archaeology - february 2016

7/23/2019 Archaeology - February 2016

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www.archaeology.org A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America January/February 20

Hawaiian Cowboys: Ballad of the Paniolo

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POMPEIINew Lifefor theDead

Inside anAlchemistsWorkshop

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28 Top 10 Discoveriesof 2015ARCHAEOLOGYs editors reveal the

years most compelling finds

36 e Alchemists TaleLong regarded as a charlatans game,

alchemy is now taking its proper place

in the history of science

BY ANDREW CURRY

40Living with the Sea BearCarvings unearthed in the Arctic

reveal a deep connection between an

ancient people and polar bears

BY ZACH ZORICH

44e Many Lives of anEnglish Manor HouseA major restoration project at a

grand estate reveals centuries of a

nations history

BY KATE RAVILIOUS

50Burial StyleDuring the Song Dynasty, widespread

wealth encouraged the creation of

lavish, even garish, tombs

BY LARA FARRAR

52 Family HistoryGiving new life to some of

Pompeiis dead

BY JARRETT A. LOBELL

CONTENTSJANUARY/FEBRUARY2016

VOLUME69, NUMBER1

features

52A restorer works on one of Pompeiis

plaster casts in the laboratory.

1

Cover: Early 5th-centuryB.C.bronze cauldron

handle depicting the river god Achelous

PHOTO: DENISGLIKSMAN


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Lost Christianities:

Christian Scriptures and theBattles over AuthenticationTaught by Professor Bart D. Ehrman

1. The Diversity of Early Christianity

2. Christians Who Would Be Jews

3. Christians Who Refuse To Be Jews

4. Early Gnostic ChristianityOur Sources

5. Early Christian GnosticismAn Overview

6. The Gnostic Gospel of Truth

7. Gnostics Explain Themselves

8. The Coptic Gospel of Thomas

9. Thomas Gnostic Teachings

10. Infancy Gospels

11. The Gospel of Peter

12. The Secret Gospel of Mark

13. The Acts of John

14. The Acts of Thomas

15. The Acts of Paul and Thecla

16. Forgeries in the Name of Paul

17. The Epistle of Barnabas

18. The Apocalypse of Peter

19. The Rise of Early Christian Orthodoxy

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24. Early Christian Creeds

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What did these other scriptures say? How could such outlandish ideasever be considered Christian? If such beliefs were once common, whydo they no longer exist? These are just a few of the many provocativequestions that arise from Lost Christianities: Christian Scripturesand the Battles over Authentication, an insightful 24-lecture coursetaught by Professor Bart D. Ehrman of The University of NorthCarolina at Chapel Hill, the author or editor of more than 25 books,including TheNew York TimesbestsellerMisquoting Jesus.

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departments

More from the IssueFor more images ofPompeiis casts and of Knole House, and a video about the

bobkitten discovery in our Top 10 list, go to archaeology.org

Interactive DigsRead about the latest discoveriesat the Minoan site of Zominthos in central Crete and at

Johnsons Island, a Civil War site in Ohio, and Achill Island

in Ireland at www.interactivedigs.com

on the web www.archaeology.org

Archaeological NewsEach day, we bring youheadlines from around the world. And sign up for our

e-Update so you dont miss a thing

Stay in TouchVisit Facebook and like Archaeologyor follow us on Twitter at @archaeologymag

4 Editors Letter

6 From the President

8 LettersA proliferation of Bronze Age gold spiral theories and

Mesoamerican bugs hitch a ride

9 From the TrenchesSecrets of a fifteenth-century map, surprise burials at

Westminster Abbey, Denmarks bog dogs, a presidential

chemistry lab, Baltic sea monster, and the Egyptian blues

26 World RoundupPrehistoric deadliest catch, Roman silver in Slovakia,

victims of the Inquisition, Papua New Guinea pottery

workshop, and Tomb of the Cave Lions

56 Letter from HawaiiOn the slopes of Mauna Kea, Hawaiis cowboys

developed a culture all their own

68 ArtifactHow a Medusa survived Christianity

14

19

12

archaeology.org 3


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ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 2014

EDITORS LETTER

Editor in Chief

Claudia Valentino

Executive Editor Deputy Editor

Jarrett A. Lobell Samir S. Patel

Online Editor Senior Editor

Eric A. Powell Daniel Weiss

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David Freidel, Tom Gidwitz, Andrew Lawler,Stephen H. Lekson, Jerald T. Milanich,Heather Pringle, Neil Asher Silberman,

Julian Smith, Nikhil Swaminathan,

Jason Urbanus, Zach Zorich

Correspondents

Athens: Yannis N. StavrakakisBangkok: Karen Coates

Islamabad: Massoud AnsariIsrael: Mati Milstein

Naples: Marco MerolaParis: Bernadette ArnaudRome: Roberto Bartoloni,

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Claudia Valentino

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Trial and Error

16th-century German

alchemical illustration


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FROM THE PRESIDENT AIofA

Located at Boston University

OFFICERS

President

Andrew Moore

First Vice President

Jodi Magness

Vice President for Outreach and Education

Pamela Russell

Vice President for Research and Academic Affairs

Carla Antonaccio

Vice President for Cultural Heritage

Laetitia La Follette

Treasurer

David Ackert

Vice President for Societies

Ann Santen

Executive Director

Ann Benbow

Chief Operating Officer

Kevin Quinlan

GOVERNING BOARD

Elie AbemayorDavid Adam

Andrea BerlinBruce CampbellDerek Counts

Julie Herzig DesnickSheila Dillon, ex officio

Ronald GreenbergMichael Hoff

James JanssonJeffrey Lamia

Lynne Lancaster

Becky LaoMark Lawall

Deborah LehrRobert Littman

Elizabeth Macaulay-LewisKathleen LynchBruce McEverSarah Parcak

J. Theodore PeaPaul Rissman

Robert RothbergEthel ScullyDavid SeigleChen Shen

Monica L. SmithCharles Steinmetz

Claudia Valentino, ex officioP. Gregory Warden

Michael WisemanJohn Yarmick

Past President

Elizabeth Bartman

Trustees Emeriti

Brian HeidtkeNorma Kershaw

Charles S. La Follette

Legal Counsel

Mitchell Eitel, Esq.Sullivan & Cromwell, LLP

A I ofA656 Beacon Street Boston, MA 02215-2006

www.archaeological.org

Croatias Considered Past

Andrew Moore

President, Archaeological Institute of America

Archaeology can heighten a nations awareness of its own heritage even as it increasesinternational understanding.The world over, archaeological heritage is regarded asVRPHWKLQJ WR EH VKDUHG E\ XV DOO 7KH \RXQJ UHSXEOLF RI &URDWLD EDUHO\ D TXDUWHU

century old, exemplifies this idea as it develops its archaeological patrimony with increasingenergy.Located in the heart of southeastEurope with the Adriatic Sea on one side and theDanubeRiver on the other, it has, for millennia, been open to influences from all directions,and has incorporated these influences and developed rich cultural traditions of its own.

Croatia is home to spectacular archaeologicalsites that deserve to be better known.The cavesites of Krapina and Vindija near the capitalZagreb have yielded numerousNeanderthal fossilsthat have proved crucial for reconstructing the

Neanderthal genome.The Monkodonja Hillfortin Istria is one of the most impressive Bronze Age

citadels in Europe.Pula is renowned for its spectacular Roman amphitheater, one of thebest preserved, but also undervisited, anywhere.The center of the port city of Split consistslargely of the massive remains of the emperor Diocletians palace.Excavations are proceeding at a rapid pace at sites of all periods, from deep prehistory

through the classical and medieval periods to Ottoman times.Many have taken place inadvance of an extensive program of highway building and other infrastructure projects,

greatly expanding knowledge of the entire Croatian past.Croatia also has a cadre of expertunderwater archaeologists who have recently excavated several Roman ships and haveidentified exceptional craft from the Bronze and Iron Ages.

Archaeology education in Croatia is also proceeding with strong programs at the

Universities of Zagreb, Zadar, and elsewhere, and an expanding network of national andregional museums.New museums are being constructed to highlight particular sites orVSHFLDO FROOHFWLRQV 7KH IXWXULVWLF PXVHXP DW 9XHGRO RQ WKH 'DQXEH EULQJV WR OLIH WKHfascinating Chalcolithic settlement there, one of Europes most impressive settlementmound sites.The outstanding displays in the new Museum of AntiqueGlass inZadar haveproved very popular with visitors, not least the glassblowing demonstrations.Everywhere there are major restoration projects of archaeological and historic monuments.

The recently discovered legionary amphitheater at Burnum in the Krka National Park iscurrently being restored.And the old city ofDubrovnik, much damaged in the recent conflict,has been brought back to its former splendor as the Pearl of the Adriatic.

Croatia is providing ever more opportunities for the archaeological traveler.And itsvigorous approach to heritage is placing it squarely among the worlds nations and peoples

who value what heritage can tell us all about our common past.

Roman amphitheater, Pula


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LETTERS

:H UHFHLYHG D QXPEHU RI OHWWHUV ZLWK GLHUHQWinterpretations of the gold spirals from Denmark on page 16of the November/December2015issue. Below is a small sample.

The Right Tool?

After reading Slinky Nordic Treasures Iforced myself to put the magazine down and send a communicationto you.The picture of the gold spiralslooks to me remarkably like the turnings that result from cutting a softmetal on a lathe, or using a sharp tool ina linear fashion.In my youth Ilearnedhow to use lathes and also the turn

ings, or swarf, from machining.Soft ironor copper would form spirals such asthese.The spirals should be examinedunder a microscope for evidence of

tool marks.Perhaps some sort of latheor scraping tool may have been used tofashion larger artifacts and these werethe remnants from that operation.

Brian Pearson

Calgary, Canada

Several years ago Iobserved the making of bronze cymbals in a small factoryon the outskirts of Istanbul.The metalVKDYLQJV IURP WKH QDO KDQG QLVKLQJlooked exactly like the gold Nordicspirals. Since the article mentions thatcarved gold vessels had been foundthere, the gold spirals may have beenWKH UHVXOW RI QDO KDQG ZRUN WKHQcollected in a wooden box, perhapsto be sent elsewhere and made intosomething else. Gold shavings would

be too valuable to be discarded.Theymay have been engaged in recycling,not a religious ritual.

Marleen Hoover

San Antonio, TX

The Slinky Nordic Treasures appear toPH WR EH SUHSUHSDUHG LQOD\ PDWHULDO IRUa goldsmith or engraver.Iuse the samething to do inlays in objects Iengrave.

Also, to protect the gold ribbons,IcurlWKHP DURXQG D TXDUWHULQFK VKDIW VR

they wont be kinked while in storage.Jim Wright

via email

Archaeologist Fleming Kaul responds:The idea that the gold spirals are workshopZDVWH FDPH WR PLQG DW UVW JODQFH +RZever, considering that the carefully madegold spirals are deliberately cut and curledthreads of equal size and length, they dontseem to be waste products made by a sort ofmill or lathe. The spirals were also uncov

ered with two dress pins of a type that canbe dated to 900700B.C. From that timewe have no North European evidence of fastdrilling or turning instruments that couldhave created such spirals. Conservatorsfrom the National Museum of Denmarkwill now look for traces of the working pro

cesses under a microscope. The gold spiralsVHHP WR KDYH EHHQ FXW LQWR ORQJ DW VWULQJVor wire from a very thin plate of sheet gold.Then they were turned around some sort ofa thin stick. Finally, the spirals were pressedD ELW SUREDEO\ EHWZHHQ WZR QJHUV VR WKDWWKH\ DSSHDU DWWHQHG 7KH\ DUH ZHOO VXLWHGIRU GUHVV RUQDPHQWVIRU LQVWDQFH VHZQ RQa hat or a cloak.

Insect Interlopers

I was intrigued by the mention of

desiccated insect pupae inside hollow0H[LFDQ JXULQHV 0H[LFRV (QLJmatic Figurines, September/October2015 :KDW NLQG RI LQVHFWV FRXOGthese have been?

Nancy Martsch

Sherman Oaks, CA

Archaeologist Robert Pickering responds:The insect puparia represent necrophagousIHHGLQJ RQ FRUSVHV VSHFLHV SRVVLEO\ WKHIDPLO\ RI VPDOO LHV FDOO 3KRULGDH 7KHVH

are the most common insect evidence found.Thus far, 165of the 858 FHUDPLF JXUHV ZHhave examined have puparia remnants onthe exterior or interior, and52have pupariaremnants on both the exterior and interior.We have also found adult forms of moths,mosquitoes, and spiders, as well as the ootheFDH HJJ PDVVHV RI FRFNURDFKHV LQVLGH YHVVHOVMost probably, these insects are modern.Both DNA testing and carbon-14 datingWHOO XV WKDW WKH FRFNURDFKHV GHQLWHO\ SRVWGDWHEuropean contact.

ARCHAEOLOGYwelcomes mail from

readers. Please address your comments

to ARCHAEOLOGY, 36-36 33rd Street,

Long Island City, NY 11106, fax 718-472-

3051, or e-mail [email protected].

The editors reserve the right to edit

submitted material. Volume precludes

our acknowledging individual letters.

ARCHAEOLOGY (ISSN 0003-8113) is published bimonthly for $23.95 by theArchaeological Institute of America, 36-36 33rd Street, Long Island City, NY 11106.Periodicals postage paid at Long Island City, NY, and additional mailing offices.POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Archaeology, P.O. 433091, Palm Coast,FL 32164.

Subscriptions should be addressed to Archaeology, Subscription Services,P.O. 433091, Palm Coast, FL 32164, toll-free (877) ARKY-SUB (275-9782),[email protected]. $23.95 per volume. Single numbers, $4.99. Foreign

and Canadian subscriptions, $38.95; includes all government taxes (130277692RT). Canadian Publication Agreement #1373161. Allow six weeks for processinnew subscriptions. Send manuscripts and books for review to 36-36 33rd StreetLong Island City, NY 11106 or [email protected]. All manuscripts arreviewed by experts. Advertisements should be sent to the Advertising Directo36-36 33rd Street, Long Island City, NY 11106, (718) 472-3050, [email protected]. We are not responsible for unsolicited manuscripts and photographs. For subscription problems please call (877) 275-9782; AIA members withsubscription problems should call the membership office at (617) 353-9361. Alrights reserved. Printed in USA. e views and opinions expressed do not necessarilreflect the policy of the AIA or A.

2016 e Archaeological Institute of America


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LATE-BREAKING NEWS AND NOTES FROM THE WORLD OF ARCHAEOLOGY

When Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean in 1492, he assumed he was in Japan.This

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12/72

FROM THE TRENCHES


The history of Los Angeles watersupply is long and complicatedre-memberChinatown?and continuesthrough todays drought crisis. In

the early 1900s, William Mulholland,then superintendent of Los Ange-les Water Department, oversawthe construction of the Los Angeles

Aqueduct to bring water to the cityfrom Owens Valley, more than 200miles away. About a decade later,

he built the St. Francis Dam, in SanFrancisquito Canyon, to guard thecity against drought and to gener-ate hydroelectric power. St. Francis,

a curved gravity dam like the laterHoover Dam, was completed in1926. On March 12, 1928, two yearsto the day after the reservoir began

to fill, the St. Francis Dam failedcatastrophically, sending a wall ofwater through the towns of Piru,Fillmore, and Santa Paula that killed

at least 450 people. The disaster,the result of flaws in construction,design, and location, is considered

one of Americas greatest civil en-gineering failures. It ended Mulhol-lands storied career and informed

the construction of the Hoover Dam,which was completed in 1936. Ac-cording to David S. Peebles, actingheritage manager for the Angeles

National Forest, the recent 100-yearanniversary of the Los Angeles Aq-ueduct sparked new interest in theprotected historical site.

The site

When 12.4 billion gallons of water

surged through the narrow canyon,

it scoured much of the dam site.

The only portions left standing were

part of the wing wall and a section

of the middle of the dam, which was

nicknamed The Tombstone. The next

year that, too, was demolished.

Today, the site is accessible to

the public year-round, and can

be reached from existing county

roads. Visitors can see the nar-

row valley opening, portions of

the wing wall and railings, and

massive chunks of concrete

that still have ridges remaining

from the dams stair-stepped

face. The U.S. Forest Service,

Santa Clarita Valley Historical

Society, and California State

University, Northridge, are all explor-

ing the oral history and documenta-

tion of the site, and are making plans

to excavate areas associated with dam

and aqueduct construction, as well as

provide additional interpretive signage

for visitors.

While youre there

Angeles National Forest is criss-

crossed by hiking, riding, and biking

trails that provide sweeping views of

the San Gabriel Mountains, just north

of the Los Angeles metropolitan area.

The Santa Clarita Valley Historical So-

ciety in Newhall gives an annual tour

of the St. Francis Dam site, maintains

a museum of local history, from the

pioneers to the film industry, and gives

regular tours of Heritage Junction

Historic Park, a collection of relocated

and restored historic buildings, includ-

ing a train station.

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Remains of St. Francis Dam, 1928

St. Francis Dam ruins


13/72

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14/72


FROM THE TRENCHES

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Mummified kestrel

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stomach contents


15/72

You read that right. If youd like the Stauer genuine26" cultured pearl necklace absolutely FREE*, all youneed to do is call us today. There is no catch. If youre

wondering exactly how we can do this... read on.

This stunning, romantic necklace never goes out of style.

In a world where some cultured pearl necklaces can costthousands, shop around and I doubt that you will see any

jewelry offer thateven comes close.

Stauer has had a very good year and its time for us to

give back. Thats why were offering this stunning, 26"

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pay only $24.95 for shipping & processing, our normal

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Why would we do this? Our real goal is to build a

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We did find a magnificent cache of cultured pearls at the best price

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But let me get to the point: his loss is your gain. Many of you

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For the next few days, Im not offering this cultured

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* This offer is valid in the United States (and Puerto Rico) except in TX, FL, CO, OK, RI, NH, WV, OR, SC, VA and ID. These state residents will be charged onecent ($.01) + shipping & processing for the item. Void where prohibited or restricted by law. Offer subject to state and local regulations. Not valid with any other

offers and only while supplies last. This offer is limited to one item per shipping address. ** Free is only for customers using the offer code versus the price on Stauer.comwithout your offer code.

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FREECultured PearlsLimited tothe first1900 respondersto this adonly!

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16/72


FROM THE TRENCHES

Pompeii Before the Romans

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17/72

I will definitely recommend yourcompany to my patients. - Dr. Arun P.

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All hearing aids work the same way. The microphonepicks up the soundand sends an electrical signal to the digital signal processor. The digitalsignal processoris the brains of the hearing aid. It takes the sound itreceives and adjusts the sound to amplify important speech sounds as wellas filtering out unwanted noise. (To ensure the best in quality, our digitalprocessor is designed and manufactured right here in the United States.)Once the processor has amplified the sound, it is passed to the receiver(also known as the speaker) which emits a corrected and amplified soundthrough the sound tubeinto your ear.

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FROM THE TRENCHES

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Early medieval bones beneath Victorian-era pipe


19/72

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Mr. Jeffersons Laboratory

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ASHES,

IMAGES,

AND

MEMORIES

THE

PRESENCE

OF THEWAR DEAD

IN FIFTH

CENTURY

ATHENS

Beautifully illustrated, the first history of the art and

archaeology of the war dead in fifth-century Athens

Nathan T. Arrington

NOTEWORTHYfrom

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

ANCIENT

SCANDINAVIA

AnArchaeological

HistoryfromtheFirst

HumanstotheVikings

T. Douglas Price

THE OXFORD

HANDBOOK OFTHE VALLEY OF

THE KINGS

EDITED BY

Richard H. Wilkinson

and Kent Weeks

global.oup.com/academic

4.20: Photo: Herv Lewandowski.

RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY

6.1: Photo: Marie Mauzy / Art Resource, NY.


22/72


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WORLD ROUNDUP


ALASKA: It was long

thought that Ice Age humans

in the Americas were primar-

ily big-game hunters. But

sharp-eyed archaeologists

have found evidence that

they ate fish as well. In an

11,500-year-old hearth, researchers found salmon bones, theearliest known evidence for the use of the fish as food in North

America. Because the bones were found more than 800 miles

from the ocean, it is clear that long-distance salmon migrations

likely date back at least to the last Ice Age.

PORTUGAL: In 1536,

the Portuguese Inquisi-

tion began to police the

practice of faith there,

subjecting Jews, Prot-

estants, Muslims, and

others to torture and

death. In an area calledthe Jail Cleaning Yard

outside the Inquisition Court in vora, excavators found, scat-

tered among domestic waste, the remains of at least 12 peo-

ple. Documents confirm that of the 87 prisoners of the court

who died while the dump had been in use, at least 11 were dis-

carded in the dumpas, the researchers report, a punishment

to both body and soul.

BRAZIL: It was clear, from the moment it emerged from the

ground, that the 9,000-year-old skull excavated at the Lapo

do Santo rock shelter was unusual. It had been buried with

the jaw and six vertebrae attached, and with the left hand

placed over the right side of the face (pointing up) and the

right hand over the left side of the face (pointing down).

Cut marks confirm that it was a ritual decapitation, the old-

est known in the New World by 6,000 years. Researchers

believe it was an ancestral relic rather than a war trophy.

regular basis. Evidence for this

comes from tens of thousandsof snail shells documented in

Haua Fteah Cave. Some of the

shells have holes indicative of

drilling, which broke the suc-

tion that holds snails secure and

made it possible to suck them

out. Patterns in the deposits

suggest that early humans

turned to snails, which can be

laborious to collect, during

times when other sources of

food were hard to come by.

ETHIOPIA: Geneticists have

sequenced the first prehistoric

African genome. The DNA

comes from 4,500-year-old

remains found in 2012 in a

cave in the Ethiopian high-

lands. After comparing the

genome with more than 100

populations from Africa,Europe, and Asia, scientists

found, surprisingly, that it

includes DNA from a poten-

tially huge migration of farm-

ers from the Middle East into

Africa around 3,500 years

agoDNA that spread across

the continent, even to groups

in South Africa and Congo

that had long been consid-

ered genetically isolated.


29/72

27

By Samir S. Patel

archaeology.org

SLOVAKIA: The construction of a sew-

age system outside Bratislava hasrevealed more than 200 artifacts of high

society, including jewelry, coins, clothing

buckles, and a fine, intricate, one-of-a-

kind silver belt. The beltwhich may not

have been worn around the waistwas

in imitation of opus interrasile, a pierced

openwork metalworking technique, and

likely belonged to a woman of some

standing. The finds date back to the 2nd

to 5th centuries A.D., and were discov-

ered in the vicinity of Gerulata, a Roman

military camp.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA: It has long been thought that the Austronesian-speaking peo-

ple from Asia who eventually colonized the remote islands of the Pacific skirted New

Guinea and had little influence on the existing culture there, especially in the interior.

But new analysis of 12 potsherds from a highland site suggest otherwise. The sherds,

the oldest known pottery on New Guinea at 3,000 years old, were locally made, sug-

gesting that Austronesian influence (which includes a pottery-making tradition) made

its way up the islands rugged slopes hundreds of years earlier than once thought.

RUSSIA: Imanai Cave in the Russian republic of Bashkorto-

stan is the worlds largest cave lion tomb. Excavations deep

in the cave have uncovered at least 500 cave lion bones or

bone fragments. Because the remains were found deep in the

cave, and because evidence of human activity is limited to a

handful of spearheads, researchers believe that it may have

been a religious or ritual site where the remains of the extinct carnivores were brought.

The deposit hasnt been accurately dated, but is likely at least 30,000 years old.

GUAM: One of the most

ancient sites in Oceania

was recently identified in

a wildlife refuge. It dates

back around 3,500 yearsand appears to have been

occupied for three mil-

lennia by ancestors of the

Chamorro, the native cul-

ture of the Mariana Islands.

The site, called Ritidian,

includes many stones

from lattes, or megalithic

capped columns that were

used as foundations for

buildings and are unique

to the island chain. There

are enough latte sets toobserve how the home-

building style there

evolved over time and var-

ied from house to house.

archaeologists have unearthed two major

hoards of bronze artifacts, totaling 350

items, including weapons, jewelry, tools,

and horse tack. The finely crafted items,

dating to the 8th century B.C., repre-

sent the countrys oldest known bronzehoards, and may have been deposited by

a wealthy person as a votive offering.


30/72


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Top 10Discoveries

of 2015ARCHAEOLOGYs editorsreveal the years mostcompelling finds


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archaeology.org 29

S

Rising Star cave system in South Africa, they may haveunearthed it.When amateur cavers toldLee Berger, a paleoanthropolo

gist at theUniversity of theWitwatersrand inJohannesburg,

that they had located hominin remains in the nearby cavesystem, he knew he could not make it in to retrieve themhimself.The passageway was extremely narrow, just seveninches wide at one point.So Berger put out a call on FaceERRN IRU GLPLQXWLYH QRQFODXVWURSKRELF VFLHQWLVWV DQGUHFUXLWHG D WHDP RI VL[ ZRPHQ ZKR W WKH FULWHULD

Marina Elliott, an archaeologist from Simon Fraser8QLYHUVLW\ LQ &DQDGD ZDV WKH UVW WR HQWHU WKH FKDPEHU ,

ZDV VWXQQHG VKH VD\V ,VKRQH P\ KHDGOLJKW DURXQG DQGSLFNHG XS DVKHV RI ERQH DOO RYHU WKH SODFH (OOLRWW DQG KHUcolleagues retrieved more than 1,500 specimens, from at

in the local Sesotho language.The newly discovered species had a novel mix of primi

WLYH DQG PRGHUQ IHDWXUHV ,WV KHDG ZDV WLQ\ ZLWK D EUDLQ WKHVL]H RI DQ RUDQJH EXW LWV VNXOO ZDV KXPDQOLNH LQ VKDSH ,WV

hands were adapted for manipulating objects and its feet forZDONLQJ XSULJKW EXW LWV VKRXOGHUV DQG QJHUV ZHUH EXLOW IRUFOLPELQJ :H QHYHU H[SHFWHG WR VHH D FRPELQDWLRQ RI FKDUacteristics like this, saysJohnHawks, a paleoanthropologistDW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI :LVFRQVLQ0DGLVRQ EXW WKH\UH DOO LQ+RPR QDOHGL DQG WKDWV VXUSULVLQJ

The researchers suspect+RPR QDOHGLmay be among theearliest members of the genus Homo, which would mean itmost likely existed around 2.5million years ago.However,they have so far been unable to date the remains.

'$1,(/:(,66

A New Human Relative QJohannesburg, South Africa

A skull, a composite skeleton,

and an array of other bones

belonging to multiple

members of a previously

unknown hominin species


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Earliest Stone Tools QWest Turkana, Kenya

SWRQH WRROPDNLQJ KDV EHHQ FRQVLGHUHG RQH RI WKH GHQLQJcharacteristics of members of the genus Homo, butthis year it was announced that newly discovered toolsSUHGDWH WKH UVW NQRZQ KXPDQV $ UHVHDUFK WHDP OHG E\

Sonia Harmand and Jason Lewis of the Turkana Basin,QVWLWXWH DW 6WRQ\ %URRN 8QLYHUVLW\ IRXQG WKH WRROV DW Dsite called Lomekwi 3inKenya.They are believed to be 3.3million years old, predating +RPR KDELOLVWKH UVW NQRZQmember of the genus HomoE\ DERXW 700,000years.A

group of fossils roughly contemporaneous with the toolswas discovered nearby in 1999and dubbed .HQ\DQWKURSXVplatyops D VPDOOEUDLQHG KRPLQLQ WKDW VHHPHG XQOLNHO\ WRKDYH XVHG WRROVXQWLO QRZ +DUPDQG EHOLHYHV WKDW VWRQHV

were just one part of the early hominin toolkit and says,:K\ QRW WKLQN WKDW RXU DQFHVWRUV IURP WKH EHJLQQLQJ ZHUHusing many, many tools?

=$&+=25,&+

Dating cave art is notoriously difficult. But a team of

researchers has taken advantage of serendipitous condi-

tions in caves on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi to estab-

lish that images there rival any known from Western Europe

in terms of age. A stencil created as the artist blew pigment

around a hand is at least 39,900 years old, they report, anda painting of a piglike ani-

mal was laid down at least

35,700 years ago.

The researchers estab-

lished the designs minimum

ages by calculating the dates

of deposits that had built up

on top of the pigment. They

had observed that, as min-

eral-laden water percolates

through the caves limestone

walls, calcite gradually accu-mulates on their surfaces.

These deposits contain ura-

nium, which decays to tho-

rium at a known rate, so

their age can be ascertained

from the ratio of the two

elements.

The discovery raises a

new question: Did people in

Southeast Asia and Western

Europe develop artistic expression independently, or was it

pioneered by early humans before they left Africa? We dont

know, says Maxime Aubert of Griffith University in Australia,

but my opinion is it probably developed a long time ago, in

Africa, and then it just spread out.

DANIELWEISS

The First Artists QSulawesi, Indonesia

One of a number of stone tools unearthed in

Kenya and thought to be 3.3 million years old

Hand stencils believed to have been

created more than 30,000 years ago

have been found in limestone caves

on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi.


33/72

archaeology.org 31

Bronze Age Bride QCopenhagen, Denmark

In 1921 WKH ZHOOSUHVHUYHG UHPDLQV RI D \RXQJ ZRPDQ ZKRdied around 1370%&were discovered in an elite burialnear the town of Egtved, Denmark.For almost a century,she was thought to have been a local, and became known as

WKH (JWYHG *LUO EXW QHZ UHVHDUFK KDV DPHQGHG KHU VWRU\and what it may say about Bronze Age marriage alliances.A waterlogged, acidic environment had preserved the

\RXQJ ZRPDQV FORWKLQJ KDLU WRRWK HQDPHO QJHUQDLOVand parts of her brain and skin.Also preserved were thecremated remains of a young child.A team led byKarinFreiof the National Museum of Denmark analyzed strontiumLVRWRSHV LQ WKH \RXQJ ZRPDQV WRRWK HQDPHO DQG IRXQG VKHdid not grow up on the Jutland Peninsula, where Egtved isORFDWHG ,QVWHDG VKH ZDV PRVW OLNHO\ UDLVHG LQ WKH %ODFN )RUHVW UHJLRQ RI VRXWKHUQ *HUPDQ\ DURXQG 500miles away.Theresearchers believe she was sent from her home to marry a

FKLHIWDLQ LQ -XWODQG )XUWKHU DQDO\VLV RI WKH \RXQJ ZRPDQVQJHUQDLOV DQG KDLU VKRZV WKDW LQ WKH QDO \HDUV RI KHU OLIHshe appears to have moved from the Black Forest toJutland,back to the Black Forest, then back toJutland again shortlybefore her death.

The remains ofthe child found withthe young womanmay help explainWKHVH WUDYHOV '\QDVtic marriages wereoften followed by an

exchange of fosterEURWKHUV WR VHFXUHthe alliance, saysKristian Kristiansenof the University of*RWKHQEXUJ ,Q VXFKa scenario, after marrying the chieftain inJutland, the young woman

would have been sentback to the Black Forest along with a boy

She would then have returned toJutland with a young maleUHODWLYH ZKR ZRXOG EH UDLVHG WKHUH 7KH FKLOGV FUHPDWHGremains ledKristiansen to propose that the death occurreden route and the remains were buried later with the young

woman when she, too, died after her return toJutland.'$1,(/:(,66

Isotopic analysis of the remains of a young woman (right)

uncovered in a Danish burial (above) nearly a century ago

provides new details of Bronze Age life.


34/72


Tomb of a Highborn Celt QLavau, France

During a routine investigation of an area slated forFRQVWUXFWLRQ LQ WKH YLOODJH RI /DYDX LQ QRUWKFHQWUDOFrance, archaeologists happened upon one of the mostUHPDUNDEOH ,URQ $JH GLVFRYHULHV RI WKH SDVW FHQWXU\

Beneath a mound measuring 130feet in diameter, researchHUV IURP )UDQFHV 1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH RI 3UHYHQWLYH $UFKDHRORJLFDO 5HVHDUFK ZHUH VWXQQHG WR QG WKH EXULDO RI DQ HDUO\&HOWLF SULQFH GDWLQJ WR WKH IWK FHQWXU\ %&They wereLQLWLDOO\ XQDEOH WR GHWHUPLQH WKH LQGLYLGXDOV JHQGHU DQGsome of the accoutrements associated with dress foundnear the body suggested the skeleton belonged to a woman.%XW WHVWLQJ KDV QRZ FRQUPHG ZLWK FHUWDLQW\ WKDW WKHdeceased was, in fact, male.

7KLV ZHDOWK\ ,URQ $JH SULQFH ZDV EXULHG ZLWK DQ DVVRUWment of luxury items, including imported Mediterranean

YHVVHOV JROGMHZHOU\ DQG D FKDULRW $ QHO\ FUDIWHG EURQ]Hwine cauldron decorated with the heads of animals andP\WKRORJLFDO FUHDWXUHV DQG D EODFNJXUH *UHHN ZLQHpitcher, indicate that the Celts in this area had robust trade

DQG SROLWLFDO WLHV ZLWK WKH *UHHNV DQG (WUXVFDQVDQG DOVRGLVWLQJXLVK WKLV DV WKH JUDYH RI D VLJQLFDQW SHUVRQ +H KDGto be at the top of the local aristocracy, says archaeologist%DVWLHQ 'XEXLV $OO WKLV ZHDOWK LV D UHHFWLRQ RI WKH FHQWUDOimportance of the character buried here, who exercisedeconomic and political power in the region.

,PSRUWHG 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ ZLQH ZDV D NH\ FRPPRGLW\ IRUthe early Celts.This burial and others like it demonstratethat rituals and paraphernalia associated with the drinkingand distribution of wine played a vital role in Celtic society.

-$62185%$186

An ornate bronze wine cauldron excavated inan early Celtic tomb in north-central France


35/72

archaeology.org 33

Worlds Oldest Pretzels QRegensburg, Germany

Archaeologists digging at the site of the future Museum of

Bavarian History in Regensburg, Germany, expected their

most exciting finds would date to the Roman era, but they

were in for a surprise.

In an eighteenth-century

privy, they discovered

the carbonized pieces of

two pretzels. We neverhave the opportunity to

recover baked goods,

says government archae-

ologist Silvia Codreanu-

Windauer. Generally

they were eaten, or, if

burned, they were fed to

dogs or chickens. She

speculates that in this

case an absentminded

baker or his apprentice forgot the pretzels in the oven and

was so disgusted at burning them that he threw them in the

toilet. It seems to have happened more than once. In the same

privy, the team found the

charred remains of three

bread rolls and a fragment

of a crescent-shaped local

delicacy called a kipferl.ERICA. POWELL

T

Midwest between 200%& and$'

its distinctive teeth that it was a cat.

ing the bobkitten likely died of natural causes, probablyPDOQXWULWLRQ ,W ORRNV OLNH WKH\ FDPH DFURVV D EDE\ WKDWWKH\ WULHG WR UDLVH EXW IDLOHG VD\V 3HUUL :KHQ LW GLHGthey had become close enough to it that it warranted thisspecial burial.

Along with the bones, Perri found four shell beads andWZR FDUYHG HJLHV RI EHDU WHHWK ZRUQ DV D QHFNODFHJUDYH

JRRGV FRPPRQ WR +RSHZHOO KXPDQ EXULDOVPDNLQJ WKLVthe only decorated burial of a wild cat found in North

America, as well as the only animal buried alone in its own

Baby Bobcat QSpringfield, Illinois

A necklace of shell beads and carved bear teeth was discovered

in a burial in Illinois with the remains of a juvenile bobcat.

Pieces of a burned

pretzel found in an

18th-century German

privy, positioned atop

an image of a complete,

modern pretzel


36/72


Tracing Slave Origins QPhilipsburg, St. Martin

Researchers using a newly developed technique that permits

the targeted retrieval of ancient genetic material were able

to successfully identify the ethnic origins of three enslaved Afri-

cans found buried together on the Caribbean island of St. Martin,

even though the surviving DNA was highly fragmented. Knownlocally as the Zoutsteeg Three, the two men and one woman

(ages 2540) had been found by construction workers in 2010. At

that time, archaeologists were immediately

struck by the condition of the individuals

teeth, which had been intentionally filed

down, a modification commonly associated

with certain regions of Africa.

While DNA does not survive well in

tropical environments, experts from the University of Copenha-

gen and Stanford University used whole-genome capture and

next-generation sequencing to isolate the scant DNA remains of

the Zoutsteeg Three. By comparing this evidence with the DNA

of modern West African populations, they have learned thatone of the slaves likely originated among the Bantu-speaking

population of Cameroon, while the other two probably came

from non-Bantu-speaking regions of Nigeria

and Ghana. We were able to show that we

can use genome data to trace the genetic

origins of enslaved Africans with far greater

precision than previously thoughtpossible,

says Hannes Schroeder of the University of

Copenhagen. This has important implica-

tions for the study of Caribbean slavery and

the archaeology of the African diaspora.

JASONURBANUS

form of a powdery red pigment called cinnabar, but itsliquid form is extremely rare.So it was with some surpriseWKDW 6HUJLR *RPH] DQ DUFKDHRORJLVW ZLWK 0H[LFRV 1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWH RI $QWKURSRORJ\ DQG +LVWRU\ GLVFRYHUHG WUDFHV RIOLTXLG PHUFXU\ WKLV \HDU LQ WKUHH FKDPEHUV XQGHU WKH HDUO\

WKLUGFHQWXU\$'Feathered SerpentPyramid in the ancientFLW\ RI 7HRWLKXDFDQ *RPH] EHOLHYHV WKH PHUFXU\