are cable shield being damaged during ground faults

7
7/23/2019 Are cable shield being damaged during ground Faults http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/are-cable-shield-being-damaged-during-ground-faults 1/7 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS. VOL. IA-22, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1986 Are Cable Shields Being Damaged During Ground Faults? PAUL S. HAMER, MEMBER, IEEE, AND BARRY M. WOOD MEMBER, IEEE Abstract-Simulated ground-fault tests (50-700 A) of various cable, ground wire, and conduit configurations are made to determine the proportion of the total ground-fault current carried by the cable metallic shield. The percentage of the total fault current for the various return paths is tabulated, along with representative zero-sequence circuit impedances. General guidelines for protecting cable shields from damage are presented. INTRODUCTION PETROCHEMICAL plant medium-voltage distribution systems are usually low-resistance grounded, allowing 200-2000 A to flow during a solid line-to-ground fault. Since many ground faults initiate in motors, switchgear, or trans- formers, the cable, ground wire, and conduit  if metallic) form the most direct ground-return path for the fault. This paper determines the proportion of ground-fault current which is carried by themetallic shield of the cable, the ground wire within the conduit, and the conduit itself during a ground fault. These data are used to answer the question,  Are cables being damaged during  through ground faults? The answer to this question needs to be qualified by a feeder cable protection guideline. Such a guideline is pre- sented later. GROUND FAULT CURRENT AND PROXIMITY EFFECT In an alternating current (ac) circuit, if two return paths of equal conductivity are available, the path of lower inductive reactance will carry the higher proportion of the total current. This is shown in Fig. 1 by phase conductor A and return paths X and Y. Return path X has a lower circuit inductance (with phase A) and carries more current than return path Y. The  proximity effect is demonstrated for the physically closer return path. Current flowing through parallel paths divides inversely as the impedance (R + jX) of the circuit. For example, if the return path X (Fig. 1) is a  2 conductor and return path Y is a 500 MCM conductor, the total impedance of return path Y m ay be less than return path X (depending on the physical Paper PID 86-6, approved by the Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society for presentation at the 1985 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee Technical Conference, Houston, TX, September 9-11. Manuscript released for publication June 29, 1986. P. S. Hamer is with Chevron Corporation, P. 0. Box 5045, San Ramon, CA 94583. B. M. Wood is with Engineering Technology Industries Incorporated, 3470 Fostoria Way, San Ramon, CA 94583. IEEE Log Number 8611180. PHASE A RETURN RETURN PATH X PATH Y Fig. 1. Illustration of proximity effect. separation). Therefore, path Y would carry a greater portion of the total current. Medium-voltage cables installed in many 5-kV systems and in all systems above 8-kV employ a metallic shield outside the conductor insulation and usually beneath the outerjacket of the cable. This shield consists of either a number of small-gauge conductors or a helically wound metal tape several mils thick. The metallic shield is in contact with a semiconducting compound and is usually grounded at both ends of a cable run.  cross section of a typical three-phase cable and conduit assembly is shown in Fig. 2. Multiple return paths for ground faults are offered by the  faulted phase shield, the two  nonfaulted phase shields, the ground wire, the conduit, and the earth itself. It is assumed for this paper that the cable itself is not faulted. Instead, a component in the circuit beyond the cable run is faulted to ground and the cable shields, ground wire, conduit system, and earth return the ground current. The Insulated Cable Engineers Association, Inc. (ICEA) has prepared a publication [1] which describes the withstand limits for metallic shields when subjected to faults. This publication contains equations where, given the cable jacket material, shield material, dimensions, and operating tempera- ture, a graph of time versus current may be drawn. This graph defines the withstand limit for the metallic shield. This curve takes the form of a straight line with a slope of - 2 on a log- log plot oftime versus current. This represents a constant f2t (where I is current in amperes and t is time in seconds) which is proportional to energy. If current is permitted to flow through the shield for too long a period, the temperature limit defined by the ICEA could be exceeded. Another perspective on maximum shield withstand temperatures is given in [2], but this is beyond the scope of this paper. Referring to Fig. 2, the return current divides among the metallic shields, ground wire, and conduit inversely as the apparent impedances of the paths. Each apparent impedance is a function of the resistance and self-inductance of the path and the mutual inductances among the metallic shields, ground wire, and conduit.  method of calculating these inductances is given in [3]. The Appendix at the end of the paper outlines the generaltechnique. Intuitively, one m ay think that most of the ground-fault current returns on the faulted phase shield. This is typically 0093-9994/86/1100-1 149$01.00 © 1986 IEEE 1149

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Page 1: Are cable shield being damaged during ground Faults

7/23/2019 Are cable shield being damaged during ground Faults

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/are-cable-shield-being-damaged-during-ground-faults 1/7

I E E E T R A N S A C T I O N S

ON

INDUSTRY

A P PL I C A TI O N S . V O L .

I A - 2 2 ,

N O .

6 ,

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1 9 8 6

Are Cable Shields Being Damaged During Ground

F a u l t s ?

PAUL S .

HAMER,

M E M B E R, I E E E , AND B A R R Y

M.

WOOD

MEMBE R, IEEE

A b s t r a c t - S i m u l a t e d

g r o u n d - f a u l t

t e s t s ( 5 0 - 7 0 0 A )

o f v a r i o u s

c a b l e ,

g r o u n d w i r e ,

a n d c o n d u i t

c o n f i g u r a t i o n s

a r e

made t o d e t e r m i n e

t h e

p r o p o r t i o n o f

t h e

t o t a l g r o u n d - f a u l t

c u r r e n t c a r r i e d

b y

t h e

c a b l e m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d .

The

p e r c e n t a g e

o f

t h e

t o t a l f a u l t c u r r e n t f o r

t h e v a r i o u s r e t u r n

p a t h s

i s

t a b u l a t e d , a l o n g

w i t h

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e z e r o - s e q u e n c e

c i r c u i t

i m p e d a n c e s .

G e n e r a l

g u i d e l i n e s

f o r

p r o t e c t i n g c a b l e

s h i e l d s f r o m

d a m a g e

a r e

p r e s e n t e d .

I N T R O D U C T I O N

PETROCHEMICAL p l a n t

m e d i u m - v o l t a g e

d i s t r i b u t i o n

s y s t e m s a r e u s u a l l y

l o w - r e s i s t a n c e

g r o u n d e d , a l l o w i n g

2 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 A

t o

f l o w

d u r i n g a s o l i d l i n e - t o - g r o u n d

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S i n c e

m a n y

g r o u n d

f a u l t s

i n i t i a t e

i n

m o t o r s ,

s w i t c h g e a r , o r

t r a n s -

f o r m e r s ,

t h e c a b l e ,

g r o u n d w i r e , a n d

c o n d u i t

  i f m e t a l l i c )

f o r m

t h e

m o s t d i r e c t

g r o u n d - r e t u r n p a t h

f o r

t h e f a u l t .

T h i s p a p e r d e t e r m i n e s t h e p ro p o rt i o n o f

g r o u n d - f a u l t

c u r r e n t w h i c h i s c a r r i e d

b y

t h e m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d

o f

t h e

c a b l e ,

t h e

g r o u n d

w i r e

w i t h i n

t h e

c o n d u i t ,

a n d t h e

c o n d u i t i t s e l f d u r i n g a

g r o u n d f a u l t . T h e s e d a t a a r e

u s e d t o

a n s w e r t h e

q u e s t i o n ,

  A r e c a b l e s

b e i n g d a m a g e d d u r i n g

  t h r o u g h

g r o u n d

f a u l t s ?

T h e

a n s w e r

t o

t h i s

q u e s t i o n

n e e d s t o b e

q u a l i f i e d b y

a

f e e d e r c a b l e

p r o t e c t i o n g u i d e l i n e .

S u c h

a g u i d e l i n e

i s

p r e -

s e n t e d

l a t e r .

GROUND

F A U L T C U R R E N T AND

P R O X I M I T Y

E F F E C T

I n

a n

a l t e r n a t i n g

c u r r e n t

( a c )

c i r c u i t ,

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t w o

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e q u a l

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a v a i l a b l e ,

t h e

p a t h

o f l o w e r i n d u c t i v e

r e a c t a n c e w i l l

c a r r y

t h e

h i g h e r p r o p o rt i on

o f t h e

t o t a l c u r r e n t .

T h i s

i s

s h o w n i n F i g .

1

b y p h a s e c o n d u ct o r A a n d

r e t u r n p a t h s

X a n d

Y .

R e t u r n

p a t h

X

h a s a l o w e r

c i r c u i t

i n d u c t a n c e ( w i t h

p h a s e A ) a n d c a r r i e s m o r e c u r r e n t t h a n r e t u r n p a t h Y . T h e

  p r o x i m i t y

e f f e c t

i s d e m o n s t r a t e d f o r t h e p h y s i c a l l y c l o s e r

r e t u r n

p a t h .

C u r r e n t

f l o w i n g t h r o u g h p a r a l l e l

p a t h s

d i v i d e s

i n v e r s e l y

a s

t h e

i m p e d a n c e

( R

+

j X )

o f t h e

c i r c u i t . F o r e x a m p l e , i f t h e

r e t u r n

p a t h

X ( F i g . 1 ) i s

a

  2

c o n d u c t o r

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p a t h Y i s a

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t h e p h y s i c a l

P a p e r

P I D

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C h e m i c a l I n d u s t r y

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t h e

IEEE

I n d u s t r y A p p l i c a t i o n s S o c i e t y f o r

p r e s e n t a t i o n a t t h e

1 9 8 5 P et r o l e u m

a n d C h e m i c a l

I n d u s t r y C o m m i t t e e T ec h n ic a l C o n f er e n ce ,

H o u s t o n ,

T X ,

S e p t e m b e r 9 - 1 1 . M a n u s cr i p t r e l e a s e d

f o r

p u b l i c a t i o n J u n e 2 9 ,

1 9 8 6 .

P .

S . H a m e r

i s w i t h C h e v r o n

C o r p o r a t i o n ,

P . 0 .

B o x

5 0 4 5 ,

S a n R a m o n ,

CA

9 4 5 8 3 .

B . M.

Wood i s w i t h

E n g i n ee r in g T e c h n o l o g y

I n d u s t r i e s I n c o r p o r a t e d ,

3 4 7 0

F o s t o r i a

W a y ,

S a n

R a m o n , CA 9 4 5 8 3 .

IEEE

L o g Number

8 6 1 1 1 8 0 .

PHASE

A RE TU RN

R E T U R N

PATH

X

PATH

Y

F i g .

1 . I l l u s t r a t i o n o f

p r o x i m i t y

e f f e c t .

s e p a r a t i o n ) .

T h e r e f o r e , p a t h

Y

w o u l d c a r r y a g r e a t e r p o r t i o n

o f t h e

t o t a l c u r r e n t .

M e d i u m - v o l t a g e c a b l e s i n s t a l l e d i n m a n y 5 - k V

s y s t e m s

a n d

i n

a l l

s y s t e m s

a b o v e 8 - k V e m p l o y a m e t a l l i c s h i e l d

o u t s i d e

t h e

c o n d u c t o r i n s u l a t i o n

a n d

u s u a l l y b e n e a t h t h e

o u t e r j a c k e t

o f t h e

c a b l e . T h i s s h i e l d c o n s i s t s o f

e i t h e r a

n u m b e r o f s m a l l - g a u g e

c o n d u c t o r s o r

a h e l i c a l l y

w o u n d

m e t a l t a p e s e v e r a l m i l s t h i c k .

T h e m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d i s i n

c o n t a c t w i t h

a

s e m i c o n d u c t i n g

c o m p o u n d

a n d i s

u s u a l l y

g r o u n d e d

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c a b l e

r u n .

  c r o s s s e c t i o n o f a

t y p i c a l

t h r e e - p h a s e c a b l e a n d

c o n d u i t

a s s e m b l y

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i n

F i g .

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p a t h s

f o r g r o u n d

f a u l t s

a r e o f f e r e d

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t h e   f a u l t e d

p h a s e

s h i e l d ,

t h e

t w o

 n o n f a u l t e d p h a s e s h i e l d s ,

t h e

g r o u n d

w i r e ,

t h e

c o n d u i t ,

a n d

t h e e a r t h

i t s e l f .

I t i s a s s u m e d

f o r

t h i s

p a p e r

t h a t

t h e c a b l e i t s e l f

i s n o t f a u l t e d . I n s t e a d ,

a

c o m p o n e n t

i n t h e c i r c u i t

b e y o n d

t h e

c a b l e

r u n

i s

f a u l t e d

t o

g r o u n d

a n d

t h e

c a b l e

s h i e l d s , g r o u n d

w i r e ,

c o n d u i t

s y s t e m ,

a n d e a r t h

r e t u r n

t h e

g r o u n d

c u r r e n t .

T h e

I n s u l a t e d

C a b l e

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A s s o c i a t i o n ,

I n c .

( I C E A )

h a s p r e p a r e d

a

p u b l i c a t i o n [ 1 ]

w h i c h d e s c r i b e s

t h e

w i t h s t a n d

l i m i t s f o r m e t a l l i c s h i e l d s

w h e n

s u b j e c t e d

t o

f a u l t s . T h i s

p u b l i c a t i o n

c o n t a i n s

e q u a t i o n s w h e r e , g i v e n

t h e

c a b l e

j a c k e t

m a t e r i a l ,

s h i e l d

m a t e r i a l ,

d i m e n s i o n s ,

a n d

o p e r a t i n g

t e m p e r a -

t u r e ,

a

g r a p h

o f

t i m e

v e r s u s

c u r r e n t

may

b e d r a w n .

T h i s

g r a p h

d e f i n e s

t h e w i t h s t a n d

l i m i t

f o r

t h e

m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d . T h i s

c u r v e

t a k e s

t h e

f o r m o f

a

s t r a i g h t

l i n e w i t h

a

s l o p e

o f

-

2 o n

a

l o g -

l o g

p l o t

o f t im e v e r s u s

c u r r e n t .

T h i s

r e p r e s e n t s

a c o n s t a n t

f 2 t

( w h e r e

I i s c u r r e n t

i n

a m p e r e s

a n d

t

i s

t i m e i n

s e c o n d s )

w h i c h

i s p r o p o r t i o n a l

t o

e n e r g y .

I f c u r r e n t i s

p e r m i t t e d

t o f l o w

t h r o u g h

t h e

s h i e l d

f o r

t o o

l o n g

a

p e r i o d ,

t h e

t e m p e r a t u r e

l i m i t d e f i n e d

b y

t h e

ICEA

c o u l d b e

e x c e e d e d .

A n o t h e r

p e r s p e c t i v e

o n maximum

s h i e l d

w i t h s t a n d

t e m p e r a t u r e s

i s

g i v e n

i n

[ 2 ] ,

b u t

t h i s i s

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s c o p e

o f

t h i s

p a p e r .

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t o

F i g .

2 ,

t h e r et u rn c u rr e n t d i v i d e s

a m o n g

t h e

m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d s ,

g r o u n d w i r e ,

a n d c o n d u i t

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t h e

p a t h s .

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a p p a r e n t i m p e d a n c e

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a

f u n c t i o n o f t h e

r e s i s t a n c e a n d s e l f - i n d u c t a n c e

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t h e m u t u a l

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a m o n g

t h e

m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d s , g r o u n d

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a n d c o n d u i t .   m e t h o d

o f

c a l c u l a t i n g

t h e s e

i n d u c t a n c e s

i s

g i v e n

i n

[ 3 ] .

T h e

A p p e n d i x

a t t h e e n d

o f

t h e

p a p e r

o u t l i n e s

t h e

g e n e r a l t e c h n i q u e .

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o n e

may

t h i n k t h a t m o s t

o f t h e

g r o u n d - f a u l t

c u r r e n t r e t u r n s

o n t h e f a u l t e d

p h a s e

s h i e l d .

T h i s

i s

t y p i c a l l y

0 0 9 3 - 9 9 9 4 / 8 6 / 1 1 0 0 - 1

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I E E E

T R A N S A C T I O N S

O N

I N D U S T R Y

A P P L I C A T I O N S ,

V O L .

I A - 2 2 ,

N O .

6 ,

N O V E M B E R / D E C E M B E R

1 9 8 6

 NON-FAULTED

PHASE SHIELDS

F i g . 2 .

C r o s s s e c t i o n

o f

a t y p i c a l

c a b l e

a n d

c o n d u i t

run.

t r u e

i f t h e

g r o u n d

f a u l t

i s f r o m

a

c o n d u c t o r

t o i t s

own

m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d .

H o w e v e r ,

t h e t e s t s

c o n d u c t e d

on t h e

s a m p l e

c a b l e -

g r o u n d

w i r e - c o n d u i t

c o n f i g u r a t i o n s

d e m o n s t r a t e d

o t h e r w i s e

f o r

t h r o u g h

g r o u n d

f a u l t s .

C U R R E N T

D I S T R I B U T I O N

AND I M P E D A N C E

T E S T S

P r e v i o u s

m e a s u r e m e n t s

h a v e

b e e n made

o f v a r i o u s

c a b l e

a n d c o n d u i t

c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s

[ 4 ] ,

[ 5 ] ,

b u t

our

l i t e r a t u r e

s e a r c h

d i d

n o t

r e v e a l an y

s t u d y

o f

c a b l e ,

g r o u n d

w i r e ,

a n d

c o n d u i t

s y s t e m s

or p r o t e c t i o n

p r a c t i c e s

commonly

e m p l o y e d

i n

i n d u s -

t r i a l s y s t e m s

w i t h

l o w - r e s i s t a n c e

g r o u n d e d

s y s t e m s .

We

c o n s t r u c t e d

t e s t

s a m p l e s

u s i n g

2 0 - f t

l e n g t h s

o f

p o l y v i n y l -

c h l o r i d e ( P V C ) ,

r i g i d - a l u m i n u m ,

a n d

r i g i d - s t e e l

c o n d u i t .

A

2 1 - f t

l o n g

s e c t i o n

o f

t h r e e

s i n g l e - c o n d u c t o r

4 / 0 AWG

c o p p e r

1

5 - k V

c a b l e s ,

a n d

a

2 / 0 AWG

copper

g r o u n d

w i r e

( a n d a

 6

AWG copper

g r o u n d

w i r e f o r l a t e r t e s t s )

were

t i e - w r a p p e d

t o g e t h e r

i n

a b u n d l e

i n t h e

c o n f i g u r a t i o n

s h o w n

i n F i g .

2 .

T h e

t i e wraps

were

e m p l o y e d

t o f i x t h e

- g e o m e t r y

o f

t h e

c a b l e s

so

t h a t

c o m p a r i s o n

w i t h

t h e

A p p e n d i x

c a l c u l a t i o n s

c o u l d

be

m a d e .

T h e c a b l e

a s s e m b l y

was

p u l l e d

i n t o

e a c h

c o n d u i t ,

a n d

a

  b o l t e d

f a u l t

was

s i m u l a t e d

a t

t h e f a r e n d

b y

c o n n e c t i n g

t h e

p h a s e

A c o n d u c t o r ,

t h e

m e t a l l i c s h i e l d s ,

t h e

g r o u n d

w i r e ,

a n d

t h e c o n d u i t

t o g e t h e r

w i t h

h e a v y - g a u g e

w i r e

or b r a i d .

One

end

o f

t h e

l o w - v o l t a g e

h i g h - c u r r e n t

source

was

c o n n e c t e d

t o

t h e

f a u l t e d p h a s e

c o n d u c t o r ,

a n d

t h e

o t h e r

s i d e

o f t h e source

was

c o n n e c t e d

t o a l l

m e t a l l i c s h i e l d s ,

t h e

g r o u n d

w i r e ,

a n d

t h e

c o n d u i t .

When

m e a s u r e m e n t s

w i t h o u t

a

g r o u n d

w i r e

were

m a d e ,

t h e g r o u n d

w i r e was d i s c o n n e c t e d

a t

t h e

f a u l t

e n d

o f

t h e

c o n d u i t .

S e e F i g .

3

f o r a

d i a g r a m

o f t e s t

t h e

s e t u p .

M e a s u r e m e n t s

o f v o l t a g e

a n d

c u r r e n t m a g n i t u d e s

were

made

w i t h p e a k - h o l d i n g

d i g i t a l

m u l t i m e t e r s .

A

c l a m p - o n

1 0 0 0 : 1

r a t i o

c u r r e n t

t r a n s f o r m e r ( C T )

was u s e d

t o

a l l o w

r a p i d

c h a n g e s

i n

p o i n t s

o f

m e a s u r e m e n t .

A

d i g i t a l

p h a s e - a n g l e

meter

was

u s e d

t o

measure

t h e p h a s e

r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e t w e e n

t h e

a p p l i e d

v o l t a g e

a n d

t h e

r e t u r n

c u r r e n t s .

D u r i n g

t h e

measure-

m e n t s ,

a l l c u r r e n t s

were

a p p l i e d

f o r a 1 . 5 - s

d u r a t i o n

s p a c e d

1

m i n

a p a r t

w i t h

t h e

c a b l e

a t

a m b i e n t

t e m p e r a t u r e .

P r i o r

t o

t a k i n g

d a t a ,

t h e

c u r r e n t

was

p u l s e d

t h r e e

t i m e s

( 1 . 5 - s

d u r a t i o n )

a t

- m i n

i n t e r v a l s

t o

p r e h e a t

t h e

s h i e l d s .

L o a d c u r r e n t

was

n o t

f l o w i n g

i n

t h e c a b l e d u r i n g

t h e

t e s t s .

F o r e a c h

s e t

o f d a t a

t h e

t e s t s e t

was a d j u s t e d

t o a l o w

c u r r e n t

( 5 0 - 2 0 0

A )

a n d

i n c r e a s e d

i n

s t e p s

t o

t h e

maximum

c u r r e n t

c a p a b i l i t y

o f

t h e

l o w - v o l t a g e

source

( 4 0 0 - 7 0 0

A ,

d e p e n d i n g

on t h e t o t a l

c i r c u i t

i m p e d a n c e ) .

S i n c e

most

m e a s u r e m e n t s

i n v o l v e d

a source

v o l t a g e

o f

o n l y

one or two

v o l t s ,

a s t e p - u p

v o l t a g e

t r a n s f o r m e r

( V T )

was

r e q u i r e d

t o

o b t a i n

a c c u r a t e

p h a s e - a n g l e

m e a s u r e m e n t s .

A

2 4 0 0 : 1 2 0

r a t i o

VT

was

used

PHASE

+

ANGLE

V

M

E T R

I M

+

TO  

NNECTION

A T CABLE

. 1 9

~ - C L A M P

ON

CT

_t

 

_  

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - r - - +

 

F ___________A_f_

+

t I T

20

FEET

BOLTED

L O W - V O L T A G C

J

FAULT

H I G H - C U R R E N T

A C

SOURCE

F i g .

3 .

T e s t

s e t u p .

w i t h

t h e

1 2 0 - V

w i n d i n g

c o n n e c t e d

t o t h e

l o w - v o l t a g e

s o u r c e

o u t p u t

a n d

t h e

2 4 0 0 - V

w i n d i n g

c o n n e c t e d

t o

t h e p h a s e - a n g l e

m e t e r

i n p u t .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

c o n f i g u r a t i o n s

w e r e

t e s t e d .

I )

4 / 0

AWG

c o p p e r

1 5 - k V

c a b l e ( 1 3 3 - p e r c e n t

i n s u l a t i o n )

w i t h

a 5 - m i l - t h i c k

c o p p e r - t a p e

s h i e l d .

a )

5 - i n

PV C

c o n d u i t :

1 )

w i t h o u t

g r o u n d

w i r e , 2 )

w i t h

2 / 0

AWG c o p p e r g r o u n d

w i r e ,

a n d

3 )

w i t h

  6

AWG

c o p p e r

g r o u n d

w i r e .

b )

4 - i n

r i g i d - a l u m i n u m

c o n d u i t :

1 ) w i t h o u t

g r o u n d

w i r e ,

2 )

w i t h

2 / 0

AWG c o p p e r

g r o u n d

w i r e , a n d

3 )

w i t h

  6

AWG

c o p p e r

g r o u n d

w i r e .

c )

5 - i n r i g i d - s t e e l

c o n d u i t :

1 )

w i t h o u t g r o u n d

w i r e , 2 )

w i t h

2 / 0

AWG

c o p p e r g r o u n d

w i r e ,

a n d 3 )

w i t h   6

AWG

c o p p e r

g r o u n d

w i r e .

I I )

4 / 0

AWG c o p p e r

1 5 - k V

( 1 0 0 - p e r c e n t

i n s u l a t i o n )

w i t h

s i x

  1 8

AWG

s h i e l d w i r e s ;

t h e t e s t s

w e r e

t h e s a m e

a s

f o r I )

a ,

b ,

a n d

c ,

e x c e p t

t h e

  6

AWG

c o p p e r

g r o u n d

w i r e

t e s t

w a s

o m i t t e d .

V o l t a g e s ,

c u r r e n t s ,

a n d

p h a s e

a n g l e s

w e r e

r e c o r d e d

f o r a l l

d e f i n e d

g r o u n d

r e t u r n

p a t h s

( m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d s ,

g r o u n d

w i r e ,

a n d

c o n d u i t )

a t

e a c h

o f t h e

f a u l t

c u r r e n t

l e v e l s .

T E S T

R E S U L T S

A N D

D I S C U S S I O N

T h e

r e s u l t s

o f t h e t e s t s

a r e g i v e n

i n

T a b l e s

I

a n d

I I . T a b l e

I

s u m m a r i z e s

t h e

p e r c e n t a g e

o f t h e

t o t a l

g r o u n d

f a u l t

c u r r e n t

t h r o u g h

t h e

v a r i o u s

r e t u r n

p a t h s

a t

a

t o t a l f a u l t

l e v e l

o f

4 0 0

A .

T h e

r e s u l t s

c o m p a r e

q u i t e

c l o s e l y

t o w o r k

d o n e p r e v i o u s l y

[ 4 ]

a t

h i g h e r

f a u l t - c u r r e n t

l e v e l s ( 5 0 0 0 - 1 0

0 0 0 A ) .

T h e

p e r c e n t a g e

o f

c u r r e n t

i n

e a c h

p a t h

d o e s

n o t

v a r y

w i t h

t h e

m a g n i t u d e

o f t h e

t o t a l

f a u l t

c u r r e n t ,

e x c e p t

i n

t h e

c a s e o f

t h e

s t e e l

c o n d u i t .

I n t h e c a s e

o f

t h e

s t e e l

c o n d u i t

w i t h o u t

a n

i n t e r n a l g r o u n d

w i r e

t h e p e r c e n t a g e

o f c u r r e n t

r e t u r n e d

t h r o u g h

t h e

c o n d u i t

r a n g e d f r o m 7 9

p e r c e n t

a t

a

t o t a l f a u l t

c u r r e n t

o f 5 0

A

t o

6 4

p e r c e n t

a t

a

t o t a l

f a u l t c u r r e n t

o f

5 7 0

A

( f o r

t h e

w i r e - s h i e l d c a s e ) .

T h i s

m e a n s

t h a t

t h e

a p p a r e n t

i m p e d a n c e

o f t h e c o n d u i t

r e t u r n

p a t h

i n c r e a s e d

t h r o u g h o u t

t h e

f a u l t

c u r r e n t r a n g e

o f

5 0 - 5 7 0

A .

To

i n v e s t i g a t e

t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n

b e t w e e n

o u r

r e s u l t s

a n d t h a t

o f a

p r e v i o u s

p a p e r

[ 6 ]

p r e d i c t i n g

a

d e c r e a s e

i n

c o n d u i t

i m p e d a n c e

w i t h

i n c r e a s i n g

c u r r e n t ,

we

s e t u p

a

t e m p o r a r y

l o o p

w i t h a

s i n g l e

4 / 0

AWG

c a b l e

w i t h i n

t h e

5 - i n

r i g i d - s t e e l

c o n d u i t . T h e

l o w - v o l t a g e

s o u r c e

w a s

c o n n e c t e d

b e t w e e n

t h e

c a b l e

a n d t h e c o n d u i t

a t

t h e s o u r c e

o f

t h e

c o n d u i t ,

a n d t h e

4 / 0

1 1 5 0

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HAMER AN D

W O O D :

CABLE

DAMAGED

D U R I N G GROUND

FAULTS?

TABLE

I

M EAS U R E D C U R R EN T

D I S T R I B U T I O N D U R I N G 4 0 0 - A G R O U N D

FAULT TESTS FOR

VARIOUS

CONDUIT AND

G R O U N D

WI R E

C O N F I G U R A T I O N S a

P e r c e n t

o f T o t a l G r o u n d

F a u l t C u r r e n t

N o n f a u l t e d

C o n d u i t ,

C a b l e ,

F a u l t e d P h a s e S h i e l d s

G r o u n d

a n d M e t a l l i c

S h i e l d T y p e P h a s e

S h i e l d ( E a c h )

W i r e

C o n d u i t

4 / 0 AWG 1 5 - k V

c a b l e w i t h

t a p e

s h i e l d

( 5 - m i l

c o p p e r )

5 - i n

PV C

w i t h o u t g r o u n d

w i r e

3 3

3 3 N/A N/A

W i t h 2 / 0 AWG g r o u n d

w i r e

9

7 8 1

N/A

W i t h

  6

AWG

g r o u n d

w i r e

1 8

1 8

4 8

N/A

4 - i n a l u m i n u m w i t h o u t g r o u n d

w i r e 4 3

N/A

9 1

W i t h

2 / 0

AWG

g r o u n d w i r e

4

2

2 6

6 7

W i t h

  6

AWG g r o u n d w i r e

4

3

8 8 4

5 - i n

s t e e l

w i t h o u t g r o u n d

w i r e 1 2

1 1

N/A 6 8

W i t h

2 / 0

AWG g r o u n d

w i r e 6

5

5 5

3 5

W i t h

  6

AWG

g r o u n d w i r e

9

8 2 6

5 1

4 / 0

AWG 1 5 - k V c a b l e

w i t h

w i r e s h i e l d

( s i x

  1 8

AWG)

5 - i n

PV C

w i t h o u t

g r o u n d

w i r e

3 3

3 3 N/A

N/A

W i t h

2 / 0

AWG g r o u n d

w i r e

9

7

8 1

N/A

4 - i n

a l u m i n u m

w i t h o u t

g r o un d w ir e

4

3

N/A 9 2

W i t h

2 / 0

AWG

g r o u n d

w i r e

3

2

2 2

7 3

5 - i n s t e e l w i t h o u t g r o u n d

w i r e

1 4 1 3 N/A

6 4

W i t h

2 / 0

AWG g r o u n d

w i r e

7

5 5 5

3 1

a

Sum

o f

c u r r e n t s

a d d

t o

o v e r 1 0 0

p e r c e n t

d u e t o p h a s e - a n g l e

d i f f e r e n c e s i n i n d i v i d u a l c u r r e n t s .

TABLE

I I

ZERO

SEQUENCE

IMPEDANCE

( Z O )

I N

mQ/1000 F T FOR VARIOUS

CONDUIT

AN D G R O U N D WI R E

CONFIGURATIONS

A S

MEASURE D

D U R I N G A 4 0 0 - A G R O U N D FAULTa

Z O

( m Q / 1 0 0 0 f t )

C o n d u i t

C a b l e

w i t h

T a p e C ab l e w it h

W i r e

S y s t e m / C a b l e

T y p e

S h i e l d

( 5 - m i l C o p p e r )

S h i e l d

( s i x ,   1 8 AWG)

4 / 0

AWG

1 5 - k V

c a b l e

( t h r e e ,

s i n g l e

c o n d u c t o r )

5 - i n

PV C w i t h o u t

g r o u n d

w i r e 4 6 0

+j48

4 4 0

+j42

W i t h 2 / 0

AWG

g r o u n d

w i r e

1 3 0

+ j 9 0

1 4 0 +j90

W i t h 6

AWG

g r o u n d

w i r e

2 6 0

+ j 6 8

4 - i n a l u m i n u m

w i t h o u t

g r o u n d

w i r e

9 0 + j 6 2

9 8

+ j 5 8

W i t h 2 / 0 AWG

g r o u n d

w i r e

8 3

+ j 6 0

9 2

+ j 5 8

W i t h 6

AWG

g r o u n d

w i r e

8 8 + j 6 0

5 - i n

s t e e l

w i t h o u t

g r o u n d

w i r e

200+j89 2 1 0 + j 9 6

W i t h 2 / 0 AWG

g r o u n d

w i r e

1 1 0 + j 8 7

1 2 0 + j 9 2

W i t h 6

AWG

g r o u n d

w i r e

1 6 0 + j 7 9

C a b l e t e m p e r a t u r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y

2 0 ° C ;

e a r t h - r e t u r n

p a t h

n o t i n c l u d e d .

AWG

c a b l e was

c o n n e c t e d

d i r e c t l y

t o

t h e

c o n d u i t a t

t h e f a r

e n d .

T h e

r e s u l t i n g

i m p e d a n c e s , r e s i s t a n c e ,

a n d

r e a c t a n c e

a r e

p l o t t e d

a s a

f u n c t i o n

o f

c u r r e n t

i n

F i g .

4 .

T h i s

f i g u r e

s h o w s t h a t f o r

t h e

f a u l t - c u r r e n t l e v e l s

m e a s u r e d

u s i n g

t h e

t e s t

s e t u p

o f

F i g .

3

( 5 7 0

A

m a x i m u m )

a n d

t h e

p r o p o r t i o n

o f

c u r r e n t

r e t u r n e d

t h r o u g h

t h e c o n d u i t

( 6 4 p e r c e n t

o f

5 7 0

A ,

o r

3 6 5

A ) ,

t h e

p e a k

v a l ue o f

c i r c u i t

i m p e d a n c e

h a d

j u s t

b e e n

p a s s e d .

M u t u a l

i m p e d a n c e

e f f e c t s

may

s h i f t

t h e

maximum

i m p e d a n c e p o i n t s l i g h t l y

t o t h e

r i g h t

( F i g . 4 )

f o r t h e

a c t u a l

f a u l t c a s e . T h u s

we

w o u l d

e x p e c t

t h e

a p p a r e n t i m p e -

d a n c e o f t h e

c o n d u i t t o

d e c r e a s e

a t f a u l t - c u r r e n t

l e v e l s

h i g h e r

t h a n

5 7 0

A .

S i n c e

t h e

p r o p o r t i o n

o f

c u r r e n t

r e t u r n e d

t h r o u g h

t h e

m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d

r e m a i n e d

c o n s t a n t

f o r f a u l t

c u r r e n t s

a b o v e

2 7 5 A d u r i n g

o u r t e s t s ,

we

c o n c l u d e

t h a t

t h e

4 0 0 - A

t o t a l

f a u l t

l e v e l

v a l u e s l i s t e d i n T a b l e s

I a n d

I I

r e p r e s e n t

a l l c a s e s ( P V C ,

a l u m i n u m ,

a n d

s t e e l

c o n d u i t s )

w e l l

f r o m

a

s h i e l d - w i t h s t a n d

e v a l u a t i o n

p o i n t o f

v i e w .

R e v i e w i n g T a b l e I , v e r y l i t t l e

d i f f e r e n c e e x i s t s b e t w e e n

t h e

a m o u n t o f

c u r r e n t

r e t u r n e d

o n

t h e f a u l t e d

o r n o n f a u l t e d p h a s e

m e t a l l i c s h i e l d s . T h e r e t u r n

c u r r e n t

i s e s s e n t i a l l y d i v i d i n g

among t h e m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d s

a c c o r d i n g

t o t h e i r

r e s i s t a n c e .

M e a s u r e m e n t s

made

o f

t h e s e l f - i m p e d a n c e

o f t h e m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d ( w i t h r e s p e c t

t o

t h e

p h a s e c o n du c t o r

e n c l o s e d b y t h e

s h i e l d )

f o r a l l t h e

c o n f i g u r a t i o n s r e s u l t e d

i n

r e s i s t a n c e - t o -

r e a c t a n c e

r a t i o s

r a n g i n g

f r o m

s i x t o 1 4 , v a l i d a t i n g t h e

f o r e g o i n g

s t a t e m e n t .

1 1 5 1

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I E E E T R A N S A C T I O N S ON

I N D U S T R Y

A P P L I C A T I O N S ,

V O L .

I A - 2 2 ,

N O .

6 .

N O V E M B E R / D E C E M B E R

1 9 8 6

L

 

0~

L XJ

  , )

T

 

3 5 -

IMPEDANCE

30 -

RES

I S T A N C E

2 S 5

20

REACTANCE

5 -

 

J

i

0

1 V 0 0 20 0

3 00

4 U U

bU U

AMPERES

F i g .

4 .

C i r c u i t

i m p e d a n c e ,

r e s i s t a n c e ,

a n d

r e a c t a n c e o f

4 / 0 AWG c a b l e

w i t h i n 5 - i n

r i g i d - s t e e l

c o n d u i t

w i t h c o n d u i t

a s r e t u r n

p a t h

( n o g r o u n d

w i r e ) .

TABLE

I I I

C O M P A R I S O N

O F

MEASURED

CURRENT

AN D CALCULATED

CURRENT

WI TH 4 0 0 - A GROUND

FAULT FOR V A R I O U S

C O N D U I T

AN D GROUND

W I R E

CONFIGURATIONS

P e r c e n t

o f

T o t a l

G r o u n d

F a u l t

C u r r e n t

N o n f a u l t e d

F a u l t e d

P h a s e

S h i e l d s

G r o u n d

C o n d u i t , C a b l e ,

P h a s e

S h i e l d

( E a c h )

W i r e

C o n d u i t

a n d

M e t a l l i c S h i e l d

T y p e

M e a s u r e d

C a l c u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

C a l c u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

C a l c u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

C a l c u l a t e d

4 / 0 AWG

1 5 - k V

c a b l e

w i t h

t a p e

s h i e l d

( 5 - m i l

c o p p e r )

5 - i n

PV C

w i t h o u t

g r o u n d

w i r e

3 3

3 3 3 3

3 3

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

W i t h 2 / 0

AWG

g r o u n d

w i r e

9

8

7 7

8 1

8 2

N/A

N/A

4 - i n

a l u m i n u m

w i t h o u t g r o u n d

w i r e

4

3

3

2 N/A

N/A

9 1

9 4

W i t h 2 / 0

AWG

g r o u n d

w i r e

4

3

2

2

2 6

2 1

6 7

7 6

5 - i n s t e e l

w i t h o u t

g r o u n d

w i r e

1 2

1 2

1 1

1 2 N/A

N/A

6 8

6 4

W i t h 2 / 0

AWG

g r o u n d

w i r e

6

6

5

5

5 5

5 7

3 5

3 2

4 / 0 AWG

1 5 - k V

c a b l e

w i t h

w i r e s h i e l d

( s i x

  1 8 AWG)

5 - i n

PV C w i t h o u t g r o u n d

w i r e

3 3

3 3

3 3

3 3

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

W i t h 2 / 0 AWG

g r o u n d

w i r e

9

9

7

7

8 1

8 0

N/A

N/A

4 - i n a l u m i n u m

w i t h o u t g r o u n d

w i r e

4

4

3

3

N/A

N/A

9 2

9 3

W i t h

2 / 0

AWG g r o u n d

w i r e

3

4

2

2

2 2 2 0 7 3

7 5

5 - i n

s t e e l

w i t h o u t g r o u n d

w i r e

1 4

1 3

1 3

1 3

N/A

N/A

6 4

6 1

W i t h

2 / 0

AWG

g r o u n d

w i r e

7

7

5

5

5 5

5 6

3 1

3 2

a

Sum o f c u r r e n t s

a d d

t o

o v e r

1 0 0

p e r c e n t

d u e

t o

p h a s e - a n g l e

d i f f e r e n c e s

i n

i n d i v i d u a l

c u r r e n t s .

T h e

two w o r s t

cases o v e r a l l

are

t h r e e c o n d u c t o r s

w i t h o u t

a

g r o u n d

w i r e i n

PV C

c o n d u i t a n d

t h r e e c o n d u c t o r s

w i t h a

s m a l l

  6

AWG

g r o u n d

w i r e

i n

PVC

c o n d u i t .

N e i t h e r

case

i s

c o n s i d e r e d

p r a c t i c a l

s i n c e n o r m a l p r o c e d u r e

i s t o

i n c l u d e

a

l a r g e

g r o u n d

w i r e ( a t

l e a s t

2 / 0

AWG s i z e )

w h e r e

PV C

c o n d u i t

i s

u s e d .

T h e

w o r s t

case

f o r s h i e l d p r o t e c t i o n

i n

t h e p r a c t i c a l

sense

i s t h e 5 - i n

s t e e l

c o n d u i t w i t h o u t a g r o u n d

w i r e .

S i g n i f i c a n t

i m p e d a n c e s

may

d e v e l o p

on

t h e r i g i d - s t e e l

c o n d u i t

r e t u r n

p a t h

d u e

t o

a r c i n g

a t

c o u p l i n g j o i n t s

w h e n

h i g h

f a u l t

c u r r e n t s

a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h

s o l i d l y g r o u n d e d

s y s t e m s

occur

[ 7 ] .

T h i s

c o n d i t i o n

w o u l d

d i v e r t

more c u r r e n t

t o

t h e m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d

p a t h s .

H o w e v e r ,

a maximum o f

1 4

p e r c e n t

o f t h e

t o t a l g r o u n d -

f a u l t

c u r r e n t

c an

b e

e x p e c t e d

t o

f l o w

i n t h e m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d

f o r

f a u l t

c u r r e n t s

b e l o w

a p p r o x i m a t e l y

2 0 0 0

A.

C O M P A R I S O N

OF

T E S T AND C A L C U L A T E D

C U R R E N T

D IVI S ION

T h e

c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n

i n

t h e

v a r i o u s

g r o u n d - r e t u r n

p a t h s

may

b e c a l c u l a t e d b y

s o l v i n g a

s e t

o f

s i m u l t a n e o u s

l o o p

e q u a t i o n s .

T h e e l e m e n t s

o f t h e m a t r i x

c o n s i s t

o f s e l f -

a n d

m u t u a l - i m p e d a n c e

t e r m s .

T h e

g e n e r a l

m a t r i x

a n d

t h e

e q u a -

t i o n s

f o r

t h e

m a t r i x e l e m e n t s

a r e

g i v e n

i n t h e

A p p e n d i x .

To c h e c k

t h e

t e s t

r e s u l t s ,

t h e

e q u a t i o n s

w e r e

s o l v e d

f o r

a

4 0 0 - A

g r o u n d

f a u l t

( d e t a i l s

a r e

g i v e n

i n t h e

A p p e n d i x ) .

T h e

r e s u l t s

o f

t h e

c a l c u l a t i o n s

a r e

c o m p a r e d

w i t h t h e t e s t

v a l u e s

i n

T a b l e

I I I .

T h e c u r r e n t s

c a l c u l a t e d

f o r

e a c h

p a t h

a g r e e

w i t h

t h e

t e s t r e s u l t s

w i t h i n

a

f e w

p e r c e n t .

D u r i n g

t h e

t e s t i n g ,

a

t h r e e - p h a s e

l o a d

c u r r e n t

w a s

n o t

f l o w i n g

i n t h e

c a b l e . To d e t e r m i n e

i f

l o a d

c u r r e n t a f f e c t s

t h e

g r o u n d - f a u l t

r e t u r n

p a t h

c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n ,

2 0 0

  o f

t h r e e -

p h a s e

l o a d

c u r r e n t

w i t h

a 4 0 0 - A

g r o u n d

f a u l t

s u p e r i m p o s e d

o n

p h a s e

A w a s

s i m u l a t e d

i n

t h e

m a t r i x

m o d e l .

T a b l e

I V

c o m p a r e s

t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f c u r r e n t s

f o r

t h e

4 0 0 - A

g r o u n d

f a u l t

w i t h

a n d

w i t h o u t

a

t h r e e - p h a s e

l o a d

c u r r e n t

f o r

t h e c a s e

o f PV C

c o n d u i t

w i t h a

2 / 0

AWG

g r o u n d

w i r e .

T h i s s h o w s

t h a t

t h e

e f f e c t

o f

t h r e e - p h a s e

l o a d

c u r r e n t

o n

t h e

g r o u n d - f a u l t

r e t u r n

p a t h - c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n

i s

s m a l l .

1 1 5 2

 1

.

. ;

Page 5: Are cable shield being damaged during ground Faults

7/23/2019 Are cable shield being damaged during ground Faults

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/are-cable-shield-being-damaged-during-ground-faults 5/7

HAMER AND

W O O D :

C A B L E DAMAGED D U R I N G GROUND F A U L T S ?

TABLE

I V

CALCULATED FAULT CURRENT D I S T R I B U T I O N

FOR

4 / 0

AWG

1 5 - k V

CABLE

WITH

WIRE

S H I E L D

AN D 5 - I N

PV C

WI TH

2 / 0

AWG

G R O U N D

WIREa

P e r c e n t o f

T o t a l

G r o u n d F a u l t C u r r e n t

F a u l t e d P h a s e

B

P h a s e

C G r o u n d

C o n d i t i o n

P h a s e

S h i e l d S h i e l d

S h i e l d W i r e

No

l o a d 9

7

7

8 0

2 0 0 - A

L o a d

1 0

8

7

8 1

a

Sum o f c u r r e n t s

a d d

t o

o v e r

1 0 0

p e r c e n t

d u e t o

p h a s e - a n g l e

d i f f e r e n c e s

i n

i n d i v i d u a l c u r r e n t s .

G U I D E L I N E S FOR P R O T E C T I O N

A

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e d i s t r i b u t i o n

s y s t e m

i s s h o w n

o n

t h e o n e -

l i n e d i a g r a m

o f

F i g .

5 . A

d i s t r i b u t i o n

s u b s t a t i o n

i s f e d

b y

c a b l e

f r o m a l i n e u p

o f

m a i n

s w i t c h

g e a r . T h e g r o u n d - f a u l t p r o t e c t i v e

r e l a y s

a r e

s h o w n i n

t h e f i g u r e .

I n c a s e

o f

m a l f u n c t i o n

o f

t h e f i r s t

p r o t e c t i v e

d e v i c e ,

s u c h

a s

t h e

5 O G f o r

f e e d e r

c a b l e

1 ,

t h e

b a c k u p

d e v i c e

2 5 1 G

m u s t

c l e a r t h e

f a u l t

b e f o r e

t h e

c a b l e m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d

i s

d a m a g e d .

S i n c e

t h e

o p e r a t i n g

t im e o f

2 5

1 G a t

t h e

maximum g r o u n d

f a u l t

i s

0 . 4

s

a n d

a p p r o x i m a t e l y

0 . 1 s

m u s t b e

a d d e d

f o r

c i r c u i t -

b r e a k e r

o p e r a t i n g

t i m e ,

t h e c a b l e m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d m u s t b e a b l e

t o

w i t h s t a n d

i t s

p o r t i o n

o f t h e

t o t a l

g r o u n d

f a u l t

o f 1 0 0 0

 

f o r

0 . 5

s .

A s s u m i n g

t h e

c a b l e i s 4 / 0 AWG

i n

r i g i d - s t e e l

c o n d u i t

w i t h o u t g r o u n d w i r e ,

t h e

s h i e l d m u s t b e a b l e t o

w i t h s t a n d

1 4

p e r c e n t

o f 1 0 0 0

A

( 1 4 0 A )

f o r

0 . 5

s .

S i m i l a r l y ,

f e e d e r c a b l e

2

m u s t b e a b l e t o w i t h s t a n d

1 4 0 A

( a s s u m i n g

o n e c a b l e

p e r

p h a s e )

f o r 1 . 3 s .

E x a m i n i n g

F i g .

6 ,

a

t y p i c a l

w i t h s t a n d l i m i t c u r v e

f o r a 4 / 0

AWG

c a b l e

w i t h a

w i r e

s h i e l d

i s

s h o w n ,

a n d t h e

c a b l e h a s

n o

d i f f i c u l t y w i t h s t a n d i n g

t h i s

d u t y .

I t

w i l l

r e m a i n

i n

t h e

s a f e

o p e r a t i n g

t e m p e r a t u r e

r e g i o n

a t

1 4 0

A f o r

w e l l

o v e r

1 0 0

c y c l e s

( 1 . 7

s ) .

O n l y

i f

t h e

t o t a l

g r o u n d

f a u l t c u r r e n t

f o r

t h i s c a s e

e x c e e d s

3 8 0 0

 

d o e s

f e e d e r c a b l e

2

a p p r o a c h

i t s

l i m i t

o f

5 3 0

A

f o r 1 . 3 s .

F e e d e r

c a b l e 1 i s s t i l l

i n

t h e s a f e

r e g i o n

a t

t h i s

f a u l t

l e v e l . T h e

f o l l o w i n g g u i d e l i n e s

a r e r e c o m m e n d e d

f o r

p r o t e c t -

i n g

f e e d e r

c a b l e

s h i e l d s f r o m

d a m a g e .

1 )

T h e

p e r c e n t a g e s

g i v e n

i n

T a b l e I a r e

v a l i d f o r

5 - m i l - t h i c k

c o p p e r - t a p e

s h i e l d s

a n d s i x   1 8

AWG

w i r e

s h i e l d s .

T h e s e a r e

t y p i c a l

o f

m a n y

i n s t a l l a t i o n s a n d

a r e

a p p l i c a b l e

i n m o s t c a s e s .

T h e f a u l t c u r r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r

d i f f e r e n t

c a b l e

c o n f i g u r a t i o n s

a n d s h i e l d

s i z e s c a n b e

c a l c u l a t e d

a s

s h o w n i n

t h e

A p p e n d i x .

2 )

A

l o o s e

g r o u n d

c o n n e c t i o n a t t h e

s h i e l d t e r m i n a t i o n a t

e i t h e r

e n d

o f a c a b l e

r u n w i l l

a f f e c t t h e c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n

i n

t h e s h i e l d s .

T h e s e

t e r m i n a t i o n s

m u s t

b e

m a d e

s e c u r e .

3 )

F o r

PV C

c o n d u i t ,

n o r m a l

p r a c t i c e

i s

t o

i n c l u d e

a

g r o u n d

w i r e

i n s i d e t h e c o n d u i t .

F o r

h i g h e r - l e v e l

t o t a l

g r o u n d

f a u l t

c u r r e n t s

( e x c e e d i n g

1 0 0 0

A )

a n d

s o l i d l y g r o u n d e d

s y s t e m s ,

i t

i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t

a

g r o u n d

w i r e b e

r u n

i n s i d e m e t a l l i c

c o n d u i t s .

T h i s

i s

e s p e c i a l l y

t r u e

f o r

s y s t e m s

u s i n g r i g i d - s t e e l

c o n d u i t

a s

t h e

r e t u r n

p a t h .

W i t h o u t

g r o u n d

w i r e s w i t h i n

t h e

c o n d u i t ,

s p a r k i n g

a t

c o u p l i n g s [ 7 ] may

o c c u r

d u r i n g

f a u l t s

w i t h t h e

r e s u l t i n g

r i s k s

f o r c o n d u i t s

r o u t e d

t h r o u g h h a z a rd o u s

l o c a t i o n s

[ 8 ] .

T h e u s e o f

a

g r o u n d

w i r e a l s o r e d u c e s t h e

p r o p o r t i o n

o f

g r o u n d

f a u l t c u r r e n t

r e t u r n i n g t h r o u g h

t h e s h i e l d

OC R

M A I N S W I T C H G E A R

1

2

0 . 8 SECONO

O T + A E - R F - E E D E R S

C A B L E FEEDER NO.2

4

) 0

4

-SFCN

D I S T R IB UT ION SUBSTATION

0 . 1

S E C O N O

O T HE R F EE D ER S

A M B L E

FEEDER

NO . 1

F i g .

5 .

S a m p l e d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m

s h o w i n g g r o u n d

f a u l t

p r o t e c t i v e r e l a y s

( t i m e s s h o w n

a r e r e l a y

o p e r a t i n g

t i m e s a t maximum f a u l t o f

1 0 0 0 A ) .

( 2 )

C

- J

z

c r -

T

( I)

I

1

1 0

TIME (CYCLES @

6 0 H Z )

BASED O N

ICEA P-4S-482,

1 9 7 9

8SC

I N I T I I A L , 200'C

RESULTING

SHIELD

TEMPERATURE

1 0 0

F i g . 6 .

S h i e l d

s h o r t - c i r c u i t c a p a b i l i t y ;

1 5

k V ; 1 0 0 - p e r c e n t i n s u l a t e d ;

s i x   1 8

AWG

w i r e

s h i e l d .

a n d

e l i m i n a t e s c o n c e r n

o v e r

c o r r o d e d

o r l o o s e

c o u p l i n g s a n d

b u s h i n g s .

C O N C L U S I O N

C o n t r a r y

t o

i n t u i t i o n , g r o u n d

f a u l t

c u r r e n t f o r

t h r o u g h

f a u l t s

d o e s n o t

p r e d o m i n a n t l y

r e t u r n

o n t h e s h i e l d

o f t h e f a u l t e d

p h a s e

o f a c a b l e .

C u r r e n t d i v i d e s

i n v e r s e l y

a s

t h e

m a g n i t u d e

o f

t h e

i m p e d a n c e s

o f t h e

g r o u n d

r e t u r n

p a t h s . T h e p o r t i o n o f

g r o u n d

f a u l t

c u r r e n t f o r

t h r o u g h f a u l t s

r e t u r n i n g o n t h e c a b l e

s h i e l d s

d i v i d e s

a l m o s t

e q u a l l y

a m o n g

t h e t h r e e c a b l e s h i e l d s .

T h e

i m p e d a n c e s

o f

t h e

c a b l e

s h i e l d s

r o u t i n e l y

u s e d i n

i n d u s t r y

a r e

r e l a t i v e l y h i g h

c o m p a r e d

w i t h o t h e r

g r o u n d

r e t u r n

p a t h s

s u c h a s

g r o u n d

w i r e s

w i t h i n c o n d u i t s o r

t h e c o n d u i t

i t s e l f .

F o r

g r o u n d

f a u l t

l e v e l s

u n d e r

1 0 0 0 A

a n d

c o n v e n t i o n a l

o p e r a t i o n t i m e s

o f g r o u n d p r o t e c t i v e

r e l a y s ,

c a b l e

m e t a l l i c

s h i e l d s a r e

n o t

b e i n g

d a m a g e d

d u r i n g

g r o u n d

f a u l t s .

F o r

g r o u n d

f a u l t

m a g n i t u d e s

e x c e e d i n g

1 0 0 0

A a g r o u n d w i r e

s h o u l d

b e

i n c l u d e d w i t h i n

m e t a l l i c c o n d u i t s t o

p r o v i d e a

r e l i a b l e l o w - i m p e d a n c e

g r o u n d r e t u r n p a t h f o r t h e f a u l t

c u r r e n t .

A P P E N D I X

U s i n g

t h e

m e t h o d s g i v e n

i n

[ 3 ] ,

t h e

f a u l t c u r r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n

b e t w e e n

t h e v a r i o u s r e t u r n

p a t h s i s c a l c u l a t e d

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IEEE

TRANSACTIONS

O N

I N D U S T R Y

A P P L I C A T I O N S ,

VOL.

I A - 2 2 ,

N O .

6 ,

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER

1 9 8 6

L O A D

w h e r e

Z L

RCN

c o n d u c t o r

r e s i s t a n c e ,

GMR

c o n d u c t o r

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p

e a r t h r e s i s t i v i t y

i n m e t e r

o h m s ,

f

f r e q u e n c y

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c y c l e s / s .

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we f i n d

t h a t

I r

+ I C

Z S A , S A ,

Z S B , S B ,

Z s c , s c = R s + O 0 . 1 8 + j

( 0 . 0 5 2 9

T - Z V L

E P A T H

E A R i T H

F i g .

7 . E q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t

f o r

f a u l t c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n

c a l c u l a t i o n s .

n e u t r a l

g r o u n d i n g

i m p e d a n c e .

T h e

a p p r o p r i a t e

l o o p

e q u a t i o n s

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f o l l o w i n g

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a n d

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s e l f - i m p e d a n c e

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f o r t h e

p h a s e

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s e l f - i m p e d a n c e

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t h o fvnrli

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(0.05

lo g

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t h e

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mbinations

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t h e s h i e l d

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are

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t h e

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AND W O O D :

CABLE DAMAGED

D U R I N G

GROUND FAULTS?

a n d o b s e r v i n g t h a t t h e

c u r r e n t

f l o w i n t h e n e u t r a l

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AWG

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m a t r i x c a n t h e n

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T h e

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t h e c a b l e m a n u f a c t u r -

l i t e r a t u r e .

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u s e d f o r t h e

t a p e

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t h e

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c o n d u i t r e s i s t a n c e . F o r c a l c u l a -

w i t h

t h e

s t e e l

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t h e

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d o m i n a t e s

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t h e

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t h e

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o n

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n e g l e c t e d

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o f

t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s .

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o f

t h e

s t e e l

a l s o

v a r i e s

w i t h c u r r e n t a s s h o w n i n

F i g .

4 .

T h e

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c a l c u l a t i o n s

t h e 2 / 0

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t h e

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were

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s o

t h a t

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was

n e g l i g i b l e .

T h e

o f t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s a n d

c o m p a r i s o n

w i t h t h e m e a s u r e d

a r e p r e s e n t e d i n

T a b l e

I I I .

2 0 0 - A r e s i s t i v e

l o a d w a s

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t h e m o d e l f o r t h e c a s e

h e

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2 / 0 AWG

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i n PVC c o n d u i t .

T h e r e s u l t s

o f

t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s

c o m p a r i s o n w i t h

c a l c u l a t i o n s w i t h o u t t h e

l o a d

r e p r e s e n t e d

g i v e n

i n T a b l e I V .

s u m m a r y ,

t h e

c a l c u l a t e d d a t a

a g r e e

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w i t h

t h e

d a t a .

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t h e c a l c u -

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a n d

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e

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t o

t h a n k

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E l e c t r o - T e s t I n c .

f o r

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R E F E R E N C E S

[ I ]

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C i r c u i t

P e r f o r m a n c e

o f

M e t a l l i c S h i e l d s and S h e a t h

I n s u l a t e d C a bl e , 2 n d

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P 4 5 - 4 8 2 ,

S o u t h

Y a r m o u t h ,

A u g .

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NY, J a n .

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A . M a r t i n , D . A . S i l v e r ,

R . G .

L u k a c ,

a n d R .

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o f m e t a l l i c

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c a b l e , p r e s e n t e d a t t h e IEEE

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a n d

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r e s p e c t i v e l y

He

j o i n e d W e s t i n g h o u s e

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1 9 7 2

a n d

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t h e

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t r i a l Power

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h e

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n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t w h e r e h e i s

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Wood

( M ' 7 3 - M ' 7 9 )

r e c e i v e d

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r e s p e c t i v e l y

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was

e m p l o y e d

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1 9 7 8

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i n

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CA,

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He i s

c u r r e n t l y

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w i t h E n g i n e e r i n g

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( a

s u b s i d i a r y

o f E l e c t r o - T

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a n d

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I

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