arch 432 indoor air quality (iaq) attendance the dust mite creates the second most allergic...
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Arch 432
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
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Attendance
The dust mite creates the second most allergic reactions, second only to pollen. What part of the dust mite is the cause of the reaction?
A. Shed skinsB. CorpsesC. DroppingsD. Regurgitated foodE. Eggs
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Good Morning Arch 432 students
How are you this fine morning.
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Respirable Particles
• #1 allergen in homes is the dust mite– How best to
mitigate dust mites in your bed?
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Respirable Particles
• Dust mite (insect) populations decrease below 50% RH
• Dust mites die below 40% RH
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Terms
• Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
• Bioeffluents• Dilution• Filtration• Source
capture/elimination• Friable• Allergen• Pathogen
• Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)
• Building Related Illness (BRI)
• Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
• Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)– Formaldehyde
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What You Need to Know
• Be conversant in the various codes and standards relative to healthy indoor environments
• Know how to design and construct healthy buildings
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What You Need To Be Able To Do
• Identify and avoid dangerous conditions
• Select the appropriate strategy to ensure a “healthy” environment
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Filters
• When it comes to HVAC systems found in residential construction, they are sized mostly by a rule-of-thumb calculation based on outdated information and performance specification using high, medium, and low guesses (LaLiberte, 2011.)
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Filters
• Central air system where a filter system is used, most filters are designed to filter the air entering the furnace chamber and protect it from dust (EPA, 2008; EPA, 2009).
• Their purpose is not solely to benefit human health. The minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) for these flat filters is 1 to 4.
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Filters
• ASHRAE Standard 62.1 2010 requires a minimum filter requirement of a MERV 6.
• The International Mechanical Code IMC-2009 does not state a minimum MERV value for filters (Mudarri, 2010).
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Filters
• MERV ratings (from 11 to 16), pre-filters and their effectiveness on dust, pollens, emission particles before entering a ventilation system
• Higher MERV rated filters would increase air volume and air pressure
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Sick Building Syndrome
“Exists when a significant percentage (e.g., more than 20%) of the occupants complain during a two week period of a set of symptoms, including headaches, fatigue, nausea, eye irritation, and throat irritation, that are alleviated by leaving the building, and are not known to be caused by specific contaminants.”
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004
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Sources of IAQ Problems
• Vapors and gases• Chemicals • Respirable particles• Mold, fungus and viruses
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Vapors and Gasses
• VOCs– Formaldehyde– Cleaning supplies– Chlorine
• Bio-effluents– Human odors– Organic odors
• ETS– CO2
– CO
• Ozone/smog
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Chemicals
IAQ and health is a very new area of scientific explorationFlame retardants & Electronic devices
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs)
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
• PAHs are found naturally & can also be man-made. In their purest form, PAHs are solid and range in appearance from colorless to white or pale yellow/green. PAHs are created when products like coal, oil, gas, and garbage are burned but the burning process is not complete.
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Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs)
• PCBs were used in hundreds of industrial and commercial applications including electrical, heat transfer, and hydraulic equipment; as plasticizers in paints, plastics, and rubber products; in pigments, dyes, and carbonless copy paper; and many other industrial applications.
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• PBDEs are not chemically bound to plastics, foam, fabrics, or other products in which they are used, making them more likely to leach out of these products. Despite the United States having phased out the manufacture and import of penta- and octaBDE in 2004, their component congeners are being detected in humans and the environment.
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers
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PBDEs (cont.)
• Some reports indicate that levels are increasing. One potential source is imported articles to which these compounds have been added. Another is the possible breakdown of decaBDE in the environment to more toxic and bioaccumulative PBDE congeners.
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Respirable Particles
• Asbestos• Cyanide• Dust mite
droppings • Others?
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One Example
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Bacteria, Viruses & Mold
• Legionella• Viruses
– High or low RH
• Mold
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Mold• Over 64,000
different types of fungi
• A few are toxic• Considered a
“growth industry” for both remediation contractors and the legal profession
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Conditions Needed for Mold Growth
• One viable spore• An acceptable
temperature range
• A usable food source
• Adequate moisture in the food source
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Failure Analysis
• Prof. Kirk’s one-of-a-kind, surefire process guaranteed to result in a mind-numbing law suit.
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More Mold
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More Mold
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More Mold
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Strategies Addressing IAQ Concerns
• Source Elimination/ Capture
• Filtration• Dilution
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Source Elimination Strategy
“If there is a pile of manure in a space, do not try to remove the odor by ventilation.
Max Van Pettenkofer (1848)
Remove the pile of manure.”
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Design Criteria for Capture
• Walls to deck above and sealed
• Independent exhaust
• No return or recirculation air
• Negative air pressure
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Source Elimination/Capture
• Smoking Rooms• Janitors Closets• Photocopying
rooms• Bathrooms• Locker rooms• Kitchens• Others?
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Take-aways or the ‘Ah hahs’
• Identify the contaminants that are in your building (they will be unique)
• First try to eliminate them, then capture them, then filter them.
• If all else fails, dilute them
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