ARCHIFACT S Bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand

1987/1

Archlfacts is the official bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand Incorporated. It continues the bulletin of the same title, previously published by the Archives Committee of the New Zealand Library Association, 9 issues of which appeared between April 1974 and October 1976. The successor "new series" contained 24 issues (nos. 4 S 5, 7 S S were combined) with consecutive pagination from February 1977 to December 1982. From March 1983, issues of the bulletin are numbered sequentially within the year of publication, with the pagination commencing afresh with each issue. Currently, ArchifactS is published quarterly, at the end of March, June, September and December.

Subscriptions to ArchifactS are through membership of the Association at the current rates. Copies of individual issues are available at NZ $6-00 per copy, plus postage. Reprints of issues 1974-76 are available at $7-50 per copy.

The membership year begins with the June issue and ends with the March issue.

Enquiries concerning the content of ArchifactS (including advertising), non-receipt of an issue (or receipt of an imperfect copy), and requests for back or single issues, should be addressed to the Editor.

All members (and others) are welcome to submit articles, short notices, letters, etc. to the Editor. Copy deadline is the 15th of the month preceding publication (i.e., 15 May for the June issue, etc.). Book reviews should be sent directly to the Reviews Editor; details of accessions directly to the Accessions Co-ordinator.

EDITOR: Cathy Marr, P.O. Box 11-553, Manners Street, Wellington.

EDITORIAL BOARD : Nicola Frean, National Archives, P.O. Box 5148, Wei 1ington.

Ken Scadden, National Archives, P.O. Box 6148, Wellington.

Jane Tucker, National Archives, P.O. Box 6148, Wei 1ington.

Michael Hoare, 58 Beauchamp Street, Linden, Wei 1ington.

Hugh Price, 53 Glasgow Street, Kelburn, Wellington.

REVIEWS EDITOR: Richard Greenaway, 1 Snell Place, Dal 1ington, Christchurch 6.

ACCESSIONS CO-ORDINATOR Bruce Ralston, Manuscripts Section, Alexander Turnbull Library, P.O. Box 12-349, Wei 1ington.

Copyright for articles &c. in Archifacts rests with authors and the Association. Permission to reproduce should be sought, in writing, from the Editor.

ISSN 0303-7940

CONTENTS

EDITORIAL 1

NOTICE OF PROPOSED CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE 2

COUNCIL NOTES 2

RECORDS GROUP 2

LOCAL BODY ARCHIVES AND RECORDS MANAGEMENT -THE AUCKLAND CITY COUNCIL EXPERIENCE -THE FIRST SIX MONTHS Bruce Symondson 3

A MAORI PERSPECTIVE ON ARCHIVAL WORK Buddy Mikaere 9

GENEALOGICAL CONFERENCE IN WELLINGTON B r u c e R a - | S t o n 10

ARCHIVES OF THE NEW ZEALAND RAILWAY AND LOCOMOTIVE SOCIETY INCORPORATED R- J - Meyer n

THE DAIRY RECORDS COLLECTION IN MASSEY UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Sheryl Morgan 14

MASSEY UNIVERSITY GATHERS ITS ARCHIVES Keith Carwel1-Cooke 15

BRANCH REPORTS - Auckland 17 - Canterbury/Westland (and Conference

Progress Report) 17

- Central D is t r ic ts 18

- Otago/Southland 18 - Wei 1ington 1

9

ACCESSIONS 20

ANALECTA 23

CYCLONE RELIEF IN THE COOK ISLANDS Ken Scadden 25

BOOK REVIEWS

James Bel ich. The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian

interpretation of racial conflict (Eric PawSOn) 26 Tauiwi; racism and ethnicity in New Zealand,

edited by P. Spoonley and others. (Buddy Mikaere) 28

Angela Bai lara. Proud to be white?

Ά survey of pakeha prejudice in New Zealand (Kay Sanderson) 29 Barry Gustafson. The first 50 years: a history of

the New Zealand National Party (Michael Cullen) 30

John McLeod. Myth and reality; the New Zealand soldier in world war il (Jim Sul l ivan) 31

A

OBJECTS OF THE ASSOCIATION

1. TO FOSTER the care, preservation, and proper use of archives and records, both public and private, and their effective administration.

2. TO AROUSE public awareness of the importance of archives and records and in all matters affecting their preservation and use, and to co-operate or af f i l ia te with any other bodies in New Zealand or elsewhere with l ike objects.

3. TO PROMOTE the training of arch iv is ts , records keepers, curators, l ibrarians and others by the dissemination of specialised knowledge and by encouraging the provision of adequate training in the administration and conservation of archives and records.

4. TO ENCOURAGE research into problems connected with the use, administration and conservation of archives and records, and to promote the publication of the results of this research.

5. TO PROMOTE the standing of archives inst i tut ions.

6. TO ADVISE and support the establishment of archives services throughout New Zealand.

7. TO PUBLISH a bulletin at least once a year and other publications in furtherance of these objects.

MEMBERSHIP

Membership of the Association is open to any individual or inst i tut ion interested in fostering the objects of the Associat ion. Subscription rates for 1987 are:

within New Zealand $NZ 19-00* . . . . . . . c $NZ 28-00 t , n r , c

overseas $NZ 24-00 ^ ^ d u a l s $ N Z 3 2 _ 0 0 mst i tut ions Overseas members who wish airmail dispatch of notices and bulletins will need to

advise their requirements. The additional fee will depend on current postal charges.

Applications to join the Associat ion, membership renewals and correspondence on related matters should be addressed to:

The Membership Secretary ARANZ P.O. Box 11-553 Manners Street Wellington NEW ZEALAND

*For two individuals l iv ing at the same address (within New Zealand) a joint membership is available at $NZ 22-00 per year which entit les both people to full voting rights at meetings, but provides only one copy of each issue of ArchifactS.

Β

1987/1 March 1987

ARCHIFACT S Bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand

HOW DOES YOUR GARDEN GROW9

In English nursery-rhyme mythology, such a question was once put to 'Mary Mary quite contrary' and, upon ref lect ion, it i s a question which ARANZ now in i ts eleventh year of archival cult ivation might well pose to i tse l f Many members will recall the archives retrospect at the tenth anniversary conference last August in Wellington when Ian Wards f ru i t fu l ly reflected on a decade of work in his opening address

Few will deny that, although sometimes 'quite contrary' and thus controversial, ARANZ has made a noteworthy contribution to the u s e r s ' , professionals' and interested lay-person's public debate on archival and related matters m this country

Not all in the garden i s rosy We s t i l l lack a worthy Archives Act The cold winds of economic austerity seem to threaten our heritage of special ist collections and collectors At the same time the user may have to pay even more dearly to view or consult archives, newspapers, manuscripts, maps, rare books, ar t , fi lms and even microfilms

Nevertheless, ARANZ and i ts causes continue to strengthen and grow Membership is up in over two years by some 200, and an active new branch has been formed in the Central Dis t r ic ts of the North Island New opportunities are rapidly developing in the f ie ld of records and information management, and in response to t h i s , a new group has formed within ARANZ to meet this interest Users continue to display an increasing awareness of our archival treasures The New Zealand Film Archive reported for 1986 one of i ts most active years of accessionings, screenings and preservation vet In general there has never been such an interest in things archival and developments in information management as now

The moral i s , perhaps, that patience and eternal vigilance are the greatest virtues for all gardeners ARANZ and associated organisations must practise the same for as long as i t takes to ensure that we leave an inheritance worthy of Aotearoa's future

* * *

2

NOTICE OF PROPOSED CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE

Following the AGM resolution of August 1986, the Council of ARANZ hereby gives notice that i t wil l move to amend the Constitution as below at the next Annual General Meeting in Christchurch, 1987

Clause 8 'The members of the Council shall be the President, 2 Vice-Presidents, Secretary, Treasurer, Editor, Membership secretary and seven Council lors The Council except for the Editor and Membership secretary shall be elected at i ts Annual General Meeting for a term of one year [continue to end of clause unchanged] '

Clause 9 'The Editor and Membership secretary shall be appointed by the Council and

S h a ll be members Of the Council ex-officio '

(Proposed changes m italics)

COUNCIL NOTES

The last Council meeting was held on 13 February 1987 The edi tor 's report was tabled and the proposed editorial board approved I t was agreed that quotations would be sought for the production of Archifacts

The issue of spokespersons and committees was raised and i t was agreed that the policy committee would prepare an option paper with recommendations for the next meeting

Progress was reported on Archives leg is la t ion, and on planning for the 1987 Conference in Christchurch Branch reports were received from Canterbury/West!and, Wellington and Central d is t r ic ts Finance and membership reports and a final report on the 1986 Conference were tabled The next meeting will be held on 1 May 1987

RECORDS GROUP

The second meeting of the newly formed iRecords Group was held on Monday evening, 9 March, at the Conference Room, Police National Headquarters Thirty people attended the meeting, chaired by Alison Fraser I t was decided to continue to hold meetings on Monday evenings from 5 15pm and to join the membership of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand Suggestions from those attending will be used to plan a programme of meetings for the coming year Chris Burns from the State Services Commission addressed the meeting on the topic of 'The Acton Report - eight months on' Chris spoke to the recommendations of the report and explained what action the Commis-sion has taken on them A l ive ly session of questions and discussion followed, includ-ing further questions about the Commission and and i ts l ikely role and in part icular, the issue of training Rosemary Col l ier also spoke on the International Records Management Council and further volunteers were added to the committee organising future meetings

Anyone interested in finding out more or having their name on the mailing l i s t should contact Alison Fraser - 5 Pimble Avenue K a r o n , phone Wellington 764565

3

LOCAL BODY ARCHIVES AND RECORDS MANAGEMENT - THE AUCKLAND CITY COUNCIL EXPERIENCE -

THE FIRST S IX MONTHS

The appointment of new staff responsible for archives and records management within Auckland City Council was probably inevitable The timing of the appointment, and the specif ic responsibi l i t ies of the position created were, however, the result of pres-sures, needs and events in three areas - the archival background, the managerial back-ground, and the administrative structure within Council \

The background

The centennial history (1) made clear to many the volume and value of older Council records, but, as has frequently been true, the writing of a centennial history did not in i tse l f result in the creation of an archival function The "manuscript tradit ion" of the New Zealand Room of the Auckland Public Library meant that, as pressure on accommodation mounted, older records were sent to the l ibrary and kept in good order on shelves More signif icant than both these factors were the changes to the Local Government Act (2) and the act iv i t ies of the Northern Archives and Records Trust(NART), which resulted in considerable "consciousness-raising" in the Auckland region

At the management level of the Council an important development was the appoint-ment of the present Town Clerk, Bruce Anderson He i s a firm believer in corporate management, and so the role of the Corporate Management Group (the f ive senior execu-tives) in the decision-making process was emphasised He believed that the Counci l 's records systems, regardless of their individual effectiveness, were unnecessarily diverse in procedures, and insuff ic ient ly linked

The Secretarial Department (headed by the City Secretary) was responsible for records concerned with meetings of Council (and i ts committees and sub-committees) and the executive functions of the City Secretary, Town Clerk and Associate Town Clerk Consequently the system is small, but with a high proportion of policy and administra-t ively important papers I ts functioning had been the source of dissat isfact ion for some time In addition to these concerns relating to current records, disposal and archival responsibi l i t ies were becoming more urgent, and were regarded by the Town Clerk as solvable only by a corporate approach tackling the Council as a whole There was recognition therefore of a number of problems in the records and archives area, and the probabil ity that not all the expertise required would be found within Council Even so an appointment was not immediate, nothing is done these days without analysis and reports

Records reform

The Works Department i s the largest in the Auckland City Council, and has the largest records system With the most developed finding a ids , i t has tradit ional ly had the most eff icient system in Council, and consequently has to some extent served a corporate function not or ig inal ly intended The Works records clerk wrote two reports about the situation The f i r s t looked at records corporately and in it the variety of systems was established, and deficiencies noted in general terms For the f i r s t time the concept of a unified approach to, and i n , al l Counci l 's systems was proposed The second report was concerned specif ical ly with the Secretarial system, the basic flaws were analysed and reforms recommended Together the reports constituted a detailed statement of the problems and possible solut ions, in the area of current records A third report resulted from a'contract arrangement with the then regional archivist of National Archives, Mark Stevens To some extent i t repeated the two previous reports, but i t also covered very effectively the areas of records disposal and archives, addressing thus in a single report all the areas of concern

There were ten specif ic recommendations in the third report, including the appoint-ment of a Records Manager responsible to the Town Clerk, and an Archivist responsible

4

to the City Librarian These two recommendations were telescoped into a posit ion of Records and Administrative Archives Manager responsible to the City Secretary, to which the author was later appointed The job has four main areas of responsibi l i ty -

(1) To rat ional ise the diversi ty of records procedures within Council, and the linkages between the records systems

(2) Disposal programmes

(3) Archives

(4) Secretarial Department's records

I t i s important to note that only the fourth i s not directly corporate in scope (see appendix for job description)

Tackling the job pr ior i t ies and policy

In my f i r s t month there were three main concerns

(1) Becoming familiar with the Secretarial records

(2) Drafting a records and archives policy (3)

(3) V i s i t s to senior off icers to famil iar ise them with me personally, and my function

To some extent a records and archives policy was implicit in the reports that preceded my appointment, but the policy s t i l l required elaboration and formal approval

The policy had four parts

(1) Objectives, (2) Def ini t ions, (3) Analysis of current s i tuat ion, (4) Programme of Work Pr io r i t i es , i tse l f divided into records management, records d isposal , and archives

There were four objectives

(1) To furnish accurate and complete information when and where i t was required in order to manage and operate the Council eff ic ient ly and economically

(2) To process and handle recorded information as eff ic ient ly and economically as possible

(3) By a programme of records disposal schedules ensure that records were stored in a way that reflected their value and are retained only as long as they are needed

(4) To develop and control an Archives to house records of permanent value for administrative and other reasons

Definit ions were included of record, the l i fe cycle of records, an archives, records disposal , and a disposal schedule These defini t ions served two main purposes -f i r s t l y , to f ix in people's minds what might be unfamiliar concepts, and thereby avoid confusion in the body of the report, and secondly, in 'record' for example, define the term widely to avoid any restr ict ions on the scope of the work

In the analysis of the current situation I saw eight possible problem areas, and i t i s fa i r to say that al l exist to some degree at the Auckland City Council

(1) Classi f icat ion systems which do not reflect current responsib i l i t ies , and/or poor methods of indexing, result ing in low retrieval rates, and lowered expectations of effectiveness

(2) The development of private or parallel systems, by individuals and sect ions, which would not be needed i f the primary system was improved to meet users ' needs

5

(3) Current responsibi l i ty for records i s diffuse and records staff are largely un-trained

(4) Insuff icient co-ordination between systems with respect to c lass i f i ca t ion , f i l i ng procedures and equipment, with the result that one department's experiences do not help others

(5) There is l i t t le or no professional management or control of semi-current records

(6) There is very limited planning or co-ordination with respect to disposal of records

(7) While the Council has many records of archival value they are not arranged or controlled in a way that provides for their long-term preservation or for ready access by administrators or researchers

(8) All the above problems are related to the general lack of professional management or control within and between the records systems

The main part of the Policy Statement, in terms of length, was the work programme Essential ly a l i s t of precise work objectives, with a pr ior i ty rat ing, there were ten objectives for records disposal , sixteen for records management, and four for archives This spread gives a good indicaiton of how I saw my pr ior i t ies in the f i r s t twelve months

At f i r s t sight the full l i s t is daunting, and would appear to be far more than one person could achieve in one year There are, however, a couple of subtleties built in In areas such as surveying of records and drafting of schedules the departments will be doing a lot of the work for me In some areas, such as forms design, I have staked a claim, with the hope that on occasions I will be consulted regarding new forms On many topics the programme says ' in i t ia te ' rather than 'complete', as with the def in i -tions I preferred to spread the net wide, rather than restr ict by omission

The reports preceding my appointment, and my job description, gave me a good idea of what the Council expected, but there was the r isk that I had the balance wrong between the four main areas of responsib i l i ty , or that such a detailed document was not what management was looking for , or that the long l i s t of actual and potential responsi-b i l i t i es was the wrong approach A draft version of the policy was discussed informally with the City Secretary, Town Clerk, and Associate Town Clerk A number of modifica-tions were made, all concerned with shi f ts of emphasis here and there, and nuances of expression The document then went through Corporate Management Group without rev is ion, with the exception of one proposal regarding the machinery of consultation with records staff This allowed me to breathe freely again

I did subsequently draft a memorandum (approved by the Town Clerk) that l is ted the six points of the work programme that were to be regarded as v i ta l , and on which performance was to be judged The s ix points were

Records disposal

(1) In exercise of the authority established by the job description of the Records and Administrative Archives Manager, as approved by the Corporate Management Group, "to plan and implement a records disposal system" (duty 7)

(a) Establish by questionnaire what records disposal takes place on a regular basis , what is the procedure 'and authority involved

(b) Immediately approve all existing disposals that have no archival value

(c) Review existing disposals that may have archival value suspend those that show evidence of possible archival value, and approve the rest

(2) Institute surveys by all departments of all semi-current record caches, establishing c l ass , type, volume, time period covered, administrative value, archival

6

value, and whether or not the same records in the same form exist as current records

(a) Complete disposal of semi-current and non-current records which do not exist in current form, so far as possible by one-off schedules

(b) Complete disposal of non-current records, of an age clearly beyond administra-tive value, where records of the same type exist as current records, approval by one-off schedules

(3) Establ ish control over the storage of semi-current records, l imiting storage to agreed areas that are separate to areas for archives

Records management

(4) Review of City Secretary's records system, make proposals for improvements in areas of c lass i f i ca t ion , f i l i ng procedures, f i l e covers, equipment, indexing, retrieval of f i l e s , etc

(5) Survey exist ing records management practices in each department, looking in a general way at c lass i f i ca t ion , indexing, retr ieval , etc with a satisfact ion rating on each point

To be completed jo int ly by each department and Records Manager

(6) Establ ish feas ib i l i ty of standardised practices in al l departments with regard to f i le covers, storage equipment, opening and closing of f i l e s , microfilm standards and readers, etc

This I think brings us to what was actually done in the f i r s t six months, beyond produce further reports To be completely honest the results have been mixed, and there have been some disappointments

Physical conditions

There is a basement storage area that was l i te ra l l y "chocka" all the shelves were f u l l , f loor to ce i l ing , and an odd assortment of cartons was pi l ing up around the f loor There was a considerable volume of entirely routine records, especially f inancia l , that had only been retained because no-one had thrown them out I took the decision early on that nothing would be cleared out in a rapid, ad hoc fashion, that al l destruction would only be in terms of a sophisticated disposal schedule For reasons that are discussed below progress in developing the schedules has been slower than I would l ike or had planned

A vital pr ior i ty was the up-grading of the City Secretary's records system This suffered from three main problems - a poor c lass i f icat ion system, poor finding a ids , and untrained and insuff icient staff Unplanned d i f f icu l t ies have been two-fold -f i r s t l y the records clerk has been obliged to take several weeks' sick leave, during which periods I have done that job, secondly Repetitive Strain Injury has meant that major typing jobs have been delayed There was a strong temptation to close off the current system immediately as an irredeemable "disaster area", and replace i t with a better one I decided against th is for three reasons

F i rs t l y , key users wanted improvements now, i e with the records that actually existed Secondly, I had not previously been responsible for current records, and lacked experience of the local government setting consequently, I had reservations regarding my ab i l i ty to implement a very much better system immediately Thirdly, even i f I could, the full benefits of an entirely new system would not be felt for some time

The upgrading of the present system involved two approaches F i r s t l y , there were the two finding aids The l i s t of f i l e t i t les was in many places barely readable, as over the years the type had smudged in contact with the plastic covers of the pages I t was also very untidy with numerous deletions, amendments and additions Further examination showed several entries to be entirely inaccurate, and f i l e t i t les had been

7

l i s ted , but the f i l es never opened What I had in i t ia l l y thought to be a simple tidying up required a f i le -by- f i le comparison between the actual f i l es and the l i s t This took almost two weeks The card index lacked rules respecting format of the entries and when one should be made I was unimpressed as an arch iv is t , and dread to think what the reaction of a l ibrar ian would have been' Only minor reforms were made, obviously unhelpful cards being discarded, and new cards being added to a standard format only when clearly needed

Secondly, within the real isat ion that the system would be closed off and replaced, some improvements to the c lass i f icat ion system were made Obsolete headings and f i l es were closed For the f i r s t time some subjects and individual f i l es had scope notes created Where demand just i f ied i t , new f i le t i t les were created to rat ional ise f i l ing and improve access Two obvious examples - a single f i l e that included many Acts and B i l l s was broken up so that each piece of legis lat ion had i ts own f i l e , an Aotea Centre f i l e , possibly the most active of the system, was broken up into fifteen separate f i les Staff unfamilîarity with the forms-design function on the word processors, and Repetitive Strain Injury, meant that a completed new l i s t of f i l e t i t les was further delayed The result was that a necessary operation took far longer than I had planned, and delayed progress on even vital corporate responsibi l i t ies

Conclusions

In reviewing the f i r s t six months of records management work I have come to the following general conclusions

(1) In the face of unexpected problems I was not ruthless enough in creating time for the corporate responsibi l i t ies

(2) I will have to make wider use of work scheme/student/agency assistance than I had planned

(3) Grounds for optimism exist in the support I have received from three quarters

ι ) Senior management

n ) The City Secretary

m ) Staff of other departments

Some of you are probably wondering what has happened regarding the Archives They have been l i t t l e mentioned because l i t t l e has happened This was a deliberate choice in terms of my pr ior i t ies Putting i t bluntly, what had been left for many years could be left a few more while I spent time on records management jobs that would yield more rapid and v is ib le improvements in the records more frequently used by Council staff My exact t i t le i s Records and Administrative Archives Manager With the telescoping into one the two jobs proposed by Mark Stevens, I am responsible only to the City Secretary, and not in any way to the City Librarian A decision to house the Counci l 's archives in the Central Library was made prior to my appointment, and this stands Just how th is will work has not yet been looked at m any detail In a s t r ic t sense the Council has an arch iv is t , but no archives It does have large volumes of older records in the l ibrary, town ha l l , and administration building, which includes much material of archival value, intermixed ,with even more material which is not

Final ly a few words in honour of Pat French and the staff of the New Zealand Room of the Auckland Public Library Because the space was available they have housed over two hundred metres of records, most of which i s of archival value, and much of which might not otherwise have survived Frequently i t was offered by departments on short notice, on a 'we don't need i t , you can have it i f you want i t ' basis They lacked both staff and responsibi l i ty to do more, even so shelving in sequence, for example, pre-1912 valuation ro l l s allows some access, even in the absence of a l i s t I f it were not for Pat French's efforts the situation would undoubtedly be much worse It is however one of the frustrating points regarding my job, not always appreciated by people who have heard of my appointment, that purely historical enquiries do not receive a s igni f icant ly better or quicker reply than they did prior to my appointment A situation

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also that is not l ikely to change in the very near future.

Bruce Symondson Auckland.

(1) Bush G.M.A., Decently and in Order - The Centennial History of the Auckland City council. Co l l ins . 1971

(2) Local Government Act 1974 (Section 256 and following, as amended in 1977), and the Gazette notice of 5 June 1980 p. 1695.

(3) See Arahifacts 1985/3, supplement.

This paper was originally presented to the 1985 ARANZ Conference.

- Auckland City Council~sub basement storage of archives and semi-current records, showing a variety of storage styles which are slowly being eliminated.

9

A HAORI PERSPECTIVE ON ARCHIVAL WORK (Summary of an address given at the Annual Meeting of the Canterbury/Westland Branch

in April 1986)

About 1850, more Maori than Pakeha in New Zealand on a proportionate bas is , could read and write, and the result for us is the tremendous wealth of Maori language l i terary and historical manuscripts held in the Turnbull Library, in the Hocken Library, in the Auckland Public Library, the Auckland Inst i tute and Museum, and in smaller collections scattered around the country But the 1850s also signalled the end of an era when the Pakeha lived close to the Maori, were more or less subject to Maori law, and spoke Maori, and with i t ended an intellectual exchange which had promoted a certain amount of understanding and respect there has been the sad case of the missionary Thomas Kendall who began to write letters in defence of Maori thought, and George Grey's mag-nificent collection of waiata and traditions was a labour of love, born out of recog-nit ion of the quality of the l i terature

The wars of the 1860s blighted the early flowering of Maori writing Even Maori on the Government side were defeated, because after the wars the Maori way of l i fe was reshaped by Pakeha law and government Many Maori felt negative about themselves, and people lacking in self-esteem do not record, write or create As a resul t , the amount of twentieth century writing by Maori people i s small while the vast nineteenth century body has more or less passed out of remembrance When Maori celebrate the oral tra-d i t ion, they often do so unaware of the taonga of which the people are guardians

Archivists fortunate enough to have such material in their charge are the keepers of a treasure house s t i l l waiting to be unlocked These collections represent a source of historical material, largely untapped, which offers a different and balancing per-spective on the history of Aotearoa Contemporary New Zealand historical writing i s based almost entirely on Pakeha sources written from a Pakeha perspective, and these inevitably distort the past Te Ua Haumene, for example, who in the 1860s founded the Hauhau re l ig ion, has been depicted as either a merciless savage, or a harmless lunatic But an examination of his extensive writings and those of his contemporaries shows a highly intel l igent man who sought to found a church based on the teachings of the Bible Because the current Maori assertiveness has awoken New Zealanders to the real isat ion that our history has been misrepresented, for future New Zealand h is tor ians, the additional s k i l l s of competency in the reading and writing of c lassical Maori wil l be essential

To service the collections within their care, i t seems that the professional archivists wil l also need a sound grounding in classical written Maori, and i t is as well to be aware of developments ,

In traditional Maori society knowledge was handed down oral ly and to some extent, this i s s t i l l true today But although tipuna, through rigorous tra in ing, could hold in their mind much more than people in a literate society, nevertheless the capacity of an oral society to store information was limited Neither was the information fixed and unchanging Oral tradition i s concerned to validate present pol i t ical power set-ups and irrelevant or unsupportive facts are simply dropped In Canterbury for example, there is a seventeenth century saga of the sons of Tuahuriri One of them, Moki, played a leading role in the conquest of the South Island But the surviving tradit ions con-cerning Moki are sprinkled with examples of his setbacks and defeats, of his being out-smarted, and eventually k i l led by his enemies' magic Despite Moki's obvious leadership ro le, his achievements and status are bel i t t led, and the reason is that the tradit ions were collected from a hapu which was powerful in the nineteenth century, and wanted to emphasise i ts independent mana

I note with concern recent suggestions by Michael King, of al l people, that perhaps the oral record i s s t i l l the correct method for 'preserving' Maori history, that i s , for keeping i t a-historical and selective This represents an attempt to shut Maori into a l i t t le box labelled 'the past' and to give the key to a power group of Maori men -the traditional holders of knowledge While this might seem exotic and romantic to some Pakeha, many Maori would resent Pakeha support for this denial of democracy

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There i s no other modern society whose history i s recorded ora l ly , so why should Maori history be recorded in this manner7 Maoris are, in defiance of the nineteenth century view that they were a dying race and all that remained was to 'smooth their dying p i l low' , a f lourishing and modern people, and demand for their history the same standard of empirical proof which King, l ike every histor ian, absolutely demands for the history of Western society

I t i s sad to record that with the emphasis on oral tradit ion, the abi l i ty to read classical Maori i s being lost As I said ear l ier , the key to the manuscript col lections is competence in c lass i ca l , or nineteenth century Maori, but this leads into other problem areas For the majority of people, the old language cannot be translated with-out scholarly training in the f ie ld , the few Maori people who are competent are now old, so there has to be an academic stand-by Archiv ists should not assume that any Maori can read/translate Maori, and worse, apply the art ic le of fai th that any Maori opinion on Maori texts i s better than the most professional Pakeha opinion You would not expect any old Pakeha to be able to teach English but there is a widespread assump-tion that any Maori speaker can teach/read/translate Maori That assumption might be racist I t s underlying idea is that Maori is such a low status thing that you do not need to be an expert or a special ist to do i t

An example of the results of this attitude from the archival f ie ld i s a trans-lation done by a Maori person of a text which the translation suggests is about New Zealand 'knees' In fact i t was a dissertation on New Zealand ' laws' - the two words in Maori are similar tun knees, ture laws No expert could make such a mistake, and my point i s that for translations of European languages only an expert would have been engaged

But i t is right now that,Maori need the information on their past I t i s right now that Maori need to know how active their ancestors were in recording their history and l i terature and in dealing with their pol i t ical situation after conquest by the Pakeha I f this were more generally known, Maoris would have a cause for pride based on hard evidence rather than, as sometimes happens, on the idealisation of the past Therefore I plead with you guardians of the past not to lock i t away from bona fide scholars, regardless of t h e m s k i n colour

Guilt makes some archiv ists feel relieved to ' lock' away treasures for some glorious future when Maori people will suddenly all read classical Maori and go on to enlighten Pakehas about the past Regard yourselves not as the door keepers for an arcane cult but as builders of pathways to knowledge

Buddy Mikaere

GENEALOGICAL CONFERENCE IN WELLINGTON The Wellington Group of the New Zealand Society of Genealogists Inc will host the 1987 AGM of the Society at the Michael Fowler Centre on 11 April A conference has been organised in conjunction with the AGM with the theme 'Immigration' Papers will be given by Stevan Eldred-Grigg, Rollo Arnold, Jeanine Graham, Jack Churchouse and others around the sub-themes 'The Emigrant' and 'The Sett ler ' To support the launching of the Society 's Sesquicentennial Family Biography Competition the last session will deal with 'Recording the Pioneer Li fe '

The Conference opens on the evening of Friday, 10 April and ends on Sunday, 12 April Displays related to immigration and settlement, along with Society research resources, book sales and a shipboard concert following the Conference dinner will be features of the weekend Proceedings will be published

The Conference will be preceded by two days of pre-Conference act iv i t ies at Turnbull House, and at repositories around Wellington

Bruce Ralston

I I

ARCHIVES OF THE NEW ZEALAND RAILWAY AND LOCOMOTIVE SOCIETY INCORPORATED

The New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society Incorporated was formed 43 years ago with part of i t s objectives being to place on record information relevant to the history and development of rai l transport in this country

To this end the society 's in i t ia l act ivi ty was to publish the New Zealand Railway observer, a quarterly journal which has now reached 187 issues In the process i t has gradually established i ts own archives collection

At f i r s t the society 's collection was housed in members' homes, but as the col-lection grew so too did the need for premises of i ts own An ex-N Ζ R carriage was bought and placed on special foundations in Ngaio station yard Fitted out, i t was used to centralise the archives col lect ion, a process started in 1963

The writer was appointed Research Officer to take charge of this operation, working under this t i t le for 20 years until 1983 when the position was changed to Archivist

A more unusual aspect of these archives is that they are not the records of the society i t se l f , but of material from and about the New Zealand Railways, bush tramways, industrial l i nes , urban tramways, etc And, with cap in hand, we have to admit the society 's own records get scant attention, the major exceptions being meeting minutes, annual reports and the l ike

Following card indexing the material was put into numbered brown paper parcels and ro l ls The parcels system was changed when National Archives kindly told us about the waxed archives boxes that were avai lable, these are now being used

In the index system cards are kept under a number of basic headings and subheadings - for example, locomotives, ro l l ing stock, s igna l l ing , timetables, geographical and general The latter covers many subjects, while for geographical purposes the New Zealand railway system i s divided into the various sections of main and branch l ines as laid out in the Railways Working Timetables A map, for instance, can have up to five index cards as i t may cover sections of a main l ine , several branch l ines and maybe a bush tramway or industrial l ine

The carriage eventually became overloaded, so a larger structure was bui l t with a damp-coursed floor and steel cladding, insulated and lined with gibraltar board Although i t has no special a i r conditioning, the building has, we feel , a suitable interior atmosphere for storage Named after the principal founder of the society, the Thos McGavin Building i s located in North Street, Petone, adjacent Ava station on land leased from the Railways Corporation Other material, such as society publications, i s also stored there

Almost no attempt has been made up to this time to effect repairs to the many art ic les held The reasons are lack of finance, fac i l i t ies and expertise Instead, getting an eight-year backlog of material catalogued and into use i s a top prior i ty So far , 500 l inear feet of material has been catalogued and made ready for use

Funding i s mainly budgeted for from the annual subscriptions of the society 's 1200 members

Four members make up the working archives team Like al l other society functions, this work i s done in members' spare time, in other words, we are lay archiv ists attempting to save our railed-transport heritage from the garden incinerator or local tip

One area in which we have to move more quickly than usual i s the disposal of material from deceased estates - though tact and patience are necessary attributes in these situations A campaign i s currently underway to encourage members to take legal steps to ensure the safety of their railwayana One member recently died intestate and his two friends had to come to terms with the equivalent of half a container-load of material, which will be coming to the society

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Work out in the f ie ld and industrial archaeology are part of our act iv i t ies too. Another function i s to find homes for non-railway material, a loose federation of historical communication societies having been established for this purpose.

Our photographic collection of approximately 3000 prints plus negatives i s sorted into the same headings as the documents, etc. This col lect ion, along with the card index, i s housed in the wri ter 's own free-standing l ibrary as the society does not have an established off ice.

- Otago Central Railway. Preparing to blast rock for bridge piers near Parero. Photo: R. Williams; Courtesy of NZRLS Archives.

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Some delights include a folder of plans dated 1867 for the Dunedin and Taieri Plains Railway, locomotive and carriage plans, builders' catalogues, boiler regis ters, technical books, contract plans for the Rakaia and Ashburton Forks Railway Company's line from Rakaia to Methven, and documents for building Wellington's Railway Wharf (later to become the Lyttelton ferry wharf) in 1879. These are just some of the larger things held. Photographs include the Hapuawhenua and Taonui viaducts being buil t 80 years ago and Wellington station in the 1930s. Maps from the 1870s and from the far North to the Bluff , s ignal l ing diagrams, station bui ld ings, e tc . , are on the l i s t too - a l i s t which could go on for umpteen pages.

Railway Engineers gathered at Kihikihi, possibly to consult on The North Island Main Trunk construction. Photo: Courtesy Hocken Library and NZRLS Archives.

Basica l ly , we are a private archive. However, our material is not kept just for the benefit of society members but for the community at large. Because our work is done in spare time we cannot guarantee early replies to requests. Regretfully, we cannot do genealogical research or undertake extensive research for others, but when possible we advise, i f we can, where information might be available.

Access to the archives held by the New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society can be had by writing to the Archiv is t , P.O. Box 5134, Wellington.

R.J. Meyer, President and Archivist of the New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society Inc.

14

THE DAIRY RECORDS COLLECTION IN MASSEY UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

In the 1960s, when Eric Warr, of the Geography Department of Massey University, started working on the early history of the New Zealand dairy industry he became aware of the value of the records of dairy factories. They were being lost or destroyed as large numbers of companies closed because of amalgamation. Massey Universi ty 's Librarian at the time, Lloyd Jenkins, agreed with him about the importance of these records. By writing to dairy companies and using personal contacts, both he and Eric Warr were able to persuade companies to deposit their records in Massey University Library. Apparently Lloyd Jenkins used to holiday around New Zealand with a car and t ra i ler , cal l ing in at dairy factories as he went. Today the Dairy Records Collection contains the records of over 260 dairy companies, and some related businesses, from Invercargil l to Northland. This makes the Collection the third biggest business archive in the country. I t includes not only minute'books, journals, ledgers and so on, but also about 500 photographs, some maps and plans, and a few other oddities which might loosely be described as art i facts (butter papers, keys, print blocks e tc . ) .

The dairying industry reflects the rapid change New Zealand agriculture has undergone as a whole. Reading the minute books and looking at the photographs, i t is easy to see the changes from a small industry using the horse and dray for transport to large factories making casein and whey products. Today there are fewer than 30 dairy companies in New Zealand, and we actively collect their records.

We have an increasing number of enquiries, both by mail and in person. They want information on all manner of subjects, and include the dairy companies themselves, people writing family and local h is tor ies, and groups like the Herd Testing Association and the Postal History Society of New Zealand. The Dairy Records Collection has been included in the latest issue of the National Register of Archives and Manuscripts in

New Zealand, so we are expecting an even greater increase in the number of enquiries.

The collection is housed on the ' ground floor of the Massey University

Library. I t is in one of the Ser ia ls Department's stackrooms which is maintained at a relat ively even temperature and humidity. The Collection is being rearranged at the moment to give users better access to i t . Sarah Hay, the Archives Assis tant , is cleaning and repairing the records, and collecting the information required to prepare new finding aids for the Collection. The Dairy Records Collection is available to users on weekdays between 8.30am and 4.45pm, and by arrangement at other times when the Library is open. Prior notice i s helpful.

Sheryl Morgan Dairy Records Archivist Massey University Library

-Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage rides aboard a "ceremonial chariot" during an official visit to Massey Agricultural College in 1937 - Massey University Photographic Archive.

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MASSEY UNIVERSITY GATHERS ITS ARCHIVES

Although a relative youngster, even among New Zealand academic inst i tu t ions, Massey University has grown into maturity at an amazing pace since the 1960's Established as Massey Agricultural College in 1927, i t gained full university status in 1964, following dissolut ion of the University of New Zealand and the merging of the College with the Palmerston North branch of Victoria University of Wellington

By the time the University celebrated i ts golden jubilee in 1977, i t was obvious that there was much material recording the Universi ty 's or igins and history, which should not be lost but was scattered all over the campus, some of i t already forgotten in old cabinets, cupboards and store rooms, amd much of i t in a sorry state of disrepair and threatened with destruction as 'old rubbish' What archivist has not heard such sorry tales many times7

However, the awakened awareness of the Universi ty 's history did not fade after the jubilee year, although establishment of the University Archives s t i l l seemed a remote poss ib i l i t y , because of financial restraints, and the demands placed on accommodation and staff by the burgeoning student numbers since the 1970's

F ina l ly , at the end of 1985, some space became available in the basement of the Main Bui lding, and the writer, who had been an administrative assistant in the Registry since 1980, was given the task of establishing the University Archives

Although not ideal accommodation for archives, this basement area will have to serve the purpose in the foreseeable future, and certainly offers better conditions for storage than some of the places from where the old records are being retrieved Light-excluding drapes have been instal led on the windows, screens f i t ted to reduce ultra violet l ight emissions from fluorescent tubes, and an air-conditioning unit controls temperature and humidity levels - enough to make many a curator turn green with envy'

2 In the present space of about 30m there is an old strong room which is something

of a 'junk' room, but may be removed to provide more space for the main stack area, a small work area, the arch iv is t ' s ' o f f i ce 1 , and two desks for researchers - rather a squeeze However, i t is hoped that an adjoining area of about the same size will be made avai lable, possibly by next year, as off ice, work and reading room, and that mobile stacks will be instal led in the air-conditioned area, probably quadrupling i ts storage capacity

I soon learned to identify with those who have written of the problems encountered in trying to establish records and archives administration systems in overseas universit ies By comparison, Massey and i ts problems are on a small scale, but s t i l l somewhat formidable when approached by a fledgling archivist For instance, one might be forgiven for expecting that the records of the central administration - current and past - would be stored m the Registry, as indeed they have been at Massey, but the Registry has occupied three different buildings since 1927, and every time it moved, some of the old records were left behind' With the help of Registry staff and my own knowledge of the administration, many of these long-neglected records have been recovered from no fewer than 15 strong rooms, store rooms, offices and cupboards in those three buildings No doubt more ferreting will be needed to unearth f i l es s t i l l missing from the series already assembled, and a start has yet to be made on discovering what archival material i s held in the 38 academic departments and 30-odd research centres and other fac i l i t ies scattered throughout the campus and elsewhere

So far , i t has been necessary to1 concentrate on establishing the cumulative arcmval series of administrative records, and that will keep me fu l ly occupied in the foreseeable future, especially i f much needed conservation work is to be done on some of the older records In time i t may be possible to begin assembling manuscripts collections from individuals or other organisations The few small collections so far deposited with the University Archives have had to be put aside for attention later, but at least they are in safe storage1 meanwhile

16

Apart from the continuing work of f inding, accessioning, describing, arranging, conserving and storing the documentary archives, a major task this year will be the establishment of a photographic and plan archives, tracing the Universi ty 's history and development. Some of the old photos already held in the Archives will present a major problem of identif ication and dating, since they are uncaptioned, but with the help of some of Massey's older ' ident i t ies ' i t should be possible to describe most of them. Other negatives and prints of more recent or igin are also to be transferred from the Universi ty 's central photographic unit , when they are no longer required for current use.

As a research fac i l i t y , the University Archives is at a very early stage of development, eg. the provision of comprehensive finding aids is s t i l l among the l i s t of ' things to be done 1 , and i t would be most d i f f icu l t to cope with an influx of enquiries at present. So far, enquiries have come chiefly from administrative staff and have been easi ly answered, but understandably I do not have time to undertake detailed research. I hope that, within a year, accommodation and arrangement of the Archives will be such that i t will provide a useful research fac i l i ty for academic and administrative staff of the University, and for other researchers. Access to all of f ic ial documents of the University will be subject to the requirements of the Official Information Act from 1 April 1987.

Administration of the University Archives is entrusted to a committee comprising the Assistant to the Vice-Chancel lor (Planning and Development), the University Librar ian, the Chairman of the Library Committee, and the Assistant Registrar (Academic) representing the Registrar, and to which I act as secretary. The committee chairman reports directly to the Vice-Chancellor. Since there is not an established position for a University Arch iv is t , I am engaged as Archives Assis tant , responsible to the Registrar.

Obviously, there is s t i l l much to be done to make Massey University Archives a repository of standing, but we have achieved a good deal since I walked into a room containing nothing but several cartons of old f i l es in total disarray, in January 1986.

Keith Carwell-Cooke Assistant Archivist Massey University

- Keith Carwell-Cooke and some of Massey University's archives Photographer: Leigh Dome, Massey University.

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B R A N C H R E P O R T S AUCKLAND BRANCH

"DRINK UP PLEASE I"

The Auckland Branch celebrated the end of a successful year of meetings with a guided tour of inner city nineteenth century hotels entitled "Drink up please"

Commencing at National Archives Regional Office with an exhibition for archives re-lating to publicans and hotel l icensing, a group of some 30 members were then taken on a highly entertaining walk by Garth Houltham The walk was designed to learn not only about those hotels which remain but also to learn about those which have already d i s -appeared, the latest victim since the tour being the Queen's Head on Queen Street

Garth estimated that, by 1870, Auckland had about 91 hotels serving a population of 13,000 which represented one hotel for every 143 people To retain this ratio today Auckland would require about 6,000 hote ls 1 *

Other branch meetings have been held at the Auckland University Library Archives, the Archives of Maori and Pacif ic Music, and a luncheon with speakers on an oral history project to record old overseas personnel of New Zealand Insurance and South Br i t ish companies

The support of branch members has been excellent and the committee is looking forward to the preparation of another full programme for the 1987/88 year

Rachel Lilburn Auckland Branch President

* Taken from a booklet entitled Drink up please by Garth Houltham, produced for the guided walk with basic details on some 40 nineteenth century inner city hotel s i tes

CANTERBURY/WESTLAND BRANCH

The branch committee i s now focusing i ts attention on planning for the 1987 ARANZ Conference - which i s to be held in Christchurch in August

Members' meetings will resume in 1987 - possible subjects are Church archives, and Census records

Methodist Church archiv ists from all over Ν Ζ met for a Consultation Day on 17 November 1986, at the new Church headquarters in Christchurch The branch chairwoman was invited to join them for lunch and a tour of the new fac i l i t i es Their archives accommodation and national archival network are most impressive, and the opportunity to learn a l i t t le about the Methodist Church Archives was appreciated

The next branch meeting will be the AGM on April 9 at the Canterbury Public Library The guest speaker, Doctor Pip Forer of the Geography Department of Canterbury University, will speak on the Domesday project and the use of Optical Disks The Br i t i sh Domesday project has used optical disks and tens of thousands of maps and photographs of contem-porary Bri tain plus over a thousand mil l ion characters of information have been pub-lished on two twelve inch disks The talk will examine the Domesday project and comment on i t s significance for publishing and archival practice

OFF THE BEATEN RECORD The eleventh annual conference of ARANZ will be held on August 28-29 1987 in Christchurch The theme of the conference i s off the Beaten Record examining usual and unusual records Topics l ike ly to be included cover f i lm, environmental forestry, the Lincoln Herbarium, the Radio New Zealand sound archives, the Rangiora oral history Droject, Maori archives, pa site history, sports and maps Speakers are being confirmed and the venue will be the Stringleman Room at the Canterbury Public Library Keep the 28-29 August free and watch th is space for further detai ls

Caroline Etherington Chairperson

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CENTRAL DISTRICTS BRANCH

PLANNING BUSY YEAR

Following upon the success of i ts inaugural seminar in November 1986, ARANZ Central D is t r ic ts Branch has two more ful l-day seminars among i ts planned act iv i t ies for 1987

F i rs t on the year 's programme was an afternoon v i s i t to the Massey University Archives and the collection of dairy company records in the University Library, on Sunday, 29th March The f i r s t of the seminars will be held in late April or early May, to coincide with the f i r s t annual general meeting of the Branch, and in accordance with the wish of a majority of those who completed a questionnaire at the inaugural seminar, wil l occupy both morning and afternoon on a Saturday Again in response to numerous requests, the seminar wil l deal with only one topic, which for this seminar wil l be "Conservation of Small Collections" Emphasis wil l be given to hands-on experience, together with talks and demonstrations by expert conservators Anyone interested in attending the seminar is invited to write to the Branch at Ρ 0 Box 1854, Palmerston North, outl ining the particular aspects or problems of conservation he/she would l ike to be included in the day's programme More details are included in the February issue Of Central Districts Archivist

Tentative arrangements are being made for v i s i t s to Flock House, Bu l l s , and to the Queen Elizabeth I I Army Memorial Museum at Waiouru, and for another seminar, on "Research and Writing of Local H is tor ies" , later in the year, but these are subject to adoption by the Management Committee elected at the annual general meeting of the Branch to be held in April-May

Because of the imminent merger of several local bodies in the region, the Branch already has a Local Body Archives Working Party of Ian Matheson (Records and Archives Manager, Palmerston North City Corporation)1as convenor, Colin Davis (Professor of History, Massey Universi ty) , and Jul ie McCammon (archives consultant, Feilding) to meet with and act as consultants to local bodies facing amalgamation, in an effort to ensure that all local body records in the region are safely preserved for future use

Plans are also afoot for the formation of an Oral Archives Working Party, which will pay particular attention'to the preservation of the wealth of Maori oral tradit ion in the Central D is t r i c t s , and to the recollections of early sett lers or their descendants who have such diverse national and cultural or igins Attention will also be given to the need for training courses for arch iv is ts , at both Polytechnic and University levels

A newsletter, central Districts Archivist was launched in December and has been well received Subsequent issues are planned for two-monthly release However, the February issue contains a blunt warning that neither the newsletter nor any other of the Branch's act iv i t ies and plans will survive without the financial and active support of more members An old, old complaint that we've all heard so many times -but no less real or cogent on that account' The Branch also stresses that any member of ARANZ is e l ig ib le to join the Branch, regardless of where he/she l i ves , i f he/she is interested in the preservation of the historical records of the region

Keith Carwel1-Cooke

OTAGO/SOUTHLAND BRANCH

The Otago/Southland branch has again run a successful programme of meetings which have included v i s i t s to the Knox Church Archives, and the Architectural firm of Salmond and Anderson As well the opportunity was taken to hear of the successes, fa i lu res , t r ia ls and tribulations of students from the Departments of History and Education as they discussed their individual research topics Planning i s now underway for a programme of act iv i t ies for 1987

J i l l McClymont, Secretary

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WELLINGTON BRANCH

As i t i s sometime since the Branch reported i ts act iv i t ies to the wider membership of the Associat ion, i t seems opportune to brief ly mention some of the events that have taken place in our region over the past twelve months

- Our evening meeting in May 1986 featured Ms Patricia Acton, consultant for the Government's Records Management Review and principal author of the subsequent Acton Report, who spoke on records management practices in Canada and New Zealand Despite very wintery weather the meeting was well attended, the large turnout of records off icers providing ample questions for the speaker

- In July, at the Post Office Museum and Archives, nearly forty members were addressed by the postal h is tor ian, Mr Robin Startup, on the Post Off ice 's administrative organisation followed by the Post Office Histor ian, Dr Tony Wilson, who spoke on the Archives held on the premises and discussed the relevance of selected items in the context of social history

- Our August function was a social gathering hosted by Mr Robin Gri f f in at the BNZ Archives coinciding with the 1986 Wellington Conference I t was part icularly pleasing to welcome quite a number of out of town members who were able to meet and discuss archival matters with Wellington members at what was a very successful evening

- Mr Warwick Wilson, the National Museum's Senior Photographer, spoke at our October meeting on the Museum's photographic collections with particular emphasis on their strong Burton Brothers collection In addition to traditional methods of recording and display, Mr Wilson demonstrated the Museum's use of an IBM PC as a cataloguing and indexing aid and on-screen display of images using Compact Disk technology

- The Branch Christmas party at Turnbull House provided an ideal venue for our speaker, Mr Paul Mahoney, the New Zealand Forest Service Histor ian, to show a highly entertaining sl ide presentation on the Service's act iv i t ies in preserving important mining rel ics on i ts land on the South Island West Coast

- In February, a gathering of forty members at the Wellington City Council premises was addressed by Mr Alan Heppleston, their Research Off icer, on the Counci l 's records

and archives, their nature and extent and the uses to which they have been put by researchers

Our next meeting will be the Branch AGM at National Archives and our speaker wil l be Mr Chris Cochran of the Ministry of Works and Development on the subject of Wellington's architecture

Quite apart from our regular series of meetings, the Branch has been heavily involved in two arrangement and description courses run by the Centre for Continuing Education at Victoria University of Wellington in conjunction with National Archives and the Alexander Turnbull Library The f i r s t , on 25-28 August was extremely successful with very positive comments coming from part icipants, both during the course and in post-course questionnaires This course was heavily over-subscribed and a second was held on 17-20 November incorporating some changes based on the experience of the f i r s t course In both cases the tutoring load fel l most heavily on Nicola Frean (National Archives) and on Kay Sanderson and Diana Meads (both Turnbull Library) who were actively involved for the whole time and the success of both courses reflected their careful planning and t i re less enthusiasm Two grants, total l ing $1,000, from Continuing Education, were made to the Branch for i ts contribution

Another recent feature of the work of the Branch has been the issuing of the Branch Newsletter to keep members informed of forthcoming meetings and other local news Since June 1985, 12 Newsletters have been published, Diana Meads being the current editor

David C Retter Chairperson

20

A C C E S S I O N S

ALEXANDER TURNBULL LIBRARY

BISHOP, John W G A month's tour through New Zealand, 1873 The writer v is i ted Auckland, Tauranga and Tarawera lv

COLLIER Family Letters by Charles and Eliza Col l ier on board "Rob Roy" and from Auckland, 1865-1868 26 items

DREWITT, George Diary of a railway ganger, 1906-1907 68 leaves

FISHER Family Papers, ca 1893-1925, mainly scrapbooks relating to parliamentary careers of George Fisher and his son Francis Marion Bates Fisher lm

HART Aotearoa Records, ca 1967-1986, include correspondence, newspaper c l ipp ings, photographs, financial records 13 7m RESTRICTED

HEPBURN, William Arnold Diary, 1878-1880, includes entries during two month journey through South and North Is lands , 1879 53 leaves

KIWI House (London) V is i to rs ' book, 1942-1945, for servicemen and women's club lv

LANDER, Mrs Letter from her husband D 0 Lander from Port Nicholson, 1842 3 leaves

LOVELOCK, Jack, 1910-1949 Personal papers, ca 1924-1948, include d ia r ies , 1933-1935 and scrapbooks, 1924-1948 30v

LYON Family Papers, 1857-1906 Mostly love-letters from Col William Charles Lyon to his wife Sophie, some include comments about mil i tary campaigns in Taranaki, Wanganui, Waikato and Bay of Plenty 40cm

NEWMAN, Will iam, d 1906 Letter from his brother Joseph from Auckland, 1847 2p

RIVERSIDE Community, Nelson Minute books, 1941-1986 70cm RESTRICTED

SMITH, Stephen John Papers relating to the DUbllcat ion Of The Samoa Expeditionary Force, 1914-1915, and to the Cook Is lands , 1920s-1930s 30cm

ULSTER Association of Wellington Records, 1956-1986 60cm

WATERH0USE, Joseph History of F i j i , 1854-1863 Holograph with newspaper cl ippings inserted, and partial type-script 4cm

Amended entry

KING, Michael Research papers, ca 1928-1985 3 3m RESTRICTED

AUCKLAND PUBLIC LIBRARY

ARTWORK Records, 1982-1986, of arts employment agency supported by Auckland City Council, Northern Regional Arts Council and Department of Labour Includes s l ides and videotapes 5m

CLEND0N, James Reddy Correspondence, 1830-1846, from or about Clendon by re lat ives, friends and traders 7 items

DOMAIN Board Cash book, January 1882 -September 1883 lv

GREY, S i r George Letter to S i r Robert Bakewell, 19 January 1893, discussing Grey's interpretation of the Treaty of Waitangi

HENDERSON Businessmen's Association Records, 1957-1981 1 5m

H0CKEN LIBRARY

ARCHERFIELD School Old G i r l s ' Associat ion, Dunedin Archives, 1920-1963 8cm

DUNEDIN Free Kindergarten Associat ion, Additional archives, 1973-1978, about Rutherford Waddell and Halfway Bush Kindergarten Establishment Committees 2v

F MEREDITH and Company Ltd, Dunedin Archives, 1927-1975, firm of importers and agents 5 6m

FINLAY, C Ρ Papers, 1978-1980, re Windsor, Otago 3cm

FIVE Forks School Archives, 1912-1977, includes Fuschia Creek and Maruakoa Schools 20cm

GARRÓN Group Ltd, Dunedin Archives, 1946-1976 4 6m PARTLY RESTRICTED

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GILKISON, Walter Scott Additional papers, 1943-1976, mainly about building and accounting 70cm RESTRICTED

HAMPDEN School Archives, 1870-1977 30cm

HENDERSON, Agnes Papers, 1898-1906, consists of correspondence between Agnes Findlay and Mathew Henderson, and University of Otago Library d ia r ies , 1954-1972 37cm DIARIES RESTRICTED

JEFFERSON, Christina Additional papers, 1932-1958, about Chatham Island Dendroglyphs 5cm

KELVINGROVE School, Balclutha Archives, 1971-1982 3cm

LOVELL'S Flat School Additional archives, 1872-1984, mainly School Committee minute books 41cm

NEW Zealand Department of Health, Dunedin Distr ic t Office Archives, 1926-1980, are mainly registered subject f i l es 24m

NEW Zealand Railways Corporation, Dist r ic t Engineer's Office, Dunedin Leases and agreements, 1878-1983 5m

NEW Zealand Railways Corporation, Dis t r ic t Mechanical Engineer's Off ice, Dunedin Additional archives, ca 1887-1982 2 6m

OTAGO Educational Board 'Otago Education Board Schoo ls ' , 1985, compiled by V M Rutherford, gives detai ls of opening, name changes, integration, consolidation, decapitation and closing of Otago Education Board schools lv

0TAGÚ University Students' Association Inc Additional archives, 1935-1980, mainly registered subject f i l es 4m

PARATA, W Τ Album on Maori Rugby Football Team tours overseas, 1920-1927, ca 1924-1926, and ca 1967-1982 lv

RICHDALE, L Ε Ornithological papers, 1935-1980 4 2m

ST Kilda Free Kindergarten Association Archives, 1951-1982 6cm

NATIONAL ARCHIVES, WELLINGTON

ACCIDENT Compensation Corporation Registered f i l es 7m

BOWMAN, I Plan of Parliament Buildings 1909

CAMPBELL, L Personal papers relating to the Broadcasting Commission 7m RESTRICTED

CROWN Law Office 4 maps

DYER, R Photographs of Wellington Motorway Construction, 1969-77 0 8m

DEPARTMENT of Education Central Regional Office Teachers' superannuation regis ters, 1906-58 0 5m

DEPARTMENT of Education, Head Off ice, Public Relations Section Papers of the Education Development Council and Education Pr ior i t ies Council, cl969-/4 0 3m

DEPARTMENT of Internal Af fa i rs , Auckland Citizenship f i l e s , 1985-86 5 5m

DEPARTMENT of Internal Af fa i rs , Head Office Registered f i l e s , 1923-75 2m

DEPARTMENT of Internal A f fa i rs , Wellington Regional Office Certif icates of ci t izenship, 1981-85 4m

DEPARTMENT of Just ice, Oamaru Dist r ic t Court Sample case f i l e s , 1975-76 0 lm

DEPARTMENT of Labour, Wellington Regional Office Registered f i l e s , 1936-60 0 3m

GOVERNMENT Printing Off ice, Head Office Tenders Committee Minute books, 1964-77 Ministerial authorities f i le 1915-25 0 4m

HIGH Ccmrnission, Ottawa Registered f i l to 0 3m

HOUSING Corporation, Housing Div is ion Ministry of Works Housing Divis ion .ample f i l e s , 1936-77 4m

LAND Transfer Off ice, Invercargi l l Discharged Mortgage f i l e s , 1880-1958 0 3m

MINISTRY of Defence, RNZAF Shelly Bay Base f i l e s , 1954-82 0 3m

MINISTRY of Energy, Electr ic i ty Divis ion Petsonal f i l e s , service schedules, manuals 9 7m RESTRICTED

MINISTRY of Foreign A f fa i rs , Head Off ice, Information Div is ion Photographs 0 3m

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MINISTRY of Transport, Head Office Ships log books 7m

MINISTRY of Works and Development, Head Office Plans of bridges, photographs of railway crossings

NATIONAL Health Insti tute Minutes, staff f i l e s , photographs 1 5m

NEILSON, Ρ Pol i t ical papers, 1982-86 5 2m RESTRICTED

POLICE Department, New Plymouth Nineteenth century correspondence and photographs 0 lm

POST Off ice, Museum Wellington and Palmerston North Post Office registered f i l e s , 1902-80 0 6m

POST Off ice, Head Off ice, Security Div is ion Miscellaneous f i l e s , 1951-72 0 lm RESTRICTED

STATE Rail Authority of New South Wales Photographs taken by off icers of the Railways Corporation of New Zealand of the New South Wales rai l system, 1961 0 lm

STATE Services Commission, Head Office National Research Advisory Council Records 10m Registered f i l es 87m

WELLINGTON Secondary Schools Council Registered f i l e s , 1944-81 15m

W00LLAST0N, P T E Poli t ical papers 1 3m RESTRICTED

NATIONAL ARCHIVES, NORTHERN REGIONAL OFFICE

HAWKES Bay Education Board Waiomatatim School records, 1913-81 0 3m

HIGH Court, Auckland Trial f i l e s , 1945-50 3m

H0R0H0R0 School School records, 1930-82 0 8m

NAVAL Supply Depot, Auckland Inward mail logs 1948-67 0 5m Registered f i l e s , 1927-76 11m

NGATAUI School School records, 1925-68 0 2m

POLICE Department, Hamilton Photographic negatives of police work, 1969-80 lm Offence f i l e s , 1967-80 4m RESTRICTED

POLICE Department, Takapuna Offence f i l e s , 1978 O 3m RESTRICTED

POLICE Department, Tauranga Offence f i l e s , 1976-80 2 4m RESTRICTED

VALUATION Department, Te Kuiti D is t r ic t valuation r o l l s , Otorohanga, 1975-81, Waitomo, 1974-79 2 7m

WAIKAT0 Mam apoto Maori Land Court Correspondence f i l e s , block f i l e s , 1963-84 10m

WHANGARA School Mihewhetu School records, 1939-60, Whangara school records, 1944-57 0 lm

NATIONAL ARCHIVES, SOUTHERN REGIONAL OFFICE

CIVIL Service Inst i tute, Christchurch Minute books, correspondence, annual reports, notices, l i s t s of members, 1953-86 0 2m

CUSTOMS Department, Greymouth Collector of Customs of f ice, reg is ters , 1877-1980, manuals, 1977-80, registered f i l e s , 1925-69, publications, 1854-1934 lm

LANDS and Survey Department, Christchurch Chief Surveyor's of f ice, record maps, 1970-75 14m

MINISTRY of Works and Development, Christchurch Temuka Workshop, plans, 1940-48 26 items

POLICE Department, Greymouth Karamea Police regis ters, 1910-76 lm

RAILWAYS Corporation, Christchurch Forestry branch inventory of plantations, 1936-48 3m

STATE Coal Mines, Reefton Registered f i l e s , 1942-77 3m

VALUATION Department, Alexandra Valuations, 1978-85

WANGANUI REGIONAL MUSEUM

WILSON, John Edward, 1843-1930 Papers, 1875-1940, include his d iar ies , 1876-July 1932 (later entries by his son Leo), minute books and let ters, 1875-1934, of Church of Chr is t , Wanganui, minute book, 1926-1928, Ν Ζ Al l iance, Wanganui East Branch, records, 1887-1894, Wanganui Dairy Co (Okoia), letters and c i rcu lars , 1890-1921, Okoia School Committee 29cm

23

A N A L E C T A

ARANZ AND THE ASA

Stuart Strachan, ARANZ President, will be the ARANZ representative at the 6th Biennial Conference of the Australian Society of Archivists to be held in Perth from 21-25 April 1987 The theme of the Conference is National Archival Societies and their Relationships with International Bodies Stuart will be presenting a short paper on this theme

ICA AND THE DISABLED

The International Council on Archives has suggested as a contribution1 to the Inter-national Decade of Disabled Persons (1983-1992) that member organisations organise exhibits at a national level along the l ines of 'the history of the disabled and the progress achieved'

ARCHIVES IN FOR $36,000 CLEAN-UP

Palmerston North's city corporation arc-hives need to be moved upstairs out of the basement, the counci l 's finance and administration committee has agreed

Town clerk Peter Apthorp told a committee meeting this week the basement location in the administration building was inadequate because of the r isk of water damage, the lack of security, and the cramped conditions

City engineer Garry Goodman advised the committee not to keep anything as valu-able as irreplaceable archives in the base-ment because of the r isk of damage from leaking overhead pipes and the possib i l i ty of flooding below ground level i f pumps failed

However, Mr Apthorp said no upstairs space was l ikely to become available before 1989

In the meantime, the committee has given approval for immediate improvements in the basement area costing around $36,000

Improvements include a sinki for cleaning and repairing records in , a fume cabinet with extractor fan for staff using chemicals, and tables and a work bench

The department would also expand into an extra basement storeroom, which would need to be sealed and air conditioned

Mr Apthorp said the council had a legal responsibi l i ty to maintain local arc-hives

The number of council staff using the archives had increased from 49 in 1980, to 184 last year At the same time public

interest in local history had increased from 26 to 97, said ci ty records and arc-hives manager Ian Matheson

Evening standard 18 February 1987

BNZ ARCHIVES OPENS The Bank of New Zealand Archives Museum was o f f ic ia l ly opened on Tuesday 17 February by Bob McCay, the Bank's Group Chief Executive On display are numerous artefacts relating to the business of the Bank over the last 125 years Some people were surprised to see office memoranda on display though for an Archi-v ist these are gr is t to the mill Also displayed are photographs of buildings and the people who worked in them Architec-tural plans are prominent as are the Bank's f i r s t computer and, from nearly a hundred years ear l ier , some of the carved woodwork from the old Christchurch BNZ Banknotes issued by the Bank between 1861 and 1934 are included and an exhibition of coins back to ancient Roman times l inks New Zealand banking to the past

On Wednesday evening 18 February the new Museum was featured briefly in the Today Tonight segment of the 6 30 tele-vision news Considerable publicity has appeared in the hard copy media and this should have a flow on effect for other archive establishments

R H cnffm BNZ Archives February 1987

CROP HISTORIES WANTED Agricultural meteorologists at Lincoln College are appealing to rural people for help in constructing a weather-dependent model of New Zealand land production Farmers who have good long-term records of their crops and seasons have been urged to ass is t the project

Christchurch Press 2 January 1987

HISTORIC PHOTOS FOUND A chance find by two Wellington City Coun-ci l transport department off icers has given a revealing look at the city before the Second World War

Four hundred photographs taken by the city transport department during the 1930s have been found in the department's Ki lb i rme workshops Administration off icer, Brian Mosen one of two who made the discovery, said this historical gold-mine was found in a plain green f i l ing cabinet The collection will eventually end up in the Wellington City L ibrary 's

24

New Zealand Room photograph f i l es Staff there said the find was "excit ing"

Evening Post, 4 March 1987

GODLEY PAPERS BOUGHT BY NATIONAL ARCHIVES

National Archives has bought a collection of copies of letters written by General S i r Alexander Godley, commander-in-chief of New Zealand forces at Gal l ipol i in 1915 The letters were written to the Private Secretary to George V, and give Godley's descriptions and opinions of the New Zealand troops in action

The collection was purchased at auction for ¿1300 ($3600) in conjunction with Kings College, London

In one letter, dated 5 February 1915, Godley reported to the King

"On the whole, I think the behaviour of both the Austral ians and New Zealanders has been excellent since their a r r i va l , consid-ering they have been cooped up for eight weeks on board ship and were suddenly let loose amid the temptations of Cairo"

Evening Post, 19 December 1986

COMPUTER DATABASE FOR LAND INFORMATION

A Canadian company, Geovision Corporation, has been awarded the contract to supply the New Zealand land register database

When completed, the $25 mil l ion project wil l replace the more than 18,000 large-scale maps, some of which date back to 1840, that have carried land information until now Information will be available in the form of hard-copy printouts, but magnetic tape cop-ies may also be sold

The system will form part of a wider land information system which Lands and Survey i s developing in conjunction with the Land Transfer div is ion of the Department of Just ice, the Valuation Department, and the Maori Af fa i rs Department

National Business Review, 30 January 1987

RECORDS MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA

The fourth National Convention of the Asso-ciat ion will beheld on 6 - 9 September 1987 m Melbourne Workshops will cover Law and the Record, Office Automation and Records Management, and Records Management Funda-mentals Also included are v i s i t s , trade displays and a range of social functions For further deta i ls , contact the Editor, or write direct to RMAA, GP0 Box 22704, Melbourne, Vic 30001

'CRIMINAL INTENT' BEHIND MISSING FILE

A Ministry of Transport f i l e relating to an accident has disappeared and as a result a Greymouth businessman has escaped prosecution Transport Minister, Richard Prebble has said the f i le was removed from the Greymouth office to defeat the course of justice An investigation by the Ministry of Transport and police has revealed that the whole f i l e and related papers have gone missing Since then, according to Mr Prebble, security of f i l es has been tightened in the Greymouth office

Sunday Times, 1 March 1987

FIRE DESTROYS HUTT SCHOOL PREFAB

A prefab at Hutt Valley High School was destroyed by f i re burning or badly charring school archives including original photographs of former pupils and of the 60 year old school The photographs had been restored and presented at a school jubilee last year Police are treating the f i re as arson

Evening Post 5 March 1987

G0EBBELS' DIARIES TO BE PUBLISHED

Diaries of Nazi Propaganda Chief Joseph Goebbels will be published for the f i r s t time this year in West Germany The Insti tute of Contemporary History in Munich described the collection of diar ies which cover the years 1924 to 1941 as a "key document of the Third Reich"

The decision to publish follows a series of court battles to clear the diaries for print and painstaking work to gather together fragments and decipher Goebbel's d i f f icu l t hand-writing

Goebbel1 s used the Propaganda Ministry to whip up an atmosphere of ant-Semitism in Nazi Germany, that paved the way for the l iquidation of mil l ions of Jews He ki l led himself and his family on May 1 1945 within hours of H i t le r 's suicide

Insti tute historian said all the material had been checked for authenticity I t is also hoped to publish diaries for 1941-45

Evening post, 16 March 1987

25

CYCLONE RELIEF IN THE COOK ISLANDS

A team consist ing of an archivist Ken Scadden and two conservation technicians Robert Kerr-Hislop and Rosanna Orange, recently travelled to the Cook Islands in response to a request from the Cook Islands Government to ass is t in the salvage of archives damaged by Cyclone Sal ly in early January. The team took about $10,000 worth of equipment, supplied by New Zealand and Australia for the rel ief effort including a large dehumidifier.

The Rarotongan High Court was converted into a fumigation chamber, with thymol being used to prevent mould growth, before the archives were dried out (using the dehumidifier), washed and cleaned. Archives from the Just ice, and Trade, Labour and Transport Departments as well as material from the Cook Islands Parliament and Tourist Authority were treated in this way. The two conservation technicians left after one week, while the archivist stayed on to supervise the project, give archival advice to various Government Departments and gather information for a report on the status of archives in the Cook Is lands. George Paniani, the archivist for the Cook Islands Government and staff from the Justice Department worked closely with the New Zealand team during the operation.

Ken Scadden National Archives

Ken Scadden, Rosanna Orange and Robert Kerr-Hislop explain the use of a moisture levels meter to the Minister of Internal Affairs, Mr Tapsell. The instrument was used for salvage work in the Cook Islands. Photo: Dept. of Tourism and Publicity.

26

B O O K R E V I E W S

James Belich The New Zealand wars and the Victorian interpretation of racial conflict Auckland Auckland University Press, 1986 396 ρ $39 95

The publication of this book has, but quite r ight ly , attracted a lot of attention for a volume of closely written histor ical scholarship I t continues, and considerably strengthens, the revis ionist arguments of such works as Alan Ward's A show of justice and Patricia Burns' re Rauparaha I t both requires and amply repays close attention

The t i t le alone is instructive Belich has two aims, which are inter-twined throughout his work One i s to re-examine the nature and impact of the mil i tary events of the New Zealand wars The second is to evaluate the manner in which those confl icts were recorded by white sett lers and soldiers at the time I t used to be that the confl icts in question - and Belich covers the period from the Northern Wars of the 1840s to the campaigns of Titokowaru and Te Kooti in the 1860s - were known as the 'Maori Wars' That term i tse l f represented, from a pakeha perspective, a comfortable shi f t of responsibi l i ty Liberal opinion then chose an allegedly more accurate label , the 'Land Wars' But, as Belich makes clear, far more than land was at stake The wars stemmed from a desire by the Br i t ish to impose what the author ca l ls 'substantive' rather than 'nominal' sovereignty over the Maori tribes in different parts of the North Island

It is well established that many chiefs welcomed opportunities, for their own purposes, to trade with the pakeha Problems arose from the differing interpretations that were placed on the Treaty of Waitangi Hence Heke, in 1845, 'fought less to overturn the treaty than to ensure the application of i ts Maori version He wished to regulate, not reject, European contact and settlement' Belich maintains that, from this perspective, the Maoris were successful in the Northern Wars, and quotes F Ε Maning ' in the north there is no more hope of establishing the supremacy of the law than there is of f ly ing in the a i r ' And certainly large tracts of the North Island remained suff ic ient ly independent of Br i t ish control at mid-century to precipitate, in the 1860s, 'the Taranaki and Waikato confl icts (that) were more akin to c lass ic wars of conquest than we would l ike to believe ' That land was not the main objective in the Waikato is demonstrated by the behaviour of the Br i t ish in continuing to seek to crush the Maori King Movement in battle after the land that they sought had been occupied And the campaigns against Te Kooti , fought in areas all but useless for pakeha settlement, can only be seen as the outcome of a desire to assert authority

These conclusions are based on closely documented research and, refreshingly, a wil l ingness to explore such wider issues (part icularly in two excellent closing chapters) as the bases of Br i t ish ethnocentricity and the reasons for the confidence that would admit of l i t t le but their own overriding cultural superiority Belich demonstrates exceptionally well just how this blind confidence enabled defeat after defeat at the hands of the Maoris to be interpreted as ' v i c to r i es ' , and how such losses as were admitted were blamed on allegedly deficient commanders or troops, or on great

tie9o9bv?ous°none ° f t n b a 1 ί 0 Γ " 5 ™ U c t ' ° n e v e r y «use 'o ther than

This cause was the bri l l iance of Maori strategy and tactics in nearly every conf l ic t , a br i l l iance born of the need to compensate for f ighting a quantitatively superior adversary from a social base that precluded the establishment of a permanent f ighting force Hence, in the Northern Wars, the Br i t ish claimed victories by overrunning empty pa, but these pa had been thrown up rapidly in remote inland areas far from traditional si tes of cul t ivat ion, in order to draw the enemy into d i f f icu l t country and to provide safe exit routes once the attack had been suff ic ient ly repulsed The tribes forced peace on the Br i t ish in Taranaki by besieging New Plymouth from north and south, raiding and destroying the local pakeha economy, and creating a cordon of pa close in to Br i t ish positions The whole strategy was underpinned by the circulation of warriors between the Waikato and Taranaki, enabling the chiefs to maintain a viable f ighting force 'and to partly overcome the great disadvantage of a tribal socio-economy in confl ict with a professional army '

In the Waikato War, Governor Grey managed to e l ic i t a peak imperial commitment of 12,000 professional so ld iers , 'more than was available for the defence of England at the

27

time ' Peak Maori strength was closer to 2000 men As Belich observes 1 the norm in Imperial warfare was European numerical infer ior i ty In New Zealand this situation was completely reversed' Again, 'a coherent strategy of effectively molesting Br i t ish l ines of supply from Auckland reduced the fighting force available to General Cameron in the f ield But, as in the Northern Wars and Taranaki before, it was the development of the modern pa that was the Maori trump card

Belich devotes considerable space to the characteristics of the modern pa and the engagements fought around and within it I ronical ly , he gives inadequate information on how such intricate structures could be buil t in a short time, of their effectiveness, however, he leaves no doubt They were usually built in carefully selected posi t ions, permitting safe exit when required, or - more usually - after a stinging rebuff had been delivered to the Br i t ish forces Tactical ly, they were trench systems, a response to superior enemy f i re power An outer fence performed a similar function to barbed wire, slowing an attack, whilst false ar t i l lery targets, such as v ir tual ly unmanned stockades, were sometimes constructed behind concealed r i f le trenches and ant i -ar t i l lery bunkers The Maom victory at Gate Pa in 1864 was won, astonishingly, when assaulting Br i t ish troops were massacred from these* hidden posi t ions, having advanced after an ar t i l lery bombardment roughly twenty times as intense as that of the in i t ia l assault on the Somme Here, says Belich ' i t is clear that the Maoris underwent a heavier bombardment in one day than the Germans did in seven '

Hence the author builds up an overwhelming case for the strength of Maori mil itary strategy and tact ics, effectively demolishing the received view that the natives were incapable of tribal cooperation and organised planning, and successful only in guerr i l la warfare situations In fact, Belich is prepared to give the label of 'guerr i l la leader' only to Te Kooti, whose military weakness was his fai lure to master the modern pa that other Maori leaders used so successfully He provides a convincing assessment of the very limited effectiveness of Br i t ish operations, even in the Waikato, the only war he s t i l l considers the European soldiers to have won The replacement of Grey reflects th i s , 'the most eminent of many scapegoats for Maori mil itary sk i l l and tenacity ' His reassessment of Te Kooti and his retrieval of the southern Taranaki chief Titokowaru from historical obscurity reveals the deep anxiety into which North Island pakeha settlements had been thrown in the late 1860s I t was l iquor, disease, land sel l ing and the act iv i t ies of the Maori Land Court which gradually broke Maori resistance, rather than imperial military prowess

Different readers will gain different insights from this superb book Those interested in military confl icts 'will revel in the detail with which the author describes each engagement, although they may wish that the paltry maps offered more detai l , and rue the complete absence of plans of battle si tes and pa construction Indeed, just how the Br i t ish gained the^r spatial understanding of al ien terri tory is rarely explained, although it is often made clear that i t was woefully inadequate Readers who begin the book sceptical of Bel ich 's aims will find a wealth of detailed substantiation, generous footnoting, and concluding remarks on the problems of one-sided evidence They may not always be sat isf ied with his claims that one source rather than another is ' rel iable 1 ! , nor with his increasingly frequent but polite berating of 'h is tor ians ' for fa i l ing to question the received version of events 'Historians have inherited ,it, not created i t ' , but nevertheless stand condemned by implication On the whole, however it is impossible to be other than impressed with the author's scholarship, grasp of deta i l , and wonderful turn of phrase And those who, l ike this reviewer, are interested in the wider implications of historical interpretation and cultural understanding, will enjoy the sk i l l with which Belich draws out these features of his story

His broader conclusions are fascinat ing, and some sobering The Br i t ish expected to win because of 'racial and national att iLudes that were part of the Victorian ethos ' But the Maori were remarkably successful along the way, enforcing a laundering of events by generally uncomprehending pakeha to accord with unswerving expectations Historians have fallen prey to this interpretation, although, interest ingly, Belich demonstrates that not all set t le rs , nor all Br i t ish commanders, believed it Thus, in 1864, the Otago Provincial Council declared, with reference to the cost of the Waikato War, ' i t s conviction that the province is unable to endure a burden imposed for unattainable ends ' Hence large areas of Maori autonomy persisted The author comments ' In the late nineteenth century an independent Maori state nearly two thirds

28

the size of Belgium existed in the middle of the North Island Not all historians have noticed i t ' His overall assessment of the wars is that they represent One of the most eff icient and effective resistance efforts ever mounted by a tribal people against European expansion' The fai lure to recognise this 'deprives New Zealanders of a terrible but important element of their history, obscures the true capacities of the Maori people, and helps conceal the grimmer real i t ies of New Zealand race relations

Some will regard such statements as being beyond the professional h is tor ian 's br ief , a travesty of the demands of careful scholarship But it i s because Belich builds his case so careful ly, and because he is prepared to explore i ts wider implic-ations so c lear ly, that this book is so absorbing It is this sort of scholarship that rescues history from l ibrary shelves to perform that most valuable of serv ices, to tel l us something about ourselves

There is a growing danger, part icularly in North Island centres, that the gathering momentum of recent in i t ia t ives embracing Maontanga will produce a backlash amongst pakehas The next phase in racial understanding in this country must therefore be based on better information and on a more adequate appreciation of cultural integrity than is presently the case Books such as this can help to provide that understanding and for that reason alone it is important that Bel ich 's work be read, rather than left to attain prominence by review and repute alone

Eric Pawson University of Canterbury

+ + + + + + + +

Tauiwi racism and ethnicity in New Zealand Edited by Ρ SpOOnley (and others) Palmerston North Dunmore Press (1984) 250 ρ $19 95

Tauiwi brings before the public papers which were read at the annual conference of the New Zealand Sociological Association in Auckland in 1983 The book is divided into four broad groupings of subject material action and reaction, does ethnicity count ' , ethnic s ta t is t ics and residential segregation, and pol i t ical economy, colonial ism, and migrant labour As these t i t les suggest, the flavour of the writing is heavily academic

One paper, by Jane Kelsey, is outstanding Entitled 'Legal imperialism and the colonisation of Aotearoa', i t contains an excellent summary of the historical back-g r o u n d s the Treaty of Waitangi, and an examination of the implications of the treaty for contemporary society The general reader, who is interested in racism and ethnicity but not to a masochistic degree, w i l l , however, often be irr i tated by the academic writing which pervades the book There are endless quotes from other sources, lots of jargon, and a timid avoidance of personal views

The work has some important points to make abut race relations in this country, but i ts format is such that it loses the chance to make them matter The following quote from Paul Spoonley's contribution, 'The pol i t ics of racism the New Zealand League of Rights' is a good i l lustrat ion of the inaccessibi l i ty of much of the content of the book

The dilemma is not easi ly solved as terms l ike left and r ight, or radical , are embedded in western pol i t ical culture, and as such they reflect commonly held dist inct ions New terms may simply add to the conceptual congestion of sociology For these reasons, the term radical right is used here, although i t does need to be acknowledged that the pol i t ical spectrum implied in such labels as left and right may be circular rather than l inear, with extremes Occupying simultaneously adjacent and distant positions ' (Rees ρ 8)

Perhaps it was never planned that the book should be anything but a collection of academic papers S t i l l , I can't help feeling that, i f the authors care about the issues they examine, they should get out of their ivory tower and put them to the people I t is the wider community in Aotearoa which needs to think about the effect of pakeha domination of Maori society, and, in view of the tensions which exist between the two ethnic groups, a retreat into academic isolat ion seems e culpable error

29

I am not the f i r s t to say i t , but it bears saying again Maori people agree that social policy decisions require an ,underpinning of research But we are tired of being put under the microscope by people to whom our situation is simply a chance to demonstrate their particular theoretical orientation This is part icularly offensive when, as in Tauiwi, the contributors are anxious to make clear that they are on the side of the angels on race relations issues

Buddy Mikaere Christchurch

+ + + + + + + +

Angela Bailara Proud to be ¡white? A survey of Pakeha prejudice in New Zealand

Auckland Heinemann, 1986 205 ρ $17 95

The content of this book is aptly stated in i ts subtit le it is a survey of Pakeha prejudice in New Zealand, and only that Angela Bailara has deliberately chosen to examine Pakeha racism ' in isolat ion from ¡the total historical context1 (p 168) in order to redress an imbalance which she has noted in other works on the development of New Zealand society

Her examination of 'Eurocentric racism' begins with a chronological account of European contact with and exploitation of the Maori She identif ies elements of racism in the attitude of the missionaries to the Maori, and then moves on to look at European set t lers , the Treaty of Waitangi, the New Zealand wars, and subsequent alienation of Maori land But when she reaches the turn of the century, she abandons this chronological approach There follow chapters which deal with particular themes the Maori language, the colour bar, cultural exploitation, the Hunn Report, and the urbanisation of the Maori

The change in method is quite disturbing The book begins with an historical analysis Although a lot of old ground is covered, there is a fresh approach in the emphasis on racist attitudes and their or igin in the economic, b io logical , theological and philosophical theories of nineteenth century New Zealanders of Br i t ish birth

In comparison, the chapters which follow seem excessively impressionistic I t is not that one feels Angela Bal lara 's perceptions are incorrect or biased, but that one learns l i t t le from having read them Most of us are far too familiar already with playground prejudice, self-r ighteous letters to the editor and racist conversation in ' c i v i l i sed ' dining rooms Bal lara 's stated aims of examining 'the nature and development of ethnocentric prejudice' and attempting 'to review and explain the fact of Eurocentric racial prejudice' seem to have gone out the window, at least so far as any examination of development or explanation of fact i s concerned We are left with a bald statement of the situation as i t is and was with l i t t le real analysis of changes and developments which have taken place in racist thought since the nineteenth century Indeed, many of these thematic chapters jump from one decade to another as though there were no developments or changes to explore And yet, somehow, (miraculously7) , we have reached the beginning of the age of multi-culturalism, or , at least, so i t is suggested at the conclusion of the book However, Angela Bailara is not so naive as to believe 'that a multi-cultured Utopia is near1 As she states in her final paragraph, 'the implementation of pol i t ical and economic policies permitting Maori cultural autonomy is s t i l l in i ts infancy ' One reads th i s , and feels sorry that she has not taken her work a step further and examined more closely the impact of the European economy on the shaping of New Zealand society In the chapter entitled "The negative image" the question of whether i t is possible to retain a Maori cultural identity and at the same time 'succeed' in European economic terms is skirted round, but not resolved Perhaps the author's abandonment of the historical context was a mistake concessions of government in the 1970s and 1980s, alongside concessions to other economically disadvantaged groups such as women and the physically and intel lectual ly handicapped, is surely the key to an understanding of the changes in attitude which have been expressed in the last decade Racism cannot be isolated from the wider social and economic issues of any time, and in the 1980s one cannot help but feel that the pr inci-ple of multi-cultural ism s i t s uneasily alongside the new dogma of market f lex ib i l i ty

30

Proud to be white, although often superf ic ia l , is a powerful statement about the existence and nature of racism in this country I ts impact on the general reader, for whom i t is intended, might perhaps be best assessed by someone without historical training Angela Bailara has sought te l l ing quotes to increase the work's readabil i ty, and these have tempted her to ignore historical methodology An historian would find her habit of quoting an individual to support a generalisation about a group a dangerous technique The great missionary and bishop Octavius Hadfield refers to the eloquence of letters written by Maoris and of how they were rendered into simpl ist ic English by translators who wished 'to produce an impression on the public mind that the Natives were incapable of expressing their opinions in proper language' (p 94) This raises serious doubts about the conclusions drawn in another chapter about the missionaries being the exponents of European culture (and not simply i ts rel igious aspects), and demeaners of 'savage ignorance'

One day Proud to be white will be a fruit ful source for somebody studying l iberal pakeha thought in the seventies and eighties In the shorter term i t will provide rudi-mentary historical knowledge about racism in New Zealand to those who are delving into the subject for the f i r s t time

Kay Sanderson Alexander Turnbull Library

Barry Gustafson The first 50 years a history of the New Zealand National Party Auckland Reed Methuen, 1986 407 ρ $49 95

Gustafson i s the f i r s t to attempt a serious history of the National Party, the dominant force in post-war New Zealand pol i t ics This party, founded in 1936, became the government a mere 13 years later, and has governed for 29 of the 38 years since Clearly i t has a history which requires, and deserves, close analysis

The sources for such a history are available as Gustafson's bibliography demon-strates Organisational records at central, d iv is iona l , and local level ex is t , as do caucus records, private papers, and the memories and opinions (however fa l l ib le) of many of those involved in the party 's history

I f there i s no shortage of material, there are substantial problems in i t s use Access to the more sensit ive records of a pol i t ical party for a period which through-out, s t i l l has i t s survivors i s not l ike ly to be easi ly gained by someone thought to be unsympathetic to that party Gustafson was, for a long time a Labour Party act iv is t Nevertheless, his claim ' to stand outside the party I am describing' seems a l i t t l e disingenuous in the l ight of his subsequent selection as a National Party candidate

Gustafson i s , however, no party hack but rather a pol i t ical scient ist of some standing This makes all the less acceptable the many factual errors in his work Winston Peters, for example, i s described as one of the 'three MPs of Maori descent' elected in 1975 Later he i s correctly described as being f i r s t elected in 1978 As th is election was the subject of a major court case, the original error is all the more inexcusable Alex Gordon is described as resigning as President in November 1943, elsewhere the date i s February 1944 On page 207 S i r James Barnes is credited with winning St Kilda in 1949, and, on the very next page, is credited, correctly, with winning the seat in 1951 David Caygill i s purported to have switched from National to Labour as the result of the growth of the Labour presence on university campuses in the early 1960s For somebody who did not enter university until 1968 that seems a l i t t l e improbable Incidental ly, he was never the chairman of the Canterbury-Westland div is ion of the Junior Nationals, as Gustafson claims

Such errors may be put down, at least in part, to the extraordinary time pressure involved in the production of a book which had to be finished within the space of two years But i t i s questionable whether more time would have enabled Gustafson to remedy the fundamental analytical and structural weaknesses of the work Bob Jones perhaps goes too far when, in the New Outlook of September 1986, he describes the book as a 'chocolate box portrayal' of the National Party The description of the way in which Keith Holyoake was financed on to a farm so he could move from Motueka (which he lost in 1938) to Pahiatua (which he won in 1943) i s fascinat ing, and, along with a few other examples, a demonstration of a true academic impulse

31

The book fa i l s at two fundamental levels F i r s t , despite the fact that Gustafson real ises the importance of organisation, refers to i t frequently throughout, and devotes over 100 pages to a description of i t , in the end he f a i l s to explain the reason for National 's organisational success I t i s one thing to describe the success of the phenomenal Tom Wilkes in expanding membership and setting up branches in the late 1930s I t is quite another to explain it Anyone involved in a pol i t ical party knows that i t i s relat ively easy to set up meetings, and plan for expansion in numbers and finance, but quite another to achieve the goals that have been set In other words, even allow-ing for the exceptional s k i l l s of Wilkes and others (and Gustafson does tend to run out of adjectives when describing the excellence of those connected with the National Party) what has to be explained i s how it was possible to build up so rapidly such a formidable party machine

To explain the phenomenon would have required an examination of the nature of National 's (changing) core support base over the last 50 years, and an analysis of the kinds of networks which have sustained the party through both success and adversity Gustafson might be led to some rather less than sugary conclusions about the reasons for the short tenure of modern Labour governments which are related to the ab i l i ty of those networks to undermine National 's opponents when in off ice - part icularly in provincial marginal seats

Such an analysis would also expose the other fundamental weakness in this book a superficial study of the ideology of the National Party, how that ideology compares with the party 's performance in of f ice, and the perceived needs and desires of i t s support base For Gustafson to look squarely at these matters would involve him in a question-ing of whether the party 's claim to be the champion of rugged individualism is somewhat hollow After a l l , over 40 percent of National MPs have been farmers, scarcely the group least inclined to seek government 'assistance' And of National 's four prime ministers, two have been financed on to farms for pol i t ical reasons by friends within the party Worst of a l l , Muldoonism might be seen as the logical outcome of the f i r s t f i f ty years rather than some temporary aberration

Gustafson provides a convenient summary of the main outlines of the party 's history He provides an exceptionally useful set of biographies of al l 177 National MPs, and an equal number of key organisational f igures But New Zealand's predominant post-war pol i t ical force s t i l l awaits comprehensive study

Michael Cullen Μ Ρ for St Kilda

John McLeod Myth and reality the New Zealand soldier m World War II Auckland Reed Methuen, 1986 204 ρ $29 95

World War I I made al l the papers, and many New Zealanders remember i t well My own baby-boom generation was raised on the myths of 'the War' As children we were in awe of 'returned blokes' , and often puzzled by their reticence when we asked the obvious question 'How many Germans did you k i l l 7 ' We were shocked when Japanese cars were brought into New Zealand, and any man who had not served overseas needed a damn good reason to avoid incurring our youthful disdain

New Zealand's presence on the Al l ied side seemed to us the lynchpin on which victory was based, and we subscribed wholeheartedly to the universal truth that 'the New Zealand soldier was the best in the world '

That truth risked di lut ion over the years as I read of defeats in Greece and Crete, of the furlough draft ' scanda l ' , of conscientious objectors, and did my own National Service I t was then that I realised that to don a uniform and become involved in the mil i tary was to conform, and that to take the road which conscience might dictate could indeed be to take the harsher route

My generation, then, i s probably ready for John McLeod's examination of the 'Kiwi soldier myth', but we can understand why our parents are not McLeod, a professional soldier, has shown much courage in using his historical training to produce an account of the real i ty of war He puts the existing 'of f ic ia l and semi-off íc iaV war histor ies in context, not unkindly, with his comment that at least one historian was removed from the task because of incompatibility with the 'aims' of the history

32

Myth and reality has an impressive bibliography in which real i ty must outweigh myth The written archives have been extensively raided, and there have been inter-views with old soldiers Oral history sound recordings would also have proved useful The book makes New Zealand involvement understandable to a modern generation which i s far more cosmopolitan in background than was the generation of 1940 Recruitment, t ra in ing, batt les, the ' ind iscret ions ' of 2nd Ν Ζ Ε F men, and the furlough draft 'mutiny' are covered A chapter i s devoted to General Freyberg

The material on the individual in battle i s gleaned from personal let ters, inter-views, and the f ield medical reports The latter give f igures not found in unit histor ies 11 percent of Pacif ic soldiers suffered involuntary bowel movements prior to battle, 6 71 percent of I tal ian campaign casualt ies in 1944 had venereal disease Such information i s important in humanising the New Zealand soldier, and does much to rid us of pointless mythology Figures on desertion and absence without leave show that the 2nd Ν Ζ Ε F men were better soldiers than most Desertion f igures were higher in I ta ly than elsewhere, perhaps because the temptations were greater One more unexpected f igure - over 35 percent of New Zealand males were medically unfit for over-seas service

But s ta t i s t i cs , while not always l i e s , are a dry discip l ine While McLeod has described the sheer unpleasantness of war and the human need to survive as comfortably as possib le, he has not neglected to show the frequent nobi l i ty and sacr i f ice of the 'common soldier ' His access to the papers of Kippenberger and other staff off icers allows him to draw less than f lattering pictures of some of the brass And his naming of names will not endear him to the 'old Digs ' who s t i l l show great loyalty to their commanders whether they were right or wrong The author's own military training en-courages him to analyse battles in the l ight of what the textbooks say The off icers who appeared to make bad decisions might notagree with him, but i t i s too late now to hear their defence

McLeod analyses, in balanced fashion, the early 'defeats' of the 2nd Ν Ζ Ε F 'Greece and Crete demonstrated that heroism and bravery could not compensate for in -experience, inadequate leadership, and limited training Most importantly, they contradict the idea that, put in uniform, the New Zealander automatically and immedi-ately becomes an undefeatable and magnificent soldier '

Myth and reality i s an attractive book (why, though, not put dates to all photo-graphs 7) and John McLeod has presented a history which is fairer than most R S A members are prepared to admit

The book will not be put in the extensive l ibrary of my local R S A I think i t should The New Zealand soldier has nothing to be ashamed of The blame really l ies with those of us who give war a respect, and thus a mythology, i t does not deserve

Jim Sul l ivan, Timaru

* * *

THE J,M, SHERRARD AWARDS IN NEW ZEALAND REGIONAL HISTORY

T h e s e a w a r d s were s e t up t o commemorate t h e work o f t h e l a t e J o h n ( J a c k ) M c A r a S h e r r a r d , a u t h o r o f Kaikoura, A History of the District ( 1 9 6 6 ) , a n d a r e o f f e r e d t o e n c o u r a g e s t u d i e s i n New Z e a l a n d r e g i o n a l h i s t o r y .

M a j o r a w a r d w i n n e r s f o r p u b l i c a t i o n s l i s t e d i n t h e National Bibliography, 1 9 8 4 a n d 1 9 8 5 w e r e :

M a r y B . B o y d , city of the Plains : a history of Hastings. V i c t o r i a U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s f o r H a s t i n g s C i t y C o u n c i l , W e l l i n g t o n , 1 9 8 4 .

A . J . D r e a v e r . Horowhenua County and i t s people : a centennial history. Dunmore P r e s s f o r H o r o w h e n u a C o u n t y C o u n c i l , P a l m e r s t o n N o r t h , 1 9 8 4 .

D a r r e l L a t h a m . The golden reefs .- an account of the great days of quartz-mining

at Reefton, waiuta and the Lyeii. P e g a s u s P r e s s , C h r i s t c h u r c h , 1 9 8 4 .

The a w a r d was f o u n d e d t o h o n o u r t h e work o f a p a r t - t i m e , n o n - u n i v e r s i t y h i s t o r i a n . The p r i m a r y p u r p o s e i s t o e n c o u r a g e p e r s o n s s i m i l a r l y p l a c e d t o a i m a t h i g h s t a n d a r d s o f r e s e a r c h a n d p r e s e n t a t i o n . A l t h o u g h a c a d e m i c h i s t o r i a n s a r e n o t e x c l u d e d , t h e i r wo rk i s e x p e c t e d t o r e f l e c t t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a n d i n g a n d t h e g r e a t e r r e s o u r c e s a t t h e i r d i s p o s a l .

T h e r e i s no n e e d t o s e n d i n f o r m a l e n t r i e s . T i t l e s a r e t a k e n f r o m t h e National Bibliography f o r t h e y e a r s c o n c e r n e d . The n e x t r o u n d o f j u d g i n g w i l l be i n 1 9 8 8 f o r w o r k s i n c l u d e d i n t h e National Bibliography i n 1 9 8 6 and 1 9 8 7 .

F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n may be o b t a i n e d f r o m J i m G a r d n e r , J . M . S h e r r a r d A w a r d s , H i s t o r i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n ( C a n t e r b u r y ) , c / o C a n t e r b u r y U n i v e r s i t y .

oOOo

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COMMITTEE CONVENORS

Archival education and training

Business archives

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Records Management

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Cathy Marr C / - National Archives, P.O. Box 6148, Wellington

Alison Fraser 5 Pimble Avenue, Karori

Beverley Booth C / - Hocken Library, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin

Kay Matthews Education Department, University of Waikato, Private Bag, Hamilton

SPOKESPERSONS

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Brad Patterson 20 Khyber Road, Seatoun, Wellington

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BRANCH CHAIRPERSONS

Rachel Li 1 burn C / - National Archives, P.O. Box 2220, Auckland

Caroline Etherington C / - National Archives, P.O. Box 1308, Christchurch

C / - Keith Carwell-Cooke, Massey University, Palmerston North

Peter Mi l ler C / - Hocken Library, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin

David Retter C / - Alexander Turnbull Library, P.O. Box 12-349, Wellington

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P . O . B o x 1 1 - 5 5 3 , M a n n e r s S t r e e t , W e l l i n g t o n , N . Z .

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ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ASSOCIATION OF NEW ZEALAND

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D a v i d R e t t e r

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c / - H o c k e n L i b r a r y

P . O . B o x 5 6 , D u n e d i n

42 C a r r i n g t o n S t r e e t ,

New P l y m o u t h

20 K h y b e r R o a d , S e a t o u n , W e l l i n g t o n

5 8 Beauchamp S t r e e t ,

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P . O . B o x 1 1 - 5 5 3 , M a n n e r s S t r e e t , W e l l i n g t o n

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57 F o x S t r e e t , N g a i o , Wei 1 i n g t o n

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S o u t h e r n R e g i o n a l O f f i c e ,

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P . O . B o x 2 8 - 0 1 1 , W e l l i n g t o n

c / - N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s , P . O . B o x 6 1 4 8 , Te A r o , Wei 1 i n g t o n

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