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Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
Scheda Madre con Bus PCI/ISA disposto verticalmente
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
Architettura tipica di un sistema a microprocessore moderno
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
Architettura tipica di un sistema basato su processore AMD ATHLON
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
BUS A CONFRONTOStandard Typical uses Burst DTR Outlook
ISA Sound cards, modems
2 MBps to 8.33 MBps
Expected to be phasedout by late 1999
EISA Network, SCSI adapters
33 MBps Almost entirely phasedout; superseded by PCI
PCI Graphics cards, SCSI adapters, new generation sound cards
266 MBps Standard add-inperipheral bus for the foreseeable future
AGP Graphics cards 528 MBps Standard in all Intel-based PCs from the Pentium II; co-exists withPCI
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
Diagramma di un processore reale di ultima generazione
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
Type/Generation
Year Data/Address
bus width
Level 1 Cache(KB)
Memorybus speed
(MHz)
Internalclockspeed(MHz)8088/
First 1979 8/20 bit None 4.77-8 4.77-8
8086/First
1978 16/20 bit None 4.77-8 4.77-8
80286/Second
1982 16/24 bit None 6-20 6-20
80386DX/Third
1985 32/32 bit None 16-33 16-33
80386SX/Third
1988 16/32 bit 8 16-33 16-33
80486DX/Fourth
1989 32/32 bit 8 25-50 25-50
80486SX/Fourth
1989 32/32 bit 8 25-50 25-50
80486DX2/Fourth
1992 32/32 bit 8 25-40 50-80
80486DX4/Fourth
1994 32/32 bit 8+8 25-40 75-120
Pentium/Fifth
1993 64/32 bit 8+8 60-66 60-200
MMX/Fifth
1997 64/32 bit 16+16 66 166-233
Pentium Pro/Sixth
1995 64/36 bit 8+8 66 150-200
Pentium II/Sixth
1997 64/36 bit 16+16 66 233-300
Pentium II/Sixth
1998 64/36 bit 16+16 66/100 300-450
Pentium III/Sixth
1999 64/36 bit 16+16 100 450-600
AMD Athlon/Seventh
1999 64/36 bit 64+64 100-200+ 500-600+
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
Date Codename Transistors Fabrication (µm) Speed (MHz)
1993 P5 3,100,000 0.80 60/66
1994 P54 3,200,000 0.50 75/90/100/120
1995 P54 3,300,000 0.35 120/133
1996 P54 3,300,000 0.35 150/166/200
Date Codename Transistors L2 Cache Fabrication (µm) Speed (MHz)
1995 P6 5,500,000 256/512KB 0.50 150
1995 P6 5,500,000 256/512KB 0.35 160/180/200
1997 P6 5,500,000 1MB 0.35 200
Date Codename Transistors Fabrication (µm) Speed (MHz)
1997 P55 4,500,000 0.28 166/200/233
1998 P55 4,500,000 0.25 266
Date Codename Transistors Fabrication (µm) Speed (MHz)
1997 Klamath 7,500,000 0.28 233/266/300
1998 Deschutes 4,500,000 0.25 333/350/400
Date Codename Transistors Fabrication (µm) Speed (MHz)
1998 Covington 7,500,000 0.25 266/300
1998 Mendocino 19,000,000 0.25 300A/333
1999 Mendocino 19,000,000 0.25 366 to 500
2000 Mendocino 19,000,000 0.18 566 to 700
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
PC100 PC133 DDRSDRAM
SLDRAM BaseRambus
Concurrent
Rambus
DirectRambus
Announced
Frequency(MHz)
100 133 200/266 800 700 700 600/800
MaximumBandwidth
(GBps)
0.80 1.00 1.6/2.1 1.60 0.70 0.70 1.2/1.6
ExpectedBandwidth
(GBps)
0.50 1.00 0.9/1.2 unknown 0.40 0.50 1.1/1.5
Efficiency(%)
65 60 60 unknown 60 80 97
Data Width(bits)
64 64 64 16 8/9 8/9 16/18
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
TECNOLOGIA ATA/ATAPI
Specification ATA ATA-2 ATA-3 ATA/ATAPI-4 ATA/ATAPI-5
Max Transfer Modes
PIO 1 PIO 4DMA 2
PIO 4DMA 2
PIO 4DMA 2
UDMA 2
PIO 4DMA 2
UDMA 4
Max Transfer Rate
4 MBps 16 MBps 16 MBps 33 MBps 66 MBps
Max Connections
2 2 2 2 per cable 2 per cable
Cable Required 40-pin 40-pin 40-pin 40-pin 40-pin, 80-conductor
CRC No No No Yes Yes
Introduced 1981 1994 1996 1997 1999
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
TECNOLOGIA SCSISCSI version Signalling
rate (MHz)Bus width
(bits)Max. DTR
(MBps)Max.
devicesMax. cablelength
SCSI-1 5 8 5 7 6m
SCSI-2 5 8 5 7 6m
Wide SCSI 5 16 10 15 6m
Fast SCSI 10 8 10 7 6m
Fast Wide SCSI 10 16 20 15 6m
Ultra SCSI 20 8 20 7 1.5m
Ultra SCSI-2 20 16 40 7 12m
Ultra2 SCSI 40 16 80 15 12m
Ultra160 SCSI 80 16 160 15 12m
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
INTERFACCE HD A CONFRONTO
Max. DTR Max. Distance Max. Device
s
RAID support
IDE 66.6 MBps 1m 4 per controll
er
Possible but rare
Ultra WideSCSI
40 MBps 1.5m (25m using more expensive high-voltagedifferential termination)
15 per controll
er
Yes
Ultra2 LVD SCSI
80 MBps 12m 15 per controll
er
Yes
Fibre Channel
100 MBps(200 MBps
with full-duplex)
30m over copper, 500m over multinode fibre, 10km
over single-mode fibre)
127 per arbitrated loop
Yes, withindependentattachment to
multiple servers
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
Principio di funzionamento di un lettore CD-ROM
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
Particolare al microscopio di una traccia CD-ROM
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
STANDARD DATStandard Capacity Max. DTR
DDS 2GB 55 KBps
DDS-1 2/4GB 0.55/1.1 MBps
DDS-2 4/8GB 0.55/1.1 MBps
DDS-3 12/24GB 1.1/2.2 MBps
DDS-4 20/40GB 2.4/4.8 MBps
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
STANDARD DLT
Standard
Capacity(n/c)
Interface
MaximumDTR
DLT2000 15/30GB SCSI 2.5 MBps
DLT4000 20/40GB SCSI 3 MBps
DLT7000 35/70GB SCSI 20 MBps
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
INTERFACCE STANDARD A CONFRONTO
Standard Typical uses Burst DTR Outlook
ATA/IDE Hard disks, CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives
3.3 MBps to 66.6 MBps
Standard hard disk bus for the foreseeablefuture
SCSI Hard disks, removable drives, scanners
5 MBps to 80 MBps
Standard high-end hard disk bus for the foreseeable future
USB Pointing devices, scanners, digitalcameras
12 Mbit/s Could eventuallyreplace serial and parallel ports
IEEE 1394 Digital video cameras, high-speed storagedrives
400 Mbit/s Expected to emerge in 2000
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
TECNOLOGIE A NASTRO A CONFRONTO
DLT7000
ExabyteMammoth
SonyAIT
DDS-3 Travan8GB/TR-4
NativeCapacity
35GB 20GB 25GB 12GB 4GB
CompressedCapacity
70GB 40GB 50GB 24GB 8GB
NativeDTR
5 MBps 3 MBps 3 MBps 1.2 MBps 1.0 MBps
Tape Life(years)
30 30 30 n/a n/a
MediaPasses
1 million 20,000 20,000 1,500 10,000
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
RISOLUZIONI SUPPORTATE
800x600 1024x768 1152x882 1280x1024
1600x1200 1800x1440
15in YES YES
17in YES YES YES YES
19in YES YES YES
21in YES YES
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
PROFONDITA’ DEL COLORE
Colourdepth
Description No. of colours
Bytes per pixel
4-bit Standard VGA 16 0.5
8-bit 256-colour mode 256 1.0
16-bit High colour 65,536 2.0
24-bit True colour 16,777,216 3.0
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
SCHEDE VIDEO E MEMORIA
Video memory Resolution Colour depth No. colours
1Mb 1024 x 768800 x 600
8-bit16-bit
25665,536
2Mb 1024 x 7681280 x 1024
800 x 600
8-bit16-bit24-bit
25665,536
16.7 million
4Mb 1024 x 768 24-bit 16.7 million
6Mb 1280 x 1024 24-bit 16.7 million
8Mb 1600 x 1200 32-bit 16.7 million
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
MEMORIE DELLE SCHEDE VIDEO
EDO VRAM WRAM SDRAM SGRAM RDRAM
Max.throughput(MBps)
400 400 960 800 800 600
Dual- orsingle-ported
single dual dual single single single
TypicalData Width
64 64 64 64 64 8
Speed(typical)
50-60ns 50-60ns 50-60ns 10-15ns 8-10ns 330MHz clock speed
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
STANDARD VIDEO A CONFRONTO
Date Standard Description Resolution No. colours
1981 CGA Colour GraphicsAdapter
640 x 200160 x 200
None16
1984 EGA Enhanced GraphicsAdapter
640 x 350 16 from 64
1987 VGA Video GraphicsArray
640 x 480320 x 200
16 from 262,144256
1990 XGA Extended Graphics Array 800 x 6001024 x 768
16.7 million65,536
SXGA Super Extended GraphicsArray
1280 x 1024 65,536
UXGA Ultra XGA 1600 x 1200 65,536
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
STANDARD CODIFICA VIDEO
MPEG-2 MPEG-1
PAL/SECAM resolutions 720 x 576704 x 576352 x 576352 x 288
352 x 576352 x 288
NTSC resolutions 720 x 480704 x 480352 x 480352 x 240
352 x 480351 x 240
Variable Bit Rate (VBR), Constant Bit Rate (CBR) VBR or CBR CBR
PAL/SECAM frame rate 25fps
NTSC frame rate 24 or 30fps
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
NORME SULL’EMISSIONETCO95 TCO99
Luminance uniformity >1.7:1 >1.5:1Luminance contrast Measured at 10% of the
diagonal to the edgeMeasured at 5% of the diagonal to the edge
Magnetic field requirementsFront frame reflectance No standard At least 20%Measured 30cm in front of and 50cm around the screen
5Hz to 2kHz at <200nT Same standard measured at maximum brightness/contrast
Measured 50cm around the screen
2kHz to 400kHz at <25nT Same standard measured at maximum brightness/contrast
Alternating electric field requirementsMeasured 30cm and 50cm in front of screen
5Hz to 2kHz at <10V/m (Volts per metre)
Same standard measured at maximum brightness/contrast
Measured 30cm in front of and 50cm around the screen
2kHZ to 400kHz at <1.0V/m Same standard measured at maximum brightness/contrast
Power saving Suspend mode at < or = 30W
Suspend at < or = 15W (forUSB hub monitors), < or = 5W (for non-USB monitors)
Environmental controls No standard No chlorinated solvents; compulsory list of potentially
hazardous plastics used
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
TOUCH SCREEN A CONFRONTO
Resistive Infrared SurfaceAcoustic
Wave
Capacitive
Touchresolution
High High Average High
Clarity Average Good Good Good
Operation Finger or stylus
Finger or stylus
Finger or soft-tipped
stylus
Finger only
Durability Can bedamaged bysharp objects
Highlydurable
Susceptibleto dirt and moisture
Highlydurable
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
FORMATI DELLE IMMAGINIFile format Image size No. of coloursBMP - RGB 1MB 16.7 millionBMP -RLE 83KB 256GIF 31KB 256JPEG - min. compression 185KB 16.7 millionJPEG - min. progressive compression 150KB 16.7 millionJPEG - max. compression 20KB 16.7 millionJPEG - max. progressive compression 16KB 16.7 millionPCX 189KB 16.7 millionTIFF 1MB 16.7 millionTIFF - LZW compression 83KB 16.7 million
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
Principio di funzionamento di una stampante laser
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
MODEM STANDARDS
Standard Date Bit/s Bytes/s KB/min MB/hour MinSec/MB
V.32 1984 9,600 1200 70 4 14m 33s
V.32bis 1991 14,400 1800 106 6 9m 42s
V.34 1994 28,800 3600 211 12 4m 51s
V.34+ 1996 33,600 4200 246 14 4m 09s
V.90 1998 42,00050,000
52506250
308366
1822
3m 19s2m 48s
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
TECNOLOGIE DSL A CONFRONTO
Type Upstream Downstream Distance (feet)
RDSL 128 Kbit/s-1 Mbit/s 600 Kbit/s-7 Mbit/s 18000-25000
HDSL 2.048 Mbit/s 2.048 Mbit/s 12000
SDSL 1.544-2.048 Mbit/s 1.544-2.048 Mbit/s 10000
VDSL 1.6-2.3 Mbit/s 12.96 Mbit/s25.82 Mbit/s51.84 Mbit/s
450030001000
Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania
TECNOLOGIE DI NETWORKING A CONFRONTOPhoneline Powerline Ethernet Wireless
Speed 100 Kbit/s - 10 Mbit/s 50 Kbit/s - 350 Kbit/s 10 Mbit/s - 100 Mbit/s 700 Kbit/s - 11 Mbit/s
Advantages Convenient, simple(no new wires), secure
Convenient, simple(no new wires)
Fastest, most secureand reliable
Convenient, mobile, simple (no wires), secure
Requirements Need computers and peripherals nearphone jacks on the same phoneline
Need computers and peripherals nearpower outlets on the same power circuit
Requires Ethernet (Category 3 or 5) cabling; best in new home installations or remodels
Network componentsmust be within a 250-foot range
Best use Ideal for sharedInternet access, file sharing and peripheral sharing; good for home gaming
Good for low-bandwidthapplications such ashome security and control
Ideal for home gaming, home officesand shared Internet access
Ideal for laptops, desktopsand handheld connectedorganisers inside and outsidehome or small office wheremobility is required; great forshared Internet access; goodfor home gaming