archaeology in asia minor 1961

8/6/2019 Archaeology in Asia Minor 1961

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Archaeology in Asia Minor

Author(s): Machteld J. MellinkSource: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 65, No. 1 (Jan., 1961), pp. 37-52Published by: Archaeological Institute of AmericaStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/502499

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Archaeology in Asia MinorMACHTELD J. MELLINK

PLATES 23-28The progress report submitted here for the year1959shows that the number of excavationsand dis-coveries is increasing steadily. All of the importantsites discussed in the previous installment (AJA64 [1960] 57-69) are still in operation, althoughstudy campaigns occasionally interrupt the activefield work.There are important additions, some the resultof systematic exploration, others, ironically amongthe most rewarding, the product of accidentaldiscovery.For the earliest periods, the systematic researchin the Lycian caves (see Beldibi and cf. earlierreports on Karain) begins to build up a reliablelocal Anatolian sequence from Palaeolithic to Neo-lithic. The work in the region of Antioch (cf.Magraclk) confirms that previous and presentblanks in our knowledge of the Anatolian StoneAge are due to the lack of exploration, not to anabsence of early inhabitants.The first methodical investigation of Bronze Ageshipping along the Anatolian coast is in progressat the time of the writing of this report.The BronzeAge wreck off the Lycian coast near Finike (cf.AJA 64 [1960] 58 and P. Throckmorton in Na-tional Geographic Magazine 117 [May I960] 682-703) has now become the object of an internationalarchaeologicaldiving expedition under joint Anglo-American sponsorship. The results vindicate theunusual effort: much of the metal cargo is beingretrieved,and parts of the ship have been salvaged.The Bronze Age trade in the Eastern Mediter-ranean thus can be studied from a new and, for apleasant change, non-ceramic angle.The third reward for the systematic archaeologi-cal approachfell to the excavatorsof Altintepe nearErzincan. This site, slightly plundered before, nowhas amply repaid serious excavation with the dis-covery of intact burials of the late eighth centuryB.C.The inventory is stylisticallyrelated to materialfrom Van and Karmir Blur; the date is furnished

by the presenceof Urartaeanroyal names on someof the bronzes. The discoveries point the way tofurther research both in the site of Altmtepe

(necropolis and citadel) and in the intermediateareas between Urartu and Phrygia, powerful andprosperouscenters of the later eighth century B.C.Of accidentaldiscoveriesfollowed by painstakingexcavation the tumulus at Dardanos provides abrilliant example. The rich inventory of the builtburial chamber will aid the students of stratifiedbut fragmentary material from Hellenistic sites.The work at (andarll-Pitane was inspired bythe discoveryof an archaicstatue at the site of thenecropolis.Previous excavations at Pitane had beenerratic and ill-recorded.The present expedition willapply modern standardsof archaeologicaland his-torical analysis to this Aeolic site.The most unusual accidental discovery is thestory of the treasures from Dorak. The accountbelow will suggest how important, potentially, buthow frustrating the present state of the Dorakaffair is.The following reports are due to the unfailingkindness of Anatolian excavators and authorities.Specialthanks are due to ProfessorEkrem Akurgal,ProfessorU. Bahadir Alkim, Mrs. Handan Alkim,Dr. T. Beran, Professor K. Bittel, Professor H. T.Bossert, Professor Halet (ambel, Mr. AhmetDonmez, Mr. Riistem Duyuran, Mr. HakkiGiiltekin, Mr. Nezih Firatll, Professor G. M. A.Hanfmann, Professor G. Kleiner, Professor H.Metzger, Mr. Seton Lloyd, Mr. J. Mellaart, Pro-fessors Tahsin and Nimet Ozgiiu, Professor LouisRobert, ProfessorMuzaffer Senyiirek, Professor C.Weickert, ProfessorJ. M. Cook.TTKR I959 refers to the archaeological reportsof the Turkish Historical Societywhich will appearin a forthcoming Belleten.PALAEOLITHIC SITES

MAGRACIK.Professor M. Senyiirek expanded hiswork in the Hatay district.He made anothersound-ing in the Plugged Cave near Magraclkand founda single Palaeolithic stratum with many flint toolsof Levalloiso-Mousteriantypes, also fossilized mam-mal bones. The cave was especiallyused for habita-tion in the Palaeolithicperiod.


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MACHTELD J. MELLINK

At Altlndere, upper Acheulean hand axes andchipped tools were collected, some of flint, othersof quartzite; also a tortoise core typical of the sameindustry. These finds occur in a gravel layer whichis one meter thick (TTKR I959, I5-I6).BELDIBI. Dr. Enver Bostanci of the University ofAnkara investigatedvarious caves and rock sheltersin the region between Antalya and Marmaris.Hismain objective was a rock shelter near Beldibi, avillage on the east coast of Lycia about 30 milessouthwest of Antalya. This rock shelter, ca. Ioometers from the sea, has a stratified sequence asfollows: A, classical pottery with some primitiveadmixture; B, very primitive (neolithic) pottery,flint microliths, the pottery disappearing in thelower strata; CI, flint implements of Mesolithictype (Natufian, Capsian and Tardenoisian); C2,microlithic tools, flint implements of Lower Natu-fian type, painted pebbles (the first to be found inAnatolia), bone tools; D, larger tools, Upper

Palaeolithic, E-F, Upper-Middle Palaeolithic.There are also primitive rock paintings (simplecrosses, schematized figures) and rock engravings(deer) in this shelter.They may be Mesolithic andPalaeolithic, respectively,but further investigationsare needed. Dr. Bostanci also noticed two othersites with rock paintings in the vicinity of Beldibi(Anatolia 4 [1959] 129-63).PENDIK, SILE. Professor Sevket Aziz Kansu un-dertook a reconnaissance trip and made somesoundings in the Anatolian region of Istanbul.Twocaves in the cliffs near Sile were found promising.

At Pendik, where a Palaeolithic hand-axe had beenfound years ago, an open site with Palaeolithicmaterial was located (TTKR I959, 17-8).CHALCOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE SITES

KULTEPE.The excavations at Kanesh, the oldhistorical city in Cappadocia,produce their annualshare of new and original material for archaeolo-gists and philologists alike. The following informa-tion is again derived from reportskindly furnishedby Professors Tahsin and Nimet Ozgii5 (for theprevious ampaign f. AJA 64 [1960] 59; TurkArkeoloji Dergisi 9.1 [I959] 33-34; a new volumecontaining architecturalstudies has also appeared:T. Ozgiis, Kiiltepe-Kanis. New researchesat theCenterof the Assyrian Trade Colonies [Turk TarihKurumu, Ankara I959]).In the Karum, the commercial district beyondthe city mound, levels Ib and II were further in-vestigated. Large buildings and magazines of levelIb were cleared.Their preservationwas unusuallygood, which also applies to the tablets in them.The stamp and cylinder seal impressions charac-teristic of Ib clearly differ from those of level II.Among the notablefinds are a mold for the makingof figurines of the leading goddess of the Kiiltepepantheon, accompanied by a male deity and anattributiveanimal; new forms of pottery, e.g. largedrinking cups in bull's head shape with stamp sealimpressions.The information about the final stageof the colonies from Karum Ib fits in well with thecomparative data from Alisar and Bogazk6y.

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ARCHAEOLOGY IN ASIA MINORIn level II the archiveof a native merchantPusu-

Ahsu was excavated. He was a rich and importantperson. The house contained ten rooms and twostories. The magazines were on the ground floor.The centralroom is large; it has a bin for wheat inone corner, in the center is a fireplace, and alongthe walls run benches. Oven, kitchen and pantryare in separate rooms. In the pantry were founddrinking cups in the shape of bull, buffalo, eagleand lion; also vases with relief decoration andpitchers with strainer spouts.The cylinder seal impressions found in level IIthis year are predominantly of the native style.The owners of the newly found archives were allnatives. In spite of Mesopotamian influence, thefeatures of the native style are clear.

On the city-mound, some interesting stone-builtPhrygian houses were cleared.Among the Phrygianpainted pottery there are some vases painted withdeer in a style somewhat different from the Alisarvariety.Most of the work was devoted to earlier levels.The large building which corresponds to level IIof the Karum was cleared further (cf. AJA 64[1960] 59)- In one of the rooms of the residentialwing two tablets were found. They are writtenin Assyrian script and language. There are bullaewith impressions of cylinder seals of the nativestyle, again corresponding to Karum level II.Prehistoric soundings reached the middle andearly phases of the Early Bronze Age. There isgood architecture,a variety of pottery, and largemarble idols of some affinityto Cycladic types. Thegraves are cists built of stone. They have rich tomb-gifts, with the local variants of central Anatolianpottery but also with North Syrian imported pots.This discovery is important for synchronisms as itdocuments the connections with North Syria nowas early as the Early Bronze Age; they continuein the next period as well known from the Karum.Professor Nimet Ozgii5 published a selection ofseals and seal impressions from Kiiltepe in Ana-tolia 4 [1959] 4353.HoRozTEPE.For a preliminary announcement ofobjects from Horoztepe (cf. T. Ozgii5 and M.Akok, Horoztepe, an Early Bronze Age settlementand cemetery [I958] pls. xvin-xix) now in theMetropolitan Museum of Art in New York, cf.P. Oliver in BMMA (April 1960) 253-55.BOGAZKOY.Work at Bogazkoy continued with aconcentrated effort to complete the excavation of

the royal citadel, Biiyiikkale. Professor K. Bittelhad the general direction (for reports on previouscampaignscf. AJA 64 [1960] 59-6I; TiurkAreolojiDergisi 9.I [I959] 5-IO; Neue Deutsche Ausgra-bungen im Mittelmeergebiet und im vorderenOrient [Berlin i959] 89-I20); Dr. T. Beran wasfield director.The following account is an abstractof a detailed report kindly provided by Dr. Beran.It surveysthe resultsfrom the upper,Roman levelsdown to the period of the Assyrian merchantcolonies.

Roman: a simple fortificationwall ran along thesouth side and parts of the west side of the citadel(for a recentplan cf. Neue Deutsche Ausgrabungen96, Beilage 2) with a gate in v/6. The upper twolevels in the citadel are dated by coins to the periodfrom Hadrian to Gallienus.Phrygian: the entire Phrygian citadel was sur-rounded by a fortification wall with towers, twogateways, and up to four phases of reinforcementand reconstruction.The original Phrygian wall inthe southwest area stands on an artificial embank-ment which is carefully paved with stones on bothsides. The wall itself is much less competentlybuilt of two shells with a rubble fill which repeat-edly needed repairs.Intensive habitation, according to ceramic evi-dence, does not antedate the eighth century B.C.Occupation of more or less Phrygian characterlasted until the Hellenistic period, possibly inter-rupted by the raids of the Galatians. This periodhas up to six sub-levels.Hittite Empire: the plans of the Hittite buildingson the citadel were completed. Building E (whichproduced an archive of tabletsin 1907) seems resi-dential. Severalrooms aregrouped around a centralhall. The broad entranceroom opens to the interiorof the citadel on a higher level; staircasesdescendto the lower storey which correspondsto the lowerlevel on the west side. The building measures about25 by 20 m.

Building F is larger, about 30 by 35 m. It is lesswell preservedand has an unusual plan. There arefive parallel magazines flanked by L-shaped corri-dors, also two large rooms to the southeast andsmall rooms to the southwest. The building mayhave been a treasury or perhaps it represents thefoundation for a pillared hall such as has beenreconstructed for building D.Building K, on the southeast side of the citadel,measures 22.50 by 27.50 m. Parts of it had fallen

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MACHTELD J. MELLINKdown the steep rock after the destruction of theHittite citadel, and the Phrygian east gate (wherethe Kybele statue-groupwas found) was built overit. This left building K in a poor state of preserva-tion. There was a seriesof small and probably openrooms facing the citadel. Two of the inner roomswere preserved, in one of which an archive wasfound in 1957. Originally the citadel wall had con-tinued without a break in the area of building K.When K was erected, the outer face of the citadelwall became the wall of the southwest part of K;it was extended to join the southwest bastion inz/3-4. It is possible that a Hittite entrance existedbetween the southwest bastion and building K.In the southwest part of the citadel some re-markable architectural planning was discovered.A pillared hall enclosed the outer citadel court onthe southeast and southwest sides, continuing theline of the northwest fasade of building G andparallel to the southeast borderof building H. Thesouthwest citadel gate lay about halfway up theslope. From there a fairly steep ascent led to thesoutheast-northwestpart of the portico, which oneentered and passed through to reach the outercitadel court. This court must have had porticoeson at least three sides. In the northeast corner agate-building led, presumably via stairways, to theinner citadel court which was bordered by thefasades of building A and the throne-room D.The small finds from the Hittite level include awell preserved bronze dagger, a marble swordpommel, 2I seals and seal-impressions,260 tabletsor fragments thereof; mostly rituals for festivals,but also some historical fragments, letters, medicaland omen texts.

Pre-Empire levels: in the southwest area theexcavation of a large building of level IV b wascompleted. This building continues constructionsfound in I952 (cf. MDOG 86 [1953] I2-I3, plan 2).Its core consists of a basement-like room of 4.50 by9.50 m., which has large-scale and careful masonryon the interior wall-faces.The building preceding level IV b was of monu-mental size with walls to two m. thick built oflarge fieldstones. Elaborate terracing for this andthe subsequent building had obliterated the orig-inal stratification,but an open space to the south-east contained a good sequence: first a mudbrickhouse on stone foundations, then a burnt levelwhich ceramically could be equated with levelIV c in the area of building G. Two unimportant

strata separate this burnt level from an earlier,also burnt level with a monumental building. Thewalls stand to 2 m. height; seven rooms were en-tirely or partially cleared. There are two parallelrooms of ca. 8 by 3.50 m., smaller rooms lie on thewest and north sides. The walls have stone founda-tions and a mudbrick with rubble superstructurein wooden frames. The collapsed ceilings of thelower floor were found partly intact. There wasno earlierbuilding on this spot; and the conflagra-tion of the building was followed by a period ofabandonment.The burnt building had been thoroughly looted.It contained fragments of handmade, late EarlyBronze pottery (derivatives of Alisar I types andsome Alisar III sherds), but also some wheelmadeexamples of so-calledHittite ware.There arewheel-made buff cups and flaring bowls with stringcutbases in shape and technique reminiscentof Meso-potamian prototypes; also a fragment of a localvariant of the "depas amphikypellon." All thissuggests a Middle Bronze date, the burnt buildingbeing contemporarywith the entire Assyriancolonyperiod.The conflagrationcould be attributed to theconquest and destruction of Hattus by Anitta ofKussar and Nesa. Previous results of excavationsin the city area (MDOG 89 [I957] 8ff, 68ff) arein agreement with this, since they also point to agap in occupation after level 4 which is dated tothe time of Anitta.To the southeast,the area of building K and thearea between K and A also contained several pre-Empire levels. The Old Hittite constructionsherewere rather modest, but a fourth, burnt, pre-Empire level was identified; also an earlier sixthstratum which has signs of a general conflagrationand in finds is to be correlated with the lowestlevel in the southwest area. In the northeast roomof building K, below the burnt stratum of VI, avery early pithos was found immediately abovebedrock.It is handmade, ovoid, brown-buffslippedand burnished, and decoratedwith irregularblackvertical lines; the pot seems unique so far.Excavations on Biiyiikkale have now beenterminated. Further historical evidence will beforthcoming from the rich deposits in the lowercity to which the next campaigns will be devoted.ILICAPINAR. J. Mellaart published the neolithicsurface finds from Ilicaplnar,ca. eight miles southof Cihanbeyli on the road from Ankara to Konya(Istanbuler Mitteilungen 8 [1958] 82-92). The

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ARCHAEOLOGY IN ASIA MINORobsidian implements from here are related to theobsidian industry of Mersin (lance- and arrow-heads), but also to the implements found at(ukurkent east of Lake Beysehir and to those at(atalhiiyiik, the large neolithic mound north of(umra (southeast of Konya, cf. AJA 64 [1960]61-62).

KARAHiUYUK.o campaign was conducted herein 1959.HACILAR. The careful excavation of the earlysettlement in the Burdur area went into its thirdseason under the direction of Mr. James Mellaart.The following, detailed account has kindly beenprovided by him (for the previous season, cf. AJA64 [I960] 62-63; AnatSt 9 [I959] 51-65; TiirkArkeoloji Dergisi 9.1 [I959] 23-24)."At the end of the previous season we had estab-lished the presence of a large fortified Level Isettlement surrounding the remains of burnt LevelII houses on top of the mound. We had not beenable to reach the outer wall of the Level I forti-fications and this evidently was one of the 1959season's objectives. Moreover, a small trench link-ing the remains of both settlements dug in I958had encountered part of a big wall, suggestingthat the Level II settlement also had been con-tained within an enclosure. A trench 55 m. longand 5 m. wide was laid out at the beginning ofthe season on the western half of the mound. Atthe end of the first week we had determined thewestern limit of both Level I and Level II settle-ments by finding both enclosure walls. It wasdecided to concentrateon obtaining the maximumamount of architectural information about boththe Level I fortress and the walled settlement ofLevel II. Seven earlierbuilding levels remain to beexplored."The Level I fortress. Mr. David Stronach was

put in charge of the clearance of another sectionof the fortressand linking it up with the previouslyexcavated block of rooms in Area E. The outerwall was not found until the last day and it there-fore could not be traced around the block so thatthe main entrance has not yet been found. Manyrooms are again of impressive proportions andonce more there is evidence for at least one upperstorey.Two great insulae have now been excavated."This fortress consisted of an open area ca. Ioometers in diameter, enclosed by blocks of roomsgrouped into large insulae radially arranged. Be-tween them, walled courtyards gave access into

the fortress. Its full diameter was probably ca.I50 meters (larger than Troy II), but unlike Troy,the absence of dwellings within the enclosed openarea suggests that the ruler's 'palace' should besought among the insulae.

"The remains of poorly built stone walls in thatarea appearto belong almost entirely to the periodimmediately post-dating the destruction of thefortress (phase Ic). It may now be suggested thatthe main settlement had then moved some 400yards northwardsto a new site west of the presentvillage. Hacllar I pottery has been found thereas well as Late Chalcolithic of Beycesultan typeand Southwest Anatolian Early Bronze II."The Level II settlement. Three quartersof thesettlement have now been excavated and we havea unique opportunity to observe the layout of anearly chalcolithic settlement. An area of about57 x 36 meterson top of the mound was surroundedby a wall, 1.50 to 3.00 meters thick and providedwith small towers or buttresses.Narrow passage-ways led into the settlement and could be closedby a door. Proper gates as such did not exist.Three of these entranceshave been found: two inthe north wall, a third in the south wall, but nonein the short west wall. Only one of these threedoorways led straight into a house; the others ledthrough a passage or anteroom into the west andsouth courts respectively."The houses were arrangedaround courts. Twopairs of small houses, each with an anteroom anda main room, are placed on either side of thenorthwest entrance passage. Their walls are verythick and an upper storey might have existed, alsocovering the entrance passage. To the west lay agranaryand facing the houses acrossthe west courtwere two larger buildings."In the eastern half of the settlement we haveevidence for two phases, with a complete rebuild-ing after a disastrous fire. Here we found a wellappointed building with plasteredfloors and wallsand elaborate colonnades. Several doorways ledfrom it into a series of courtyards, separated bypartitions and each provided with a raised hearthwith a bread oven behind it and numerous otherdomestic arrangements.This area produced manypottery vessels about half of which were gailypainted. From a stone-lined well in one of thecourtyards a considerable quantity of carbonizedwheat, barley and almonds or plumstones was re-covered. The large house produced another sur-

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MACHTELD J. MELLINKprise: sunk in its floor one single and two doubleburials were found, a feature hitherto not en-countered at Hacllar. The dead had been buriedin tightly contracted position without any con-sistent orientation; the only funerary gifts weresome finely painted pots. A few other fragmen-tary skeletons were found in the burnt debris ofthe house. This skeletal material will be examinedin Ankara.

"Although the most important results of thisyear's work at Hacllar are definitely in the fieldof architecture, not less than a hundred paintedvessels were found, mostly new types, as well asnumerous small objects including the first com-plete figurine."We illustrate, with Mr. Mellaart's and the own-er's kind permission, an anthropomorphicpaintedvessel from Hacilar Level I (pl. 23, figs. I-2; heightca. o.225m.); in the collection of Mr. HiiseyinKocabas in Istanbul. The lower part is incompleteand incorrectlyrestored. The eyes are inlaid withobsidian.

BEYCESULTAN.Mr. Seton Lloyd devoted a sixthcampaign to the large site of Beycesultan in theupper Maeander valley. He kindly reports thefollowing details on the season of 1959 (for previ-ous reports,cf. AJA 64 [I960] 63; AnatSt 9 [1959]35-47)-"The work was concentrated entirely on theMiddle Bronze Age palace (ca. I900-I750 B.c.),partly excavated in I954 and I955 (cf. AnatSt 6[I956] io6ff). A further section of the buildingcovering an area of about two thousand squaremeters was successfully cleared and recovered."The remains of the palace were reached suc-cessively in two areas; one covering almost thewhole north-easternpart of the main building andthe other revealing a completely new wing to thewest of the central courtyard.The former, as ex-pected, requiredmuch patience in excavation,sincethe ruins here had been deliberatelydenuded andlevelled down to the original pavements, in orderto provide an emplacement for the buildings ofa 'squatter'population in Level IV. Some measureof the city's impoverishment after the fire couldbe gathered from the fact that a single chamberin the palacecould accommodatea complete dwell-ing-house of the returning inhabitants. The align-ment of the walls could only be determined bymeticulous cleaning; but the plan, with the ex-

ceptionof certainunlocateddoorways,waseventu-ally completed."In the newly discoveredwesternwing, how-ever,the circumstanceswere entirelydifferent. nthis quarter,a striking phenomenon,hithertoun-observed,perhapsowing to laterdenudation,wasthe collapsed emainsof an upperstorey,which insome caseshad had the effectof 'blanketing'hefire beneathand preserving he walls from totaldestruction. hese in certainplacesremained tand-ing to more than two meters high, with theirelaborate rameworkof timberbeams and postsvirtuallyntact,so that at lastthisingenious ystemof 'half-timber'onstruction ould be studiedindetail (pl. 23, fig. 3). The size and quantityoftimber used, including the great 'rafts'of tree-trunksformingthe foundationof the walls them-selves,when thus seen almostperfectlypreservedby carbonization,were almost beyondbelief. Soalso were the remains of the upperfloors.Thesehad in many cases collapsedalmost intact intothe chamber beneath, carrying with them thethick layersof rushes and straw (sometimesupto 12 in. deep), with which they were coveredandthe lighterframeworkof the roof above.In oneplacea charreddoor remainedstanding n place,made from a single plank I40 m. wide; in an-other the wooden thresholdwas preservedwithpart of the bronze cup in which the door-pivotrevolved.The fallen remainsof first-floor truc-tures now also enable one to estimatethe scaleand accommodationof the building, includingthehugechambers f the upper torey.These,oftenextendinginwardsover the colonnadewhich evi-dentlysurrounded he centralcourtyard,ecallthepiano nobile of the Cretanpalaces.But here theground-floorhambers lso are of a correspondingsize, one measuring more than fifteen meterssquare."The plan of the palace also is of increasinginterest.The west wing, now excavated,ncorpo-rateswhat might be describedas a monumentalentrancepassingthrougha porticowith pairsofrecessed niches on either side (cf. pl. 23, fig. 4).This provides a main axis for the building,terminating n what appears o be a main stair-way leading to the upper floor on the oppositeside of the courtyard.With the limitsof the planso far determined nly on the southernand south-eastern ides,the buildingcannow be seen to havea maximumdimensionof at least eighty meters

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ARCHAEOLOGY IN ASIA MINORand the numberedchamberson the groundflooralone have reachedover forty. By contrast,theruins continue to be totally unproductiveof ob-jects. The absence even of broken pottery andother litter which would result from looting,be-gins to suggest that the palacemust have beendeliberatelyndtotallyevacuated, erhapsn antici-pationof the militarydisasterwhich resulted n itsdestruction."IZMIR-BoRNOVA.prehistoricmound and cem-etery were discoveredwhen the foundationsfora new building of BornovaCollege were beingmade.Severalcompletevasesof EarlyBronzeAgetype were found. An excavations being plannedby Mr. Hakki Giiltekin (who will publisha pre-liminary report in Belleten) and Professor M.Senyiirek.MYSIA.D. H. French, scholar of the British In-stitute of Archaeologyat Ankara,made a surveyof the plains of Ballkesir,Akhisar and Manisa(Magnesiaad Sipylum). He has recordeda con-siderablenumberof moundswith potteryrangingfrom Chalcolithic o the Late BronzeAge.KUTAHYA. Bronze Age mound called SeyitOmerhilyiik, about ten miles from Kiitahyaandin the areaof lignitemines,is threatenedwith de-structionbecauseof the mining operations. t hasmaterialof the EarlyBronzeAge.BITHYNIA. J.Mellaartin the spring of I960furtherexplored he regionof Iznik (Nicaea) and Inegolin westernBithynia,finding much earlypottery:Chalcolithicwares differentfrom those found atFikirtepe,various Early Bronze Age wares andmuchAnatolian"Minyan"wareof light gray,redand buff varieties(cf. IstanbulerMitteilungen6[I955] 52-74)-

DORAK-TROY II. J. Mellaart's announcement ofa treasureof the type and periodof Schliemann'sTroy II hoards has appearedn ILN (November28, I959) 754,pls. i-II. The objectscome fromtwocist-graves llegedto have beenexcavated t Dorakon the south shore of the Lake of Apollonia(Apolyont G6lii west of Bursa) in the early 1920'S.The weapons,metalvessels and jewelryare strik-ingly rich in decorationwith importedmaterials(lapis, rock crystal,carnelian,amber,ivory) andshow affinities o the Aegaeanornamentalreper-toire.The associatedragmentof Egyptianfurni-ture,a pieceof gold casingwith the cartouche fSahure,mayturnout to becomea precious hrono-

logicallink if the contextof the finds can be veri-fied beyonddoubt.EDIRNE. ProfessorSevket Aziz Kansu has identi-fied a prehistoricite,(ardakalti,some threemilesto the northwestof Edirne (Adrianopolis). t is a

flat settlement with much pottery,polishedaxesand animalbones.The pottery s primitive,hand-made, gray to reddish or black, decoratedwithincised lines, dots, spirals and nail impressions.Traces of hearths were observed.There was nometal among the surface inds. Further nvestiga-tions are planned(TTKR I959,I8-I9).IRON AGE AND CLASSICAL SITES

ANKARA. The new Cybele-Kubile relief foundat Bah,elievlern I959has now beenpublishedbyRaci Temizer in Anatolia 4 [I959] I79-87.Hedates the relief to the sixth centuryB.C., ejectingthe possibility hat this and similarCybelereliefswould representa Phrygian type independentofGreek archaic art. The questionis still open tosome doubt; it will be discussed further in aforthcomingpublication f the Phrygiancult-relieffrom Bogazkoy by K. Bittel; and also by thewriterof this reportin connectionwith materialfrom Gordion(cf. AIA 64 [1960] i88).GoRDION. A report on the excavations of I959by R. S. Young has appeared n this journal64[I960] 227-43.For the campaignof I958,cf. alsoTiirk Arkeolojiergisi9.I [I959] 12-13; or areporton glass finds cf. Journalof GlassStudiesi [I959] 22-49.

AMORIUM-HERGAN KALE. This Phrygian site, alargemound o thesouthwest f Pessinuswas in-vestigated y NezihFirath.He madea soundingand found stratawithPhrygian ndHittitepot-teryunderlyinghe Byzantineemains.A surveywasmadeand themost mportantuildingswerelocated.The Byzantinera s clearlyhemost m-portant haseof the site.ALTINTEPE. This site mentioned n the previousreportAJA64[1960]64)hasnowbecome majorfactor n comparative rartaeantudies.Profes-sors Tahsin and Nimet Ozgii5 and architectMahmutAkokundertook successfulxcavationin the fallof I959.Theykindlyallowus to quotethefollowing etailsrom heir eportsnddescrip-tions.Altintepes a high hill, partlynatural, omefifteenmiles east of Erzincanon the road to

Erzurum.t has an Urartaeanitadel n topand

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MACHTELD J. MELLINKa cemetery on the southeast slope. In I938 the firsttomb was found by chance; some of its objectsfound their way to the museum in Ankara. Thistomb was not completely excavated. Another tombwas found next to the first one in I956 and robbed.In I959, the excavators cleared the floor of thistomb and found scraps of its contents. The tombwas built in good masonry; it had threerectangularrooms connected by interior doors; the roof wasmade as a pseudo-vaultwith one course of curvedmasonry and one overlappingflat course. The roof-ing stones were covered with a layer of rubbleand earth.In I959, a third tomb was discovered.It, too, hadthree rooms, built of very fine masonry. Its roofwas covered with large flat slabs. The roofstoneshad been cracked by earthquakes and had falleninto the tomb chambers, thus crushing many ofthe objects inside, but the tomb was unplundered.The rooms were connected by doorways whichwere closed by stone doors. Rooms 2 and 3 eachhad several empty niches in the walls.In room i, which had the outer doorway, thefollowing objects were found in various locationsbut neatly arranged: a large bronze cauldroncontaining small bronze vessels, iron weapons,small bronze protomes of horses (originally fast-ened to iron rods), tools used for the making offurniture. Also: various pieces of horsegear andchariot harnesses, horsebits, bells. The horsebitshad cheekpieces decorated with animal heads dif-ferent on each side, e.g. bridled horses (pl. 24,fig. 5), bulls, eagles. Additional finds were ironaxes, arrowheads, spearheads, knives, pickaxes;metal and wooden parts of a wooden throne anddais; vases, bone objects. The wooden throne hadmetal fittings on its legs in the shape of lion'sand bull's feet, cast in bronze; these stood on anattached dais with separate moldings. There alsowere volutes and pendant leaves in bronze. A thinsheet of bronze, ca. 10 cm. high and over 50 cm.long was probably the metal revetmentof a leatherbelt; it has engraved and embossedfriezes in threetiers. Between guilloche borders above and below,one sees a neat arrangementin a free field of run-ning figures, each one repeated vertically threetimes: horned lions, horsemen with spears, bulls,winged centaur-archers, lions, winged bulls; aricher variety of motifs than found on the shieldsfrom Toprakkale and Karmir Blur. A bronze discof 8 cm. diameter has a design of a winged deity

standing on a galloping winged horse; anotherhasa similar deity (a goddess?) standing on a wingedhorned lion. These discs had perforationsalong theedges and probably were meant to be fastened tothe leather horsegear.

The second room contained two stone sarcoph-agi, both with plain lids and trough-shaped.Onecontained the skeleton of a woman, the other aman. Outside of the man's sarcophagus were aniron shield, arrowheads,a throne and three vessels.There also had been a garmentdecoratedwith gold,silver and preciousstones. With the woman in thecoffin were found a number of gold discs, finelydecorated with rosettes in granulation (probablyornaments of her dress) and tubular, triple andquadruple, granulated beads. These are the bestpiecesof gold jewelry known so far from Urartaeansites. Near the sarcophaguswere found a throne,two pottery vessels, an imported Assyrian faiencevase, gold and silver ornaments.Room 3 contained a throne, a bed, pottery jugsand plates, a small silver rod the ends of whichwere shaped as lions' heads. The metal fittings ofthe furniture legs here were made of silver.The chronologicalposition of the new finds is in-dicated by two inscriptionsin Urartaeancuneiformdiscoveredon a bronze cylindricalrevetment.Theygive the names of the Urartaeankings Rusa I (ca.733-714 B.c.) and his son Argisti II (ca. 714-680B.C.).Another important discovery was made atAltlntepe in the form of an open cult-place nearthe tombs. In an artificially levelled area standfive tall stones, round-topped stelae of ca. threemeters height, on a long flat base. The stones arevery neatly worked but uninscribedand unadorned.Opposite the center of the base lies a round altarslab with a hole in the middle. This undoubtedlyis a cult-placeconnected with the tombs.

The excavations are continuing in I960. An in-vestigation of the citadel mound is tentativelyplanned for I96I.VAN-TOPRAKKALE. Professors Afif Erzen andEmin Bilgic conducted investigations in the areaof Van for the Turkish Historical Society.An excavation was begun at Toprakkale nearVan. The site of the temple of Haldi, excavatedbut hardly published by Rassam and later byLehmann-Haupt and Belck (cf. R. D. Barnett in

Iraq 12 [I950] 1-43; i6 [I954] 3-22) and mostlydenuded now, is being cleared and measured.

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ARCHAEOLOGY IN ASIA MINORWithin the area of the temple, starting at theouter west wall, the rock was found to have beencut in broad steps to support the massive templefoundations. In the middle of the terrace was achannel which led out of the temple. The founda-tions of the south and north walls of the templewere identified, the entrance was to the east wherethe rock was levelled.In another trench on the south side of Toprak-kale a mudbrick wall running east-west was ex-posed; it is about two meters thick and has stonefoundations. North of this wall, a large quantityof Urartaean pottery was found; parallel to thewall, further to the north, lay fifteen large storagejars in three rows. Among the pottery were platesand trefoil pitchers with ribbon handles. Concen-tric rings of black and white stone, part of floormosaics also found by Lehmann-Haupt, wereagain in evidence (TTKR I959,28-30).Professor E. Bilgi5 also published some new in-scriptions from the citadel at Van, duplicates ofpreviously known texts in Tiirk Arkeoloji Dergisi9-I (I959) 44-48.

HARRAN. During the excavationsof Professor D.Storm Rice, which are chiefly concerned with theGreat Mosque (cf. AnatSt 8 [1958] 35; for a planof Harran AnatSt I [I95I] 85) a trial trench wasmade in the ancient mound. Samples of Late andMiddle Bronze Age materials were found.KARATEPE. Archaeological and building opera-tions continued through the year 1959 under thedirection of Professor Halet 9ambel (cf. AJA 64[I960] 64) to whom thanks are due for the follow-

ing information.The restorations and protection of the monu-ments are nearing completion. Both gates havenow been covered by concrete and glass roofswhich are designed to create a maximum of lightand a minimum of visual interference with thesculptured orthostats. As the stones were develop-ing new cracks while exposed to sun and rain,the present solution which makes an open airmuseum of Karatepe seems a happy one. The sitenow also boastsa guest-house,a museum, a forestrypost, a police station, a post-officeand a school!Work on the sculptures continues. New frag-ments are still being discovered,some of them be-longing to new orthostats. An elaborate networkof Roman water conduits was discovered on andnear Karatepe (TTKR 1959,24-25).

MISIS-MOPSOUHESTIA.rofessorBossertcontinuedhis excavationson a small scale (cf. AJA 64 [1960]65; Tiurk Areoloji Dergisi 9.I [I959] II). Hekindly provided the following information. Byzan-tine cisterns still present obstacles to stratigraph-ical research,but one trench is slowly continuingdown to pre-Roman levels. Among the finds oflater levels, Byzantine glazed pottery is outstand-ing. Byzantine glazed wall-tiles also occur. Thesewares were locally produced in Mopsouhestia.Misfired samples of Byzantine glazed ceramicshave been found. The Iron Age is so far announcedonly in fragments of painted pottery of the black-on-red variety with concentric circle decoration.

YESEMEK. A new campaign was devoted to thequarries at Yesemek, ca. 15 miles southeast ofIslahiye, under the direction of Professor BahadlrAlkim (cf. A]A 64 [1960] 64-65;Belleten 93 [I960]I-Io). Professor Alklm kindly allows us to quotethe following details from his reportson Yesemekand the Islahiye district.Yesemek preservesa large quantity of unfinishedreliefs and statues of the second and first millenniaB.C. Among the newly discovered reliefs were achariot scene, two winged lions, a monster with ahuman body and a bear's head, and another re-lief of two mountain gods seen frontally (pl. 24,fig. 6). The blocks, which weigh from two totwelve tons, were mechanically lifted and set upfor study. Among the roughly blocked out reliefdesigns, six types of gate lions, four types ofsphinxes, three types of mountain gods were re-corded (cf. the relief with three mountain godsen face, pl. 24, fig. 7), also two types of statues inthe round. The popularity of the reliefs with twomountain gods (23 specimens), executed in theHittite style of the second millennium, is indica-tive of the cult of mountain gods in this area, andalso shows that many places in the vicinity ofYesemek sent in orders to this quarry. More in-formation was gathered about the methods ofquarryingand the variousstages of sculpturalproc-esses.

ISLAHIYE DSTRICT (cf. AJA 64 [196o] 65). Pro-fessor Alklm also made further explorationsin thegeneral district of Islahiye, where he recorded 20previously unnoticed mounds. This completes thesurveyof the plains of Sakgag6zii,Zincirli,Altmtopand Hassa, which links up with the Braidwoodsurvey of the Amuq area up to Krikhan (R. J.Braidwood,Mounds in the Plain of Antioch [Chi-

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MACHTELDJ. MELLINKcago 1937]). Two mounds southeast of Hassa de-serve special mention, upper and lower Karafakili.They are fortifiedsites of the earlyfirst millenniumB.C., with stone circuit walls standing up to o.50-1.00 m.

TILMEN HUYUK (cf. AJA 64 [I960] 65). Asounding was made on this mound by the expedi-tion under the direction of Dr. Bahadir Alklm.The site rises 22 m. above the plain, but is basedon a flat natural rock. There are inner and outerfortification walls built of dry stones. The outerwall has two monumental gateways to the northand east; the fallen gate lion of the east gate wasre-erected.The sounding went down 5.60 m. fromthe top of the mound. Four main levels were dis-tinguished. The upper level (Ia and b) is IronAge, 9th-8th century B.C.Level II is second millen-nium and ends in a conflagration; level III alsois burnt. Two cist-graves of children were foundin it. The pottery of III belongs to the third mil-lennium. Level IV has pottery resembling Ubaidand Mersin wares, also many flint tools. Bedrockhas not yet been reached. The site promises to bean interesting transitional station between NorthSyria and Anatolia.SIDE.Professor Arif Miifid Mansel conductedanother campaign during the summer of 1959 (cf.AJA 64 [1960] 65). More work was done on thestage building of the theater. The outer galleriesand the vaulted rooms behind them were clearedin a section near the colonnaded street; Byzantinemosaics were found as secondaryfloors in the cor-ridor and rooms. The large colonnaded street infront of the theater was completely excavated;restorationof the Corinthian columns of the weststoa has begun. Near the north end of this stoaa hoard of ca. 800 silver Crusadercoins and ingotswas found.Next to the theater and behind the colonnadedstreet, a podium temple emerged, probably of lateHellenistic date. It is pseudo-dipteralwith a stair-case on the front, an anteroom and a cella deco-rated with half-columns.Outside of the late city-gatestood three fountain-houses. One was dedicatedby Vespasian but it hadobviously been moved from its original site. Op-posite this building and in front of a large cisternwhich faced the colonnaded street were two morefountain-houses;one was of a round plan, the otherhad three basins set among four piers with anelaborate interior architecture of aediculae and

colonnades. Several statues were found here, e.g.a Hermes, a headless Athena and the head of ayouth, perhapsApollo.Work on the local museum continued. This isbeing arranged in a restored ancient bath. Thesculptureswill be transportedto the ancient roomswhich have been clearedof later additions (TTKRI959, 21-22).

XANTHOS. This site is now being studied forpublication.The pottery, a considerableamount ofwhich is of local and East Greek fabrics, is be-ing analyzed by Professor H. Metzger. The ex-pedition to Xanthos has so far not found anyBronze Age materialson the site of the two maincitadels. It would seem that erosion and rebuildingcannot be responsible for the total disappearanceof earlier remnants. The Bronze Age capital ofLycia presumably had a different location, notnecessarilyfar removed from Iron Age Xanthos.MARMARIS.rofessorsJ. M. Cook and G. E. Beanin the summer of I959 began an excavation at anancient sanctuary site on a mountain crest aboveHisar6nii in the Carian Chersonese,west of Mar-maris. Fuller investigations were made in thesummer of 1960by J. M. Cook in conjunctionwithW. H. Plommer and K. J. Frazer. Professor Cookkindly reports the following:"The modern name of the place is Pazarllk; andthe ancient name was Kastabos, this being provedby identification of the sanctuaryas that of Hemi-thea about which Diodorus writes at length. Thedeme site on the coast below, commonly markedas 'Erine,' must in fact be Bybassus."The temple was of limestone with the exteriororder in marble; it proves to have been hexastyleIonic with twelve columns on the long sides, andit seems to have been built in the second half of thefourth century B.C.The elevation can be restoredalmost complete. A Corinthian capital was discov-ered in the debris in I959, but it cannot now beregarded as belonging to the original design of thebuilding. The main doorway at the east end of thecella presents a problem. The capaciousthreshold,standing nearly two feet high above the pronaosfloor and decorated with a Lesbian leaf mouldingat its foot, looks more like a platform than a thor-oughfare; and in front of it, blocking accessto thedoor, stood a circularbasisof red stone which mayhave carried a sculptured marble drum. But notrace has been found of a second entrance to the

cella. At the back end of the cella was a naiskos;

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MACHTELD J. MELLINKrooms read: NtKr7,NLK'q 'Apre'Cyzvo, also 'EXmt8osand may refer to the old shrine. Among the upperbuildings is a Roman house with a peristyle,deco-rated with a mosaic of fishes and other creaturesof the sea.

Unfortunately, the old excavationshad disturbedthe stratificationto the level of the Roman Empireand sometimes even deeper.II. The southwest trench. The second aim was totest the size of the Mycenaean settlement to thesouthwest of the temple of Athena and to tracethe great Mycenaean wall. At about I50 metersSSW of the temple a trench of 3 x 50 meters wasmade from the SW to the NE, starting in the areaof the west wall of the historical city. The innerface of the Mycenaean wall, running N-S, wasexposed at ca. 4 m. depth near the modern roadcrossed by the trench.To the west, the early Hellenistic city-wall ap-peared; in the upper levels, late antique houses.Continuous occupation could be traced back intothe fourth century B.c., again with a late classicalconflagrationlevel. The archaic destruction of 494B.C. was also clear, but this area at the westernedge of the city seems to have been uninhabitedfor some time after the Persian attack. The lategeometric burnt level known from the temple ofAthena was also represented here. The shiftingof the coastline from Mycenaean to late antiquetimes was evident in the various sections.The oldest Miletus lay therefore south of theAthena temple, but the archaic city at least asearly as the sixth century B.C. used the harbor ofthe Lion Bay. Its acropolis then was not onKalabak Tepe but on theater hill, where indeedarchaicsherdscan be found. Kalabak Tepe merelyhad importance as a refuge castle in the Lydianand Cimmerian wars (cf. Istanbuler Mitteilungen9, forthcoming).The question of the location of archaic Miletuscan be considered solved if one takes into accountthe distance between the east and southwesttrenches (half a mile as the crow flies). An excava-tion to the north on theater hill could remove thelast vestiges of doubt.

PANIONION. An illustrated report on the initialcampaign appeared in Neue Deutsche Ausgra-bungen im Mittelmeergebiet und im vorderenOrient (Berlin 1959) 172-80;for the work in 1958cf. Tiur Arkeoloji Dergisi 9.I (I959) 20-22. No

excavations took place in 1959, but another springcampaign was conducted in 1960.Professor Kleiner kindly allows us to quote thefollowing from his preliminaryreport on the finalcampaign at the site.

At the beginning of the campaign,the necropolison the east slope of the citadel hill (Kaletepe) wasre-investigated (cf. the report in AM 12 [I887]229ff). The burials had been laid in natural rock-crevices which had undergone little artificial im-provement.They were all disturbed,but there wereenough bones and geometric sherds (the latterexclusively of the eighth century B.C.) to identifythe site as the necropolisof Melie.About 500 meters to the south of the altaron thePanionion hill, a Carian tomb was identified. Anoval wall of coarse masonry, poorly preserved,en-closed an area ca. 12 meters long and 7.50 meterswide.

The most important discovery was that of aHellenistic fortified post on a spur of Mykale im-mediately to the southeast of the Panionion hill.A watchtower rose in dominant position over thewalls and buildings of a citadel clearly built as astronghold for Priene, the city guarding the Pani-onion. The relationship is indicated by the styleof masonryand by pottery,especiallythe finds froma cistern in the citadel. The sherdsgo back to earlyHellenistic times; several are directly paralleledby household ware from Priene. With the excava-tion of this fortressthe work at gamll was broughtto a conclusion.EPHESUS.The excavations were temporarilysus-pended. Tiurk Arkeoloji Dergisi 9.1 (1959) 25-32contains an illustrated report on the work accom-plished in 1958,cf. AJA 64 (1960) 66-67.KLAROS.ProfessorLouis Robert kindly continueshis reports on the excavations in and around the

temple of Apollo with the following news (previ-ous accounts in AJA 64 [I960] 66; Tiurk ArkeolojiDergisi9.I [I959] 35-36).The excavators(Profes-sor and Mme. Robert, Professor Roland Martinand Pierre Bonnard, architect) continued theirsoundings around the temple, this time to theeast, to ascertain that there were no other build-ings in the sacred grove. The area immediatelyaround the temple was cleared to improve theview and to collect what building blocks werestill there. To the southwest lies the area wherein Byzantine times people worked on the dis-mantling of the columns of the rear peristyle and

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ARCHAEOLOGY IN ASIA MINORcella walls. To the southeast, a new Doric capitalwas found. To the northwest, behind the smallIonic temple, nothing more was discovered. In theprocess of recording all the fallen column drums,the eleven ton architrave block which carries thename of Hadrian was turned over. The titles in-dicate that the dedication does not antedate Decem-ber i35; it therefore belongs to the final periodof his rule.

The deep soundings were favored by an excep-tional drought in I959 following a dry 1958.Thisallowed a complete clearing of the honorary basesand the exedra to the south of the temple facade(pl. 25, fig. 8). Here was found the head of a sixthcentury kouros whose face is badly destroyed, butthe hair and ears are very good; also an eleganthead of a very young girl with traces of attach-ment of a metal wreath, probably late Hellenistic.R. Martin completed the deep soundings at theback of the subterraneanadyton to find an earlierstage (pl. 25, fig. 9). The conglomeratewhich formsthe foundation of the back of the cella has beenprovisionally removed over half its E-W lengthand its entire width. This foundation was put inwhen the colossal cult-statues of the Apolline triadwere erectedand when the two adyton rooms werevaulted over. In the earlierstage, the second roomwas as deep, E-W, as the first. All along the backwall ran a parapet in front of a basin of 60 cm.width. The well in the second room, just beyondthe postern entrance (cf. AJA 62 [1958] 99), wastherefore installed when the vaults were made andwhen the back part of the room was filled in. Al-though accessto the propheticwaters was changedfor technical reasons, the watertable remained thesame. The floor of the subterranean rooms hasmany traces of re-use of blocks of earlierbuildingswhich had existed on the same site but had tomake room for the constructionof the early Hel-lenistic temple; this is essentially the temple seennow with some modifications due to the first cen-tury B.C.The excavation was expanded especially aroundthe great altar of Apollo and Dionysos, deitiesassociatedhere and each provided with an offering-table. To the south, no results were gained byclearing a new area beyond the exedra. To thenorth results were more rewarding. When thepassage between the temple and the altar waswidened, important discoverieswere made. Northof the great altar, slightly projecting in front of it,

stood a second, smaller altar. This altar, althoughrather far away from the small Ionic temple whichwe had attributed to Artemis Claria, faces thistemple and must belong to it. Against its northside we found a headless, very archaic kore, ofnatural size. The lower part of the body is cylin-drical. One hand hangs down alongside the body,the other rests on the breast; a belt tightly en-circles the narrow waist. The statue has strongaffinities to the kore of Auxerre in the Louvre.The statue,altar and the small temple are all identi-fied by an inscriptionon the left side of the statue:"Timonax, son of Theodoros, dedicated me toArtemis, having been the first priest (ro Trpcrovipevo-aS)."These finds are of great importanceforthe religious history of Klaros. The statue, chrono-logically, almost matches the Homeric Hymn.Near the altar, six altars stand closely together.They are of coarse stone and carrylate inscriptions.Two are dedicated to Poseidon Themeliouchos andto the goddess of Miletus, Artemis Pythia.The following inscriptions deserve notice: anintact decree of the third century with very con-ventional formulas, but issued in honor of anofficer of Ptolemy (probably Euergetes); whichproves, contrary to previous opinion, an occupa-tion of Colophon by the Lagidai, as at Lebedosand Ephesus, and also, it seems to ProfessorRobert,at Teos; remnants of asyleia decrees; a list of aChiote delegation to the oracle of the secondcentury A.D.; small fragments of similar lists fromChios (with parasemon), Laodikeia of the Lykos,Akmonia, Amasia, Sagalassos and Philippopolis.The Roberts continued their explorationsof theregion of Colophon and Teos. Near Teos, in thevillage of Hereke which is full of ancient blocks,they identify an ancient Charax. A dark bluemarble block was found here with an engravedfourth century design (a combat of a Greek andtwo Amazons), similar to the stelae from Chiosand Boeotia. The block was removed from under-neath a well-head and is now in the museum atIzmir.

SARDIS. The second campaign at Sardis was againunder the direction of Professors G. M. A. Hanf-mann and A. H. Detweiler. The vast extent andthe long history of the site are reflectedin the widerange of the material gathered in various trenches.(For interim reports cf. AJA 64 [1960] 67-68;Archaeology 12 [I959] 283-84; Journal of GlassStudies I [1959] 5I-54; Tiirk Arkeoloji Dergisi 9.1

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MACHTELD J. MELLINK[I959] I4-19; Istanbuler Mitteilungen 8 [I958] I26-30; BASOR I57 [1960] 8-43; Anatolia 4 [x959] 55-65). Mr. Hanfmann kindly furnishedthe followingnotes on the new campaign:"While our finish was not quite as dramatic aslast year's, yet one of the most important discov-eries was made on the last day of large-scale dig-ging-an imperialinscriptionmentioning a Sebastosand a Julia Sebaste was found to the east of theRoman gymnasium known as Building B. Herewe are uncovering remains of a large colonnadeand of an imposing gate with fragments of orna-mental marble architecture.Among them are twolarge Corinthian capitals adorned with heads ofa laughing satyr and Athena (pl. 26, fig. io). Inthe great Building B itself we have cleared thesouthern part of the South Hall. The Byzantineshops south of the same building have developedinto a regular shopping center with a long lineof shops, some of which have mosaic floors. Themost interesting unit among these is a shop whichappearsto have been convertedinto an early Chris-tian baptistery.To the west of B we made an at-tempt to trace the western boundary of what ap-pears to be another large pillared structure.Builtagainst its outer pillars was an elaborately con-trived public latrine, which, like the Byzantineshops, appears to have functioned until the de-struction of the entire area during the reign ofthe Emperor Heraclius. Abundant finds of coins,glass and pottery were made; also some interestingsculptures, a torso of Athena (pl. 26, fig. ii) anda statue of Dionysos."Across the road the residential 'House ofBronzes' presents a very favorable idea of LateRoman and early Byzantine Sardis. We nearlyquadrupled the excavated area, of which the mostimposing feature is a marble-paved unit wherewe still found in place a marble table as well asbronzes of the early Christian or early Byzantineera (pl. 27, fig. 14). Excavations on two terracesabove the 'House of Bronzes' revealed that thegreat city-wall, which is several miles long, wasconstructed in this sector in one great effort ap-parently in the fifth century A.D. We found noevidence for any earlier fortification in this area.The flat-topped platform south of the city-wallyielded a great number of Hellenistic and Romanobjects, including pieces of wall painting andsome ivories. A charming fragment representingHypnos is among the latter (pl. 26, fig. I2).

"To the west of the area of the 'House of Bronzes'and partly under it, there appeared a cemetery ofRoman and Hellenistic times. One small tombwith wall paintings was found under a room ofthe 'House of Bronzes'; others, less elaborate,yielded fine terracottasand glass. The Hellenistictombs are fashioned like small bedroomswith twocouches elaborately stuccoed and provided withhead and shoulder rests."Test pits in Building B revealedtracesof previ-ous constructionsof late Hellenistic or earlyRomantimes. Below them at considerable depth, therecame to light levels with Lydian and Greek pot-tery reaching at least as far back as the 7th centuryB.C. In the areaof the 'House of Bronzes'and to thewest, we were able to trace some walls of Lydianstructures. Two major periods can be discerned.Abundant Lydian pottery and some fragments ofGreek vases have been found. An unexpectedbonus of the excavation of the 'House of Bronzes'was the find, quite near to the surface, of twoRoman statues, husband and wife (pl. 26, fig. I3)."Fartherout to the east we continued the excava-tion of Building CG. It has now become evidentthat our excavation has uncovered no more than asmall fraction of a vast complex. The initial coreof it is the large masonrystructuredescribedin thelast report,but in Roman times halls and staircaseswere added to it which are apparentlyparts of avast bathing establishment.These were submergedby floods which left deposits so high that by themiddle Byzantine period only the upper story ofthe CG complex was in use. Our attempt to pene-trate to the bottom of the central structureled usdownward to a lower floor and a firing chamberfor the baths, but we were foiled in our attempt atdeeper penetration by reaching the water tablesome 20 feet below the surfaceof the plain."The collapse of the river bank of the torrentPactolus in the winter of 1958/59 induced us toopen a most rewarding though unscheduledsector.A Roman mausoleum produced the fragments ofa luxurious marble sarcophagusas well as a marbleportrait perhaps of a priest. Incorporated in thefoundationsof anotherRoman structurewas a well-preserved Hellenistic chamber tomb. Its contentsincluded a large Hellenistic vase decorated inpainting and relief. The most promising develop-ment, however, was the emergencehere of walls ofseveral Lydian buildings, one of them of consid-erable size (cf. the sherd pl. 27, fig. I5). A confla-

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ARCHAEOLOGY IN ASIA MINORgration layer above the Lydian strata evokes mem-ories of the destruction of Sardis by the rebelliousIonians in 499 B.C."The yield in objects was even richer than lastyear. These were augmented notably for sculptureand inscriptions by a number of chance finds out-side the excavation."

PERGAMON. The investigationsin the Asklepieion,which were elaborately reported upon by ProfessorE. Boehringerin Neue Deutsche AusgrabungenimMittelmeergebiet und im vorderen Orient (BerlinI959) I21-7I, are still in progress.A study campaignis planned for the fall of 1960.ANDARLI-PITANE. A statue of an archaic kouros,intactbut waterworn,was found in the necropolisof(andarll in the winter of 1958 (cf. Neue Deutsche

Ausgrabungen I66f, figs. 34-35). Professor EkremAkurgal began excavations on the isthmus of thepeninsula of Pitane where archaicsherds indicatedthe presenceof a cemetery (for the topography ofthe site cf. Altertiimer von Pergamon I, i, 99f,map opp. p. 64; also J. Keil in RE 20, I841-43).Thetombs are found in a level ca. 0.50-I.50 m. below thesurface and descend below groundwater level. Inthe upper soil there are some classical and Hel-lenistic sherds; some sarcophagi of these laterphases are also found at a deeper level, but thetombs excavated chiefly belong to the first half ofthe sixth century B.C.Among the finds are Middleand Late Corinthian vases, late orientalizing ware,Naucratite cups, miniaturist cups, local wares andterracottas.

The bodies (in the first half of the sixth century)were crematedin situ in the cemetery. Many vasesalso show traces of fire. The remnants of the bodywere deposited in jars of various sizes with vasesas funeral gifts. The jars were closed with slabs orcoarse stones. There was no special orientation offuneral jars and bodies. Stone circles of three tofive meters in diameter were put around familygrave-plots which were apparently covered withearth and marked. The excavations were continuedin 1960 (TTKR 1959,22-24).

DARDANOS-CANAKKALE. A tumulus was discoveredaccidentallynear the site of Dardanos, six miles tothe southwest of Qanakkale, during the construc-tion of a water tower. Mr. Riistem Duyuran, Di-rector of the Museum of Istanbul, excavated thesite in December 1959.He kindly providedthe fol-lowing details and illustrations.

The tumuluswas coveredwith treesand shrubsandhadgone unnoticed orthatreason pl. 27,fig.i6). The tomb in it was built of ashlarmasonryandconsisted f a dromos,an anteroom nda mainchamber.The dromos s 5.20m. long; its walls eaninwardand are roofedwith flatslabs.The doorwayto the anteroomalso tapers up (1.57 m. wide atthe base,I.II m. at the lintel,height 1.70 m.). AGreekinscriptionof the fourth centuryB.C.s carvedover the doorway.The corridorwas filled withrubble o a level50 cm. abovethat of the floorsofthe rooms.The rectangularnteroommeasures .23m.x 124m. with a height of 2.64 m.; its floor is coveredwith slabswhich are clamped together.The ma-sonry s veryneat andthe blockshave a roughenedsurface.The front and backwallsare inclined.Theroofslabsarestraightsingle pieces.Anotherfourthcentury nscriptionappearsover the seconddoor.The tombchambermeasures .23x 3.65m. Thefront and back walls are vertical o roof level,theside walls are verticalup to 1.48m., then corbelledto form a gabledroof(pl.28,fig. 17) to a maximumheightof 3.28m. The floor s paved, ronclampsarefound in floor and ceiling blocks. Three benchesof yellow sandstonestand in the tomb chamber(pl. 28,fig. i8). They haveprofiledegs andmeas-ure2.05x o.80 m. with a heightof o.60m. Severalskeletonswere foundstackedon eachof them,sideby side and on top of one another.Fallenbits ofstone and brokenpotterybetweenthe upperandlower skeletonsprovedthat the burialshad beenmade at intervals.The upperskeletonswere wellpreserved nd some of them had gold ornaments.There also were cremationburials. The asheswere contained n metal vasesand woodenboxestogetherwith somejewelry(earrings,bracelets).Atotalof twenty-fiveburials,crematedor otherwise,was found.

The tomb gifts on the bodies, n the urns andin variousplacesin the tomb chamberaddedupto about400 items. There were 21 terracottas fvarious izes,manywithwell-preservedolychromyand gilding (e.g. an Aphrodite);78 unguentaria;many lamps of miscellaneousypes, severalwithtall handlesand lids; potterycups,bowls,jarsofglazed and unglazed fabrics;much glass; goldjewelrye.g.wreaths pl. 28,fig. I9), diadems,neck-laces, pendants;silver (relativelylittle); bronzeurns,two of theminscribedwith the namesof thecremateddead;bronzemirrors,bracelets, ins;ala-

1961] 51


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MACHTELD J. MELLINKbasterbottles;bone rings, pins, spoons;a musicalstring-instrumentf wood;woodenboxes;remainsof shoes,combs,baskets, extiles.The tomb was built in the late fourth centuryB.C., used as a familyvault until the firstcenturyB.C. whenthe dromoswas closedwith largeblocksand coveredwith rubble,after which a tumuluswas built over it which remained ntact.A pre-liminaryaccountappearedn the Belleten of theTurkishTouringandAutomobileClub218(1960);a furtherreportwill be publishedn Anatolia5.DASCYLIUM. Professor Akurgal continued hiswork at this site for about a month (cf. AIA 64[1960] 68). More relief fragmentswere found,among them a slab with antithetical phinxes nfifthcentury tyle,not partof the processionriezefound in otherfragments.The sculpturesare as-sembled n the Museumat Istanbul.There will beno work at Ergiliin I960.The inscribedbullae found at Ergili in I952-55have been publishedby K. Balkan in Anatolia4(I959) 123-28.IZNIK. Mr. Nezih Flratli reports that the northand east city gates have been repaired.A usefulsmall guide to the site has now appeared:NezihFlratli,Iznik (Nicde), son histoire, es monuments

(Touring et Automobile Club de Turquie [IstanbulI959] i6 pages, illustrated).

IZMIT-NICOMEDIA. The guide to this city (cf.AJA 64 [I960] 69) has also been published: NezihFlratli, Izmit rehberi (Tiirkiye Turing OtomobilKurumu [Istanbul I959] 40 pages, illustrated).

ADAPAZARI. In the Annual of the ArchaeologicalMuseums of Istanbul 9 (i960) 73-76, figs. 9-I4, thetumulus of Tersiyekoy near Adapazarl is discussedby Nezih Firatli (cf. AJA 64 [I960] 69).ISTANBUL.In the same Annual Riistem Duyuranpublished a preliminary report on the mosaicsfound opposite the Vilayet at Istanbul (cf. AJA63 [I959] 85) which he dates to the fifth centuryA.D.

The Annual also gives illustrationsof the funeralreliefs found at Taskasap (Sehrimini, AJA 64[1960] 69): figs. 30-31.In the gardens of the Sultan's Palace some archi-tectural fragments of a fourth century colonnadecame to light during the construction of a newmagazine. A Corinthian capitaland a fragmentaryunfluted column shaft of colossal dimensions arethe impressive remnants of a presumably Theo-dosian building.

BRYN MAWR COLLEGE

52 [AJA 65


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MELLINK PLATE 23

FIG. 2. Hacllar. Anthropomorphic vase,profile viewFIG. I. Hacilar. Anthropomorphic vase from level I,front view. Collection H. Kocaba?, Istanbul

FIG. 3. Beycesultan. Recording "half-timber"construction in Middle Bronze Age palaceFIG. 4. Beycesultan. Provisional reconstructionof Middle Bronze Age palace


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PLATE 24 MELLINK

FIG.7. Yesemek.Unfinishedrelieffrom quarry

FIG. 5. Altintepe. Bronze horse-headdecorating cheek-piece of horsebit

FIG. 6. Yesemek. View of quarry


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MELLINK PLATE 25

FIG. 8. Klaros. Sacred road near temple of Apollo

FIG. 9. Klaros. Temple of Apollo from northwest


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PLATE 26 MELLINK

FIG. o1. Sardis. Corinthian capitalwith head of Athena

FIG. 12. Sardis. Roman ivoryfigureof Hypnos

I . Sardis. Torso of Athenafound in Byzantineshops

FIG. 13. Sardis. Statue of a Roman,area of House of Bronzes


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MELLINK PLATE 27

FIG. I4. Sardis. Marble-paved unit in House of Bronzes

FIG. 15. Sardis. Lydiangeometric sherd

FIG. i6. Dardanos. View of tumulus during excavation

-.. A&: :

Ii ll


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PLATE 28 MELLINK

FIG. 17. Dardanos. Roof of tomb-chamber in tumulus

FIG.i8. Dardanos. Funeral benches n tomb-chambers found

archaeology in asia minor 1961

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