jobs• Supervisors will receive on-going safety training• Tailgate Meetings
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Incident Investigations
• Supervisor will determine root cause & take corrective action to ensure injuries do not recur.
- What Happened?- Why?- Corrective Actions Taken
• Near miss incidents need to be reported
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Record Keeping
• Supervisor’s Report of Incident• Medical Examinations and Exposure Records• Safety Committee Meetings
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Maintain Your IIPP Program
Schedule a review:
• Quarterly, semiannually or annually
• Review critical component in your IIPP
• What is working well and what changes, if any, are needed
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GLOBALLY HARMONIZED SYSTEM
(GHS) AWARENESS
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Introduction• Changes have been made to OSHA’s Hazard
Communication Standard to bring the U.S. into alignment with the Global Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification & Labeling of Hazardous Chemicals.
• The GHS is expected to prevent injuries and illnesses, save lives and improve trade conditions for chemical manufacturers.
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• The new standard still requires chemical manufacturers and importers to evaluate the chemicals they produce or import and provide hazard information to employers and workers by putting labels on containers and preparing safety data sheets.
• However, the old standard allowed chemical manufacturers and importers to convey hazard information on labels and material safety data sheets in whatever format they chose.
Introduction
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• The modified standard provides a single set of harmonized criteria for classifying chemicals according to their health and physical hazards and specifies hazard communication elements for labeling and safety data sheets.
Introduction
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Initial Costs • For Employers
» Initial employee training on the label elements» Minimal training on new SDS format» Continue to maintain the updated SDSs » Review current hazard communication program and
update as necessary
• For Manufacturers» Initial start-up costs associated with reclassification,
producing new labels, safety data sheets, training
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Employer Responsibilities
• Perform a hazard determination to identify all chemicals that present a physical hazard (the chemical is flammable, explosive, an oxidizer, an organic peroxide, pyrophoric, a compressed gas, unstable-reactive, or water-reactive) or a healthhazard (the chemical produces an acute or chronic health risk).
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• Prepare an inventory of the chemicals that lists the identity of the chemicals, the hazards they present and how they’re stored in the workplace.
• Obtain SDS’s and labels for each hazardous chemical, if not provided by the manufacturer, importer or distributor.
Employer Responsibilities
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Employer Responsibilities• Develop and implement a written hazard
communication program which includes the location(s) of SDS’s, procedures for proper labeling and employee training on the hazards of the chemicals and how to read and use SDS’s and label information.
• Communicating hazard information to their employees through labels, SDS’s and formal training programs.
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Notable Changes• Using a “specification” approach rather than a
“performance-oriented” approach» “Hazard classification” rather than “hazard
determination”• Labels are more defined and will now require:
» Product identifier» Pictogram» Signal word» Hazard statement(s)» Precautionary statement(s)» Name, address, and telephone number
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Notable Changes
• “Safety Data Sheet” (rather than “material safety data sheet”) uses a 16-section format.
• Guidance in the GHS (such as decision logics in criteria) has been removed to streamline provisions.
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How Hazard Communication Works
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The New HazCom Regulationa) Purposeb) Scope and
Applicationc) Definitionsd) Hazard Classificatione) Written Hazard
Communication Program
f) Labels and Other Forms of Warning
g) Safety Data Sheetsh) Employee
Information and Training
i) Trade Secretsj) Effective Dates
Appendices A–F
Red = New changes
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NEW GHS LABELS
(See Laminated OSHA Quick Card)
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f) Labels and Other Forms of WarningHazCom 1994
• Shipped containers to be labeled with identity, appropriate hazard warnings, and responsible party.
• Performance-oriented, specifics left to discretion of chemical manufacturer or importer.
HazCom 2012
• Shipped containers to be labeled with product identifier; signal word; hazard statement(s); pictograms; precautionary statements; and responsible party.
• Specifies information by hazard class and category.
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Label RequirementsShipped Containers
1. Product identifier & codes
2. Signal word3. Pictogram(s)4. Hazard statement(s)5. Precautionary
statement(s)6. Supplier information
NOTE: OSHA and GHS do not mandate a specific order for each label
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• OSHA proposed to require labels to be updated within three months of getting new and significant information about the hazards.
• The final rule requires containers shipped six months after the information is available to be labeled accordingly.
Updating Labels
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NEW GHS PICTOGRAMS
(See Laminated OSHA Quick Card)
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• Carcinogen (1A, 1B, 2)• Mutagenicity (1A, 1B, 2) • Reproductive Toxicity (1A, 1B, 2)• Respiratory Sensitizer (1) • Target Organ Toxicity (1, 2)• Aspiration Toxicity (1, 2)
Health Hazard
Used to denote:
GHS Hazard Pictograms
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GHS Hazard Pictograms
Flame Over Circle
• Oxidizer
Used to denote:
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GHS Hazard Pictograms
Exclamation Mark
• Irritant - skin and eye (2A) • Dermal Sensitizer (1) • Acute Toxicity (4)• Narcotic Effects (3)• Respiratory Tract Irritant (3)• Hazardous to Ozone Layer (Non-Mandatory)
Used to denote:
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GHS Hazard Pictograms
Gas Cylinder
• Gases Under Pressure
Used to denote:
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GHS Hazard Pictograms
Corrosion
• Skin Corrosion/Burns (1A, 1B, 1C) • Eye Damage (1)• Corrosive to Metals
Used to denote:
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GHS Hazard Pictograms
Exploding Bomb
• Explosive (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4)
• Self-Reactive (Type A, B)• Organic Peroxide
(Type A, B)
Used to denote:
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GHS Hazard PictogramsFlame
• Flammable (Solids 1, 2; Liquids 1, 2, 3) • Pyrophoric (Type B, C, D, F) • Self-Heating (Type B, C, D, F) • Emits Flammable Gas (Type B, C, D, F) • Self-Reactive (Type B, C, D, E, F) • Organic Peroxide (Type B, C, D, F)
Used to denote:
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GHS Hazard Pictograms
Skull and Crossbones
• Acute Toxicity - fatal or toxic(1, 2, 3)
Used to denote:
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GHS Hazard Pictograms
Environment(Non-Mandatory)
• Acute Aquatic Toxicity (1)• Chronic Aquatic Toxicity (1, 2)
Used to denote:
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• OSHA is requiring red borders regardless of the shipment’s destination.
• The red borders increase comprehensibility.
• Blank red diamonds are not permitted on a label.
Red vs. Black Borders
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SAFETY DATA SHEETS
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g) Safety Data Sheets HazCom 1994
• Specifies what information is required, but chemical manufacturer or importer can use whatever format or order of information they want.
HazCom 2012
• Mandates 16-section SDS headings, order of information, and what information is to be provided under the headings.
• Will not enforce sections 12-15 that require information outside OSHA’s jurisdiction.
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• Each SDS must be in English and include information regarding the specific chemical identity of the hazardous chemical(s) involved and the common names.
• In addition, information must be provided on the known acute and chronic health effects and related health information; exposure limits; whether the chemical is considered to be a carcinogen by NTP, IARC, or OSHA; precautionary measures; and the identification (name, address, and telephone number) of the organization responsible for preparing the sheet.
Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
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• Copies of the SDS for hazardous chemicals in a given worksite are to be readily accessible to employees in that area.
• They must be readily available to workers during each work shift.
Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
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• Employers must prepare an inventory of all hazardous chemicals in the workplace. When the list is complete, it should be checked against the collected SDSs that the employer has been sent.
• If there are hazardous chemicals used for which no SDS has been received, the employer must contact the supplier, manufacturer, or importer to obtain the missing SDS.
Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
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The new GHS format is as follows:
• Section 1, Identification;
• Section 2, Hazards Identification;
(continued on following slide)
SDS Source: Chemical Inspection & Regulation Service
SDS Format(1st page)
See SDS Sample Handout
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(continued)• Section 2, Hazards
Identification;
• Section 3, Composition/ Information on Ingredients;
• Section 4, First Aid Measures;
(continued on following slide)
SDS Format(2nd page)
SDS Source: Chemical Inspection & Regulation Service
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(continued)• Section 4, First Aid
Measures;
• Section 5, Fire-Fighting Measures;
• Section 6, Accidental Release Measures;
SDS Format(3rd page)
SDS Source: Chemical Inspection & Regulation Service
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• Section 7, Handling and Storage;
• Section 8, Exposure Control/Personal Protection;
• Section 9, Physical and Chemical Properties;
(continued on following slide)
SDS Format(4th page)
SDS Source: Chemical Inspection & Regulation Service
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(continued)• Section 9, Physical
and Chemical Properties;
• Section 10, Stability and Reliability;
SDS Format(5th page)
SDS Source: Chemical Inspection & Regulation Service
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• Section 11, Toxicological Information;
• Section 12, Ecological Information;
• Section 13, Disposal Considerations;
• Section 14, Transport Information;
(continued on following slide)
SDS Format(6th page)
SDS Source: Chemical Inspection & Regulation Service
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(continued)• Section 14,
Transport Information;
• Section 15, Regulatory Information;
• Section 16, Other Information,
(including date of preparation or last revision)
SDS Format(final page)
SDS Source: Chemical Inspection & Regulation Service
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TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
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h) Employee Information and TrainingHazCom 1994
• Requires employee information and training before a worker is exposed to the hazardous chemicals in the workplace, and whenever the hazard changes.
HazCom 2012
• Clarifies that the labels on shipped containers and workplace labels must be explained, as well as SDS format.
• Workers will have to be trained on the new label and SDS formats before all the provisions of the rule are effective.
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Training
• Employers shall train employees regarding the new label elements and safety data sheets format by:
December 1, 2013
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Training• Label Elements
» Train employees on the type of information that the employee would expect to see on the new labels.
» How they might use that information. • Product identifier, Signal word, Hazard statement(s),
Pictogram(s), Precautionary statement(s), and Name, address and phone number of the responsible party.
• General understanding how the elements interact. • For example, explain there are two signal words: Danger
means a more severe hazard within a hazard class. Warning is for the less severe hazard
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Training
• Safety Data Sheet Format» Train the employees on the standardized 16 section
format and the type of information they would find in the various sections.
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j) Effective Dates – HazCom 2012Effective Completion Date Requirement(s) WhoDecember 1, 2013 Train employees on the new label elements and
SDS format.Employers
June 1, 2015*
December 1, 2015
Comply with all modified provisions of this final rule, except:
Distributors may ship products labeled by manufacturers under the old system until December 1, 2015.
Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers
June 1, 2016 Update alternative workplace labeling and hazard communication program as necessary, and provide additional employee training for newly identified physical or health hazards.
Employers
Transition Period Comply with either 29 CFR 1910.1200 (this final standard), or the current standard, or both
All chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers
*This date coincides with the European Union implementation date for classification of mixtures.
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ehs International, Inc.
27422 Portola Parkway, Suite 345Foothill Ranch, CA 92610
Phone: (949) 540-6800eFax: (949) 540-6810
Email: [email protected]: www.ehsinternational.org
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