•Area - 3.28 million square Area - 3.28 million square kilometerskilometers

•Coast line – 7516 kmsCoast line – 7516 kms• 29 STATES , 5 UNION TERRITORRIES29 STATES , 5 UNION TERRITORRIES•Population – 1,156,897,766Population – 1,156,897,766•population GROWTH RATE – 1.407 population GROWTH RATE – 1.407

PCNTPCNT• 325 SPOKEN LANGUAGES325 SPOKEN LANGUAGES• 18 OFFICIAL LANGUAGES18 OFFICIAL LANGUAGES• 1652 DIALECTS1652 DIALECTS• 22NDND BIGGEST CONTRY IN BIGGEST CONTRY IN

POPULATIONPOPULATION

journey journey THROGH THROGH THE THE HISTORY HISTORY OF INDIAOF INDIA

3 PARTS3 PARTS

Ancient Ancient CivilizationCivilization

KingdomsKingdoms

European European RuleRule

Ancient Ancient CivilizationCivilization 3300 bc – 3300 bc –

500 bc500 bc

The Harappa and The Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Mohenjo-Daro civilization civilization 3300 bc – 3300 bc –

1300 bc 1300 bc

Aryan Aryan civilization civilization 2500 bc – 2500 bc –

322 bc322 bcVedic ageVedic age

1200 bc – 1200 bc – 500 bc500 bc

KingdomsKingdoms

The MouryasThe Mouryas

Gupta PeriodGupta Period

Muslim PeriodMuslim Period

322 bc – 322 bc – 1700 ad1700 ad

322 bc – 322 bc – 188 bc188 bc

320 ad – 647 320 ad – 647 adad

1175 ad – 1175 ad – 1707 ad1707 ad

Early Early CivilizationsCivilizations

ofofAncient IndiaAncient India

Indus ValleyIndus ValleyThe harappan culture The harappan culture

existed along the Indus existed along the Indus River in what is Present day River in what is Present day

Pakistan.Pakistan.

It was named after the city It was named after the city of Harappa. Harappa and of Harappa. Harappa and the city of mohenja-daro the city of mohenja-daro

were important centers of were important centers of the Indus Valley civilization.the Indus Valley civilization.

This indus valley Civilization This indus valley Civilization flourished around 3300 bc – flourished around 3300 bc –

1300 bc1300 bc

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources The indus valley The indus valley

contained numerous contained numerous natural resources that natural resources that

were important of were important of harappan civilization.harappan civilization.

Resources Included:Resources Included:

Fresh water and timber.Fresh water and timber.

Materials such as gold, Materials such as gold, silver, semi precious silver, semi precious

stones.stones.

Marine Resources.Marine Resources.

Great bathGreat bath

peoplepeople

malemale priestpriest

Early harappan – Ravi Early harappan – Ravi phasephase

3300 bc – 3300 bc – 2800 bc2800 bc

This distinctive, regional culture This distinctive, regional culture which emerged is called early or which emerged is called early or

pre- harappan.pre- harappan.

Trade networks linked this Trade networks linked this culture with related regional culture with related regional

cultures and distant sources of cultures and distant sources of raw materials, including lapis raw materials, including lapis lauzil and other materials for lauzil and other materials for

bead-making.bead-making.

Domesticated crops include Domesticated crops include peas, sesame seeds, dates and peas, sesame seeds, dates and

cotton.cotton.

Domestic animals also used, Domestic animals also used, such as water buffalo.such as water buffalo.

Mud brick for building.Mud brick for building.

Middle harappan – Middle harappan – integration eraintegration era

2600 bc – 2600 bc – 1900 bc1900 bc

By 2500 bce, communities had By 2500 bce, communities had been turned into urban centers been turned into urban centers

(integration).(integration).

Six such urban centers have Six such urban centers have been discovered including : been discovered including :

harappa, mohenja-daro and dicki harappa, mohenja-daro and dicki in pakistan, along with in pakistan, along with

gonorreala, dokalingam and gonorreala, dokalingam and manglore in india.manglore in india.

•In total, over 1052 cities and In total, over 1052 cities and settlements have been found, settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of mainly in the general region of the ghaggar-florence river and the ghaggar-florence river and

its tributaries.its tributaries.

Male skeletonMale skeleton

Female skeletonFemale skeleton

Late harappan – Late harappan – cemetry hcemetry h

1700 bc – 1700 bc – 1300 bc1300 bc

Expansion of setttlements into Expansion of setttlements into the east.the east.

Rice became a main crop.Rice became a main crop.Continued use of mud brick for Continued use of mud brick for

building.building.Cremation of human remains. Cremation of human remains.

The bones were stored in The bones were stored in painted pottery burial urns. painted pottery burial urns.

This is completely different to This is completely different to the indus civilization where the indus civilization where

bodies were buried in wooden bodies were buried in wooden coffins.apparent breakdown of coffins.apparent breakdown of

the widespread trade of the the widespread trade of the indus civilization with materials indus civilization with materials such as marine shells no longer such as marine shells no longer

used.used.

Burial urnsBurial urns

Harappan script still Harappan script still undecipherableundecipherable

Collapse of harappan Collapse of harappan civilizationcivilization

Intense floddingIntense flodding

Decrease in population Decrease in population

Dessication of sarasvati Dessication of sarasvati riverriver

Aryan invasionAryan invasion

Four theories of Four theories of collapse : collapse :

AryansAryans• Group of nomadic tribes who had Group of nomadic tribes who had

originally inhabited central asia.originally inhabited central asia.• Tall, faor haired, with clear cut Tall, faor haired, with clear cut

features, they setted in punjab in features, they setted in punjab in indus valley region.indus valley region.

• Fought with the original people of Fought with the original people of the indus valley civilization who the indus valley civilization who were dar sin and nown as dasyus were dar sin and nown as dasyus or dravidians.or dravidians.

• The superiority of aryans resulted The superiority of aryans resulted in the dravidian submission and in the dravidian submission and retirement to the south.retirement to the south.

Aryan migrationAryan migration

Sanskrit writing Sanskrit writing

• The aryan society was very well The aryan society was very well organized, ruled by monarch.organized, ruled by monarch.

• Practiced the four vedas.Practiced the four vedas.• Caste system was introduced and Caste system was introduced and

practiced based on one’s practiced based on one’s profession:profession:

• Brahmins: priests, teachers, Brahmins: priests, teachers, intellectualsintellectuals

• Shatriyas: warriors, soldiersShatriyas: warriors, soldiers• Vashya: traders, merchants, Vashya: traders, merchants,

peasantspeasants• Shudras: people in service of othersShudras: people in service of others• Outcastes: the untouchablesOutcastes: the untouchables• Aryan period is washed out the end Aryan period is washed out the end

of 322 bcof 322 bc

Cultural impact of Cultural impact of aryans:aryans:• The culture of aryan period exist The culture of aryan period exist

today and has been an integral today and has been an integral part of hindus all oner the part of hindus all oner the world.world.

• All hindus accept vedas as their All hindus accept vedas as their most sacred scripture.most sacred scripture.

• Hindu religion originated with Hindu religion originated with aryans.aryans.

• With the invasion of persian With the invasion of persian kings cyrus and darius in the kings cyrus and darius in the 500 bc there were significant 500 bc there were significant changes and commingling of changes and commingling of aryan and persian culturearyan and persian culture

The vedic The vedic ageage

•The foundations The foundations for hinduism for hinduism were establishedwere established

The vedasThe vedas

1200 bce - 600 bce1200 bce - 600 bce

Written in sansritWritten in sansrit

Hindu core of beliefs:Hindu core of beliefs:

Hymns and poemsHymns and poems

Religious prayersReligious prayers

Magical spellsMagical spells

List of gods and List of gods and goddessesgoddesses

Rigveda – oldest worRigveda – oldest wor

The caste systemThe caste system

• Who is the . . Who is the . . . .

• The mouth ?The mouth ?• The arms ?The arms ?• The legs ?The legs ?• The feet ?The feet ?

• What is jati ?What is jati ?

KingdomsKingdoms

The mouryan The mouryan empireempire

The mouryansThe mouryans•The first empire to The first empire to successfully unite successfully unite most of the most of the subcontinent is the subcontinent is the mourya which mourya which ruled from 322 bc – ruled from 322 bc – 188 bc 188 bc

• Founder : chandra gupta mouryaFounder : chandra gupta mourya•Advisor : kautilyaAdvisor : kautilya

Chandra gupta, the great Chandra gupta, the great defeated the persian general defeated the persian general selucsselucs

Divided his empire into provinces, Divided his empire into provinces, then districts, for tax then districts, for tax assessments and law assessments and law enforcement.enforcement.

He feared assassinationHe feared assassination

In 3o1 bc he gave up his throne In 3o1 bc he gave up his throne and became a jainand became a jain

asokaasoka•Religious Religious

conversion after conversion after the gruesome the gruesome battle of kalinga.battle of kalinga.

•Dedicated his life Dedicated his life to buddhismto buddhism

• Extension of roadsExtension of roads•Plantation of treesPlantation of trees•Buddhist principles Buddhist principles

dominate his lawsdominate his laws

Cultural impact of the Cultural impact of the mouryansmouryans•Origin of non violence in indiaOrigin of non violence in india

•Asoka promoted non violence Asoka promoted non violence along with Buddhismalong with Buddhism

•Spread of Buddhism to the Spread of Buddhism to the neighboring countries of china, neighboring countries of china, thailand, japan etc…,thailand, japan etc…,

• Education and intellectual Education and intellectual movementmovement

•World’s first university is World’s first university is establishedestablished

The gupta empireThe gupta empire

Gupta rulersGupta rulers

• The gupta period is known The gupta period is known as golden age of indIaas golden age of indIa

• Era of the most advanced Era of the most advanced civilization, flush with civilization, flush with wealth, higher education, wealth, higher education, trade with foreign trade with foreign countreis and overall countreis and overall happy life.happy life.

•Period of hindu Period of hindu renaissancerenaissance

Extensive tradeExtensive trade

Gupta artGupta art

Impact of gupta periodImpact of gupta period

•Showed preference to hindu Showed preference to hindu religionreligion

•Music, architecture, Music, architecture, sculptures, paintings were at sculptures, paintings were at its best.its best.

•Various copper status images Various copper status images of buddha reflect the of buddha reflect the craftsmanship of the gupta craftsmanship of the gupta period.period.

Islam arrives Islam arrives in Indiain India

turks periodturks period• turks from central asia turks from central asia

invadede india and ruled from invadede india and ruled from 1175 to 1340 ad.1175 to 1340 ad.

• attracted by india’s wealth, attracted by india’s wealth, looted and destroyed temples.looted and destroyed temples.

•More interested in wealth More interested in wealth rather than politics and were rather than politics and were soon replaced by mughals.soon replaced by mughals.

• The turks’ dominance in 1526 The turks’ dominance in 1526 with the invasion of mughals with the invasion of mughals from central asiafrom central asia

Babur akbarBabur akbar

Muslim periodMuslim period• nomadic people of central asia.nomadic people of central asia.• The first invader was babur, related The first invader was babur, related

to genghis khan.to genghis khan.• He defeated rajputs and afghans and He defeated rajputs and afghans and

ruled in indiaruled in india• Babur’s successors: akbar and Babur’s successors: akbar and

shahjahan are the most prominent in shahjahan are the most prominent in indian history.indian history.

• Akbar is known to be the first muslim Akbar is known to be the first muslim empire to unite the muslims and the empire to unite the muslims and the hindus and marrying a hindu womanhindus and marrying a hindu woman

• Shahjahan is nown in history fir Shahjahan is nown in history fir building the world famous minument building the world famous minument tajmahal.tajmahal.

Declining of the Declining of the mughalmughal• slaAurangazeb’slaAurangazeb’

s reign begins s reign begins the decline of the decline of mughalindia mughalindia

• he was an he was an orthodox orthodox muslim who muslim who reinstituted reinstituted the jizyahand the jizyahand attempted to attempted to conquer the conquer the deccan.deccan.

British East India British East India Company AgentsCompany Agents

1-E

Coins of the Coins of the British East India British East India

Co.Co.

1719 coin 1804 coin1719 coin 1804 coin 1719 coin 1804 coin1719 coin 1804 coin

Coffee House in Coffee House in British India British India

Sepoy soldiersSepoy soldiers

1-F

Why wasWhy wasBritainBritain

so successfulso successfulin Indiain India

by the endby the endof the 18c??of the 18c??

1-I

Sir Warren Sir Warren HastingsHastings

r. 1773 - 1784r. 1773 - 1784

India in mid-18cIndia in mid-18c

Lord CornwallisLord Cornwallis

r. 1786 - 1793r. 1786 - 17931-J

Lord BentinckLord Bentinck

r. 1828 - 1835r. 1828 - 18351-K

British Soldiers in British Soldiers in India, India,

1830s1830s

British Opium British Opium Warehouse in Warehouse in

Patna, Patna, India India

Selling Patna Selling Patna Opium in Opium in

ChinaChina

Selling Patna Selling Patna Opium in Opium in

ChinaChina

Lord DalhousieLord Dalhousie

r. 1848 - 1856r. 1848 - 18561-L

India: 18c-early India: 18c-early 19c19c

India: 18c-early India: 18c-early 19c19c

Execution of Execution of Sepoys:Sepoys:

“The Devil’s “The Devil’s Wind”Wind”

1876:1876: Queen Victoria Queen Victoria Becomes Becomes

“Empress of “Empress of India”India”

2-D

Queen Victoria in Queen Victoria in India India

PAX BRITANNICAPAX BRITANNICA

Bengal Medical Bengal Medical Service, 1860Service, 1860

A LifeA Lifeofof

Leisure!Leisure!

Chartered Bank of Chartered Bank of Calcutta, Calcutta,

19151915

Vasco da gamaVasco da gama

Why vasco Why vasco da gama da gama

discovered discovered india?india?

2-F

the Indian National the Indian National CongressCongress 1885 1885 The Indian National The Indian National

CongressCongress was founded in Bombay. was founded in Bombay.

swarajswaraj “independence.” “independence.” ** the goal of the movement. the goal of the movement.

Jawaharlal nehruJawaharlal nehru

1889 - 19641889 - 1964

the Muslim Leaguethe Muslim League 1905 1905 partition of Bengal partition of Bengal based onbased on religions and languages. religions and languages.

1906 1906 creation of the Muslim creation of the Muslim League. League.

Mohammed Ali JinnahMohammed Ali Jinnah

1876 - 19481876 - 1948

Young Mohandas K. Young Mohandas K. Gandhi, Gandhi,

18761876

1869 - 19481869 - 1948

Salt March, 1930Salt March, 1930

MakingMakingSaltSalt

Gandhi spinning Gandhi spinning clothcloth

Indian weaving was ruined Indian weaving was ruined by the competition of by the competition of British machine-made British machine-made

textiles!textiles!

Last Viceroy of India Last Viceroy of India

Lord Louis & Lady Edwina Lord Louis & Lady Edwina MontbattenMontbatten

Lord Louis & Lady Edwina Lord Louis & Lady Edwina MontbattenMontbatten

PartitionPartition!!

References cited:References cited:

•http://www.pppst.com•http://www.indianhistory.com

•http://www.geocites.com•http://en.wikipedia.org•http://www.britishindia.com

thank youthank you

BBy:y: Amzad ali . E Amzad ali . E