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Plants of the AREC salt marsh tour

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Page 1: AREC salt marsh tour - Delaware ENVIROTHON Web Updates/Salt m… ·  · 2013-09-27zones and types of the AREC salt marsh. The plants shown here can be viewed along ... summer growing

Plants of the AREC salt marsh tour

Page 2: AREC salt marsh tour - Delaware ENVIROTHON Web Updates/Salt m… ·  · 2013-09-27zones and types of the AREC salt marsh. The plants shown here can be viewed along ... summer growing

INSTRUCTIONSThe pages to follow highlight the key plant zones and types of the AREC salt marsh.  

The plants shown here can be viewed along the trail back to and over, the salt marsh boardwalk behind the ARE Center.  Although the photos were taken during the end‐of‐summer growing season, and the areas may look different at other times of the year, the basic plant zones & types described should be recognizable on careful observation.

Depending on the size, age and abilities of your group, you may choose to present this activity in a couple of different ways:   1)  move through the area, stop by stop, with the whole group, calling on students to read the respective cards for each area and plant; 2) detach the individual cards from the deck and assign one to each student or team of students to:  read the card, locate an example of the plant type it describes, and (after a period of time) do a show & tell for the group of what they learned about their plant.

As a follow‐up challenge to completing the AREC salt marsh plant tour activity,  a two‐page set of “What plant am I?” assessment questions is offered at       

the end of this packet. 

Page 3: AREC salt marsh tour - Delaware ENVIROTHON Web Updates/Salt m… ·  · 2013-09-27zones and types of the AREC salt marsh. The plants shown here can be viewed along ... summer growing

Notice the line of shrubs along the left side of the trail as you walk out to the boardwalk.Most of these shrubs are high tide bush (Baccharis halimifolia). As befits its name,high tide bush grows in the higher and drier parts of the marsh, where it provides goodcover for songbirds and other wildlife. Flip over this card to learn more about this plant.

Plants of the AREC salt marsh tour High tide bush

Page 4: AREC salt marsh tour - Delaware ENVIROTHON Web Updates/Salt m… ·  · 2013-09-27zones and types of the AREC salt marsh. The plants shown here can be viewed along ... summer growing

HIGH TIDE BUSHI am a bush.  I grow in the high tide zone of the marsh or in areas along the marsh that get slightly wet.   Locate and run your fingers along my small, 

narrow, slightly‐toothed leaves.  Do they feel kind of thick and waxy to you?  Read below to find more about why my leaves are structured this way.

Native Americans used extracts from my leaves for cough medicine, eye drops, and as an ointment for bruises, wounds, and insect bites.  In Louisiana, my leaves are boiled in water to make an aromatic green tea (and often combined with honey, sugar, mint 

and/or whiskey) for treating fever, congestion, and other cold or pneumonia symptoms.

My thick leaves are an adaptation that enables me to store water 

during drier times and survive the changes in salt and water levels that come with the tidal cycle. 

My clusters of white flowers can be seen from August through September.  

They are rich in nectar to feed the  bees, Monarch butterflies and other insects.

Page 5: AREC salt marsh tour - Delaware ENVIROTHON Web Updates/Salt m… ·  · 2013-09-27zones and types of the AREC salt marsh. The plants shown here can be viewed along ... summer growing

Eastern red cedar

As you move further out the trail to the boardwalk, you’ll notice a cluster of evergreensalong the marsh side of the trail. These red cedar trees (Juniperus virginiana) are thetallest pants growing in the marsh, and because they don’t shed their leaves in autumn,are important in providing winter shelter for songbirds and other wetlands wildlife. Flipover the card to learn more about cedar trees, including how to tell males from females.

Plants of the AREC salt marsh tour

Page 6: AREC salt marsh tour - Delaware ENVIROTHON Web Updates/Salt m… ·  · 2013-09-27zones and types of the AREC salt marsh. The plants shown here can be viewed along ... summer growing

EASTERN RED CEDARI am an evergreen.  I provide food and shelter to wildlife year‐round.       I grow on higher ground away from tides.  I have small, scaly leaves.  I can be male or female but never have both sexes on the same plant. Read on below to learn how to tell the cedar ‘boys’ from the ‘girls’.

Cedar trees have many uses:   

The berries provide an important food source for birds and mammals.

For centuries, Native Americans used the leaves, roots and berries of the red cedar 

as a cure for  asthma, colds, fevers, hyperactivity, and as a general cleanser.

The bark has flat grey ridges and easily peels off in strips. It provides a favorite nest‐building material for the Cardinal.

The wood is a beautiful marbled, red color and offers a pleasing smell.         It’s long been a favorite for building closets, trunks and other furniture.

If I am a female (left), you may see small blue fruits on my branches. Smash one between your fingers and sniff.   Do you notice a pungent odor?  Does this smell like something you’d enjoy eating?

If I am a male (right), you may see small orange‐colored cones on my branches. When loaded with pollen in spring, you can gently swat my branches 

to create little clouds of pollen ‘smoke’.

Page 7: AREC salt marsh tour - Delaware ENVIROTHON Web Updates/Salt m… ·  · 2013-09-27zones and types of the AREC salt marsh. The plants shown here can be viewed along ... summer growing

Smooth cordgrass

As you head out on the boardwalk, look left to the stream that cuts through the marsh.Notice the masses of medium‐tall grasses growing along its banks. These plants aresmooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). They are the dominant, most ecologically‐important plants of the salt marsh. Flip over this card to learn more about how toidentify smooth cordgrass and why it’s so important to the marsh and bay ecology.

Plants of the AREC salt marsh tour

Page 8: AREC salt marsh tour - Delaware ENVIROTHON Web Updates/Salt m… ·  · 2013-09-27zones and types of the AREC salt marsh. The plants shown here can be viewed along ... summer growing

SMOOTH CORDGRASSI am the most abundant plant in the salt marsh.  I grow along tidal stream edges.  I have long pointy leaves.  In spring or summer, you may see glitter on my leaves.  These are salt crystals.  My ability to excrete salt through glands on my leaves is a special adaptation that allows me to live and grow in the salty water of the marsh. 

I can be found in tall and short  forms (ranging in height from 2 to 6 feet), with the taller form growing along stream 

banks and other low parts of the marsh.

My leaf blades are long (up to  2 feet), narrow (1/2 inch wide at base),   

tapering, and folded towards the tips.   My flowers and seeds align neatly along 

the downward side of the stalk. 

As a key plant in Delaware’s coastal marshes, I play many 

critical roles:  reducing erosion,  trapping sediments, absorbing nutrients,  and acting as a buffer against damage from storms. 

I also provide food and cover for waterfowl, wading birds, shorebirds, and muskrats.

The breakdown of my leaves and stalks fuels the food chain in our marshes and estuary.

Page 9: AREC salt marsh tour - Delaware ENVIROTHON Web Updates/Salt m… ·  · 2013-09-27zones and types of the AREC salt marsh. The plants shown here can be viewed along ... summer growing

Salt meadow hay

As you look out along the sides of the boardwalk, you may notice several large strange‐looking areas of low‐lying vegetation – appearing almost as crop circles or bedding areasfor animals. These beds are made up of another Spartina species: salt meadow hay(Spartina patens) with a smattering of spike grass (Distichlis spicata) sprinkled in. Thesetwo plants grow in dense mats in the higher (less flooded) parts of the marsh. Flip overthis card to learn something neat about these plants and the early history of this area.

Plants of the AREC salt marsh tour

Page 10: AREC salt marsh tour - Delaware ENVIROTHON Web Updates/Salt m… ·  · 2013-09-27zones and types of the AREC salt marsh. The plants shown here can be viewed along ... summer growing

If you could see my leaf blades close‐up, you would find them to be thin (2‐3 mm wide), 

tapering and with the edges in‐rolled               (an adaptation for conserving water).  My purplish flowers (right) are borne in spikes. 

Because I can’t tolerate the lower oxygen and higher salinity levels that my cousin 

smooth cordgrass can, I am confined to the higher (less flooded) parts of the marsh.  

SALT MEADOW HAYI grow low‐to‐the‐ground in higher, flatter areas of the marsh, 

where you can recognize me by my matted down stalks and leaves. If you were a deer or other animal who visits these marshlands,      do you think you would find these mats a nice place for resting?

In pioneer times, farmers grazed their cattle in marshy meadows made up of members of my kind. Salt hay harvesting (for livestock feed) still occurs in some New 

England and Mid‐Atlantic states. 

In addition to providing cover for songbirds and other small animals, my coarse stems also offer preferred lodge‐building material for muskrats.

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Big cordgrass

At several places along the boardwalk, and on the side of the trail that fronts the marsh,you may notice these tall grasses with seed heads that look a bit like TV antennae.These are the third kind of Spartina grass that grows in our Delaware salt marshes. Thisplant is called big cordgrass (Spartina cynosuroides). It tends to grow in areas of themarsh that are higher (less wet) than S. alterniflora, but lower (more wet) than S. patens.Flip the page to learn about a rare animal that needs this plant to complete its life cycle.

Plants of the AREC salt marsh tour

Page 12: AREC salt marsh tour - Delaware ENVIROTHON Web Updates/Salt m… ·  · 2013-09-27zones and types of the AREC salt marsh. The plants shown here can be viewed along ... summer growing

BIG CORDGRASSLike my cousin, salt meadow hay, I favor the higher parts of the salt marsh.  But as my name suggests, my growth form is very different, allowing me to grow tall (up to 10 feet) and rise above most other marsh plants. You can see and touch samples of me at several places along the AREC boardwalk.  

In Delaware brackish and salt water marshes, I can often be found growing near (and competing for space with) the invasive Phragmites (the next plant in this tour), from which I can be easily distinguished by my broad, TV‐antennae‐style, branching flower and seed head. (Phragmitesappearing much more fine and feathery).  

In addition to providing cover for many small marsh birds, big cordgrass also holds a very special value to wildlife in this area.    A globally‐rare butterfly, called the rare skipper, uses the stalk of big cordgrass to construct its pupal cocoon (in which they change into the adult/butterfly form).  Several years ago, one of these cocoons was discovered by ARE staff attached to a big cordgrass

plant overhanging the low platform area of the boardwalk.    

Rare Skipper butterfly

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Phragmites

The next plant grows in many places around the AREC, especially along the edges of pondand marsh. Its tall grassy growth form, feathery seed heads, and habit of growing in denseclusters make it an easy plant to identify. This is the common reed or Phrag ‐ the latter ashorthand version of its scientific name (Phragmites australis). Phrag is an example of ahighly invasive (non‐native) species. Such plants almost always diminish habitat quality.Flip the page to learn more about the good and bad sides of what Phragmites has to offer.

Plants of the AREC salt marsh tour

Page 14: AREC salt marsh tour - Delaware ENVIROTHON Web Updates/Salt m… ·  · 2013-09-27zones and types of the AREC salt marsh. The plants shown here can be viewed along ... summer growing

PHRAGMITESI grow in higher parts of the marsh, along the wet edges of ponds and roads, and along the trail between the AREC marsh and ponds, where my dense 

root system helps hold the soil together and prevent erosion.  In such places, I grow tall and in very dense clusters, often to the exclusion of other plants.    

Phrag rhizome

In Delaware, I occur in both native and non‐native (invasive) forms, the latter being the form I’m found in at the AREC.  In my invasive form, I often take over large areas of wetlands, minimizing plant 

diversity and so reducing the variety and quality of wildlife habitat.

I do this by producing many seeds that are dispersed by wind, and by rapidly spreading underground lateral roots (called rhizomes) that produce new shoots along their length.

In England, Phragmites has long been used for thatching roofs.  In other cultures, it is woven into baskets and mats.  Native people used the stalks for arrow shafts, whistles and pipe stems.

At the AREC, Phrag is the key plant in our wastewater treatment wetland, where it helps clean septic wastes coming from all bathroom and kitchen facilities.

AREC wastewater treatment wetland (across the road from the pavilion)

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WHAT PLANT AM I? – PART 1The arrows in the photos below point to plants you learned about in this activity.  

Write the letter of each plant pointed to next to the name of the plant you think it is.  Note:  the name of the one plant that is not pictured here should  be left blank. 

____   Eastern red cedar

____   High tide bush

____   Phragmites

____   Big cordgrass

____   Smooth cordgrass

____   Salt meadow hay

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WHAT PLANT AM I? – PART 2Write the letter of the clue in the small box next to the photo of the plant it matches.

A. My berries provide food and my leaves and branches give shelter for winter birds.

B. The breakdown of my leaves and stalks fuels the tidal salt marsh food web.

C. In some places where I grow, a medicinal tea is made from boiling my leaves. 

D. Early settlers to this area harvested my leaves and stalks for use as livestock feed.

E. I help clean the water that comes out of the AREC and Mallard Lodge facilities.

F. A rare butterfly needs me to complete an important stage in its life cycle.

Big cordgrass

Smooth cordgrass

Salt meadow hay

Eastern red cedar

Phragmites

High tide bush