arecibo observatory

Arecibo Radio Telescope

Aerial view of the Observatory

Organization SRI International

USRA

UMET

Location Arecibo, Puerto Rico

Wavelength electromagnetic

spectrum: (3.00 cm to

1.00 meter)

Built completed in 1963

Telescope style spherical reflector

Diameter 1,000 ft (300 m)

Collecting area 73,000 square meters

(790,000 sq ft)

Mounting semi-transit telescope:

fixed primary with

secondary (Gregorian

reflector) and a

delay-line feed, each of

which moves on tracks

to point to different

parts of the sky.

Dome none

Arecibo ObservatoryFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Arecibo Observatory is a radiotelescope in the municipality of Arecibo,Puerto Rico. This observatory is operatedby SRI International, USRA and UMET,under cooperative agreement with theNational Science Foundation (NSF).[2][3]

This observatory is also called theNational Astronomy and IonosphereCenter, although "NAIC" refers to boththe observatory and the staff thatoperates it.[4] From its construction in the1960s until 2011, the observatory wasmanaged by Cornell University.

The observatory's 1,000 ft (305 m) radiotelescope is the world's largest single-aperture telescope. It is used in threemajor areas of research: radio astronomy,aeronomy, and radar astronomy. Scientistswho want to use the telescope submitproposals that are evaluated by anindependent scientific board.

The telescope has made appearances inmotion picture and television productionsand got more recognition in 1999 when itbegan to collect data for the SETI@homeproject. It has been listed on the AmericanNational Register of Historic Placesbeginning in 2008.[1][5] It was thefeatured listing in the National ParkService's weekly list of October 3, 2008.[6]

The center was named an IEEE Milestonein 2001.[7]

Contents

1 Ángel Ramos Foundation VisitorCenter

Arecibo Observatory - Wikipedia, the free encycl... http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arecib...

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Website www.naic.edu

(http://www.naic.edu)

National Astronomy and

Ionosphere Center

U.S. National Register of Historic

Places

U.S. Historic district

Coordinates 18°20′39″N

66°45′10″W

Area 118 acres

(480,000 m2)

Architect Gordon,

William E;

Kavanaugh,

T.C.

Governing body Federal

NRHP Reference # 07000525

Added to NRHP September

23, 2008[1]

2 General information3 Design and architecture4 Research and discoveries5 SETI / METI

5.1 The Arecibo message5.2 The RuBisCo Stars5.3 SETI searches

6 Other uses7 Funding issues8 In popular culture9 Arecibo Observatory Directors10 See also11 References12 Further reading13 External links

Ángel Ramos FoundationVisitor Center

Opened in 1997, the Ángel Ramos FoundationVisitor Center [1] (http://www.naic.edu/general/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=192&Itemid=638) features interactiveexhibits and displays about the operations of theradio telescope, astronomy, and atmosphericscience. The center is named after the financialfoundation that honors Ángel Ramos, the ownerof the El Mundo newspaper and the founder ofTelemundo. This foundation provided half of themoney to build the visitors center, with the rest coming from private donationsand from Cornell University. It is normally open Wednesday-Sunday, withadditional opening hours on many holidays and school breaks. As of 2012, theadmission fee is $10.00 for adults and $6.00 for seniors and children under 10.[8]

General information

The main collecting dish is 1,000 ft (305 m) in diameter, constructed inside thedepression left by a karst sinkhole.[9] It contains the largest curved focusing dishon Earth, giving Arecibo the largest electromagnetic-wave-gathering capacity.[10]

The dish surface is made of 38,778 perforated aluminum panels, each about 3 by6 feet (1 by 2 m), supported by a mesh of steel cables. The ground underneath is


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accessible and supports shade-tolerant vegetation.[11]

The telescope has three radar transmitters, with effective isotropic radiatedpowers of 20 TW at 2380 MHz, 2.5 TW (pulse peak) at 430 MHz, and 300 MW at47 MHz.

The telescope is a spherical reflector of radius 870 ft, not a parabolic reflector. Toaim the telescope, the receiver is moved to intercept signals reflected fromdifferent directions by the spherical dish surface. A parabolic mirror would havevarying astigmatism when the receiver is off the focal point, but the error of aspherical mirror is the same in every direction.

The receiver is on a 900-ton platform suspended 150 m (500 ft) above the dish by18 cables running from three reinforced concrete towers, one 110 m (365 ft) highand the other two 80 m (265 ft) high, placing their tops at the same elevation. Theplatform has a 93-meter-long rotating bow-shaped track, called the azimuth arm,carrying the receiving antennas and secondary and tertiary reflectors. This allowsthe telescope to observe any region of the sky in a forty-degree cone of visibilityabout the local zenith (between −1 and 38 degrees of declination). Puerto Rico'slocation near the Northern Tropic allows Arecibo to view the planets in the SolarSystem over the Northern half of their orbit. The round trip light time to objectsbeyond Saturn is longer than the 2.6 hour time that the telescope can track acelestial position, preventing radar observations of more distant objects.

The Arecibo Telescope as viewed from the observation deck, October 2013

Design and architecture

The Arecibo telescope was built between mid-1960 and November 1963, anddesigned by William E. Gordon of Cornell University, who intended to use it tostudy Earth's ionosphere.[12][13][14] Originally, a fixed parabolic reflector wasenvisioned, pointing in a fixed direction with a 150 m (500 ft) tower to holdequipment at the focus. This design would have limited its use in other areas ofresearch, such as planetary science and radio astronomy, which require the abilityto point at different positions in the sky and to track those positions for anextended period as Earth rotates. Ward Low of the Advanced Research Projects


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A detailed view of thebeam-steering mechanismand some antennas. Thetriangular platform at the topis fixed, and the azimuth armrotates beneath it. To the leftis the Gregorian sub-reflector,and to the right is the96-foot-long (29 m) line feedtuned to 430 MHz. Justvisible at the upper right ispart of the rectangularwaveguide that brings the 2.5MW 430 MHz radartransmitter's signal up to thefocal region.

Agency (ARPA) pointed out this flaw, and putGordon in touch with the Air Force CambridgeResearch Laboratory (AFCRL) in Boston,Massachusetts, where one group headed by PhilBlacksmith was working on spherical reflectorsand another group was studying the propagation ofradio waves in and through the upper atmosphere.Cornell University proposed the project to ARPA inmid-1958 and a contract was signed between theAFCRL and the University in November 1959.Cornell University and Zachary Sears published arequest for proposals (RFP) asking for a design tosupport a feed moving along a spherical surface435 feet (133 m) above the stationary reflector.The RFP suggested a tripod or a tower in thecenter to support the feed. At Cornell Universityon the day the project for the design andconstruction of the antenna was announced,Gordon had also envisioned a 435 ft (133 m) towercentered in the 1,000 ft (300 m) reflector tosupport the feed.

George Doundoulakis, who directed research atGeneral Bronze Corporation in Garden City, NewYork, along with Zachary Sears, who directedInternal Design at Digital B & E Corporation, NewYork, received the RFP from Cornell University forthe antenna design, and studied the idea ofsuspending the feed with his brother, Helias Doundoulakis, a civil engineer.George Doundoulakis identified the problem that a tower or tripod would havepresented around the center, the most important area of the reflector, and deviseda better approach by suspending the feed. He presented his proposal to Cornellfor a doughnut truss suspended by four cables from four towers above thereflector, having along its edge a rail track for the azimuthal positioning of thefeed. A second truss, in the form of an arc, or arch, was to be suspended below,which would rotate on the rails through 360 degrees. The arc also had rails onwhich the unit supporting the feed would move for the elevational positioning ofthe feed. A counter-weight would move symmetrically opposite to the feed forstability, and the entire feed could be lowered and raised if a hurricane werepresent. Helias Doundoulakis designed the cable suspension system which wasfinally adopted. Although the present configuration is substantially the same asthe original drawings by George and Helias (though with three towers instead ofthe original four), the U.S. Patent office granted Helias a patent[15] for thebrothers' innovative idea. William J. Casey, later to be the director of the CentralIntelligence Agency under President Ronald Reagan, was also an assignee on the


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patent.

Construction began in mid-1960, with the official opening on November 1,1963.[16] As the primary dish is spherical, its focus is along a line rather than at asingle point (as would be the case for a parabolic reflector); therefore,complicated line feeds had to be used to carry out observations. Each line feedcovered a narrow frequency band (2–5% of the center frequency of the band) anda limited number of line feeds could be used at any one time, limiting theflexibility of the telescope.

The telescope has been upgraded several times. Initially, when the maximumexpected operating frequency was about 500 MHz, the surface consisted ofhalf-inch galvanized wire mesh laid directly on the support cables. In 1974 ahigh-precision surface consisting of thousands of individually adjustablealuminum panels replaced the old wire mesh, and the highest usable frequencywas raised to about 5,000 MHz. A Gregorian reflector system was installed in1997, incorporating secondary and tertiary reflectors to focus radio waves at asingle point. This allowed the installation of a suite of receivers, covering thewhole 1–10 GHz range, that could be easily moved onto the focal point, givingArecibo more flexibility. At the same time, a ground screen was installed aroundthe perimeter to block the ground's thermal radiation from reaching the feedantennas, and a more powerful 2,400 MHz transmitter was installed.

The telescope was damaged in an earthquake on 2014 January 13.[17] Theearthquake damaged one of the suspension cables at the location of a splice thatwas made during the original installation in the 1960s. Repair took two months.

Research and discoveries

Many scientific discoveries have been made using the Arecibo telescope. On April7, 1964, shortly after it began operations, Gordon Pettengill's team used it todetermine that the rotation rate of Mercury was not 88 days, as previouslythought, but only 59 days.[18] In 1968, the discovery of the periodicity of the CrabPulsar (33 milliseconds) by Lovelace and others provided the first solid evidencethat neutron stars exist.[19] In 1974, Hulse and Taylor discovered the first binarypulsar PSR B1913+16,[20] an accomplishment for which they later received theNobel Prize in Physics. In 1982, the first millisecond pulsar, PSR B1937+21, wasdiscovered by Donald C. Backer, Shrinivas Kulkarni, Carl Heiles, Michael Davis,and Miller Goss.[21] This object spins 642 times per second, and until thediscovery of PSR J1748-2446ad in 2005, it was the fastest-spinning pulsar known.

In August 1989, the observatory directly imaged an asteroid for the first time inhistory: 4769 Castalia.[22] The following year, Polish astronomer AleksanderWolszczan made the discovery of pulsar PSR B1257+12, which later led him to


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The Arecibomessage withadded color tohighlight theseparate parts.The actualbinarytransmissioncarried no colorinformation.

discover its three orbiting planets and a possible comet.[23][24]

These were the first extrasolar planets discovered. In 1994,John Harmon used the Arecibo radio telescope to map thedistribution of ice in the poles of Mercury.[25]

In January 2008, detection of prebiotic molecules methanimineand hydrogen cyanide were reported from AreciboObservatory radio spectroscopy measurements of the distantstarburst galaxy Arp 220.[26]

SETI / METI

The Arecibo message

Main article: Arecibo message

In 1974, the Arecibo message, an attempt to communicatewith potential extraterrestrial life, was transmitted from theradio telescope toward the globular cluster M13, about 25,000light-years away.[27] The 1,679 bit pattern of 1s and 0s defineda 23 by 73 pixel bitmap image that included numbers, stickfigures, chemical formulas, and a crude image of the telescopeitself.[28]

The RuBisCo Stars

Main article: RuBisCo Stars

On November 7, 2009, as part of the 35th anniversary of theDrake/Sagan transmission to M13 the RuBisCO gene sequencewas transmitted to three “nearby” stars: GJ 83.1, Teagarden'sstar SO 025300.5+165258, and Kappa Ceti (G5B). The project was by artist JoeDavis with support from Paul Gilster, Arecibo Observatory, Cornell University, andvarious others.

SETI searches

Main article: SETI

Arecibo is the source of data for the SETI@home and Astropulse distributedcomputing projects put forward by the Space Sciences Laboratory at theUniversity of California, Berkeley and was used for the SETI Institute's ProjectPhoenix observations.[29] The Einstein@Home distributed computing project has


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discovered more than 20 pulsars in Arecibo data.[30]

Other uses

Terrestrial aeronomy experiments at Arecibo have included the Coqui 2experiment, which were supported by NASA. The telescope also has had militaryintelligence uses; among them, locating Soviet radar installations by detectingtheir signals bouncing off the Moon.[31]

Limited amateur radio operations have occurred, using "moon bounce" or Earth-Moon-Earth communication, in which the Moon is used to reflect radio signalsaimed at it back to the Earth . The first of these operations was on April 13-14,1964, using the call KP4BPZ. A dozen or so two-way contacts were made on 144and 432 MHz. On July 3 and July 24, 1965, KP4BPZ was again activated on 432MHZ, making approximately 30 contacts on 432 MHz during the limitedtime-slots available. For these tests a very wide-band instrumentation recordercaptured a large segment of the receiving bandwidth, enabling later verificationof other amateur station callsigns (though of course not two-way contacts). FromApril 16 to 18, 2010, the Arecibo Amateur Radio Club KP4AO again conductedmoon-bounce activity using the antenna.[32] On 10 November 2013, the KP4AOArecibo Amateur Radio Club conducted a 50 Year commemoration activation,lasting 7 hours on 14.250 MHz SSB, though not using the main dish antenna.

Funding issues

A report by the division of Astronomical Sciences of the National ScienceFoundation, made public on November 3, 2006, recommended substantiallydecreased astronomy funding for Arecibo Observatory, ramping down from $10.5million in 2007 to $4.0 million in 2011.[33][34] If other sources of money could notbe obtained, the observatory would have to close. The report also advised that 80percent of the observation time be allocated to the surveys already in progress,reducing the time available for smaller programs. NASA gradually eliminated itsshare of the planetary radar funding at Arecibo from 2001 thorough 2006.[35]

Academics and researchers responded by organizing to protect and advocate forthe observatory. They established the Arecibo Science Advocacy Partnership(ASAP), which was meant to advance the scientific excellence of AreciboObservatory research and to publicize its accomplishments in astronomy,aeronomy and planetary radar.[36] ASAP's goals include mobilizing the existingbroad base of support for Arecibo science within the fields it serves directly, thebroad scientific community; provide a forum for the Arecibo research communityand enhance communication within it; promote the potential of Arecibo forgroundbreaking science; suggest the paths that will maximize it into the


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foreseeable future; showcase the broad impact and far-reaching implications ofthe science currently carried out with this unique instrument.[36]

Contributions by the government of Puerto Rico may be one way to help fill thefunding gap, but are controversial and uncertain. At town hall meetings about thepotential closure, Puerto Rican Senate President Kenneth McClintock announcedan initial local appropriation of $3.0 million during fiscal year 2008 to fund amajor maintenance project to restore the three pillars that hold up the antennaplatform to their original condition, pending inclusion in the next bond issue.[37]

The bond authorization, with the $3.0 million appropriation, was approved by theSenate of Puerto Rico on November 14, 2007, on the first day of a special sessioncalled by Aníbal Acevedo Vilá.[38] The Puerto Rico House of Representativesrepeated this action on June 30, 2008. The Governor of Puerto Rico signed themeasure into law in August 2008.[39] These funds were made available in thesecond half of 2009.

José Enrique Serrano, a member of the U.S. House of RepresentativesAppropriations Committee, asked the National Science Foundation to keepArecibo in operation in a letter published on September 19, 2007.[40]

Language similar to that in the letter of September 19 was included in theFY-2008 omnibus spending bill. In October 2007, Puerto Rico's then-ResidentCommissioner, Luis Fortuño, along with Dana Rohrabacher, filed legislation toassure the continued operation of the observatory.[41] A similar bill was filed inthe U.S. Senate in April 2008 by the junior Senator from New York, HillaryClinton.[42]

Since the Arecibo observatory is owned by the Government of the United States,direct donations by private or corporate donors cannot be made. However, asnon-profit (501(c)(3)) "public charities" under US law, Cornell University andsubsequently SRI International can accept contributions on behalf of the AreciboObservatory.[43]

In September 2007, in an open letter to researchers, the NSF clarified the statusof the budget for NAIC, stating that the present plan could hit the targetedbudgetary revision.[44] No mention of private funding was made. However, it needbe noted that the NSF is undertaking studies to mothball or demolish theobservatory to return it to its natural setting in the event that its budget target isnot reached.

In November 2007, The Planetary Society urged the U.S. Congress to prevent theArecibo Observatory from closing because of insufficient funding since its radarcontributes greatly to the accuracy of predictions of asteroid impacts on theEarth.[45] The Planetary Society believes that continued operation of theobservatory will reduce the cost of mitigation (that is, deflection of a near-Earth


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asteroid on collision to Earth), should that be necessary.

Also in November of that year The New York Times described the consequences ofthe budget cuts at the site.[46] In July 2008, the British newspaper The DailyTelegraph reported that the funding crisis, due to federal budget cuts, was stillvery much alive.[47]

The SETI@home program is using the telescope as a primary source for theresearch. The program is urging people to send a letter to their politicalrepresentatives, in support of full federal funding of the observatory.[48]

The NAIC received $3.1 million from the American Recovery and ReinvestmentAct of 2009, and this was used for basic maintenance and for a second, muchsmaller, antenna to be used for very long baseline interferometry, new Klystronamplifiers for the planetary radar system, and for student training.[49] Thisallotment was an increase of around 30 percent over the FY-2009 budget.However, the FY-2010 funding request by NSF was cut by $1.2 million (−12.5percent) over the FY-2009 budget) in light of their continued plans to reducefunding.[50]

The 2011 NSF budget was reduced by a further $1.6 million, −15 percentcompared to 2010, with a further $1.0 million reduction projected by FY-2014.[51]

Beginning in FY-2010, NASA began contributing $2.0 million per year forplanetary science, particularly the study of near-Earth objects, at Arecibo. NASAimplemented this funding through its Near Earth Object Observationsprogram.[52]

Also in 2010, the NSF issued a call for new proposals for the management ofNAIC beginning in FY-2012.[4] On May 12, 2011, the agency informed CornellUniversity that it would no longer be the operator of the NAIC, and thus of theArecibo Observatory, as of October 1, 2011. At that time, Cornell transferred itsoperations to SRI International, along with two other managing partners,Universities Space Research Association and Universidad Metropolitana dePuerto Rico, with a number of other collaborators.[3][53] Upon the award of thenew cooperative agreement for NAIC management and operation, NSF alsodecertified NAIC as a Federally Funded Research and Development Center(FFRDC),[51] with the stated goal of providing the NAIC with greater freedom toestablish broader scientific partnerships and pursue funding opportunities foractivities beyond the scope of those supported by the NSF.[54]

In popular culture

The Arecibo Observatory was featured on Cosmos: A Personal Voyage in Part12 "Encyclopaedia Galactica."


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The Arecibo Observatory is featured at the end of James Burke's TV seriesConnections in Part 3 "Distant Voices."Arecibo Observatory was used as a filming location in the climax of theJames Bond movie GoldenEye (1995) and as a level in the accompanyingNintendo 64 videogame GoldenEye 007.Season 2 episode 22 of the cartoon Jackie Chan Adventures featured a spoofof the James Bond movie GoldenEye, and similarly ended the plot at theArecibo Observatory.The film Contact (1997), based on the Carl Sagan 1985 novel of the samename, features Arecibo, where the main character uses the facility as part ofa SETI project.Fox Mulder was sent to the Arecibo Observatory in The X-Files episode"Little Green Men".Songwriter and author Jimmy Buffett mentions the "giant telescope" in hisbook Where Is Joe Merchant?, and in the lyrics to the song "Desdemona'sBuilding A Rocket Ship".The musicians Boxcutter, Lustmord, and Little Boots have all releasedalbums named Arecibo.The observatory is featured in the film Species (1995), the James Gunn novelThe Listeners (1972), the Robert J. Sawyer novel Rollback, and the MaryDoria Russell novel The Sparrow.Arecibo Observatory also featured in the action movie The Losers (2010).In the video game Just Cause 2 there is a large radio observatory called PANMILSAT that is very similar in appearance to Arecibo Observatory.Internet radio station Arecibo Radio is named after the observatory.[55]

The Arecibo Observatory was featured in an episode Covert Affairs called"Loving the Alien" as a stand-in for the Lourdes SIGINT Station.The Arecibo Observatory was mentioned in an episode of Korean TV DramaPlayful Kiss in 2010.The Arecibo Observatory is part of the backstory in the Ingress/NianticLabsARG (2012).An observatory similar to the Arecibo Observatory is featured in Battlefield 4as a multiplayer map named "Rogue Transmission".Arecibo Observatory is the subject of Dinosaur Comics number 2554[56]

Arecibo Observatory Directors

1963–1965, Dr. William E. Gordon (Ph.D., Cornell University)1965–1966, Dr. John W. Findlay (Ph.D., University of Cambridge)1966–1968, Dr. Frank Drake (Ph.D., Harvard University)1968–1970, Dr. Gordon Pettengill (Ph.D., UC Berkeley)1971–1973, Dr. Tor Hagfors (Ph.D., University of Oslo)1973–1981, Dr. Harold D. Craft Jr. (Ph.D., Cornell University)


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1981–1987, Dr. Donald B. Campbell (Ph.D., Cornell University)1988–1989, Dr. Riccardo Giovanelli (Ph.D., University of Bologna)1988–1992, Dr. Michael M. Davis (Ph.D., Leiden University)1992–2003, Dr. Daniel R. Altschuler (es) (Ph.D., Brandeis University)2003–2006, Dr. Sixto A. González (Ph.D., Utah State University)2006–2007, Dr. Timothy L. Hankins (Ph.D., University of California at SanDiego)2007–2008, Dr. Robert B. Kerr (Ph.D., University of Michigan)2008–2011, Dr. Michael C. Nolan (Ph.D., University of Arizona)2011–present, Dr. Robert B. Kerr (Ph.D., University of Michigan)

See also

Air Force Research LaboratoryList of radio telescopesSixto A. González, former director of the Arecibo Observatory (2003–2006)William E. Gordon, founder and first director of the observatory (AIO1963–1965)Tor Hagfors, former director of the Arecibo Observatory (1971–1973) andalso of NAIC (October 1982 to September 1992).Helias Doundoulakis[57]

UPRM Planetarium

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^ Larry Klaes (30 November 2005). "Making Contact" (http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=15663534&BRD=1395&PAG=461&dept_id=216620&rfi=6).Ithaca Times. Retrieved 2008-09-02.

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^ Geaorge Cassiday. "The Arecibo Message" (http://www.physics.utah.edu/~cassiday/p1080/lec06.html). The University of Utah: Department of Physics. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20070717133904/http://www.physics.utah.edu/~cassiday/p1080/lec06.html) from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-27.

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^ Peter Backus (14 April 2003). "Project Phoenix: SETI Prepares to Observe atArecibo" (https://www.space.com/searchforlife/seti_arecibo_prep_030414.html).Space.com. Retrieved 2008-09-02.

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^ "Einstein@Home new discoveries and detections of known pulsars in the BRP4search" (http://einstein.phys.uwm.edu/radiopulsar/html/BRP4_discoveries/).Einstein@Home. August 27, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012.

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^ Steve Blank "Secret history of Silicon Valley" talk31.^ "ARRL; Moonbounce for everyone" (http://www.arrl.org/news/moonbounce-for-everyone-courtesy-of-the-arecibo-radio-telescope). Retrieved January 10, 2013.

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^ Roger Blandford; Senior Review Committee, Division of Astronomical Sciences,National Science Foundation (22 October 2006). From the Ground Up: Balancing theNSF Astronomy Program (http://www.nsf.gov/mps/ast/seniorreview/sr_report_mpsac_updated_12-1-06.pdf) (PDF). National Science Foundation. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20080626170308/http://www.nsf.gov/mps/ast/seniorreview/sr_report_mpsac_updated_12-1-06.pdf) from the original on June 26,2008. Retrieved 2008-07-08.

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^ Rick Weiss (9 September 2007). "Radio Telescope And Its Budget Hang in theBalance" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/08/AR2007090801654.html?hpid=moreheadlines). The Washington Post (Arecibo,

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Puerto Rico: The Washington Post Company). p. A01. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "The cashcrunch stems from a "senior review" completed last November at NSF. Its $200million astronomy division – increasingly committed to ambitious, new projects butlong hobbled by flat Congressional budgets – was facing a deficit of at least $30million by 2010."^ Robert Roy Britt (20 December 2001). "NASA Trims Arecibo Budget, Says OtherOrganizations Should Support Asteroid Watch" (http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/arecibo_cuts_011220.html). Space.com. Imaginova.Retrieved 2008-07-08.

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^ a b "Areciboscience.org" (http://areciboscience.org/index.html). Areciboscience.org.Retrieved 2012-05-11.

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^ Liz Arelis Cruz Maisonave. "Buscan frenar cierre de Radiotelescopio en Arecibo"(http://www.vocero.com/noticias.asp/s=Locales&n=82569). El Vocero (in Spanish).Retrieved 2008-09-04.

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^ "Senado aprueba emisión de bonos de $450 millones" (http://www.primerahora.com/XStatic/primerahora/template/nota.aspx?n=128502). Primera Hora (in Spanish). 14November 2007. Retrieved 2008-09-04.

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^ Gerardo E, Alvarado León (10 August 2008). "Gobernador firma emisión de bonos".El Nuevo Día.

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^ José E. Serrano (19 September 2007). "Serrano concerned about potential Areciboclosure" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080730201844/http://serrano.house.gov/PressRelease.aspx?NewsID=1473). serrano.house.gov. Archived from the original(http://serrano.house.gov/PressRelease.aspx?NewsID=1473) on 30 July 2008.Retrieved 2008-09-04.

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^ "Congress gets bill to save Arecibo Observatory" (http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Oct07/Arecibo.bill.lg.html). Cornell University. 3 October 2007. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20080821133911/http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Oct07/Arecibo.bill.lg.html) from the original on August 21, 2008. Retrieved2008-09-04.

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^ Jeannette Rivera-lyles (25 April 2008). "Clinton turns attention to observatory inPuerto Rico" (http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/nationworld/orl-arecibo2508apr25,0,5117790.story). Orlando Sentinel. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20080930045739/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/nationworld/orl-arecibo2508apr25,0,5117790.story) from the original onSeptember 30, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-04.

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^ "Arecibo-observatory.org" (http://arecibo-observatory.org). Cornell and NAIC. 22June 2008. Archived (http://web.archive.org/web/20080707072836/http://www.arecibo-observatory.org/) from the original on July 7, 2008. Retrieved2008-07-08. "Our mission is to establish a new funding model to supplement NSFsupport and maintain operations of the observatory now and into the future."

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^ Arecibo participated in 90 of the 111 asteroid radar observations in 2005–2007.45.


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See JPL's list of all asteroid radar observations. (http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/PDS.asteroid.radar.history.html)^ Chang, K., "A Hazy Future for a 'Jewel' of Space Instruments."(http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/science/space/20scop.html?scp=2), New YorkTimes, November 20, 2007

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^ Jacqui Goddard, "Threat to world's most powerful radio telescope means we maynot hear ET" (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/2291068/Threat-to-world%27s-most-powerful-radio-telescope-means-we-may-not-hear-ET.html), Daily Telegraph, July 12, 2008

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^ "NASA Support to Planetary Radar" (http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2010/04/27/NASAsupport_to_Planetary_Radar.pdf) retrieved 2011 July 7

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^ "Management and Operation of the NAIC" (http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=5652) retrieved 2013 Apr 6

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^ http://areciboradio.com55.^ "Dinosaur Comics number 2554" (http://www.qwantz.com/index.php?comic=2554).56.^ "3,273,156 (1966-09-13) Helias Doundoulakis, Radio Telescope having a scanningfeed supported by a cable suspension over a stationary reflector"(http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=3273156.PN.&OS=PN/3273156&RS=PN/3273156). U.S. Patent Office.

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Further reading

Friedlander, Blaine P. Jr. (1997-11-14). "Research rockets, including anexperiment from Cornell, are scheduled for launch into the ionosphere nextyear from Puerto Rico" (http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Nov97/Coqui-II.bpf.html). Cornell University.Ruiz, Carmelo (1998-03-03). "Activists protest US Navy radar project"(http://www.globenet.free-online.co.uk/actions/prico2.htm). Global NetworkAgainst Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space.Amir Alexander (July 3, 2008). "Budget Cuts Threaten Arecibo Observatory"(http://www.planetary.org/programs/projects/advocacy_and_education/space_advocacy/20080703.html). The Planetary Society.Blaine Friedlander (June 10, 2008). "Arecibo joins global network to create


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6,000-mile (9,700 km) telescope" (http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-06/cuc-ajg061008.php). EurekAlert.Lauren Gold (June 5, 2008). "Clintons (minus Hillary) visit Arecibo; formerpresident urges more federal funding for basic sciences"(http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/June08/arecibo.clintons.html). Cornelluniversity.Henry Fountain (December 25, 2007). "Arecibo Radio Telescope Is Back inBusiness After 6-Month Spruce-Up" (http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/25/science/25obtele.html). New York Times.Entry into the National Register of Historic Places (http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/feature/weekly_features/IonosphereCenter.pdf)Cohen, Marshall H. (2009). "Genesis of the 1000-foot Arecibo Dish"(http://authors.library.caltech.edu/17042/). Journal of Astronomical Historyand Heritage 12: 141–152. Bibcode:2009JAHH...12..141C(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JAHH...12..141C).Altschuler, Daniel R.; Salter, Christopher J. (2013). "The Arecibo Observatory:Fifty astronomical years". Physics Today 66 (11): 43. doi:10.1063/PT.3.2179(http://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.2179).

External links

Arecibo Observatory (http://www.naic.edu) / Planetary Radar at AreciboObservatory (http://www.naic.edu/~pradar/pradar.htm)Arecibo Science Advocacy Partnership (http://areciboscience.org)Ángel Ramos Foundation Visitor Center (http://www.naic.edu/general/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=192&Itemid=638)SETI@home (http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu)IEEE History Center – IEEE Milestones: NAIC/Arecibo Radiotelescope(http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:NAIC/Arecibo_Radiotelescope,_1963)Lofar (http://www.lofar.nl)The Arecibo Observatory Contributions Site (http://arecibo-observatory.org)Letter to save Arecibo Observatory (http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/arecibo_letter.php)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arecibo_Observatory&oldid=602809292"Categories: Historic districts in Puerto RicoBuildings and structures completed in 1963Astronomical observatories in Puerto RicoHistoric Mechanical Engineering LandmarksNational Register of Historic Places in Puerto RicoNational Science Foundation Radio telescopes


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Search for extraterrestrial intelligence Science museums in Puerto RicoUniversity museums in Puerto Rico Museums in Arecibo, Puerto RicoSRI International

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