archaic greek coins east of the tigris : evidence for circulation? / j. kagan

8/18/2019 Archaic Greek coins east of the Tigris : evidence for circulation? / J. Kagan

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

XIVth INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS

GLASGOW 2009

Edited by

Nicholas Holmes

GLASGOW 2011


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All rights reserved byThe International Numismatic Council

ISBN 978-1-907427-17-6

Distributed by Spink & Son Ltd, 69 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4ET

Printed and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd.

International Numismatic Council

British Academy


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PrefaceEditor’s note

Inaugural lecture

‘A foreigner’s view of the coinage of Scotland’, by Nicholas MAYHEW

Antiquity: Greek

I Delfini (distribuzione, associazioni, valenza simbolica), by Pasquale APOLITO

Lessons from a (bronze) die study, by Donald T. ARIEL

Le monete incuse a leggenda Pal-Mol : una verifica della documentazione

disponibile, by Marta BARBATO

Up-to-date survey of the silver coinage of the Nabatean king Aretas IV, by RachelBARKAY

Remarks on monetary circulation in the chora of Olbia Pontica – the case ofKoshary, by Jarosław BODZEK

The ‘colts’ of Corinth revisited: a note on Corinthian drachms from Ravel’sPeriod V, by Lee L. BRICE

Not only art! The period of the ‘signing masters’ and ‘historical iconography’,by Maria CACCAMO CALTABIANO

Les monnaies pr éromaines de BB’T-BAB(B)A de Mauretanie, by LaurentCALLEGARIN & Abdelaziz EL KHAYARI

Mode iconografiche e determinazioni delle cronologie nell’occidente ellenistico,by Benedetto CARROCCIO

La phase postarcha ï que du monnayage de Massalia, by Jean-AlbertCHEVILLON

A new thesis for Siglos and Dareikos, by Nicolas A. CORFÙ

Heroic cults in northern Sicily between numismatics and archaeology, byAntonio CRISÀ

La politica estera tolemaica e l’area del Mar Nero: l’iconografia numismaticacome fonte storica, by Angela D’ARRIGO

1819

23

35

42

48

52

58

67

73

81

89

97

105

114

123

CONTENTS


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CONTENTS2

New light on the Larnaca hoard IGCH 1272, by Anne DESTROOPER-GEORGIADES

The coinage of the Scythian kings in the West Pontic area: iconography, by Dimitar DRAGANOV

The ‘royal archer’ and Apollo in the East: Greco-Persian iconography in theSeleukid Empire, by Kyle ERICKSON & Nicholas L. WRIGHT

ὖ ὰ ῖ ῖ . Retour sur les critères quidéfinissent habituellement les ‘imitations’ Athéniennes, by Chr. FLAMENT

On the gold coinage of ancient Chersonese (46-133 AD), by N.A. FROLOVA

Propaganda on coins of Ptolemaic queens, by Agnieszka FULIŃSKA

Osservazioni sui rinvenimenti di monete dagli scavi archeologici dell’anticaCaulonia, by Giorgia GARGANO

La circulation monétaire à Argos d’apr ès les monnaies de fouille de l’ÉFA(École française d’Athènes), by Catherine GRANDJEAN

Silver denominations and standards of the Bosporan cities, by JeanHOURMOUZIADIS

Seleucid ‘eagles’ from Tyre and Sidon: preliminary results of a die-study, byPanagiotis P. IOSSIF

Archaic Greek coins east of the Tigris: evidence for circulation?, by J. KAGAN

Parion history from coins, by Vedat KELEŞ

Regional mythology: the meanings of satyrs on Greek coins, by Ann-MarieKNOBLAUCH

The chronology of the Hellenistic coins of Thessaloniki, Pella and Amphipolis,by Theodoros KOUREMPANAS

The coinage of Chios during the Hellenistic and early Roman periods, by Constantine LAGOS

Évidence numismatique de l’existence d’Antioche en Troade, by Dincer SavasLENGER

131

140

163

170

178

184

189

199

203

213

230

237

246

251

259

265


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CONTENTS 3

Hallazgo de un conjunto monetal de Gadir en la necr ó polis Feno-Púnica delos cuarteles de Varela, Cádiz, España, by Urbano LÓPEZ RUIZ & Ana Mar í aRUIZ TINOCO

Gold and silver weight standards in fourth-century Cyprus: a resume, by Evangeline MARKOU

Göttliche Herrscherin – herrschende Göttin? Frauenbildnisse auf hellenistischenMünzen, by Katharina MARTIN

Melkart-Herakles y sus distintas advocaciones en la Bética costera, by ElenaMORENO PULIDO

Some remarks concerning the gold coins with the legend ‘ΚΟΣΩΝ’, by LucianMUNTEANU

‘Une monnaie grecque inédite: un triobole d’Argos en Argolide’, by EleniPAPAEFTHYMIOU

The coinage of the Paeonian kings Leon and Dropion, by Eftimija PAVLOVSKA

Le tr ésor des monnaies perses d’or trouvé à Argamum / Orgamé (Jurilovca, dép.de Tulcea, Roumanie), by E. PETAC, G. TALMAŢCHI & V. IONIŢĂ

The imitations of late Thasian tetradrachms: chronology, classification anddating, by Ilya S. PROKOPOV

Moneta e discorso politico: emissioni monetarie in Cirenaica tra il 321 e il 258a.C., by Daniela Bessa PUCCINI

Tesoros sertorianos en España: problemas y nuevas perspectivas, by IsabelRODRÍGUEZ CASANOVA

‘Ninfa’ eponima grande dea? Caratteri e funzioni delle personificazioni cittadine,by Grazia SALAMONE

The coin finds from Hellenistic and Roman Berytas (fourth century BC – thirdcentury AD, by Ziad SAWAYA

Monetazione incusa magnogreca: destinazione e funzioni, by Rosa SCAVINO

Uso della moneta presso gli indigeni della Sicilia centro-meridionale, by LaviniaSOLE

La moneta di Sibari: struttura e metrologia, by Emanuela SPAGNOLI

269

280

285

293

304

310

319

331

337

350

357

365

376

382

393

405


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CONTENTS4

Le stephanophoroi prima delle stephanophoroi, by Marianna SPINELLI

Weight adjustment al marco in antiquity, and the Athenian decadrachm, by CliveSTANNARD

The Magnesian hoard: a preliminary report, by Oğuz TEKIN

Zur Datierung und Deutung der Beizeichen auf Stateren von Górtyn, by Burkhard TRAEGER

Aspetti della circolazione monetaria in area basso adriatica, by AdrianaTRAVAGLINI & Valeria Giulia CAMILLERI

La polisemia di Apollo attraverso il documento monetale, by Maria DanielaTRIFIRÒ

Thraco-Macedonian coins: the evidence from the hoards, by Alexandros R.A.TZAMALIS

The pattern of findspots of coins of Damastion: a clue to its location, by Dubravka UJES MORGAN

The civic bronze coins of the Eleans: some preliminary remarks, by FranckWOJAN

The hoard of Cyzicenes from the settlement of Patraeus (Taman peninsula), by E.V. ZAKHAROV

Antiquity: Roman

The coinage of Diva Faustina I, by Martin BECKMANN

Coin finds from the Dutch province of North-Holland (Noord-Holland).Chronological and geographical distribution and function of Roman coins fromthe Dutch part of Barbaricum, by Paul BELIËN

The key to the Varus defeat: the Roman coin finds from Kalkriese, by FrankBERGER

Monetary circulation in the Bosporan Kingdom in the Roman period c. first -fourth century AD, by Line BJERG

The Roman coin hoards of the second century AD found on the territory of present-day Serbia: the reasons for their burial, by Bojana BORIĆ-BREŠKOVIĆ

417

427

436

441

447

461

473

487

497

500

509

514

527

533

538


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CONTENTS 5

Die Münzpr ägung des Thessalischen Bundes von Marcus Aurelius bis Gallienus(161-268 n. Chr.), by Friedrich BURRER

The denarius in the first century, by K. BUTCHER & M. PONTING

Coinage and coin circulation in Nicopolis of Epirus: a preliminary report, by Dario CALOMINO

La piazza porticata di Egnazia: la documentazione numismatica, by RaffaellaCASSANO, Adriana TRAVAGLINI & Alessandro CRISPINO

Dallo scavo al museo: un ripostiglio monetale di età antonina del IV municipiodi Roma (Italia), by Francesca CECI

I rinvenimenti dal Tevere: la monetazione della Diva Faustina, by AlessiaCHIAPPINI

Analytical evidence for the organization of the Alexandrian mint during theTetrarchy (III-IV centuries AD), by J.M.COMPANA, L. LEÓN-REINA, F.J.FORTES, L.M. CABALÍN, J.J. LASERNA, & M.A.G. ARANDA

L’Oriente Ligoriano: fonti, luoghi, mirabilia, by Arianna D’OTTONE

Le emissioni isiache: quale rapporto con il navigium Isidis?, by Sabrina DEPACE

A centre of aes rude production in southern Etruria : La Castellina

(Civitavecchia, Roma), by Almudena DOMÍNGUEZ-ARRANZ & Jean GRAN-AYMERICH

Perseus and Andromeda in Alexandria: explaining the popularity of the myth inthe culture of the Roman Empire, by Melissa Barden DOWLING

Les fractions du nummus frappées à Rome et à Ostie sous le r ègne de Maxence(306-312 ap. J.C.), by V. DROST

Monuments on the move: architectural coin types and audience targeting in theFlavian and Trajanic periods, by Nathan T. ELKINS

‘The restoration of memory: Minucius and his monument’ by Jane DeRoseEVANS

La circulation monétaire à Lyon de la fondation de la colonie à la mort deSeptime Sévère (43 av. – 211 apr. J.C.): premiers résultats, by Jonas FLUCK

545

557

569

576

580

592

595

605

613

621

629

635

645

657

662


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CONTENTS6

Le monnayage en orichalque romain: apport des expérimentations auxétudes numismatiques, by Arwen GAFFIERO, Arnaud SUSPÈNE, FlorianTÉREYGEOL & Bernard GRATUZE

New coins of pre- and denarial system minted outside Italy, by Paz GARCÍA-BELLIDO

Les bronzes d’Octave à la proue et à la tête de bélier (RPC 533) attribués àToulouse-Tolosa: nouvelles découvertes, by Vincent GENEVIÈVE

Crustumerium, Cisterna Grande (Rome, Italy): textile traces from a Romancoins hoard, by Maria Rita GIULIANI, Ida Anna RAPINESI, Francesco DIGENNARO, Daniela FERRO, Heli ARIMA, Ulla RAJANA & Francesca CECI

Deux médaillons d’Antonin le Pieux du territoire de Pautalia (Thrace), by Valentina GRIGOROVA-GENCHEVA

Mars and Venus on Roman imperial coinage in the time of Marcus Aurelius:iconological considerations with special reference to the emperor’scorrespondence with Marcus Cornelius Fronto, by Jürgen HAMER

The silver coins of Aegeae in the light of Hadrian’s eastern silver coinages, by F.HAYMANN

The coin-images of the later soldier-emperors and the creation of a Romanempire of late antiquity, by Ragnar HEDLUND

Coinage and currency in ancient Pompeii, by Richard HOBBS

Imitations in gold, by Helle W. HORSNÆS

Un geste de Caracalla sur une monnaie frappée à Pergame, by Antony HOSTEIN

New data on monetary circulation in northern Illyricum in the fifth century, by Vujadin IVANIŠEVIĆ & Sonja STAMENKOVIĆ

Die augusteischen Münzmeisterpr ägungen: IIIviri monetales im Spannungsfeldzwischen Republik und Kaiserzeit, by Alexa KÜTER

Imperial representation during the reign of Valentinian III, by Aládar KUUN

The Nome coins: some remarks on the state of research, by Katarzyna LACH

Le monnayage de Brutus et Cassius a pr ès la mort de César, by RaphaëlleLAIGNOUX

668

676

686

696

709

715

720

726

732

742

749

757

765

772

780

785


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CONTENTS 7

L’ultima emissione di Cesare Ottaviano: alcune considerazioni sulle recenti proposte cronologiche, by Fabiana LANNA

Claudius’s issue of silver drachmas in Alexandria: Serapis Anastole, by BarbaraLICHOCKA

La chronologie des émissions monétaires de Claude II: ateliers de Milan etSiscia, by Jérôme MAIRAT

La circulation monétaire à Strasbourg (France) et sur le Rhin supérieur aupremier siècle après J.-C., by Stéphane MARTIN

The double solidus of Magnentius, by Alenka MIŠKEC

A hoard of bronze coins of the third century BC found at Pratica di Mare(Rome), by Maria Cristina MOLINARI

Un conjunto de plomos monetiformes de procendencia hispana de la colecciónantigua del Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid), by Bartolomé MORASERRANO

Monete e ritualitá funeraria in epoca romana imperiale: il sepolcreto dei Fadieni (Ferrara – Italia), by Anna Lina MORELLI

Il database Monete al femminile, by Anna Lina MORELLI & Erica FILIPPINI

La trouvaille monétaire de Bex-Sous-Vent (VD, Suisse): une nouvelle analyse,

by Yves MUHLEMANN

Die Sammlung von Lokalmythen griechischer Städte des Ostens: ein Projekt derKommission f ür alte Geschichte und Epigraphik, by Johannes NOLLÉ

Plomos monetiformes con leyenda ibérica Baitolo, hallados en la ciudad romanade Baetulo (Hispania Tarraconensis), by Pepita PADRÓS MARTÍ, DanielVÁZQUEZ & Francesc ANTEQUERA

I denari serrati della repubblica romana: alcune considerazioni, by AndreaPANCOTTI & Patrizia CALABRIA

Monetary circulation in late antique Rome: a fifth-century context coming fromthe N.E. slope of the Palatine Hill. A preliminary report, by Giacomo PARDINI

Securitas e suoi attributi: lo sviluppo di una iconografia, by Rossella PERA

Could the unof ficial mint called ‘Atelier II’ be identified with the of ficinae ofChâteaubleau (France)?, by Fabien PILON

794

800

809

816

822

828

839

846

856

864

872

878

888

893

901

906


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CONTENTS8

Coin finds from Elaiussa Sebaste (Cilicia Tracheia), by Annalisa POLOSA

El poblamiento romano en el área del Mar Menor (Ager Carthaginensis): unaaproximación a partir de los recientes hallazgos numismáticos, by AlfredoPORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Elvira NAVARRO SANTA-CRUZ

The presence of local deities on Roman Palestinian coins: reflections oncultural and religious interaction between Romans and local elites, by VagnerCarvalheiro PORTO

The male couple: iconography and semantics, by Mariangela PUGLISI

Countermarks on the Republican and Augustan brass coins in the south-easternAlps, by Andrej RANT

A stone thesaurus with a votive coin deposit found in the sanctuary of Campo

della Fiera, Orvieto (Volsinii), by Samuele RANUCCI

L’image du pouvoir impériale de Trajan et son évolution idéologique: étude desfrappes monétaires aux types d’Hercule, Jupiter et Soleil, by Laurent RICCARDI

The inflow of Roman coins to the east-of-the-Vistula Mazovia ( Mazowsze) andPodlachia ( Podlasie), by Andrzej ROMANOWSKI

Numismatics and archaeology in Rome: the finds from the Basilica Hilariana,by Alessia ROVELLI

Communicating a consecratio: the deification coinage of Faustina I, by ClareROWAN

An alleged hoard of third-century Alexandrian tetradrachms, by Adriano SAVIO& Alessandro CAVAGNA

Some notes on religious embodiments in the coinage of Roman Syria andMesopotamia, by Philipp SCHWINGHAMMER

Roman provincial coins in the money circulation of the south-eastern Alpinearea and western Pannonia, by Andrej ŠEMROV

Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (1): introduzione, by Patrizia SERAFIN

Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (2): la moneta di Vespasiano tra tradizione edinnovazione, by Alessandra SERRA

A hoard of denarii and early Roman Messene, by Kleanthis SIDIROPOULOS

911

916

926

933

941

954

964

973

983

991

999

1004

1013

1019

1020

1025


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CONTENTS 9

La ‘corona radiata’ sui ritratti dei bronzi imperiali alessandrini, by GiovanniMaria STAFFIERI

The iconography of two groups of struck lead from Central Italy and Baetica inthe second and first centuries BC, by Clive STANNARD

Monete della zecca di Frentrum, Larinum e Pallanum, by Napoleone STELLUTI

Personalized victory on coins: the Year of the Four Emperors – Greek imperialissues, by Yannis STOYAS

Les monnaies d’or d’Auguste: l’apport des analyses élémentaires et le problèmede l’atelier de N î mes, by Arnaud SUSPÈNE, Maryse BLET-LEMARQUAND &Michel AMANDRY

The popularity of the enthroned type of Asclepius on Peloponnesian coins of

imperial times, by Christina TSAGKALIA

Gold and silver first tetrarchic issues from the mint of Alexandria, by D. ScottVANHORN

Note sulla circolazione monetaria in Etruria meridionale nel III secolo a.C., byDaniela WILLIAMS

Roman coins from the western part of West Balt territory, by Anna ZAPOLSKA

Antiquity: Celtic

La moneda ibérica del nordeste de la Hispania Citerior : consideraciones sobresu cronologí a y función, by Marta CAMPO

Les bronzes à la gueule de loup du Berry: essai de typochronologie, by PhilippeCHARNOTET

Les imitations de l’obole de Marseille de LTD1/LTD2A (IIe s. / Ier s. av. J.C.)entre les massifs des Alpes et du Jura, by Anne GEISER

Le monnayage à la légende TOGIRIX: une nouvelle approche, by Anne GEISER& Julia GENECHESI

Trading with silver bullion during the third century BC: the hoard of Armuña deTajuña, by Manuel GOZALBES, Gonzalo CORES & Pere Pau RIPOLLÈS

Données expérimentales sur la fabrication de quinaires gaulois fourrés, by Katherine GRUEL, Dominique LACOSTE, Carole FRARESSO, MichelPERNOT & François ALLIER

1037

1045

1056

1067

1073

1082

1092

1103

1115

1135

1142

1148

1155

1165

1173


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CONTENTS10

Pre-Roman coins from Sotin, by Mato ILKIĆ

Les monnaies gauloises trouvées à Paris, by Sté phane MARTIN

Die keltischen Münzen vom Oberleiserberg (Nieder österreich), by Jiři MILITKÝ

New coin finds from the two late Iron Age settlements of Altenburg (Germany)and Rheinau (Switzerland) – a military coin series on the German-Swiss border?,by Michael NICK

Le dépôt monétaire gaulois de Laniscat (Côtes-d’Armor): 547 monnaies de bastitre. Étude préliminaire, by Sylvia NIETO-PELLETIER, Bernard GRATUZE &Gérard AUBIN

Antiquity: general

La moneda en el mundo funerario-ritual de Gadir-Gades, by A. AR ÉVALOGONZÁLEZ

Neues Licht auf eine alte Frage? Die Verwandschaft von Münzen und Gemmen,by Angela BERTHOLD

Tipi del cane e del lupo sulle monete del Mediterraneo antico, by AlessandraBOTTARI

Not all these things are easy to read, much less to understand: new approaches toreading images on ancient coins, by Geraldine CHIMIRRI-RUSSELL

The collection of ancient coins in the Ossoliński National Institute in Lvov(1828-1944), by Adam DEGLER

Preliminary notes on Phoenician and Punic coins kept in the Pushkin Museum,by S. KOVALENKO & L.I. MANFREDI

Greek coins from the National Historical Museum of Rio de Janeiro: SNG project, by Marici Martins MAGALHÃES

La catalogazione delle emissioni di Commodo nel Codice Ligoriano, by RosaMaria NICOLAI

The sacred life of coins: cult fees, sacred law and numismatic evidence, by Isabelle A. PAFFORD

Anton Prokesch-Osten and the Greek coins of the coin collection at theUniversalmuseum Joanneum in Graz, Austria, by Karl PEITLER

1182

1191

1198

1207

1218

1231

1240

1247

1254

1261

1266

1278

1292

1303

1310


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CONTENTS 11

Monete ed anelli: cronologia, tipologie, fruitori, by Claudia PERASSI

Il volume 21 delle Antichit á Romane di Pirro Ligorio ‘Libri delle Medaglie daCesare a Marco Aurelio Commodo’ , by Patrizia SERAFIN

Greek and Roman coins in the collection of the Çorum Museum, by D. ÖzlemYALCIN

Mediaeval and modern western (mediaeval)

The exchanges in the city of London, 1344-1358, by Martin ALLEN

Fribourg en Nuithonie: faciès monétaire d’une petite ville au centre de l’Europe,by Anne-Francine AUBERSON

Die Pegauer Brakteatenpr ägung Abt Siegfrieds von Rekkin (1185-1223):

Kriterien zu deren chronologischer Einordnung, by Jan-Erik BECKER

Die recutting in the eleventh-century Polish coinage, by Mateusz BOGUCKI

Le retour à l’or au treizième siècle: le cas de Montpellier (...1244-1246...), by Marc BOMPAIRE & Pierre-Joan BERNARD

Le monete a leggenda ΠAN e le emissioni arabo-bizantine. I dati dello scavo diAntinoupolis / El Sheikh Abada, by Daniele CASTRIZIO

Scavi di Privernum e Fossanova (Latina, Italia): monete tardoantiche,

medioevale e moderne, by Francesca CECI & Margherita CANCELLIERI

La aportación de los hallazgos monetarios a ‘la crisis del siglo XIV’ en Cataluña,by Maria CLUA I MERCADAL

Norwegian bracteates during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, by Linn EIKJE

Donative pennies in Viking-age Scandinavia?, by Fr édéric ELFVER

Carolingian capitularies as a source for the monetary history of the Frankishempire, by Hubert EMMERIG

Ulf Candidatus, by G. EMSØY

Münzen des Moskauer Grossf ürstentums. Das Geld von Dmitrij IvanowitschDonskoj (1359-1389) (ü ber die Ver öffentlichung der ersten Ausgabe des ‘Korpusder russischen Münzen des 14-15. Jhs.’), by P. GAIDUKOV & I. GRISHIN

1323

1334

1344

1355

1360

1372

1382

1392

1401

1408

1411

1418

1426

1431

1436

1441


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CONTENTS12

Brakteatenpr ägungen in Mähren in der zweiten Hälfte des dreizehntenJahrhunderts, by Dagmar GROSSMANNOVÁ Monetisation in medieval Scandinavia, by Svein H. GULLBEKK

A mancus apparently marked on behalf of King Offa: genuine or fake?, by Wolfgang HAHN

Among farmers and city people: coin use in early medieval Denmark, c. 1000-1250, by Gitte Tarnow INGVARDSON

Was pseudo-Byzantine coinage primarily of municipal origin?, by CharlieKARUKSTIS

Interpreting single finds in medieval England – the secondary lives of coins, byRichard KELLEHER

Byzantine coins from the area of Belarus, by Krystyna LAVYSH & MarcinWOŁOSZYN

Die fr üheste Darstellung des Richters auf einer mittelalterlicher Münze?, by IvarLEIMUS

Coinage and money in the ‘years of insecurity’: the case of late ByzantineChalkidiki (thirteenth - fourteenth century), by Vangelis MALADAKIS

Nota sulla circolazione monetaria tardoantica nel Lazio meridionale: i reperti di

S. Ilario ad bivium, by Flavia MARANI

The money of the First Crusade: the evidence of a new parcel and itsimplications, by Michael MATZKE

Ü berlegungen zum ‘Habsburger Urbar’ als Quelle f ür Währungsgeschichte, by Samuel NUSSBAUM

Schilling Kennisbergisch slages of Grand Master Louis of Ehrlichshausen, by Borys PASZKIEWICZ

Un diner de Jaime I el conquistador en el Mar Menor: evidencias de presenciaaragonesa en el Campo de Cartagena durante la Baja Edad Media, by Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Alfonso ROBLES FERNÁNDEZ

L’atelier de faux-monnayeur de Rovray (VD, Suisse), by Carine RAEMYTOURNELLE

1452

1458

1464

1470

1477

1492

1500

1509

1517

1535

1542

1552

1557

1564

1570


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CONTENTS 13

La ubicación de las casas de moneda en le Europa medieval. El caso del reino deLeón, by Antonio ROMA VALDÉS

New perspectives on Norwegian Viking-age hoards c. 1000: the Bore hoardrevisited, by Elina SCREEN

The discovery of a hoard of coins dated to the fifth and sixth centuries inKlapavice in the hinterland of ancient Salona, by Tomislav ŠEPAROVIĆ

A model for the analysis of coins lost in Norwegian churches, by Christian J.SIMENSEN

A clippe from Femern, by Jørgen SØMOD

The convergence of coinages in the late medieval Low Countries, by PeterSPUFFORD

A perplexing hoard of Lusignan coins from Polis, Cyprus, by Alan M. STAHL,Gerald POIRIER & Nan YAO

OTTO / ODDO and ADELHEIDA / ATHALHET - onomatological aspectsof German coin types of the tenth and eleventh centuries, by SebastianSTEINBACH

Bulles de plomb et les monnaies en Pologne au XIIe siècle, by StanislawSUCHODOLSKI

Palaeologian coin findings of Kusadasi, Kadikalesi/Anaia and their reflections.by Ceren ÜNAL

The hoard of Tetí n (Czech Republic) in the light of currency conditions inthirteenth-century Bohemia, by Roman ZAORAL & Jiři MILITKÝ

The circulation of foreign coins in Poland in the fifteenth century, by MichalZAWADZKI

Mediaeval and modern Western (modern)

Die neuzeitliche Münzstätte im Schloss Haldenstein bei Chur Gr, Schweiz, by Rahel C. ACKERMANN

The money box system for savings in Amsterdam, 1907-1935, by G.N. BORST

Four ducats coins of Franz Joseph I (1848-1916) of Austria: their use in jewellery and some hitherto unpublished imitations, by Aleksandar N. BRZIC

1580

1591

1597

1605

1614

1620

1625

1633

1640

1649

1664

1671

1679

1687

1693


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CONTENTS14

A king as Hercules in the modern Polish coinage, by Witold GARBAZCEWSKI

The monetary areas in Piedmont during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries: astarting point for new investigations, by Luca GIANAZZA

Coin hoards in the United States, by John M. KLEEBERG

The transfer of minting techniques to Denmark in the nineteenth century, by Michael MÄRCHER

Patrimonio Numismático Iberoamericano: un proyecto del Museo Arqueológico Nacional, by Carmen MARCOS ALONSO & Paloma OTERO MORÁN

Moneda local durante la guerra civil española: billete emitido por elayuntamiento de San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, by Federico MARTÍNEZPASTOR & Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ

Coins and monetary circulation in the Legnica-Brzeg duchy: rudimentary problems, by Robert PIE ŃKOWSKI

Representaciones del café en el acervo de numismática del Museu Paulista -USP , by Angela Maria Gianeze RIBEIRO

Freiburg im Üechtland und die Münzreformen der französischen K önige (1689-1726), by Nicole SCHACHER

La aparición de la marca de valor en la moneda valenciana, ¿1618 o 1640? Una

nueva hipótesis de trabajo, by Juan Antonio SENDRA IBÁÑEZ

Devotion and coin-relics in early modern Italy, by Lucia TRAVAINI

The political context of the origin and the exportation of thaler-coins fromJáchymov (Joachimsthal) in the first half of the sixteenth century, by PetrVOREL

The late sixteenth-century Russian forged kopecks, which were ascribed to theEnglish Muscovy Company, by Serguei ZVEREV

Oriental and African coinages

The meaning of the character寳 bao in the legends of Chinese cash coins, by Vladimir A. BELYAEV & Sergey V. SIDOROVICH

Three unpublished Indo-Sasanian coin hoards, Government Museum, Mathura,by Pratipal BHATIA

1704

1713

1719

1725

1734

1744

1748

1752

1758

1765

1774

1778

1783

1789

1796


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CONTENTS 15

Oriental coins in the Capitoline Museums (Rome): further researches onStanzani Collection history, by Arianna D’OTTONE

The king, the princes and the Raj, by Sanjay GARG

The first evidence of a mint at Miknāsa: two unpublished Almoravid coins, adirham and a dinar, of the year 494H/1100, by Tawfiq IBRAHIM

L’âge d’or de la numismatique en Chine: l’exemple du Catalogue des Monnaies Anciennes de Li Zuoxian, by Lyce JANKOWSKI

Numismatic research in Japan today: coins, paper monies and patterns of usage.Paper money in early modern Japan: economic and folkloristic aspects, by Keiichiro KATO

The gold reform of Ghazan Khan, by Judith KOLBAS

A study of medieval Chinese coins from Karur and Madurai in Tamil Nadu, by KRISHNAMURTHY RAMASUBBAIYER

Latest contributions to the numismatic history of Central Asia (late eighteenth –nineteenth century), by Vladimir NASTICH

Silver fragments of unique Būyid and Ḥamdānid coins and their role in the Kelč hoard (Czech Republic), by Vlastimil NOVÁK

Numismatic evidence for the location of Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde,

by A.V. PACHKALOV

Le regard des voyageurs sur les monnaies africaines du XVI e au XIXe siècles, by Josette RIVALLAIN

Les imitations des dirhems carrés almohades: apport des analyses élémentaires,by A. TEBOULBI, M. BOMPAIRE & M. BLET-LEMARQUAND

À propos du monnayage de Kiến Phúc (1883-1884), by François THIERRY

Glass jetons from Sicily: new find evidence from the excavations at Monte Iato,by Christian WEISS

Medals

Joseph Kowarzik (1860-1911): ein Medailleur der Jahrhundertwende, by Kathleen ADLER

1807

1813

1821

1826

1832

1841

1847

1852

1862

1869

1874

1884

1890

1897

1907


20/31

CONTENTS16

Numismatic memorials of breeding trotting horses (based on the collection ofthe numismatic department of the Hermitage), by L.I. DOBROVOLSKAYA

De retrato a arquetipo: anotaciones sobre la difusión de la efigie de Juan VIIIPaleólogo en la peninsula Ibérica, by Albert ESTRADA-RIUS

Titon du Tillet e le medaglie del Parnasse François, by Paola GIOVETTI

Bedrohung und Schutz der Erde: Positionen zur Umweltproblematik in derdeutschen Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart, by Rainer GRUND

The rediscovery of the oldest private medal collection of the Netherlands, by JanPELSDONK

Twentieth-century British campaign medals: a continuation of the nineteenthcentury?, by Phyllis STODDART and Keith SUGDEN

‘Shines with unblemished honour’: some thoughts on an early nineteenth-century medal, by Tuukka TALVIO

General numismatics

Dall’iconografia delle monete antiche all’ideologia della nazione future. Proiezioni della numismatica grecista di D’Annunzio sulla nuova monetazione

Sabauda, by Giuseppe ALONZO

Didaktisch-methodische Aspekte der Numismatik in der Schule, by Szymon

BERESKA

The Count of Caylus (1692-1765) and the study of ancient coins, by François deCALLATAŸ

Le monete di Lorenzo il Magnifico in un manoscritto di Angelo Poliziano, by Fiorenzo CATALLI

Coinage and mapping, by Thomas FAUCHER

Classicism and coin collections in Brazil, by Maria Beatriz BorbaFLORENZANO

A prosopography of the mint of ficials: the Eligivs database and its evolution, by Luca GIANAZZA

Elementary statistical methods in numismatic metrology, by DagmarGROSSMANNOVÁ & Jan T. STEFAN

1920

1931

1937

1945

1959

1965

1978

1985

1993

1999

2004

2012

2017

2022

2027


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CONTENTS 17

Les collections numismatiques du Musée archéologique de Dijon (France), byJacques MEISSONNIER

Bank of Greece: the numismatic collections, by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU

Foundation of the Hellenic World. A new private collection open to the public,by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU

Re-discovering coins: publication of the numismatic collections in Bulgarianmuseums – a new project, by Evgeni PAUNOV, Ilya PROKOPOV & SvetoslavaFILIPOVA

„Census of Ancient Coins Known in the Renaissance“, by Ulrike PETER

Le sel a servi de moyen d’échange, by J.A. SCHOONHEYT

The international numismatic library situation and the foundation of theInternational Numismatic Libraries’ Network (INLN), by Ans TER WOERDS

The Golden Fleece in Britain, by R.H. THOMPSON

Das Museum August Kestner in Hannover: Neues aus der Münzsammlung, by Simone VOGT

From the electrum to the Euro: a journey into the history of coins. A multimedia presentation by the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, by Eleni ZAPITI

Highlights from the Museum of the George and Nefeli Giabra PieridesCollection, donated by Clio and Solon Triantafyllides: coins and artefacts, by Eleni ZAPITI & Evangeline MARKOU

Index of Contributors

2036

2044

2046

2047

2058

2072

2082

2089

2100

2102

2112

2118


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23/31

1 IGCH, p. 243.

2 Kagan 1994, pp. 36ff.

3 IGCH 1790; the author would like to thank Andrew Meadows for making

available the manuscript of his forthcoming republication of the hoard.

4 Schlumberger 1953, pp. 31ff. = IGCH 1830.

ARCHAIC GREEK COINS EAST OF THE TIGRIS:

EVIDENCE FOR CIRCULATION?

J. KAGAN

In the landmark 1973 publication An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards only one archaic Greek

coin find east of the Euphrates was known. That was the deposit in the Foundation of the Apadana

in Persepolis (IGCH 1789). The authors went on to say that that deposit ‘served a very special

purpose and has nothing to do with monetary circulation’.1 I took issue with this in publishing

CH.VIII.19, a sixth-century hoard from the eastern Levant that contained a similar mix to that

deposited at Persepolis. Early coins of Aegina, Abdera and Cyprus were found together in both

hoards. My point was that the mix of silver coins found at Persepolis could well represent a cir-

culating sample.2

While there is similarity in composition, the Levantine hoard most probably came from some-

where near the eastern Mediterranean coast. It does not tell us how frequently Greek coins trav-

elled beyond Mesopotamia in archaic times. Before looking at some exciting new evidence, it is

worth surveying the known archaic coins with eastern pedigrees. There exist three important and

remarkably similar Eastern hoards with burial dates in the last quarter of the fifth century that

bear discussion.

Largest of these is the Malayer Hoard, found in 1934 65km SE of ancient Ecbatana, that thanks

to the efforts of Andrew Meadows and the cooperation of the National Museum in Teheran will

shortly receive its long overdue proper publication. The find consisted of almost 400 coins, with

Athens making up slightly over 40%. There is only one siglos, proving as has long been noted that

sigloi did not play a special role in the monetary system in the Eastern Persian Empire in this pe-

riod. There are coins from the Levant, including 138 coins from Tyre and Sidon and three Cypriot

coins. The hoard closed in c. 425. There are, however, a few archaic coins worth noting includingtwo Corcyrean coins. One of the chopped Athenian tetradrachms is archaic as are three of the

Aeginetan turtles. The solitary stater from Corinth is an early Pegasus / Aphrodite type with a late

archaic date. Naxos is represented by a fragmentary sixth-century stater with the ivy wreath. Also

archaic is the solitary coin of Clazomenae, a lion head / divided incuse square coin from Caria,

most probably Mylasa, one of the Lycian staters with the boar obverse and rough incuse and finally

the five coins from Cyrenaica.3

The next two remarkably similar hoards come from Afghanistan. The 1933 Cabul hoard pub-

lished by Schlumberger consisted of over 115 coins, with significant overlap with the Malayer

hoard. Athens again is the largest group, with 33 recorded tetradrachms compared to eight sigloi.

In addition to the worn archaic stater of Aegina, a fragmentary stater of Thasos and a worn Chiot

stater may be archaic. There are two well-preserved early classical tetradrachms from Acanthusand an early classical stater of Corcyra. Again there is a significant Levantine component repre-

sented by coins from Pamphylia, Cilicia and Cyprus, though nothing from Phoenicia. 4 The early

Cilician coins probably date the hoard slightly later than the Malayer hoard.

The 1966 hoard said to have been found in Balkh, ancient Bactra, complements the group.


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EVIDENCE FOR CIRCULATION? 231

5 Troxell / Spengler 1969, pp. 1-19 = IGCH 1820.

6 Bopearachchi / Rahman 1995, p. 78.

7 The author intends to publish the hoard fully in a forthcoming AJN;

because of the different sources of photographs, some of the illustrations

may not be to scale.

8 CAH 2nd IV, p. 179.

9 See Kagan 1994 for hoard bibliography.

It consisted of more than 170 coins with the bulk - over 150 - being Athenian. No sigloi were

recorded, but 11 of the 16 recorded non-Athenian coins are from Cilicia, Cyprus and Phoenicia.

In addition to a worn archaic Aeginetan stater, there is a late archaic coin of Lete (Berge) and a

unique Thraco-Macedonian coin of a horseman that might also be archaic. Intriguingly for what

we will discuss next, the publishers of this hoard recorded a group of three well-preserved Thraco-

Macedonian archaic coins which may or more probably may not be related to the above find: a

stater of Dicaea and Stagira from the sixth century and a late archaic tetradrachm of Acanthus. 5

Interestingly a slightly later stater of Stagira with the lion attacking the boar obverse and an early

fifth-century stater of Paros were found recently in Afghanistan, possibly as part of a large, much

later hoard found at Ai Khanoum.6 Yet another slightly earlier Stagira was reportedly the earliest

coin from the large well hoard at Mir Zahke.

It is tempting to see evidence here that some of these archaic Greek coins found their way to

Afghanistan shortly after their minting. All the hoards mentioned are notable in that the coins are

not as often test cut or turned into fragments as one is accustomed to in hoards found in Egypt

and the Levant. With this as background, the discovery in this region of a hoard with only sixth-

century coinage should not come as a complete surprise, yet I hope you will agree with me that the

following survival is still remarkable.7

In 2003 a group of probably as many as 50 sixth-century BC Greek coins came to light in

Turkmenistan. The find details, as with all hoards discovered out of archaeological context, are

somewhat murky; but the numismatic community was fortunate in that a collector of later central

Asian coins - Hans Mondorf, who lived at the time in Ashgabat - quickly realized the uniqueness

of the find and did his best to preserve a record. While the exact spot was kept secret, we know

that the coins were uncovered on the left bank of the Amudarya (the Oxus River of the Greeks)

near modern Kerki in Turkmenistan. The coins were not found in a single pot or at one time, but

rather over a period of 10-12 months. There is no evidence of a single intrusion, so the most likely

explanation is that the hoard became dispersed in the ground. There is no way to know how much

of the original hoard was recovered. It is also hard to be certain how much of the recovered hoard

was recorded. Through Mondorf’s efforts, weights and photographs of 33 coins and 20 pieces ofhacksilber now exist. At least 15 coins (reportedly Thasian in poor condition) were known to have

been dispersed without being photographed.

This is not the first time ancient coins have been found at Kerki. V. Masson in the 1950s re-

ported the find of a gold daric.8 Kerki was part of Central Asia added to the Persian Empire by

Cyrus in the 530s and re-conquered by Darius after the revolts that marked the start of his reign.

Kerki stands on the border of the Persian satrapy of Bactria to the south, to the east is the city of

Samarkhand, and the satrapy of Sogdiana and Margiana with its capital at Merv lies to the west.

It is at the centre of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex, an important Bronze Age

civilization that only came to light in the 1970s. Kerki is also situated at a likely crossing point of

the Oxus.

The coins themselves bear great similarities with other sixth-century finds – notably Deman-

hur, Ras Shamra, IGCH 1185 in Brussels and CH VIII.19.9 Also, as seems to be the case with all

these finds, there is a new type, reminding us how much less complete our record of sixth-century

coinage is than, for instance, early fifth-century coinage. Let’s take a quick survey of the find. The


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J. KAGAN232

10 Marconi 2007, p. 13.

11 Kagan (forthcoming)

largest component is Thraco-Macedonian. Of the 33 coins for which we have photos, 17 are from

that region. If one adds the unrecorded 15 Thasian coins to the hoard, the region’s representation

goes from half to roughly two-thirds. The mix of Abdera, Dikaia, Berge, Thasos, Stageira and the

uncertain type with the winged-running figure is, with the exception of Thasos, identical to the mix

in Ras Shamra (ancient Ugarit), the hoard thought to have the earliest Thraco-Macedonian coins

found in the Levant.

The running-winged figure (Pl. I, 1) shares dies with Demanhur (52) and Ras Shamra (nos. 5

etc). This type represented 14 of the 38 coins from that latter find. It is fascinating how often coins

of Stageira, an otherwise rare mint, appear in this part of the world. The exact type we have of the

standing boar with a rose underneath was found in Ras Shamra (29), Demanhur (48) and IGCH

1185 (19). The four Berge staters are all early. None of the broad figured dies with the regular-

ized diagonally divided incuses are present. Illustrated are two particularly early types (Pl. I, 2-3).

The first is marked by the very large head of the satyr. The second is unusual in that the nymph’s

left hand is raised and in her lowered left hand is a wreath or round instrument. That Berge was

also represented by a fraction is notable as well (Pl. I, 4). It has already been remarked upon that

the presence of these early fractions argue against seeing the coinage’s purpose as purely tribute

payment. This may well be thefi

rst Thraco-Macedonian fraction found in a sixth-century mixedhoard, and as such it provides a valuable testament to trade rather than tribute leading to the pres-

ence of archaic Greek coins in this part of the world. It is de rigeur for an archaic mixed sixth-

century hoard to have at least one stater of Dikaia (Pl. I, 5) without any accompanying distaters.

IGCH 1185, Adana, Sahkha, Ch VIII 19 (to which we share the obverse die) all have a single sta-

ter, while Demanhur has three. Of the photographed coins, Abdera is the largest contingent. There

are six tetradrachms and one octodrachm. All are early in May’s Period 1. None bears symbols;

one of the coins shares its obverse die with a specimen from the Persepolis deposit (Pl. I, 6-7).

We have records of two coins of Thasos. If the report was right that there were another 15 coins

from the island badly corroded then this would be the largest contingent. The examples we have

are from the early stages of the mint and consistent with a sixth-century date (Pl. I, 8). An archaic

Thasos fragment we should remember was found in the Kabul hoard.As we turn to central Greece, the first thing to notice is the absence of any coins of Athens.

That Wappenmuenzen and early owls are rarely found in sixth-century hoards has once more been

confirmed. We have a unique coin that I believe to be an early stater of Corcyra (Pl. I, 9). There are

several reasons for this. It is on the Corcyrean weight standard: 11.5g. versus a theoretical 11.6g.

The reverse star is reminiscent of Corcyra. The obverse type of the Medusa is otherwise unattested

on the island, but I wonder if the depiction of the Medusa and her child Pegasus on the pediment of

the Temple of Artemis earlier in the century might have some connection (Pl. I, 10). The argument

based on coin types that the Pegasus on the pediment represents Corinth has been made by others,

most recently Clemente Marconi.10 Was Corcyra sending her Metropolis a message by choosing

the mother of Pegasus as its coin type? At the recent congress on Epiorote coinage at Ioninna I

argued before knowing of this coin that Corcyra may have had a wappenmuenzen-like series of

staters to go with the facing cow head fractions that predate the cow/calf coinage. This coin from

Berlin may be another in the series, also on the weight standard (Pl. I, 11).11 To go with the Me-

dusa, we have a single one-sided Pegasus stater of Corinth. This coin belongs to the second class

of Ravel’s first period and is similar to staters found at Mit Rahineh (four of the 23 coins in that

hoard) and Demanhur. The Aeginetan coin is, as would be expected, an early example of Group II


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EVIDENCE FOR CIRCULATION? 233

12 Destrooper-Georgiades 1993. The author wishes to thank Dr.

Destrooper-Georgiades for her helpful comments at the Congress.

with a thin collar and a windmill reverse with no indication of a proto-skew (Pl. I, 12).

From the Cyclades, only Paros is represented (Pl. I, 13). This coin should be placed in

Sheedy’s Series B group 2, the same group as the Mit Rahineh specimen. Demanhur and Sakha

had slightly later examples. Ionia is represented by fractions of Teos and Samos (Pl. I, 14-15)

and a stater of Chios. All three coins (including the fractions), were also found in Demanhur. The

solitary coin from Caria is an early lion-forepart usually attributed to Mylasa (Pl. II, 16). That

these coins are early is well-established by their presence in the Croesus-Carian hoard of c.525

(CH VIII.10) found in western Asia Minor. This is, however, the earliest mixed sixth-century

context for the mint.

The presence of four Lydian Croesids – two staters and two hemistaters - is just one more

remarkable aspect of this find. CH VIII 19 had the first stater recorded in a mixed context and

the large Demanhur hoard had a single hemistater (Pl. II, 17-18). What is perhaps most com-

forting about the group is the presence of an extremely worn example. Many of the coins in the

hoard suffer from a degree of corrosion and some wear, but this is by far and away the coin that

shows the most evidence of wear from circulation. We know from the recent archaeological

discoveries from Sardis that the heavy Croesids pre-date the Persian destruction. Their presence

in this hoard that I would date to between 520/515 on the high side and 505/500 on the low sideis perfectly consistent.

Lycia is represented by three boar forepart incuse staters on the local nine gram standard.

The illustrated example has the distinctive reverse type of the three solid triangles and the outline

triangle that was found in Demanhur and CH VII 19 (Pl. II, 19). Finally there is a rare coin with

a facing lion devouring a cow on the obverse and a winged solar disk on the reverse (Pl. II, 20).

Destrooper-Georgiades has convincingly attributed this type to Cyprus based on the type and date.

One of the four previously known examples comes from CH. 2.10, a small sixth-century BC hoard

from Egypt.12

Bullion was an important component of the hoard (Pl. II, 21-22). We have photographs and

weights for 20 pieces. The weights of the Hacksilber range from 2.30g to 14.95g, with an average

weight of 7.15g. There is no evidence of a denominational structure. The bullion helps us under-stand perhaps the purpose the Greek coins served so far from their place of origin. While it seems

unlikely that the Greek coins had a value in excess of their weight, it is notable compared to coins

found in Egyptian hoards how few test cuts have been made. Also there are no fragmentary coins.

This is perhaps best read as an indication that precious metal did not change hands with a high

frequency in Central Asia compared for instance to the Levant at this date. Coins and hacksilber

were a storehouse of wealth, but not a vehicle for small commercial transactions.

The presence and nature of the bullion should also be of interest to students of South Asian nu-

mismatics. The Kabul hoard that we can now date 40 to 50 years earlier than the original publisher

is the first appearance in a datable context of punchmarked coins. It is an argument admittedly ex

silentio (and Kerki may be north of the expected circulation pattern), but the absence of punch-

marks on the bullion of the Kerki hoard certainly supports the proponents of a late starting date

for Indian coinage following rather than preceding the appearance of Greek coins in the region.

This hoard leaves us with much to speculate on. When examined in the context of the Persepo-

lis Deposit, the Malayer, Kabul and Balkh hoards and other recent small finds from Afghanistan,

we can clearly state that Greek coins found their way to the eastern fringes of the Persian Empire

very soon after they were first struck. Perhaps we can now reasonably expect to find early Greek


27/31

J. KAGAN234

coins in Uzbekistan and even China. What influence these coins had other than as bullion again is

a matter for speculation. At least we can see that the iconography of the coins survived their travel

and were not obliterated by cuts and fragmentation. The diversity of the sixth-century hoards re-

corded from the Persian Empire is a matter of some wonder. Our ratio - 16 different mints out of 33

recorded coins - is not atypical. There is getting to be enough new evidence for the sixth century,

both electrum and silver, to warrant a new synthesis on the purpose and spread of early coinage.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bopearachchi, O. / Rahman A. (1995), Pre-Kushana Coins in Pakistan, Karachi.

Destrooper-Georgiades, A. (1993), ‘Le disque ailé inclus dans un motif geometrique sur

une série de monnaies chypriotes?’, CCEC 20, pp. 19-24.

Kagan, J. (1994), ‘An Archaic Greek coin hoard from the Eastern Mediterranean and early Cypriot

coinage’, NC 1994, pp. 17-52

Marconi, C. (2007), Temple Decoration and Cultural Identity in the Archaic Greek World , New York Schlumberger, D. (1953), ’L’argent grec dans l’empire Achéménide’, in Curiel R. / Schlumberger

D., Trésors monétaires d’Afghanistan, Paris, pp. 5-64.

Troxell H. / Spengler W. (1969), ‘A hoard of early Greek coins from Afghanistan’, MN 15, pp.

1-19.


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PLATE I

1 2 3

(1:1) 4 (2:1) 5

6 7 8

9 11 12

10

13 14 (1:1) 15 (2:1)


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PLATE II

16 17 18

19 20

21 (both enlarged) 22

archaic greek coins east of the tigris : evidence for circulation? / j. kagan

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