architect: khr a/s e.phil & son as headquarters natvent back to “select a building” back to...

Architect: KHR A/SArchitect: KHR A/SArchitect: KHR A/SArchitect: KHR A/S

E.Phil & Son AS headquarters

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Presentation Presentation of the buildingof the building

Ventilation Ventilation strategy & strategy & technologytechnology

ConclusionsConclusions

E. Pihl & Son AS E. Pihl & Son AS BuildingBuilding

More More information...information...

Summer Summer monitoringmonitoring

Winter Winter monitoringmonitoring

Monitoring Monitoring set-upset-up

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Building Presentation (1...)

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E. Pihl & Son is a major contractor in Denmark. The company Headquarters is located in Lyngby, about 10 kilometres

north of Copenhagen City in a suburban environment. The office building was completed in 1993/94.

The building is a three-storey office building. The building is angled in a diagonal symmetry. The corridors are sky-lit galleries. The building is specifically designed for natural ventilation. The facade of the building is brickwork and glass while the roof and the

internal walls are in situ concrete.

The floor area is about 2.700 m2

2.000 m2 (75%) is offices and meeting rooms 400 m2 (15%) is circulation area 200 m2 is canteen and 100 m2 is toilets and cloakrooms

E. Pihl & Son is a major contractor in Denmark. The company Headquarters is located in Lyngby, about 10 kilometres

north of Copenhagen City in a suburban environment. The office building was completed in 1993/94.

The building is a three-storey office building. The building is angled in a diagonal symmetry. The corridors are sky-lit galleries. The building is specifically designed for natural ventilation. The facade of the building is brickwork and glass while the roof and the

internal walls are in situ concrete.

The floor area is about 2.700 m2

2.000 m2 (75%) is offices and meeting rooms 400 m2 (15%) is circulation area 200 m2 is canteen and 100 m2 is toilets and cloakrooms

Building presentation (2...)

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CanteenCanteenCanteenCanteen

2-storey foyer2-storey foyer2-storey foyer2-storey foyerOffice wing, north-Office wing, north-

west facadewest facadeOffice wing, north-Office wing, north-

west facadewest facade


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typical floor plan

Corridors with skylightsCorridors with skylightsCorridors with skylightsCorridors with skylights

CanteenCanteenCanteenCanteen

Two-storey foyer Two-storey foyer with glazed facadewith glazed facadeTwo-storey foyer Two-storey foyer

with glazed facadewith glazed facade

Main entranceMain entranceMain entranceMain entrance

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Building presentation (5|)

internal view Generally the internal concrete walls and ceilings are exposed. The

thermal mass of the building can be characterised as heavy. Internal steel frames support stairways, skylights, fittings and other

permanent furnishings

Generally the internal concrete walls and ceilings are exposed. The thermal mass of the building can be characterised as heavy.

Internal steel frames support stairways, skylights, fittings and other permanent furnishings

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E. Pihl & Son required an office building of high quality and the technical installations should be simple and hidden yet effective and advanced.

The building is specifically designed for natural ventilation. In the design stage for the ventilation the architects and engineers took into account:

not only the thermally generated pressures, but also the wind induced pressures.

Knowledge and ideas from traditional buildings in the tropics were taken into consideration including the principles developed for the Danish pavilion at the Sevilla fair.

E. Pihl & Son required an office building of high quality and the technical installations should be simple and hidden yet effective and advanced.

The building is specifically designed for natural ventilation. In the design stage for the ventilation the architects and engineers took into account:

not only the thermally generated pressures, but also the wind induced pressures.

Knowledge and ideas from traditional buildings in the tropics were taken into consideration including the principles developed for the Danish pavilion at the Sevilla fair.

Ventilation strategy & aims (1...)

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Ventilation strategy (2...)

for summer comfort

In summertime the risk of overheating is reduced by intensive ventilation: The intensive ventilation is completely natural and is based on the

opening of windows in the façade. Mechanical ventilation is only used in the meeting rooms, toilets, canteen and main foyer

The windows are partly controlled mechanically and partly controlled automatically.

The intensive ventilation of the offices is based on cross ventilation and single sided ventilation (when the internal doors are closed).

Under certain conditions the vertical skylights open automatically. In which case stack effects are one of the driving natural forces.

During periods when stack effects are not strong enough to drive the natural ventilation regime , two extraction fans on the roof are turned on. Under extreme conditions, the system is fan-assisted.

The solar gains are reduced to a certain degree by the use of internal blinds.

In summertime the risk of overheating is reduced by intensive ventilation: The intensive ventilation is completely natural and is based on the

opening of windows in the façade. Mechanical ventilation is only used in the meeting rooms, toilets, canteen and main foyer

The windows are partly controlled mechanically and partly controlled automatically.

The intensive ventilation of the offices is based on cross ventilation and single sided ventilation (when the internal doors are closed).

Under certain conditions the vertical skylights open automatically. In which case stack effects are one of the driving natural forces.

During periods when stack effects are not strong enough to drive the natural ventilation regime , two extraction fans on the roof are turned on. Under extreme conditions, the system is fan-assisted.

The solar gains are reduced to a certain degree by the use of internal blinds.

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for summer comfort

The ordinary windows in the offices are manually controlled. The windows must be closed during night-time due to security reasons.

Vertical openings in the skylights and ...

Roof fans are automatically activated at an internal temperature of 26 °C measured in the two-storey foyer

…ventilation openings located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windows in the offices are equipped with electronic actuators. The openings can be left open during night-time.

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for indoor air quality The indoor air quality during the

office hours in winter and summer time is controlled by the occupants:

Occupants can improve the air quality by opening the windows.

There is no automatic control related to the IAQ.

The indoor air quality during the office hours in winter and summer time is controlled by the occupants:

Occupants can improve the air quality by opening the windows.

There is no automatic control related to the IAQ.

Manually controlled Manually controlled openable windowsopenable windows

Manually controlled Manually controlled openable windowsopenable windows

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Ventilation devices - OFFICES:

specially designed multi-position ventilation openings: located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windows motorised for manual and automatic control

Ventilation devices - CORRIDORS:

openable skylights: motorised for both manual and automatic control

two extract fans located on the roof integrated with the skylights intended for use in case the natural driving forces are insufficient

The control system (I-BUS, “intelligent house”) controls: the ventilation openings the heating system the artificial lighting the solar shading

Ventilation devices - OFFICES:

specially designed multi-position ventilation openings: located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windows motorised for manual and automatic control

Ventilation devices - CORRIDORS:

openable skylights: motorised for both manual and automatic control

two extract fans located on the roof integrated with the skylights intended for use in case the natural driving forces are insufficient

The control system (I-BUS, “intelligent house”) controls: the ventilation openings the heating system the artificial lighting the solar shading

Ventilation technology (5...)

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High positioned, motorised High positioned, motorised ventilation openings...ventilation openings...

High positioned, motorised High positioned, motorised ventilation openings...ventilation openings...

Ventilation technology (6...) open plan office

……located in narrow window bands located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windowsabove the ordinary windows

……located in narrow window bands located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windowsabove the ordinary windows

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In the offices, internal solar In the offices, internal solar shading is motorised aluminium shading is motorised aluminium

blindsblinds

In the offices, internal solar In the offices, internal solar shading is motorised aluminium shading is motorised aluminium

blindsblinds

Ventilation technology (7...) single office

Most offices facing north-west Most offices facing north-west have large highly glazed have large highly glazed facades.facades.

Most offices facing north-west Most offices facing north-west have large highly glazed have large highly glazed facades.facades.

Motorised ventilation openings ...Motorised ventilation openings ...Motorised ventilation openings ...Motorised ventilation openings ...

… … and manually controlled and manually controlled openable windowsopenable windows

… … and manually controlled and manually controlled openable windowsopenable windows

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Vertical skylight in the Vertical skylight in the open position (~45open position (~45))

Vertical skylight in the Vertical skylight in the open position (~45open position (~45))

One of two extract fans One of two extract fans located on the rooflocated on the roof

One of two extract fans One of two extract fans located on the rooflocated on the roof

Ventilation technology (8|) corridors

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Monitoring set-up

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Office 1

Office 2

Office 5

Office 3

Office 4

Office 1

Office 2

Office 3

Office 5

Investigated offices:

Five offices on the second floor were chosen for the monitoring

Office 1: 20 m2 cellular office Office 2: Office 3: 14 m2 each Office 4: Office 5: 16 m2, 2 persons

Investigated offices:

Five offices on the second floor were chosen for the monitoring

Office 1: 20 m2 cellular office Office 2: Office 3: 14 m2 each Office 4: Office 5: 16 m2, 2 persons

Office 4

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Summer monitoring (1...) Indoor (average of 4 offices) & outdoor

temperatures during a three months period

Text.

Tint.

The internal temperatures is often > 25°C and even > 28°C, while the external temperature is far much lower.

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Summer monitoring (2...) measurements in office 1

Tint.

Air Supply

= Intensive night ventilation ( up to 15 l/s.m²).

Text.

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Summer monitoring (3...) results of measurements in office 1

Tint.

CO2-conc.

Air Supply

The IAQ during the office hours is good: The CO2-concentrations are very low: max.450 ppm (= far below the limit concentration of 1200ppm) due to the quite high air supply (intensive ventilation).

During the weekend the internal CO2-concentration equals the outdoor CO2-conc: no occupation.

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In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their office. One questionnaire concerned the summer season in general and the other concerned one week in particular (in the summer season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out.

Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions (temperature, air movement etc.) by placing vertical marks on dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most positive (comfortable, fresh etc.) to most negative (uncomfortable, stuffy etc.). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the distance along each line from most positive to the occupant’s mark. For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range 0-100.

The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the summer season in general.

In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their office. One questionnaire concerned the summer season in general and the other concerned one week in particular (in the summer season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out.


The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the summer season in general.

Summer monitoring (4…)

Questionnaires

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42

41

42

26

29

25

54

39

0 20 40 60 80 100

Temperature

Air movement

Air quality

Odour intensity

Acceptability

Light

Noise

Overall comfort

Comfortable

Fresh

Comfortable

Uncomfortable

Uncomfortable

Stuffy

Satisfactory

Satisfactory

Satisfactory

Unsatisfactory

Unsatisfactory

Unsatisfactory

Odourless Smelly

Acceptable Not acceptable

Temperature

Air movement

Air quality

Odour intensity

Acceptability

Light

Noise

Overall comfort

Averages of about 50 occupants ratings of various environmental conditions in their office during working hours.

Summer monitoring (5...) Questionnaires

Due to internal noise

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Thermal comfort in summer:

Despite the intensive ventilation, internal temperatures are often too high (>28°C). This problem is due to:

Large solar gains: the building has large glazed areas and limited shading device (internal blinds)

Problems with the control system were encountered. Most problematic was it, that the automatic opening of both the skylights and the vents in the offices was unreliable, leading to an inefficient night-time cooling effect and hence, elevated temperatures in the offices from early morning.


Despite the intensive ventilation, internal temperatures are often too high (>28°C). This problem is due to:



Summer monitoring (6...) Findings

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… However, the occupants expressed only limited dissatisfaction with the thermal environment. Presumably, the occupants themselves, together with the manager in charge of the technical installations, were able to manually control both the ventilation openings and the internal blinds and thereby quickly obtain acceptable conditions. High internal air velocities can partly compensate for the high indoor temperature. The high level of user satisfaction is attributable to the availability of manuals controls.

Indoor Air Quality:

The IAQ can be considered as good: The measured CO2 - concentrations are low.


… However, the occupants expressed only limited dissatisfaction with the thermal environment. Presumably, the occupants themselves, together with the manager in charge of the technical installations, were able to manually control both the ventilation openings and the internal blinds and thereby quickly obtain acceptable conditions. High internal air velocities can partly compensate for the high indoor temperature. The high level of user satisfaction is attributable to the availability of manuals controls.

Indoor Air Quality:

The IAQ can be considered as good: The measured CO2 - concentrations are low.

Summer monitoring (7|) Findings

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Winter monitoring (1...) Indoor (average of 4 offices) & outdoor

temperatures during a two months period

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The internal temperature is comfortable (21°C-23°C). During the weekends the heating power is reduced.

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CO2 concentration outdoor and indoor. Indoor CO2 is averaged from recordings taken simultaneously in office 3, 4 and 5.

Winter monitoring (2...) CO2 concentration

Outdoor CO2-conc.

Indoor CO2-conc.

The IAQ during the office hours is good: The CO2-concentrations are below the limit concentration of 1200ppm.

During the weekend the internal CO2-concentration equals the outdoor CO2-concentration

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Winter monitoring (3...) results of measurements in office 5

Limited air supply, to control the IAQ

The IAQ during the office hours is acceptable: The indoor CO2 -concentrations are below the limit concentration of 1200ppm.

Outdoor CO2-conc.

Indoor CO2-conc.

Air supply

During the weekend the air supply could be more limited, to reduce the energy losses

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Winter monitoring (4...) Questionnaires

In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their office. One questionnaire concerned the winter season in general and the other concerned one week in particular (in the winter season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out.


The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the winter season in general.

In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their office. One questionnaire concerned the winter season in general and the other concerned one week in particular (in the winter season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out.


The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the winter season in general.

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Averages of about 75 occupants ratings of various environmental conditions in their office during working hours:

26

33

35

28

26

22

43

32

0 20 40 60 80 100

Temperature

Air movement

Air quality

Odour intensity

Acceptability

Light

Noise

Overall comfort

Comfortable

Fresh

Comfortable

Uncomfortable

Uncomfortable

Stuffy

Satisfactory

Satisfactory

Satisfactory

Unsatisfactory

Unsatisfactory

Unsatisfactory

Odourless Smelly

Acceptable Not acceptable

Temperature

Air movement

Air quality

Odour intensity

Acceptability

Light

Noise

Overall comfort

Winter monitoring (5...) Questionnaires

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Winter indoor conditions are comfortable During occupancy period the indoor temperature in the offices is

between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO2 concentration is about 800-1000 ppm and outdoor supply equals air change rates of about 2-5 times per hour.

During weekends and out of office hours the indoor temperature drops to about 20 ºC, the CO2 concentration to near background level (400 ppm) and the air supply to close to zero. However the energy consumption can be optimised by reducing the ventilation losses during the weekends.

The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time. In the summer-time, the thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter.


between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO2 concentration is about 800-1000 ppm and outdoor supply equals air change rates of about 2-5 times per hour.


The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time. In the summer-time, the thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter.

Winter monitoring (6|) Findings

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Conclusions (1...)

Findings from summer monitoring

Thermal summer comfort:

Despite the high ventilation levels, internal temperatures are frequently too high (>28°C). This problem is due to:



Findings from summer monitoring

Thermal summer comfort:

Despite the high ventilation levels, internal temperatures are frequently too high (>28°C). This problem is due to:



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Conclusions (2|)

Findings from winter monitoring


between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO2 concentration is about 800-1000 ppm and fresh air supplies between 2 and 5 air changes per hour.


The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time.In the summer-time, thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter.

Findings from winter monitoring


between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO2 concentration is about 800-1000 ppm and fresh air supplies between 2 and 5 air changes per hour.


The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time.In the summer-time, thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter.

More information...

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Find more information on the PROBE building in the following documents:

\Reports \Monitoring Reports \Summary Reports\dk1summ.pdf global presentation of the buildings (4p./building) contents: building description - ventilation strategy and technology -

winter and summer monitoring results - conclusions

\Reports \Monitoring Reports \Detailed Reports\dk1det.pdf detailed reports of all 19 monitoring campaigns (20p./campaign) contents: monitoring set up - analysis of results - conclusions

Find more information on the PROBE building in the following documents:

\Reports \Monitoring Reports \Summary Reports\dk1summ.pdf global presentation of the buildings (4p./building) contents: building description - ventilation strategy and technology -

winter and summer monitoring results - conclusions

\Reports \Monitoring Reports \Detailed Reports\dk1det.pdf detailed reports of all 19 monitoring campaigns (20p./campaign) contents: monitoring set up - analysis of results - conclusions

You can read and print pdf-files with the Acrobat® Reader ®3.0. Program. This program is free.

Download it from the Acrobat web site: www.adobe.com OR run the installation file ar32e301(1).exe in the directory \Installation

You can read and print pdf-files with the Acrobat® Reader ®3.0. Program. This program is free.

Download it from the Acrobat web site: www.adobe.com OR run the installation file ar32e301(1).exe in the directory \Installation

architect: khr a/s e.phil & son as headquarters natvent back to “select a building” back to...

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