arctic system synthesis: is the arctic headed toward a new state? jonathan overpeck, arcss...
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The ARCSS Arctic System Synthesis An adaptive process - the participants guided both the goals and the process (and soon, the final products…)TRANSCRIPT
Arctic System Synthesis: Is the Arctic Headed Toward a New State?Jonathan Overpeck, ARCSS Committee*, ARCSS Synthesis retreat participants*
* See abstract for the names and affiliations…
Quick - why an ARCSS Arctic System Synthesis?
• The synthesis was initiated in 2003 by the ARCSS Committee
• The synthesis was designed to be non-programmatic, and is viewed as an experiment to: 1) determine the value of synthesis to arctic
environmental science2) begin uncovering the best way to carry out arctic
system synthesis
3) identify key arctic system unknowns (e.g., for the new ARCSS Science Plan, due next year)
4) learn something new about how the arctic system works, and what it means for the future
The “Ah ha“ factor
The 2003-04 ARCSS Arctic System Synthesis
• An adaptive process - the participants guided both the goals and the process (and soon, the final products…)
The 2003-04 ARCSS Arctic System Synthesis
• An adaptive process - the participants guided both the goals and the process (and soon, the final products…)
• Quickly converged on the value of “the big question,” which focused several days of plenary and breakout group discussions…
“Is the Arctic System moving to a new state outside the envelop of the natural glacial-interglacial cycle?”
Includes the biosphere and humans too!
Cartoon drafted by E. Carmack
Sea ice(5-3)
P-E(6-2)
Population(0-3)
Econ.Product.
(1-4)
MarinePrimary
Prod.(1-2)
THC(3-3) Permafrost
(2-3)
Terrest. ice(3-2)
Terrest.Biomass
(2-3)
+
+--
-
- -
+
++
+ -
++
++
+
-
+
--
+
+-
(in – out)
weakstrong
The Arctic Systemtoday
P-E(6-2)
Population(0-3)
Econ.Product.
(1-4)
MarinePrimary
Prod.(1-2)
THC(3-3)
Terrest.Biomass
(2-3)
++
+ -
+
-+
(in – out)
weakstrong
The Arctic System…in a few centuries???
AtmosphericCarbon
Sea LevelRise
4xCO23xCO2
2100 AD
4xCO2
2130 AD
NCAR CCSM coupled atmosphere-ocean simulation(Jonathan Overpeck, Bette Otto-Bleisner and Jeff Kiehl; In prep.)
Simulated Climate Change: next 130 yrs.
What happened the last time the arctic warmed above 20th century levels??
The Last Interglacial
The last time the Arctic warmed above modern…
Ice model fig from: K. Cuffey and S. Marshall, Nature 404, 2000
Greenland130kyrs ago
Much (up to 3/4ths) of the Greenland Ice Sheet melted
• How do we know?- ice cores, or
lack thereof - raised shorelines and coral reefs around
the world (indicating up to 6m sea level
rise)
Camp Century
Dye 3
Summit
Summer (JJA) surface air temperature anomalies - 130ka versus the future
Last Interglacial
3xCO2
2100 AD
4xCO2
2130 AD
Current Greenland Summer Melt• 2002 all-time record melt area • Melting up to an elevation of 2000 m• 16% increase from 1979 to 2002
130,000 years ago, Greenland may have melted by 2/3rds in 500 years or less
Is the current summer-time Arctic sea ice area retreat a sign of things to come too?
• Downward trend in ice extent ~ 3 % per decade
• Size of Colorado and New Hampshire
(National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder)
Permafrost
Last 50 years has seen large warming of permafrost in many parts of the Arctic
Photo credits: Larry Hinzman
Wetter
DryerTalikPermafrost
Seasonally frozen soil
Time
Permafrost Response to Disturbance (e.g., fire, logging, agriculture or climate warming) Given a positive surface energy balance
(Larry Hinzman, et al. 2003; and unpublished)
Arctic System Synthesis… the Ah ha’s• arctic IS likely being driven to a new
seasonally ice-free state• current patterns of system change are likely a
sign of things to come• feedbacks generally positive in Arctic; cloud
feedback are not likely to prevent state change
These guys just didn’t wait long enough…
Arctic System Synthesis… the Ah ha’s• arctic IS likely being driven to a new
seasonally ice-free state• current patterns of system change are likely a
sign of things to come• feedbacks generally positive in Arctic; cloud
feedback are not likely to prevent state change
• must therefore look outside arctic for possible thermostats- e.g., decreased poleward heat
transport by atmosphere and/or oceans
Arctic System Synthesis… the Ah ha’s• arctic IS likely being driven to a new
seasonally ice-free state• current patterns of system change are likely a
sign of things to come• feedbacks generally positive in Arctic; cloud
feedback are not likely to prevent state change
• must therefore look outside arctic for possible thermostats- e.g., decreased poleward heat
transport by atmosphere and/or oceans
• change likely to accelerate across poorly understood thresholds
Northern lives/lifestyles/culture Costs to both existing and future
infrastructure Biodiversity Global climate change - possibly abrupt Release of stored carbon to atmosphere Sea level rise - possibly abrupt
Lack of predictability for all stakeholders
Arctic System Synthesis… selected impacts
Arctic
Global
“Our analysis of current trends, models, and feedback mechanisms leads us to state--with 80/20 confidence--that the arctic system is moving toward a new state outside known cycles, and that this change will impact the Earth system”
Arctic System Synthesis - conclusion
Despite fact that much remains to be done
+6 meters
So, who cares about the arctic anyhow?
Is there a point of no return? If so, when?