arduino tutorials en

8/16/2019 Arduino Tutorials En

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Tutorials for Arduino

Service-Team

This version of our tutorials in english language is a new one (april 2016). Please contact us incase you notice any mistakes: infofun!uino.!e

"ave fun with our tutorials# $in! regar!s%

&ervice Team

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Contents

Preface...................................................................................................................................21. Preface to the 'r!uino tutorials.....................................................................................2

2. "ar!ware an! &oftware.....................................................................................................2.1 "ar!ware.....................................................................................................................

2.1.2 escription of typical e*uipment..........................................................................+2.1.2.1 ,rea!-oar!........................................................................................................+2.1.2.2 / (light emitting !io!e)..................................................................................+

2.2 &oftware.......................................................................................................................2.2.1 nstallation............................................................................................................2.2.1.1 nstallation an! set up of the 'r!uino software.................................................2.2.1.2 nstallation of the &, !river.............................................................................3

. Programming......................................................................................................................4,asic structure of a sketch:................................................................................................5

1. ame varia-le...........................................................................................................5

2. &etup (a-solutely necessary for the program)..........................................................5Tutorials:...............................................................................................................................11,linking /.....................................................................................................................11 'lternately -linking /...................................................................................................17a!ing /......................................................................................................................13ight an! soun!...............................................................................................................20Push -utton an! /.......................................................................................................2289, /.........................................................................................................................2otion !etector................................................................................................................Photo resistor...................................................................................................................3Potentiometer...................................................................................................................+1

Temperature measurement..............................................................................................++easurement of !istance................................................................................................+5sage of an infrare! remote............................................................................................3;ontrol a servo.................................................................................................................62; isplay.....................................................................................................................68elay shiel!.....................................................................................................................63&tepper............................................................................................................................65oisture sensor...............................................................................................................32rop sensor.....................................................................................................................3687 $it...........................................................................................................................40

Tutorials with a!!itional /*uipment.....................................................................................50

$eypa! shiel!..................................................................................................................50


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Preface

1. Preface to the Arduino tutorials

These tutorials are meant to -e an entry to the 'r!uino -asis. ,eginners shoul! get an

interesting lea!=in the worl! of 'r!uino. >ur tutorials are all -ase! on practical tasks withtheoretical intro!uctions at the -eginning. ?e really recommen! to rea! the theoretical part

to successfully complete the practical tasks.

These tutorials were create! in the conte@t of a teaching unit. They can -e use! for free to

learn a-out 'r!uino% -ut itAs not allowe! to copy an! use the tutorials without any permission.

These tutorials have -een create! carefully an! are continuously maintaine!% however we canAt

give any warranty a-out the accuracy an! completeness of the tutorials.

7or the practical tasks youAll nee! some technical e*uipment. >n our we-site

www.fu n!uinoshop.com you can -uy especially customiBe! 7un!uino kits for our tutorials.

What is actually Arduino?

'r!uino is an >pen=source=electronic=prototyping=-ase for simple use! har!ware an! software

in the fiel! of microcontrolling. t is suita-le to realiBe fascinating proCects in a short time.

any of them can -e foun! on Doutu-e un!er E'r!uinoF. t is mostly use! -y artists% !esigner or

tinkers to realiBe creative i!eas.

,ut 'r!uino is also increasingly use! -y universities an! schools to teach an interesting an!

simple -eginning to the worl! of microcontrolling.

3

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2. Hardware and Software

The term E'r!uinoF ist mostly use! for -oth components. The har!ware ('r!uino ,oar!s)

an! the correspon!ing software ('r!uino).

2.1 Hardware

The 'r!uino har!ware is a so=calle! microcontrolling -oar! (7ollowing calle! E-oar!F).

,asically it is a circuit -oar! with many electronic parts aroun! the actual microcontroller.

>n the e!ge of the -oar! are many pins with whom it is possi-le to connect !ifferent

components. &ome of them are for e@ample: &witches% /As% ltrasonic sensors%temperature sensors% !isplays% stepper% etc..

There are !ifferent kin! of -oar!s% that can -e use! with the 'r!uino sofware. ifferent

siBe! Fofficial” -oar!s% with the official F'!uinoG name on it% -ut also many% mostly

cheaper% -ut e*uivalent 'r!uino “fitting” -oar!s. Typical official -oar!s are calle! 'r!uino

>% 'r!uino /9'% 'r!uino ini% etc. 'r!uino compati-le -oar!s are for e@ample

7un!uino >% 7un!uino /9'% 7ree!uino% &ee!uino% &ainsmart > etc..


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2.1.2 !escri"tion of ty"ical e#ui"$ent

,esi!e sensors an! actuators you nee!% as a -ase for *uick an! fle@i-le e@perimental

setups% Cumper ca-le com-ine! with a -rea!-oar!. This way you wonAt nee! to sol!er.

7urthermore the /s are useful to check the signal output of the -oar!.

2.1.2.1 %read&oard

' ,rea!-oar! is a helpful tool to -uil! circuits without any sol!ering. ;ertain contacts are

connecte! with each other. Therefore it is possi-le to connect many ca-les with each other

without sol!ering or screwing them together.

This image -elow shows in color% which contacts are connecte!.

2.1.2.2 '(! )light e$itting diode*

?ith /s it is possi-le to check the results of proCects real *uick. ,ecause of that theyAre

useful for almost every 'r!uino proCect. >n the internet are many information a-out /s.

The most important information:

The electricity can only get through the / in one !irection. &o the / has to -e

connecte! the right way to work. There is a longer an! a shorter contact at the /.

The longer one is the positive (H) an! the shorter one is the negative (I) contact.

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The / is only !esigne! for a specific voltage. f there isnAt enough voltage the /

wonAt shine as -right as it shoul!. f thereAs to much voltage for the /% it will get really

hot ('TT/T>) an! -urn out.

Typical voltage !ata for the !ifferent colors of /s: -lue: %1J% white: %J% green: %3J%yellow: 2%2J% re!: 2%1J. The voltage on the microcontroller-oar!s is J. &o the /

shoul!nAt -e connecte! to the -oar! !irectly% -ut with a resistor -etween it in the circuit.

on=committal recommen!ation for resistors at !ifferent /s (while connecting to the

J pins on the microcontroller -oar!s):

/: white re! yellow green -lue 8resistor: 100 >hm 200 >hm 200 >hm 100 >hm 100 >hm 100 >hm

2.2 Software

The software that is use! to program the microcontroller% is open=source=software an! can

-e !ownloa!e! for free on www.ar!uino.cc. ?ith this F'r!uino softwareG you can write little

programs witch the microcontroller shoul! perform. This programs are calle! F&ketchG.

n the en! the sketches are transferre! to the microcontroller -y &, ca-le.

ore on that later on the su-Cect FprogramingG.

2.2.1 ,nstallation

ow one after another the 'r!uino software an! the &, !river for the -oar! have to -e

installe!.

2.2.1.1 ,nstallation and set u" of the Arduino software

1. ownloa! the 'r!uino software on www.ar!uino.cc an! install it on the computer (The

microcontroller >T connecte! to the P;). 'fter that you open the software file an! start

-

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the program name! ar!uino.e@e.

Two set ups on the program are important an! shoul! -e consi!ere!.

a) The -oar! that you want to connect% has to -e selecte! on the ar!uino software.The F7un!uino noG is here known as F'r!uino K 9enuino noG.

-) Dou have to choose the right F&erial=PortG% to let the ;omputer know to which port the

-oar! has -een connecte!. That is only possi-le if the &, !river has -een installe!

correctly. t can -e checke! this way:


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't the moment the 'r!uino isnAt connecte! to the P;. f you now choose FPortG% un!er the

fiel! FToolG% you will alrea!y see one or more ports here (;>1K ;>2K ;>L).

The *uantity of the shown ports !oesnAt !epen! on the *uantity of the &, ports on the

computer. ?hen the -oar! gets connecte! to the computer% D> ? 7 >/ >8/

P>8T.

2.2.1.2 ,nstallation of the /S% dri0er

"ow it shoul! -e:

1. Dou connect the -oar! to the computer.

2. The ;omputer recogniBes the -oar! an! suggests to install a !river automatically.

'TT/T>: ?ait a secon!# ost of the time the computer canAt fin! the !river

automatically to install it. Dou might choose the !river -y your own to install it. t can -e

foun! in the 'r!uino file un!er FriversG.

;ontrol: 't the control panel of the ;omputer you can fin! the Fevice managerG. f the

-oar! has -een installe! successfully% it shoul! appear here. ?hen the installation has

faile!% there is either nothing special to fin! or you will fin! an unknown &, !evice with a


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yellow e@clamation mark. n this case: ;lick on the unknown !evice an! choose Fup!ate

&, !riverG. ow you can start over with the manual installation.

3. Progra$$ing

ow we can start properly. ?ithout to much theoretical information we start !irectly with

programming. earning -y !oing. >n the left si!e you can fin! the FsketchesG% on the right

the accompanying e@planation for the comman!s in grey. f you work trough the tutorials

with this system% you will soon un!erstan! the co!e an! -e a-le to use it -y yourself. ater

on you can familiariBe yourself with other features. These tutorials are only meant as first

steps to the 'r!uino worl!. 'll possi-le program features an! co!es are referre! on

www.ar!uino.cc un!er EreferenceF.

7irst of all a short e@planation for possi-le error reports that can appear while working with

the 'r!uino software. The two most common ones are:

1) The -oar! is not installe! right or the

wrong -oar! is selecte!. 'fter uploa!ing

the sketch% there will appear an error report

un!erneath the sketch. t looks like the

one in the picture on the right. The note

Fnot in syncG shows up in the error report.

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2.) There is a mistake in the sketch.

7or e@ample% a wor! is misspelle! or a

-racket is missing. n the e@ample on theleft the last semicolon in the sketch is

missing. n this ;ase the error report

often starts with Fe@cepte!..G. This means

that the program is still e@pecting

something that is missing.

%asic structure of a setch4

' sketch can -e !ivi!e! in three parts.

1. 5a$e 0aria&le

n the first part elements of the program are name! ( This will -e e@plaine! in program no.

). This part is not a-solutely necessary.

2. Setu" )a&solutely necessary for the "rogra$*

The setup will -e performe! only once. "ere you are telling the program for e@ample what

Pin (slot for ca-les) shoul! -e an input an! what shoul! -e an output on the -oar!s.

efine! as >utput: The pin shoul! put out a voltage. 7or e@ample: ?ith this pin a / is

meant to light up.

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efine! as an nput: The -oar! shoul! rea! out a voltage. 7or e@ample: ' switch is

actuate!. The -oar! recogniBe! this% -ecause it gets a voltage on the nput pin.

3. 'oo" )a&solutely necessary for the "rogra$*

This loop part will -e continuously repeate! -y the -oar!. t assimilates the sketch from

-eginning to en! an! starts again from the -eginning an! so on.

etAs start#

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7utorials4

%lining '(!

Task: 9et a / to -link.

8e*uire! e*uipment: Must the microcontroller -oar! with the &, ca-le.

>n the -oar! a / is alrea!y -uil! on the pin 1 (for test purpose). This / often

alrea!y -links% after connecting a new -oar! to the computer% -ecause !uring

manufacturing the -link program is uploa!e! for test purposes. ?e are going to program

this -linking -y ourself.

;ircuit:

The meant / is circle! in re! on the image a-ove.

Dou only have to connect the -oar! properly with the computer.

1.1 7irst part of the program: ame varia-les

I 7irst we !onAt !o anything here.

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1.2 &econ! part of the program: &etup

?e only have one output I Pin 1 shoul! put out voltage (The / shoul! light up.).

?e start writing in the white area of the ar!uino software:

void setup() //The setup begins here

{ //opening curly bracket – A program part begins here

} //closing curly bracket – A program part is ending here

ow we are going to write the setup information -etween the curly -rackets.

n this case: Fpin 1 is suppose! to -e an outputG :


{ //A program part begins here

pinMode(1! "#T$#T)% //$in 1 is supposed to be an ouput&

} //A program part is ending here&

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1. Thir! part of the program: oop (main part):





void loop() //The main part o' the program begins here



ow we -ring in the loop part (main part).

T"& & T"/ ;>P/T/ &$/T;":






{ //program part begins here

digitalrite(1! *+)% //Turn on the voltage on pin 1 (,-. on)

delay(1)% //ait 'or 1 milliseconds (one second)

digitalrite(1! ,")% //Turn o'' the voltage on pin 1 (,-. o'')

delay(1)% //ait 'or 1 milliseconds (one second)

} //$rogram ends here

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one# The sketch shoul! look Cust like

the one in the image on the right. ow

we have to uploa! it to the -oar!. ,y

clicking on the -utton with the arrow on

the upper left of the software% you will

uploa! the sketch to the -oar!.

1.+ ow you have the option to mo!ify the program. /@ample: Dou want the / to

-link really fast. Therefore we will shorten the waiting time ( 7rom 1000ms to 200ms)






{ //program part begins here

digitalrite(1! *+)% //Turn on the voltage on pin 1 (,-. on)

delay(0)% //ait 'or 0 milliseconds

digitalrite(1! ,")% //Turn o'' the voltage on pin 1 (,-. o'')


} //program part ends&

The new mo!ifie! sketch has to -e uploa!e! to the -oar! again. ow if everything has

worke! properly the / shoul! -link faster.

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Alternately &lining '(!

Task: ?e want to let two /s -link alternately.

8e*uire! e*uipment: icrocontroller K two /s (-lue) K two resistors with 100 >hm K

,rea!-oar! K ca-les

&etup:

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;o!e:

void setup()

{ //e are starting ith the setup

pinMode(2! "#T$#T)% //$in 2 is de'ined as output

pinMode(3! "#T$#T)% //$in 3 is de'ined as output

}

void loop()

{ //The main part starts

digitalrite(2! *+)% //turn on the ,-. on pin 2


digitalrite(2! ,")% //turn o'' the ,-. on pin 2

digitalrite(3! *+)% //turn on the ,-. on pin 3


digitalrite(3! ,")% //turn o'' the ,-. on pin 3

} //ere at the end o' the loop the program starts again 'rom the beginning o'

//the loop part& 4o&&turn on ,-. on pin 2&&ait 'or 1

//milliseconds&&etc&&etc&&

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8ading '(!

Task: ' / shoul! pulsating get -righter an! !arker (fa!e).

8e*uire! e*uipment: icrocontroller K one / (-lue) K resistor with 100 >hm K

,rea!-oar! K ca-les

&etup:

The 'r!uino is a !igital microcontroller. t only knows F Jolt onG an! F Jolt offG on itsoutputs. ,ut to vary the -rightness of an /% it ought -e vary the voltage on the outputs.

7or e@ample Jolts if the / shines -right% + Jolts if it shines a -it !arker an! so on.

T"& >/&AT ?>8$ > 9T' P&. ,ut there is an other option. t is calle! pulse

wi!th mo!ulation (short P?). P? lets the J voltage fa!e. The voltage is turne! on

an! off for millisecon!s. ?ith a really high P? the J signal nearly gets constant on the

pin. ?ith a low P? it is the other way aroun! an! the J signal is -arely there (This is

only a re!uce! summary% so you shoul! look it up on the internet% if you nee! more

information). ?ith this P? it is possi-le to get nearly the same effect on a /% as if the

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voltage woul! get varie!. ot every pin on the -oar! has the P? function. The pins with

this function are specially la-elle!% for e@ample with a little wave in front of the pin num-er

(see image on the -ottom of page 22).

etAs go#

;o!e:

int ,-.56% //The ord 7,-.8 stands 'or the number 6&

int brightness5% //The ord 7brightness8 stands 'or the value that is emitted

//at the $M&The number 78 is only used as an initial value&

int 'ading59% //8'ading8 sets up the speed o' the 'ading&

void setup()

{ // The setup begins here&

pinMode(,-.! "#T$#T)% //The pin ith the ,-. is supposed to be an output&

}

void loop()

{ //The loop part begins here&

analogrite(,-.! brightness)% //The 'unction analogrite is used to activate

// the $M output on the pin ith the ,-.& The value o' the $M is saved under

//the ord 7brightness8& *n this case it is 78&

brightness5brightness : 'ading% // ;o e modi'y the value o' the $M output& e

//add the value o' the 'ading to the value o' the brightness& *n this case<

//brightness 5 :9& The ne value that is standing 'or brightness isn=t any

// longer but 9& hen the program has ran through the loop part once it ill

//start over again& The ne>t pass the value ill be 1& A'ter that it ill be

// 19&&& etc&

delay(09)% //The ,-. should only stay bright 'or a really short time like 09

//milliseconds& *' you reduce that time the 'ading ill also get 'aster&

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i'(brightness55 ?? brightness55 099){

'ading5 @'ading%

} //Meaning o' this command< *' the alue o' brightness ill reach "B 099! the//value o' 'ading ill change 'rom negative to positive and the other ay

//around& The Beason hy is! that hile the program is running trough the loop

//part! the ,-. ill shine brighter and brighter& Cut at the point o' 099 as a

//value o' the $M! it ill reach it=s ma>imum& At this point the ,-. should get

//darker step by step& Cecause o' this the 'ading ill be negate at this point&

//This means the ne>t time the program runs through the loop the part

//7brightness5brightness:'ading%8 ill e''ect that the ,-. gets darker& ->ample<

//7brightness5099:(@9)8& The value o' brightness ill be 09 a'ter that& The

//ne>t time it ill be 0D9&&etc& As the value o' brightness ill reach the

//value o' 'ading ill get positive again&

} // ith this bracket the loop part ends&

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'ight and sound

Task: ' / an! a pieBo speaker are suppose! to -link or -eep continuously.

8e*uire! e*uipment: icrocontroller K one / K resistor with 200 >hm K ,rea!-oar! K

pieBo speaker K ca-les

&etup:

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;o!e:

int ,-.5D% //this time e also going to use the 'irst part o' the program& ere

//e are going to put in variables& This means that there ill be a letter or a

//ord standing 'or a number& *n this e>ample the ,-. is connected to pin D and

//the speaker to pin 9! so e rename pin D and pin 9! to avoid con'usion& The

//ord 7,-.8 no stands 'or the number D and the ord 7beep8 'or the number 9&

int beep59%

void setup()

{ //e are starting ith the setup

pinMode(,-.! "#T$#T)% //pin D (pin 7,-.8) is supposed to be an output

pinMode(beep! "#T$#T)% //$in 9 (pin 7beep8) is supposed to be an output

}

void loop()

{ //The main part starts

digitalrite(,-.! *+)% //turn on the ,-.

digitalrite(beep! *+)% //turn on the speaker

delay(1)% //ait 'or 1 milliseconds (sound and light)

digitalrite(,-.! ,")% //turn o'' the ,-.

digitalrite(beep! ,")% //turn o'' the speaker

delay(1)% //ait 'or 1 milliseconds (no sound and no light)

} //ere at the end o' the loop the program starts again 'rom the beginning o'

//the loop& 4o it ill beep and light up again& *' you change the break (delay)

//it ill be either beep and light up 'aster or sloer&

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Push &utton and '(!

Task: 'fter pushing the -utton an / is suppose! to light up for secon!s.

8e*uire! e*uipment: 'r!uino K one / (-lue) K one resistor with 100>hm K one resistor

with 1$ >hm (1000 >hm) K ,rea!-oar! K ;a-les K Push -utton

The !igital pins of the microcontroller are not only a-le to put out voltage% they are also

a-le to rea! out voltage. ?e are going to try this with the following program. This time

there is something special in the setup. f we woul! simply connect the push -utton with

the microcontroller an! push the -utton% there woul! -e voltage on the pin. Dou can

imagine it like many electrons floating aroun! the pin. ?hen you now release the -utton%

there woul!nAt get any more electrons to the pin. ow the !ifficulty: The electrons that are

alrea!y floating aroun! the pin are only escaping e@tremely slow. &o the microcontroller

thinks that the -utton has -een pushe! longer than it actually has -een. The

microcontroller thinks that the -utton has -een pushe! until the electrons have escape!

completely from the pin. This pro-lem can -e fi@e! -y groun!ing the pin with a 1000 >hm

(1$ >hm) resistor. ow the electrons are a-le to escape from the pin faster an! the

microcontroller recogniBes that the -utton only has -een pushe! -riefly. The resistor iscalle! FP>?G= resistor% -ecause the resistors is always Fpulling !ownG the voltage

to 0J. 'TT/T>: f you are using a smaller value! resistor% you can get an electrical

short on the microcontroller while pushing the -utton.

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&etup:

;o!e:

int ,-.blue5E% //The ord 7,-.blue8 stands 'or the value E&

int button52% //The ord 7button8 stands 'or the value 2&

int buttonstatus5% //The ord 7buttonstatus8 stands 'or the value & ,ater

//on there ill be sa'ed heter the button is pushed or not&

void setup()

{ //The setup starts here

pinMode(,-.blue! "#T$#T)% //The pin connected to the ,-. (pin E) is an output

pinMode(button! *;$#T)% //The pin connected to the button (pin 2) is an input&

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}

void loop()

{ //ith this bracket the loop part starts

buttonstatus5digitalBead(button)% //The value on pin 2 is read out (command<

//digitalBead)& The result ill be sa'ed under 7buttonstatus8& (*+ means 9

//and ," means )

i' (buttonstatus 55 *+) //*' the button gets pushed (high voltage value)&&&

{ //open program part o' the *F@command

digitalrite(,-.blue! *+)% //&&&the ,-. should light up

delay(9)% //9 miliseconds (9 seconds) long

digitalrite(,-.blue! ,")% //a'ter 9seconds the ,-. should turn o''

} //close the program part o' the *F@command

else

{ //open the program part o' the else@command

digitalrite(,-.blue! ,")% //the ,-. shouldn=t light up

} //close the program part o' the else@command

} //ith this bracket the hole loop parts gets closed

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Jersion -: F;ommon ano!eG I The longest contact of the 89, / is FHG. This means that

the other contacts are suppose! to get negative gate Joltage (9) F=G.

t is possi-le to create much more colours if you temper the colours. 7or e@ampleO you willget FyellowG -y tempering F-lueG an! FgreenG.

There is a simple way to fin! out what 89, / version you have. Must switch FHG an! F=G

on the /. >nly if the / is connecte! the right way it will work an! shine.

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&etup with version a:

&etup for version -:

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The 'r!uino is a !igital icrocontroller. >n its >utputs it only can Fturn onG J or Fturn offG

J. ,ut to create the !ifferent colours% the three colours of the / have to -e actuate

more specific. That is the reason to use the Pulse ?i!th o!ulation. The P? can -e

use! on the pins with the little wave in front of the num-er.

The P? lets the voltage pulse from HJ to 0J. &o the voltage gets turne! off an! on for

only millisecon!s. ?ith a really high P? the J signal nearly gets constant on the pin.

?ith a low P? it is the other way aroun! an! the J signal is -arely there (This is only a

re!uce! summary% so you shoul! look it up on the internet% if you nee! more information).

?ith P? it is possi-le to get nearly the same effect as if the voltage woul! vary.

The following co!es are working for -oth 89, versions:

&ketch 1:

?ith this co!e you can turn on an! off the three !ifferent colours one -y one.

int ,-.blue5% //Clue colour on pin

int ,-.red59% //Bed colour on 9

int ,-.green5E% //+reen colour on pin E

int b51% //b de'ines a break o' 1ms (1 second)

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int brightnessblue519% //alue beteen and 099 – de'ines the brightness o'

//the single colour

int brightnessred519% //alue beteen and 099 – de'ines the brightness o'

//the single colour

int brightnessgreen519% //alue beteen and 099 – de'ines the brightness o'

//the single colour

int dark5% //alue stands vor voltage – there'ore ,-. o''

void setup()

{

pinMode(,-.blue! "#T$#T)%

pinMode(,-.green! "#T$#T)%

pinMode(,-.red! "#T$#T)%

}

void loop()

{

analogrite(,-.blue! brightnessblue)% //Turn on blue

delay(b)% //Creak

analogrite(,-.blue! dark)% //Turn o'' blue

analogrite(,-.red! brightnessred)% //Turn on red

delay(b)% //Creak

analogrite(,-.red! dark)% // Turn o'' red

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pinMode(,-.blue! "#T$#T)%

pinMode(,-.green! "#T$#T)%

pinMode(,-.red! "#T$#T)%

}

void loop()

{

analogrite(,-.green! brightnessgreen)% //+reen and red on 5 yello

analogrite(,-.red! brightnessred)%

delay(b)%

analogrite(,-.green! dark)% //+reen and red o'' 5 yello o''

analogrite(,-.red! dark)%

analogrite(,-.green! brightnessgreen)% //+reen and blue on 5 turGuoise

analogrite(,-.blue! brightnessblue)%

delay(b)%

analogrite(,-.green! dark)% //+reen and blue o'' 5 turGouise o''

analogrite(,-.blue! dark)%

analogrite(,-.red! brightnessred)% //Bed an blue on 5 purple

analogrite(,-.blue! brightnessblue)%

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delay(b)%

analogrite(,-.red! dark)% //Bed and blue o'' 5 purple o''

analogrite(,-.blue! dark)%

}

33


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nce it has !etecte!

a movement% it puts out J voltage on a pin.

ow the microcontroller Cust has to rea! this

voltage out an! processes it.

The !uration of the of the output signal an!

the sensi-ility (reach) of the motion !etector

can -e a!Custe! with the two kno-s on it

(see image on the right).

The plastic lens on top of the motion

!etector can easily -e remove!.

n!erneath of it% there is the 8=

!etector an! the lettering of the three

contacts. 9 ( = )% >T (&ignal output)%

J;; ( H ).

's shown in the image on the left.

3


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7urthermore there is a Cumper on the

-ottom of the !etector. This Cumper

makes it possi-le to switch -etween

two !ifferent mo!es.

1) Mumper on the outermost: The signal

of the output will -e maintaine! for a

certain time% after the !etector has

recogniBe! a movement. ,ut after that

certain time the signal will -e !eactivate!%

even if movement coul! -e !etecte!. Thesignal will -e activate! again after some time.

2) The other mo!e gets activate! if

the Cumper is place! on the two inner

contacts. The output signal will stay

constantly active% as long as amovement is !etecte!.

This mo!e is recommen!e! for

proCects with 'r!uino.

3+


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&etup:

;o!e:

int pieHo59% //The ord 7pieHo8 stands 'or the value 9&

int movement52% //The ord 7movement8 stands 'or the value 2&

int movementstatus5% //The ord 7movementstatus8 stands 'or the value & ,ater

//on there ill be saved i' a movement is detected or not

void setup()

{ //The setup starts here

pinMode(pieHo! "#T$#T)% //The pin connected to the pieHo speaker (pin 9) is

//de'ined as an output&

3-


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pinMode(movement! *;$#T)% //The pin connected to the moition detector (pin 2)is

//de'ined as an input&

}

void loop()

{ //The loop part starts here

movementstatus5digitalBead(movement)% //The value on pin 2 is read out

//(command< digitalBead)& The result ill be sa'ed under 7movementstatus8& (*+

//means 9 and ," means )

i'(movementstatus55*+) //i' a movement is detected (voltage signal high) &&

{ //open program part o' the *F@command

digitalrite(pieHo!*+)% //&&the pieHo should beep

delay(9)% //9 seconds long

digitalrite(pieHo! ,")% //a'ter that the pieHo should be Guiet

} //close program part o' the *F@command

else

{ //open else@command

digitalrite(pieHo!,")% //the pieHo speaker should be turned o''

} //close else@command

} //close loop part

3


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Photo resistor

ow it will get a little -it more complicate!#

Task: ' / shoul! light up if it gets !ark or rather the photo resistor is covere!.

8e*uire! e*uipment: 'r!uinoK >ne / K 8esistor with 200 >hm K 8esistor with 10$

>hm K ,rea!-oar! K ;a-les K Photo resistor

earning content: 8ea! out voltage an! show out the values via Fserial monitorG.

8ea! out voltage:

?e want the microcontroller to recogniBe how -right it is -y rea!ing out a photo resistor.

7or this purpose we will use a simple physical principle. f two consumers are connecte! in

one circuit (series connection)% they also FshareG the applie! voltage. /@ample: Two same

lamps are connecte! in series with 6J applie! voltage. ?ith a voltmeter we are now a-le

to measure only J on each lamp. f we woul! connect two !ifferent lamps (with !ifferent

values of resistance)% than we woul! -e a-le to measure two !ifferent voltage values on

each lamp% for e@ample: 1%J an! +%J.

' photo resistor changes its resistance !epen!ing on the luminous intensity. ?e will use

this effect to get a value for the -rightness or !arkness -y rea!ing out the applie! voltage.

To create a split voltage we nee! to connect the photo resistor with a resistor (1=10$ >hm%

!epen!ing on what kin! of photo resistor is use!. The resistor shoul! have nearly the

same value of resistance as the use! photo resistor.) in series. ow the circuit shoul! get

connecte! to groun! (9) an! J (see setup).

The microcontroller is a-le to rea! out analogue signals (voltage) an! work with the

values. 7or this function the analog nputs on the -oar! are use!. They are converting the

voltage into a num-er% with that we are a-le to work with. 0 Jolt correspon!s to the num-er

0 an! the highest measura-le value J correspon!s to the num-er 102 (0 to 102 are

102+ num-ers 10 ,it). /@ample: ' voltage of 2%J is measure!% so the microcontroller

woul! give out the value 12 (102+:2).

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{ //loop part starts here

sensorvalue5analogBead(input)% //Bead out the voltage o' the photo resistor

//and save it under 7sensorvalue8

4erial&print(I4ensor value 5I)% //4ho 74ensor value58 on serial monitor

4erial&print(sensorvalue)% //4end the value o' the photo resistor as a number

//beteen and 10 to the serial monitor

i'(sensorvalue J 910) //*' the sensor value gets higher than 910K

{

digitalrite(,-.!*+)% //&&&the ,-. should light up&&&

}

else

{

digitalrite(,-.!,")% //else the ,-. should be turned o''

}

delay(9)% //short break here the ,-. is turned on or o''&

} //This last bracket closes the loop part

//*' the sensor value 'or e>ample at normal brightness only reaches 1 (this

//value depends on the used resistor! the brightness and the current

//direction)! it ould make sense to use a loer value than 910 ('or e>ample

//6)! to turn on the ,-.& Lou can look up the current sensor value on the

//7serial monitor8& Lou //can 'ind it in the Arduino so'tare at 7tools8&

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2


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Potentio$eter

Task: The spee! of a -linking / shoul! -e regulate! with a potentiometer.

8e*uire! e*uipment: 'r!uino K Potentiometer K ,rea!-oar! K ;a-les

earning content: 8ea!ing out a potentiometer an! working with sensor !ata on a

mathematical -asis (in this case for the !uration of a -reak).

There are three contacts on a potentiometer. The outer ones shoul! -e connecte! with H

an! I. The contact in the mi!!le has to -e connecte! with a analog nput on the

microcontroller. f the potentiometer gets turne! aroun!% the pin in the mi!!le will give out a

voltage -etween 0J an! J. Potentiometer on the most left position: 0J an! potentiometer

on the most right position: J% !epen!ing on the way itAs connecte! (H an! =).

?e will use the alrea!y fi@e! / with pin 1 on the microcontroller. ,ut itAs also possi-le

to connect an a!!itional / on the ,rea!-oar! like itAs shown here:

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&ketch:

int input5A% //The ord 7input8 no stands 'or the value 7A8

int ,-.51% //8,-.8 no stand 'or the value 1

int sensorvalue5% //ariable 'or the sensorvalue ith as starting value

void setup()

{ //The setup begins here

pinMode (,-.!"#T$#T)% //The pin 1 connected to the ,-. is de'ined as an output

}

void loop()

{ //The loop part begins here

sensorvalue5 analogBead(input)% //The voltage at the potentiometer is read

//out and gets saved as a number beteen and 10 under 7sensorvalue8

digitalrite (,-.!*+)% //Turn on ,-.

delay(sensorvalue)% //The value! hich is saved under 7sensorvalue8 de'ines

//ho long the ,-. ill light up (milliseconds)

digitalrite(,-.! ,")% //Turn o'' ,-.

delay(sensorvalue)% //The value! hich is saved under 7sensorvalue8 de'ines

//ho long the ,-. is turned o'' (milliseconds)

} //-nd o' the loop part

//;o the loop part ill be restarted& *' the read out value o' the

//potentiometer has changed! the time beteen the on and o'' stage ill also

//change& The ,-. ill be blinking 'aster or sloer& The longest possible delay

//in this sketch can be 10ms (milliseconds) long& *' needed longer delays are

//also possible& There'ore you ould have to add a litte mathimatical 'unction


45/100

//into the sketch& ->ample< The line 7sensorvalue5analogBead(input)%8 has to be

//changed into 7sensorvalue5analogBead(input)0%8& The saved sensor value ill

//be increased by the 'actor o' 0& 4o the longest delay ould be 0DEms and so

//on &&

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;o!e:

int TM$E 5 A% //The sensor should be connected to the analog $in A& e ill

//call the pin 7TM$E8 'rom no on

int temperature 5 % //#nder the variable 7temperature8 e ill later on save

//the temperature value

int tempN1O% //To get good values e have to read out some values to get the

//mean value out o' them& The sGuare brackets 7N1O8 create ten di''erent

//variables at one time


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tempNDO 5 map(analogBead(TM$E)! ! D1! @9! 19)%

delay(time)%

tempN9O 5 map(analogBead(TM$E)! ! D1! @9! 19)%

delay(time)%

tempNEO 5 map(analogBead(TM$E)! ! D1! @9! 19)%

delay(time)%


delay(time)%


delay(time)%

tempN6O 5 map(analogBead(TM$E)! ! D1! @9! 19)% //#ntil here the

//temperature gets read out ten times& *n beteen there is alays a little

//break& e ill take a closer look on the used command<

//tempN1O5map(analogBead(TM$E)!!D1!@9!19)%

//tempN1O – The name o' the 'irst variable&

//7map(a!b!c!d!e)8 @ This is a 7Map command8& ith this command it is possible

//to change a read out value (a) 'rom one region beteen (b) and (c) into a

//region beteen (d) and (e)&

//*n our case this means< The sensor value gets read out right in the map

//command 7analogBead(TM$E)8& The value should be beteen and D1 (5 values

//beteen and 0 at the analog port)& The sensor outputs this voltage values

//i' it measures temperature beteen @9QR and 19QR& ith the 7map command8

//these values get converted into degree values beteen @9QR and 19QR&

temperature5(tempNO:tempN1O:tempN0O:tempNO:tempNDO:tempN9O:tempNEO:tempN2O:tem

pN3O:tempN6O)/1% //-verything in one roS *n this line! all ten values get

//summariHed and get divided by ten& This average value gets saved under

//7temperature8&


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4erial&print(temperature)% //;o the temperature values gets send to the

//computer and can be looked up on the serial monitor&

4erial&println(IdegreeI)%

}

(=tension of the setch4

f the temperature reaches 0Q;% a noise from the pieBo speaker appears.

int TM$E 5 A%

int temperature 5 %

int tempN1O%

int time5 0%

int pieHo59% //$ieHo speaker on pin 9

void setup() {

4erial&begin(6E)%

pinMode (pieHo! "#T$#T)% //$in 9 is an output

}

void loop() {

tempNO 5 map(analogBead(TM$E)! ! D1! @9! 19)%

delay(time)%



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//&&&


temperature5(tempNO:tempN1O:tempN0O:tempNO:tempNDO:tempN9O:tempNEO:tempN2O:tempN3O:tempN6O)/1% // -verything in one roS

4erial&print(temperature)%

4erial&println(IdegreesI)%

i' (temperatureJ5) //*' the temperature reaches QR or moreK&

{

digitalrite(pieHo!*+)% //&&&the pieHo speakers beeps&&

}

else

{

digitalrite(pieHo!,")% //&&&it is Guiet&

}

}

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;o!e:

int trigger52% //8trigger8 on pin 2&

int echo5E% //8echo8 on pin E&

long time5% //The value 7time8 ill sa'e the time beteen transmission and

//returning o' the soundave&

long dist5% //The value 7dist8 ill save the calculated distance& *t ill

//start ith 78& *nstead o' 7int8 e are using 7long8 'or this value! to save a

//bigger number&

void setup()

{

4erial&begin (6E)% //4tarting the serial communication& *t ill send the

//data 'rom the arduino board to the computer to sho it on the serial monitor&

pinMode(trigger! "#T$#T)% //8trigger8 ($in 2) is an output&

pinMode(echo! *;$#T)% //8echo8 ($in E) is an input&

}

void loop()

{

digitalrite(trigger! ,")% //,o voltage on the trigger pin to produce a

//clear signal&

delay(9)% //K&'or 9 milliseconds&

digitalrite(trigger! *+)% //Rreating the soundave&

delay(1)% //&&'or 1 milliseconds&

digitalrite(trigger! ,")% //4top creating the soundave&

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time 5 pulse*n(echo! *+)% //ith the command pulse*n (Rapital 7i8 in the

//'ront o' the 7n8) the arduino board measures the time beteen sending and

//receiving the soundave&

dist 5 (time/0) / 06&1% //This calculation trans'orms the measured time into

//the distance in centimeter& (The sound needs 06!1 seconds 'or one centimeter&//The time gets divided ith to! because e only ant to get one distance and

//not the to ays that the soundave has to take)&

i' (dist J5 9 ?? dist 5 ) //*' the distance gets over 9cm "B under cm!

//the measurement is no longer accurate&

{

4erial&println(I;o measurementI)% //4o the serial monitor displays 7;o

//measurement8

}

else //otherise

{

4erial&print(dist)% //The calculated distance is shon on the serial monitor&

4erial&println(IcmI)%

}

delay(1)% //This command causes a short break beteen the measurements&

}

/@tension of the sketch

f the !istance is less than 40cm% the pieBo speaker shoul! -eep.

+3


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int trigger510%

int echo51%

long time5%

long dist5%

int pieHo59% //$ieHo speaker on pin 9&

void setup()

{

4erial&begin (6E)%

pinMode(trigger! "#T$#T)%

pinMode(echo! *;$#T)%

pinMode(pieHo! "#T$#T)% //The pin (9) connected to the pieHo is a output&

}

void loop()

{

digitalrite(trigger! ,")%

delay(9)%

digitalrite(trigger! *+)%

delay(1)%


time 5 pulse*n(echo! *+)%

dist 5 (time/0) / 06&1%

+


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i' (dist J5 9 ?? dist 5 )

{

4erial&println(I;o measurementI)%

}

else

{

4erial&print(dist)%


}

i' (dist 5 3) //*' the measured distance gets 3 or shorter&&&

{

digitalrite(pieHo!*+)% //&&the pieHo should beep

}

else //*' not &&&

{

digitalrite(pieHo!,")% //&&the speaker should be Guiet&

}

delay(1)%

}

++


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9e0erse warning syste$

?ith this co!e we are a-le to create a reverse warning system. '!!itional to the ultrasonic

sensor we are going to connect a / with pin 12.

're you a-le to construct a reverse warning system without any imagesN

int trigger52%

int echo5E%

long time5%

int ,-.510%

long dist5%

void setup()

{

4erial&begin (6E)%

pinMode(trigger! "#T$#T)%

pinMode(echo! *;$#T)%

pinMode(10! "#T$#T)%

}

void loop()

{


delay(9)%

+-


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digitalrite(trigger! *+)%

delay(1)%


time 5 pulse*n(echo! *+)%

dist 5 (time/0) / 06&1%

i' (dist J5 9 ?? dist 5 )

{

4erial&println(I;o measurementI)%

}

else

{

4erial&print(dist)%


}

i' (dist 5 D)

{

digitalrite(,-.! *+)%

delay(dist)%

digitalrite(,-.! ,")%

delay(dist)%

}

+


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/sage of an infrared re$ote

Task: 8ea! out the signal from an infrare! remote

with an infrare! sensor.

8e*uire! e*uipment: 'r!uino K -rea!-oar! K ca-le K

infrare! sensor K infrare! remote control

?ith an infrare! receiver% the 'r!uino -oar! can

receive the comman!s of an infrare! remote control.The !ata are sent with infrare! light from remote control

to the receiver. &ince our eyes can not perceive this light%

we can not see this light. ?ith a little trick you can see

the light. Take your mo-ile=phone an! look with the

camera on the infrare! !io!e of the remote while pressing

a -utton on the remote. Dou will see the flashing infrare!

!io!e on the !isplay of the mo-ile phone.

&etup:

+


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The sketch is a variation of the sketch F8recvemoG% an! can -e !ownloa!e! together

with the very important 8=8emote=i-rary on the following we-site:

https:KKgithu-.comKshirriffK'r!uino=8remote

ownloa! the Bip=package an! copy the files into your Fli-rariesG !irectory in the ar!uino

software. 8ename the !ownloa!e! !irectory to RrremoteR.

ow you can open the sketch in the sample=files in the ar!uino=software:

7ile =S /@amples =S 8remote =S rrecvemo

;o!e:

/

*Bremote< *Brecv.emo @ demonstrates

receiving *B codes ith *Brecv

An *B detector/demodulator must be

connected to the input B-RU$*;&

ersion &1 Vuly! 06

Ropyright 06 Wen 4hirri''

-6

https://github.com/shirriff/Arduino-IRremotehttps://github.com/shirriff/Arduino-IRremote


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}

}

Pressing the R1R -utton on the infrare! remote control causes (in this case) the serial=

monitor to write the num-er R1632+13R. This is the !ecrypte! num-er co!e -ehin! this

-utton.

f you hol! the -utton permanently presse!% the num-er R+25+56325R appears. This is the

co!e that in!icates that a -utton is presse! continuously. This num-er !oes not !epen! on

which -utton is presse!.

There can also appear other num-ers if a key is presse! only very short or pulsating. n

that case the sensor may not rea! a uni*ue value.

/@tension of the sketch: &witch on a / -y pressing -utton1 an! switch it off with

-utton2.

Xinclude *rremote&hJ

int B-RU$*; 5 11%

*Brecv irrecv(B-RU$*;)%

decodeUresults results%

void setup()

{

4erial&begin(6E)%

pinMode (1! "#T$#T)% //$in 1 gets connected ith a ,-. ("utput)&

-2


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digitalrite(1! ,")% //At 'irst the ,-. should be tuned o''&

irrecv&enable*B*n()%

}

void loop() {

i' (irrecv&decode(Zresults)) {

4erial&println(results&value! .-R)%

i' (results&value 55 1E20D129) //*' The *B receiver receives the number

//1E20D129 (button 1)&&&

{digitalrite (1! *+)%} //&&&the ,-. gets turned on&

i' (results&value 55 1E21399) //*' the *B receiver receives the number

//1E21399 (button 0)&&&

{digitalrite (1! ,")%} //K&the ,-. gets turned o''&

irrecv&resume()% // Beceive the ne>t value

}

}

-3


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Control a ser0o

Task: ' servo has to turn to three !ifferent positions. ,etween the movements there shoul!

-e a short -reak.

8e*uire! e*uipment: 'r!uino K one servo K three ca-les

;o!e:

Xinclude 4ervo&hJ //*nclude the servo library

4ervo servoblue% //The servo gets the name 7servoblue8

void setup()

{

servoblue&attach(3)% //The signal line o' the servo is on pin 3

}

void loop()

{

-


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servoblue&rite()% //$osition 1 ith an angle o' Q

delay()% //ait seconds

servoblue&rite(6)% //$osition 0 ith an angle o' 6Q


servoblue&rite(13)% //$osition ith an angle o' 13Q


servoblue&rite(0)% //$osition D ith an angle o' 0Q


}

'C! !is"lay

Task: &how a te@t on an ; isplay.

8e*uire! e*uipment: 'r!uino K potentiometer K 1+ ca-les K -rea!-oar!

-+


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's you may see on the image% the wiring for this proCect is not that easy. t is -ecause the

; has to -e connecte! with pretty many ca-les. 'nother !ifficulty is that there is no plug

strip alrea!y on the ;. Dou can either sol!er a plug strip to the ; or sol!er the ca-le

!irectly to the contacts of the ;. f you want to sol!er the ca-les !irectly with the ;

we recommen! to use flat ca-les (e.g. from an ol! har! !rive or an ol! ; !rive). ?ithoutany sol!ering it is *uite impossi-le to get goo! results.

The potentiometer is nee!e! to a!Cust the contrast. The -ack light of the ; is powere!

with J. ,ecause it is !ifficult to show the lettering on the ;% in the image un!erneath

you shoul! try to count the contacts of the ;. (/@ample: The first contact from the right

to the left gets connecte! to 9. The secon! contact from the right to the left gets

connecte! to J L.). nformation: t is easier to use an ; $eypa! shiel! or an 2; ;for more complicate! proCects -ecause you !onAt have to take so much time for the wiring

of the ;. ,ut these two other options are more e@pensive than the simple ; mo!ule.

&etup:

--


67/100

ow if the ; is successfully connecte! we are rea!y to start with the programming.

ike many other components the ; also nee!s to revert to a li-rary in the co!e. This

li-rary is alrea!y a component of the ar!uino software. &o you !onAt have to install

something on your own.

;o!e:

Xinclude ,iGuidRrystal&hJ //,oad the ,R. library

,iGuidRrystal lcd(10! 11! E! 9! D! )% //*n this line e de'ine hich pins on

//the microcontroller get connected to the ,R. (Cetter don=t change yet)&

void setup() {

lcd&begin(1E! 0)% //*n the setup e indicate ho many signs and ho many ros

//e are using& *n this case< 1E signs in to ros&

}

void loop() {

lcd&setRursor(! )% //4tart position o' the cursor on the ,R. (! 5 'irst

//character in the 'irst ro)&

lcd&print(I&'unduino&deI)% // rite the te>t 7&'unduino&de8

lcd&setRursor(! 1)% //4tart position o' the cursor on the ,R. (! 5 'irst

//character in the second ro)&

lcd&print(Igood luckSSSI)% // rite the te>t 7good luckSSS8&

}

/@tension of the sketch: ?e want to print alternately te@t on the first an! on the secon!

row. 7or this e@ample we will use the wor!s FupG an! F!ownG.

-


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Xinclude ,iGuidRrystal&hJ

,iGuidRrystal lcd(10! 11! 9! D! ! 0)%

void setup() {

lcd&begin(1E! 0)%

}

void loop() {

lcd&setRursor(! )% //4tart position 'irst sign in the 'irst ro&&&

lcd&print(IupI)% //&&sho the ord 7up8

delay (0)% //ait 0 seconds

lcd&clear()% //Rlear the display

lcd&setRursor(9! 1)% //4tart position 'i'th sigh in the second ro&&&

lcd&print(IdonI)% //&&&print 7don8

delay (0)% //ait 0 seconds

lcd&clear()% //Rlear the display

}

The ; mo!ule is especially useful to show sensor values or other outputs from the

microcontroller. Dou can also fin! help in the ar!uino software at the e@ample sketches.

There you can fin! many !ifferent e@amples at Fi*ui!;rystalG.

-


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9elay shield

Task: se a relay shiel!.

8e*uire! e*uipment: 8elay shiel! K 'r!uino K ca-les

' relay is a switch% which can -e activate! with a low current from the 'r!uino -oar!. &o

you can switch on an! off electrical things% that nee! much more power than a 'r!uino

-oar! can provi!e.

The relay nee!s a permanent power supply trough JH an! I (n the picture J;; an!

9). ?ith the FG=pin% the switch can -e activate! -y the 'r!uino -oar!. The three

terminals on the left si!e are meant to -e connecte! with the electrical component that

nee!s more power than the 'r!uino can provi!e. f the relay !oesnAt get any signal from

the 'r!uino on the FG contact% the contacts ' an! , are connecte!. >nce the relay gets a

signal from the 'r!uino the contacts , an! ; get connecte!.

'TT/T>: There are two types of relay shiel!s. They !iffer in the way you get them to

switch. /ither you have to connect the FG pin to JH on the 'r!uino% or you have to

connect the FG pin to 9 on the 'r!uino. Dou can easily fin! out which type of relay you

got. Try connecting the FsignalG pin with JH or with 9. The version where the relay

switches (you can hear a lou! crack) will -e the right version.

7or testing purpose% you can use the F-linkG=sketch. nstea! of the /% you connect the

output=pin from the 'r!uino -oar! with the FG pin from the relay. ?ith that sketch% the

relays will switch on an! off in a 1 secon! rhythm.

-


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;o!e:

void setup()

{

pinMode(E! "#T$#T)%

}

void loop()

{

digitalrite(E! *+)% //At this point the relay turns on

delay(1)% //&&ait one second

digitalrite(E! ,")% //turn o'' the relay again

delay(1)% //&&&ait a second

}

6


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Ste""er

Task: ' stepper shoul! turn aroun! -ack an! forth.

8e*uire! e*uipment: 'r!uino K stepper with control -oar! K 6 ca-les

This stepper is especially useful for small proCects with the ar!uino -oar!. The stepper can

operate without any e@ternal power supply. t can get a *uite high tor*ue. This is possi-le

-ecause of a gear% which is installe! insi!e of the metal case in front of the actual step

motor. >ne full rotation of the !rive shaft can -e !ivi!e! in 20+4 separate steps. >ne little

!isa!vantage of this can -e the slow ma@imum rotation spee!.

The stepper gets connecte! with a control -oar!. This control -oar! supplies the stepper

with enough power% to prevent the !igital pins of having to !o this. There are two versions

of the control -oar!. >ne with the outer pins on the top an! one with the outer pins on the

-ottom. The connection is the same on -oth versions.

1


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Wiring

P2 on 'r!uino -oar! to + on control -oar! ### 2 with + ###

P on 'r!uino -oar! to 2 on control -oar! ### with 2 ###

P+ on 'r!uino -oar! to on control -oar! ### + with ###

P on 'r!uino -oar! to 1 on control -oar! ### with 1 ###

P F9G on 'r!uino -oar! to 9 on control -oar!

P FJG on 'r!uino -oar! to J;; on control -oar!

2


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The following ;o!e is an e@ample an! lets the stepper !o one rotation (20+4 steps) -ack

an! forth.

Xinclude 4tepper&hJ //,oad stepper library (already including the arduinoso'tare)

int 4$M# 5 0%

4tepper my4tepper(4$M#! 0!!D!9)%

void setup()

{

my4tepper&set4peed(9)%

}

void loop() {

my4tepper&step(0D3)%

delay(9)%

my4tepper&step(@0D3)%

delay(9)%

}

3


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ne e@ample of use can -e the moisture sensor use! to measure the

groun! humi!ity of a plant. f the groun! of the plant gets to !ry% an alarm coul! set off or

an automatic water pump system coul! water the plant. The moisture sensor is also

suita-le for measuring a water level% in the region of the sensor.

The way of functioning is *uite simple. There is a voltage on the two contacts of the

moisture sensor. The higher the level of moisture gets -etween the contacts% the -etter the

currant can flow from one contact to the other. This value gets electronically processe!

from the moisture sensor an! gets transmitte! as an analog signal to an analog input of

the -oar!. &ince the -oar!% as !escri-e! in previous tutorials% isnAt a-le to measureelectrical voltage as such% it converts the analog signal into a numerical value. 0J to 12J


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correspon!s to a numerical value from 0 to 102 (That are 102+ num-ers% since the Bero

is counte! as the first numerical value).

,ut the upper level of the moisture sensor is aroun! 400% if the sensor gets completely

un!er water. The accurate cali-ration !epen!s on the sensor an! the type of li*ui!Kmoisture that is measure! (e.g. salt water has a -etter con!uctivity so the value woul! -e

higher).

&etup:

The programming of the moisture sensor isnAt that complicate! an! is very similar to theprogramming of the potentiometer% -ecause there is Cust an analog value rea! out.

int measurement5% //ariable 'or the measurement ith as starting value

void setup()


+


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4erial&begin(6E)% //4tarting the serial communication to sho the sensor

//values on the serial monitor later on

}

void loop()


measurement5analogBead(A)% //The voltage on the moisture sensor gets read out

//and gets saved under 7measurement8

4erial&print(IMoisture measurement


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void loop()

{

measurement5analogBead(A)%



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are touching the surface of the sensor% the higher the value woul! get.

Setu"4

&ee image on page 4 (The two ca-les on the top (-lack an! re!) an! the pieBo speaker

on the -rea!-oar! will -e nee!e! later on).

The programming of the moisture sensor isnAt that complicate! an! is very similar to the

programming of the potentiometer or the moisture sensor% -ecause there is Cust an analog

value rea! out.

int measurement5% //ariable 'or the measurement ith as starting value

void setup()


4erial&begin(6E)% //4tarting the serial communication to sho the sensor

//values on the serial monitor later on

}

void loop()


measurement5analogBead(A)% //The voltage on the drop sensor gets read out and

//gets saved under 7measurement8



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(=tension of the code4

ow we want a pieBo speaker to -eep as soon as a rain !rop touches the sensor. 's limit

we are going to use the sensor value +00% -ecause if a !rop touches the sensor we are

e@pecting a value at a-out +40.

&etup:

;o!e:

int measurement5%

int beep5E% //8beep8 stands 'or the pin E! hich gets connected ith the pieHo

void setup()

{

4erial&begin(6E)%

pinMode (E!"#T$#T)% //The pin E gets de'ined as an output

6


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}

void loop()

{

measurement5analogBead(A)%



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98,! >it

Task: 8ea! out the of a 87 tag an! !isplay the as one contiguous !ecimal

num-er on the serial monitor.

8e*uire! e*uipment: 'r!uino K 87 $it K ca-les

The 87 (Fra!io fre*uency i!entificationG) rea!er is use! to rea! out a certain co!e% which

is sen! from a 87 transmitter (also calle! F87 tagG) -y ra!io. /ach 87 tag has only

one uni*ue co!e. The 87 $it is useful to realiBe proCects like for e@ample a locking

mechanism or other similar proCects in which a person shoul! -e i!entifie! with a tag.

87 tags may come in !ifferent shapes% like a key chain or a car! in cre!it car! format.

>n the following image you can see on the left si!e two 87 tags% on the right the 87

receiver 87 8;22 an! pin hea!er which have to -e sol!ere! to the receiver (There are

also versions with alrea!y sol!ere! pin hea!ers on the receiver).

2


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"ow !oes it workN ' 87 receiver contains a small copper coil that generates a magnetic

fiel!. 'n 87 transmitter also inclu!es a copper coil that picks up the magnetic fiel! an!

generates an electrical voltage insin!e the transmitter. This voltage is use! -y a small

electronic chip to get it to emit an electrical co!e -y ra!io. The transmitter !irectly receivesthis co!e an! processes it% so that the microcontroller is a-le to process the receive! co!e.

t is also possi-le to co!ify a 87 tag. ue to the comple@ity it is not mentione! in this

tutorial. ,ut you can fin! several other tutorials for this on the we-.

9ead out and "rocess the data of 98,! tags with the Arduino

8e*uire! e*uipment: 'r!uino > or /9'% 87 rea!er% at least one 87 tag%

-rea!-oar!% ca-les% one /% one 200 >hm resistor

sing a 'r!uino microcontroller% we want to rea! out a 87 tag. f it is the right tag the

/ shoul! light up for secon!s.

?iring of the 87 rea!er with the 'r!uino -oar!:

,oar!: 'r!uino no 'r!uino ega 78;22=8/'/8

Pin: 10 &'

Pin: 1 2 &;$

Pin: 11 1 >&

Pin: 12 0 &>

Pin: nothing nothing 8

Pin: 9 9 9

Pin: 5 8&T

Pin: %J %J %J

>n the image un!erneath the 87 rea!er has sol!ere! pins -ent -y 50Q on it (like the

alrea!y sol!ere! version). This way it is possi-le to plug the rea!er vertical on the

-rea!-oar!.

3


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85/100

Progra$$ing

8ea!ing out an! processing the !ata of an 87 receiver woul! re*uire%as well as other

comple@ tasks% a lot lines of co!e. Therefore we are going to use one of many e@isting

li-raries from the internet. The one we use! in this tutorial can -e foun! onhttps://github.com/miguelbalboa/rfid.To work with the li-rary you have to !ownloa! it an!

save it in the 'r!uino program fol!er. Dou Cust have to click on Fownloa! UPG an! save

the unBipe! !ata on your har! !rive.

Dou have to unpack the fol!er into the 'r!uino software fol!er an! save it un!er Fli-rariesG.

sually% the fol!er has -een save! un!er R;: Programmear!uinoli-rariesLR (f you have

save! it somewhere else you have to use the Fli-rariesG fol!er there).

'fter the !ata is unBippe! an! save! correctly% there shoul! appear a !ata with the name

Frfi!=masterG in the Fli-rariesG fol!er. ow you &T !elete the hyphen from the name.

&o you rename the !ata into Frfi!masterG. f you have followe! this steps correctly% the

li-rary is rea!y to -e use! in the 'r!uino software.

Setch 1

7irst of all we are going to rea! out the (Fni*ue !entification um-erG). t is the

in!ivi!ual sign of every 87 tag. ?e are going to use the sketch un!erneath ('ttention%

the sketch only works if the li-rary has -een a!!e! to the software the way it is e@plaine!

-efore). This program is only !estine! for > 8 microcontroller. f you want to use

/9'260 or other controllers% you have to a!Cust the pins.

Xinclude 4$*&hJ //*nclude 4$* library

Xinclude MFBR900&hJ //*nclude BF*. library

Xde'ine 44U$*; 1 //4.A on $in 1 (di''erent on M-+A)

Xde'ine B4TU$*; 6 //B4T on $in 6 (di''erent on M-+A)

+

https://github.com/miguelbalboa/rfidhttps://github.com/miguelbalboa/rfid


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MFBR900 m'rc900(44U$*;! B4TU$*;)% //;ame BF*. receiver

void setup() //4tarting setup

{

4erial&begin(6E)% //4tarting serial connection

4$*&begin()% //set up 4$* connection

m'rc900&$R.U*nit()% //*nitialiHe BF*. receiver

}

void loop() //,oop part starts here

{

i' (S m'rc900&$*RRU*s;eRard$resent()) //*' a card is near by&&&

{

return% //move on&&

}

i' (S m'rc900&$*RRUBeadRard4erial()) //*' a BF*. tag has been chosen&&&

{

return% //move on&&&

}

4erial&print(IThe *. o' the BF*.@TA+ is


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88/100

t is not very easy to work with these "/V num-ers one after another. &o we change the

line R &erial.print ( mfrc22.ui!.ui!,yte WiX % "/V ) O R to R &erial.print ( mfrc22.ui!.ui!,yte

WiX % /; O R . Then you will get the in!ivi!ual parts of the as a !ecimal num-er.

Setch 2

ow the co!e is shown as a !ecimal num-er% -ut it is still !ivi!e! into four -locks. ?e

are going to change the co!e in a mathematical way to effect that the is shown as asingle contiguous num-er (!ecimal num-er).

?hy are we !oing thisN f we want to use this sketch later on% for e@ample to let a /

light up or turn a stepper aroun! !epen!ing on the right recogniBe! 87 tag% it will -e

easier to use a 7 comman! with one contiguous num-er. /@ample:

Ff the 87 ;o!e is 101320% a / shoul! turn for secon!sG.

The comman! woul! -e more complicate! this way: Ff the first -lock is 15 an! the

secon! -lock is 36 an! the thir! -lock is 330 an! the fourth -lock is 2 a / shoul!

turn on for secon!sG.

' !isa!vantage of the !ecimal way is the fact that the sketch can -e a little -it unsafe

-ecause not all four -locks (ma@. 12 num-ers) can -e shown as a contiguous num-er.

f you want it to -e completely safe you woul! have to test every single -lock.

Xinclude 4$*&hJ

Xinclude MFBR900&hJ

Xde'ine 44U$*; 1

Xde'ine B4TU$*; 6

MFBR900 m'rc900(44U$*;! B4TU$*;)%


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void setup()

{

4erial&begin(6E)%

4$*&begin()%

m'rc900&$R.U*nit()%

}

void loop()

{

i' ( S m'rc900&$*RRU*s;eRard$resent())

{

return%

}

i' ( S m'rc900&$*RRUBeadRard4erial())

{

return%

}

long code5% //e are using 7code8 as a ne variable to save the #*. as

//contiguous number later on& Cy using 7long8 instead o' 7int8 e are able to

//save a longer number&

'or (byte i 5 % i m'rc900&uid&siHe% i::)

{

code5((code:m'rc900&uid&uidCyteNiO)1)% //;o the 'our blocks are read out and

//the code gets 7stretched8 by the 'actor 1 every passing (Actually! e should

//use the 'actor 1! but the number ould become too large)&

}

4erial&print(IThe Rard number is


90/100

'n! nowN ?e want a / to turn on for secon!s if the wante! 87 Tag gets hol! in

front of the 87 8ea!er.

Setch 3

Xinclude 4$*&hJ

Xinclude MFBR900&hJ

Xde'ine 44U$*; 1

Xde'ine B4TU$*; 6

MFBR900 m'rc900(44U$*;! B4TU$*;)%

void setup()

{

4erial&begin(6E)%

4$*&begin()%

m'rc900&$R.U*nit()%

pinMode (0! "#T$#T)% //$in 0 gets de'ined as output (here e are going to

//connect the ,-.)

}

void loop()

{

i' ( S m'rc900&$*RRU*s;eRard$resent())

{

return%

}

i' ( S m'rc900&$*RRUBeadRard4erial())

{

return%

6


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}

long code5%

'or (byte i 5 % i m'rc900&uid&siHe% i::)

{code5((code:m'rc900&uid&uidCyteNiO)1)%

}

4erial&print(IThe Rard number istension o' the sketch

i' (code551120) //*' the number code is 1120&&&

{ //"pen program part

digitalrite (0! *+)% //&&&the ,-. on $in 0 should light up &&&

delay (9)% //&&'or 9 seconds&&

digitalrite (0! ,")% // Kand than turn o''&

} //-nd o' the program part

} //-nd o' the sketch

1


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7utorials with additional (#ui"$ent

>ey"ad shield

Task: se a keypa! shiel! with 'r!uino.

8e*uire! e*uipment: 'r!uino K $eypa! shiel!

The keypa! shiel! has some a!vantages over the simple ; mo!ule. t !oesnAt has to -e

wire! that complicate! an! has si@ push -utton% which can -e use!. These si@ -uttons can

-e rea! out trough the analog pins of the microcontroller. The -uttons are all connecte!%

trough !ifferent resistors% with a analog pin ('0). ThatAs why the analog pin '0 can only -e

use! limite! for !ifferent purposes. The shiel! !oesnAt even has the '0 pin.

2

The pins on this site are unchange!(from the right site: '%'+%'%'2%'1...etc.)


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The keypa! shiel! can -e plugge! on the > -oar! or the /9' -oar! for e@ample.

The power supply pins of the keypa! shiel! shoul! -e plugge! into the power supply pins

of the microcontroller -oar! (on the mi!!le -ottom you can fin! the power supply pins of

the keypa! shiel!. The la-el J or J can also help you to fin! them). The pins on the topof the 'r!uino are also use! -y the keypa! shiel! (pin 0=1). &ome of them are use! for

the ; on the keypa! shiel!. The other free pins are com-ine! in a row of slots (see on

the top of the image).

f you want to use these slots% we recommen! to sol!er a connector strip onto them.

>ne e@ample of a sketch can -e the following:

Code:

//4ample using ,iGuidRrystal library

Xinclude ,iGuidRrystal&hJ

/

This program ill test the ,R. panel and the buttons

Mark Cramell! Vuly 01

/

// select the pins used on the ,R. panel

,iGuidRrystal lcd(3! 6! D! 9! E! 2)%

// de'ine some values used by the panel and buttonsint lcdUkey 5 %

int adcUkeyUin 5 %

Xde'ine btnB*+T

Xde'ine btn#$ 1

Xde'ine btn."; 0

Xde'ine btn,-FT

Xde'ine btn4-,-RT D

Xde'ine btn;";- 9

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// read the buttons

int readU,R.Ubuttons()

{

adcUkeyUin 5 analogBead()% // read the value 'rom the sensor

// my buttons hen read are centered at these valies< ! 1DD! 06! 9D! 2D1

// e add appro> 9 to those values and check to see i' e are closei' (adcUkeyUin J 1) return btn;";-% // e make this the 1st option 'or speed

reasons since it ill be the most likely result

i' (adcUkeyUin 9) return btnB*+T%

i' (adcUkeyUin 169) return btn#$%

i' (adcUkeyUin 3) return btn.";%

i' (adcUkeyUin 999) return btn,-FT%

i' (adcUkeyUin 26) return btn4-,-RT%

return btn;";-% // hen all others 'ail! return this&&&

}

void setup()

{

lcd&begin(1E! 0)% // start the library

lcd&setRursor(!)%

lcd&print(IMessageI)% // print a simple message

pinMode (0! "#T$#T)%

}

void loop()

{

digitalrite (0! *+)%

lcd&setRursor(6!1)% // move cursor to second line I1I and 6 spaces over

lcd&print(millis()/1)% // display seconds elapsed since poer@up

lcd&setRursor(!1)% // move to the begining o' the second line

lcdUkey 5 readU,R.Ubuttons()% // read the buttons

sitch (lcdUkey) // depending on hich button as pushed! e per'orm an action

{

case btnB*+T<

{

lcd&print(IB*+T I)%

digitalrite (0! ,")%


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break%

}

case btn,-FT<

{

lcd&print(I,-FT I)%

break%}

case btn#$<

{

lcd&print(I#$ I)%

break%

}

case btn.";<

{

lcd&print(I."; I)%

break%

}

case btn4-,-RT<

{

lcd&print(I4-,-RTI)%

break%

}

case btn;";-<

{

lcd&print(I;";- I)%

break%

}

}

}

+


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,C !is"lay

7as4 &how a te@t on an


97/100

Wiring4 The connection of the


98/100

Progra$ing4

?e will nee! another li-rary to work with the


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lcd&setRursor(!1)% // lcd&setRursor to de'ine sign and ro here the te>t

//should start

lcd&print(I+ood ,uckSI)% // lcd&print to sho te>t on the ,R.

}

(=tension4

Must like with the simple ;% you can show the result of measurements on the


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lcd&setRursor(!)% //8Measurement

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