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ANESTHESIAProcedures painful under proper anesthesiaStress has negative results on pharmacological responseFull duration of experimentAnesthesia is necessary to exclude stressAnalgesics, anesthetics, sedatives - used - control painAnesthetics affect CVS, respiratory, thermoregulatory mechanism CNSPreparation for anesthesia overnight fasting 12- 24hrsUse pre anesthetics which block parasympatheticStimulation of CVS and pulmonary systemReduced salivary secretion eg:- AtropinePrecheck animals inspection of auscultation and palpitation -regulatory tests hemoglobin, haematocrit. Urine ph - be performed

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Local and General anesthetics

LOCAL ANESTHETICS

Regional and reversible elimination of pain with chemicalcompoundsRecommended - gentle and calm animals eg:- Tetracain,

Proparacaine surface anesthesiaProcaine, Lidocaine - injectables

GENERAL ANESTHETICS

Number of agents inhalants

Iv and im injections Ketamine and barbituratesSpecies characteristics and variations kept in mindSide effects excess salivation, Convulsions, hallucinations controlled

Animals under veterinary care until recovered completely

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EUTHANASIAEasy death procedure quickly and painless in atmosphere free from

fear and anxietyMethod as humane - initial depressive CNS for immediate -insensitivity to painMethods physical and chemical

PHYSICAL METHODS:Stunning : by concussion (severe blow on head), electrical stunning orcaptive boltCervical dislocation: destroying brain stem eg:- exsanguination

Decapitation: process of separation of head from neck ruprure bloodvessels decreased BP and loss of consciousness - suitable for warmblooded animals. Cold blooded animals stunning prior to decap[itationMicro wave irradiation: study of brain metabolites without destroying

brain anatomy

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Chemical agents:Cause death : toxicity, anesthetics over doseAgents: volatile anestehtics Halothane, Enflurane, Isoflurane, carbondioxide(80 100%)Injectable anesthetics: sodium pentabarbitone ip or iv, T61(mixture of localanesthetic + Hypnotic + curare form compound)

Methods not to be usedRapid freezing, Pithing, hypothermia, Asphyxia

Chemicals not to be usedCO, HCN, N2, N2O, chloral hydrate, KCl

NMJ blockers like curare, succinyl cholineKetamine not suitable(since wide safety range 50 500mg)Mice decapitation, euthanasia with 80% CO2Rat decapitation or microwave irradiation

Rabbit stunning with captive bolt, sodium pentabarbitone with 120mg/kg

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COMMON LAB ANIMALS

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RAT(Rattus norvegicus)Commonest - small size greatest sensitivity inbredWithstand long period experimentationStrains wistar, sprague dawley ratsAnatomical peculiarities:Lack vomiting centre , tonsil, gall bladderExtremely diffused pancreas pancreatectomy difficult diabetic ratBeing omnivorous resembles man nutritionally

Rat as experimental animal:Suitable for psychopharmacological agents(training easily) eg:- developmentof conditioned reflux

Assay of different hormonesStudy of oestrus cycle, mating behaviour, lactationStudy of drugs on BPShare rat method evaluation of anti-ulcer drugs(pyloric ligation )

Unique for study of gastric secretion(continous secretion fasting 24 -72hrs,

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Quantitative method: for assay of inhibitors of acid gastric

secretion developed by ghoshNormal temperature - 37.5 C or 99.5 FNormal respiration rate - 220 per min.Humidity - 44 - 545%

Room temperature - 18.5 - 21 C or 65 to 75 FMating age - 70 - 84 daysEstrous cycle - 4 - 5 daysGestation period - 21 - 23 daysLitters 7 - 9 yearly Average litter size - 7 Weaning age 23 to 28 days

Weight of adult - 120 to 250 Gms

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Feed:-

Cracked wheat - 66%Ground nut oil - 17%Cracked Bengal gram - 15% Yeast powder - 1%

Fishmeal - 7%,Shark liver oil - 1% Add 1 unit of whole milk for every 100 units of mixtures.Each rat consumes about 15 g/day. Breeding rats are givengerminated pulses containing Bengal gram - 1 part, LentilMaser - 1 part, Green gram - 1 part.

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For study of analgesic drugs radiant heat tailRoutinely toxicity studies acute and chronic

24hrs old rat similar to 6 months old infant so used for theevaluation of compounds supposed to be administered ininfants of this ageFor study of physiology of liver

For testing of drugs for teratogenicity and carcinogenicityIsolated tissues - uterus, stomach, colonStudy of drug actionUterus of rat - inhibited by adrenaline basis for bioassays of adrenaline

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MOUSE (Mus musculus)Normal temperature - 37.4 C or 99.3 FNormal respiration rate - 160 per min.Pulse rate 120 per min.

Humidity 60 - 70%Room temperature - 20 to 21 CMating age - 6 to 8weeksOestrous cycle - 4 to 5 daysGestation period - 19 to 21 days

Litters - 8 to 12 yearly Average litter size - 7 to 8 Weaning age - 19 to 21days Weight of adult - 25 to 30g

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Mouse as experimental animal:

Albino mice - smallest lab animal bred uniformly, cheap andeasy to handleFor acute toxicity studiesFor assay of insulin and analgesics(for chemically induced pain)

General screening of chemotherapeutic agentsSpecially bred mice in cancer researchFrequently testing of drugs - teratogenicityNude mouse: A hairless genetic mutant that lacks a thymus glandand deficient in T- lymphocytes interest in field of tissueimmunity and transplant researchBeing small isolated tissues rarely used

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GUINEA PIG : (Cavia porcellus

Normal temperature 37.6 to 38.9 C or 96.6 F to 102 FNormal respiration rate 80 per min.Pulse rate 150 per min.Humidity 45%

Room temperature 18.5 - 21 C or 65 to 75 FMating age 12 to 20weeksGestation period 59 to 72 daysLitters 3 per year

Average litter size 3 Weaning age 14 days Weight of adult 200 to 1000g

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FeedFeeds are given in pellet form, containing crushed oats and Croat,

supplemented with cabbage and protein foods such as fish or meat meal.

Docile animal susceptible to TB and anaphylactic shockHighly sensitive to histamine (followed by bronchoconstriction)Dopamine causes fall in BP

As experimental animal:-

For evaluation of bronchodilator compounds against experimentally induced asthma (histamine or acetyl choline aerosols)Study of local anestheticsBioassay of digitalis

Having sensitive cochlea for hearing experimentsUsed for study of ascorbic acid metabolismSuitable host for microbacterial infections study of TBIsolated preparations - terminal ileum screening of antispasmodic

compounds

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RABBIT: (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Normal temperature 38.7 to 39.1 C.

Normal respiration rate 55 per min.Pulse rate 135 per min.Humidity 40 - 50%Room temperature 15.5 - 18.5 CMating age 6 to 9 monthsGestation period 28 to 31 daysLitters 4 per year

Average litter size 4 Weaning age 6 to 8 weeks Weight of adult 0.9 to 6.75 kg.

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Feed

Lucerne grass - 120 g / day

Carrot 20gBengal gram - 20g Wheat bran - 20g

As experimental animal:-For pyrogen testing iv fluidsInsulin, anti-diabetic agents testedSkin relatively sensitive to irritants topical agents

Very convenient for injecting and withdrawing blood from earveinsResearch on reproduction

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DOG : (Canin familiaris)

Normal temperature -38.6 FHumidity - 45 - 60%Mating age - 18 monthsGestation period - 58 to 63 days Weaning age -7 to 8 weeks

As experimental animal:-Study of Antihypertensives .Study of cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs.Screening of hypoglycemic drugs, neuromuscular blockers and

Ganglion blocking agents .Toxicity studies .Gastric secretion studies in dog.

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HAMSTER : (Mesocricetuz auratus or Cricetulus griseus)

Normal temperature - 36.7 C or 38.3 FHumidity - 40 - 50%Room temperature - 20 to 22 CMating age - 7 to 9 weeks

Litters - 4 to 6 per year Avg. litter size - 6Gestation period - 16 to 17 days Weaning age - 3 to 4 weeks

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FeedSimilar to mice and guinea pig; with milk added to bran or oats.

As experimental animal:-Cytological investigations.Immunological and Diabetological studies. Assay of prostaglandins E and F.Genetics, tissue culture and radiation research.Host in parasitological investigations. Virology, Toxicology, nutrition research, reproductive

Physiology.(Golden Hamsters ).

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CAT

Studies on circulatory and neuromuscular systems similar tomanDrugs affecting BPAnesthetized and spinal preparations - assay of catecholamine'sContractions of nictitating membrane (third eyelid) recorded for- investigation of ganglionic blocking action of drugsStudy of nerve centres in brain