arman onart, fatih can balcı , muratcan arslan , fatih kaya

Arman Onart, Fatih Can Balcı , Muratcan Arslan, Fatih Kaya

ITF212 - International Trade and Investment

Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hasan Fehmi Baklacı

30 May 2013Izmir University of Economics OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation

and Development

2A. Onart || F. C. Balcı || M. Arslan || F. Kaya The Organisation for Co-operation and DevelopmentInternational Trade and Finance, Izmir University of Economics OECD

• An Organisation of 30 member countries committed to democracy and the market economy

• A provider of comparative data, analysis and forecasts • so that governments can:

- compare policy experiences - seek answers to common problems- identify good practice- and co-ordinate domestic and international policies

What is the OECD?

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ITF212 – International Trade and Investment

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Article 1 of the OECD Convention:

• Support economic growth• Boost employment • Raise living standards • Maintain financial stability• Assist other countries’ economic development• Contribute to growth in world trade

The OECD’s mission

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A. Onart || F. C. Balcı || M. Arslan || F. Kaya The Organisation for Co-operation and DevelopmentInternational Trade and Finance, Izmir University of Economics OECD

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Tries to produce• Internationally agreed instruments• And decisions and recommendations

Focuses on economic and social issues like• Macroeconomics• International trade• Education• Development• Science and Innovation

Provides comparative data, analysis and forecasts, obtained from member countries to help other members increase policy effectiveness

The OECD: What is it?

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Databases: OECD provides one of the world’s largest and most reliable sources

of comparable statistical, economic and social data. OECD databases span areas as diverse

• national accounts, • economic indicators, • trade, employment, • migration, • education, • energy, • health • and the environment.

The OECD: What is it? (cont’d)

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Secretariat: Information, data and analysis provided by a secretariat in Paris. The secretariat collects

• data, • monitors trends, • make analyses • forecasts economic developments, • researches social changes


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• researches evolving patterns in trade, environment, agriculture, technology, taxation


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Membership: • is limited only by a country’s commitment to a market economy and a

pluralistic democracy.• It is rich, in that its 30 members produce almost 60% of the world’s

goods and services, but it is by no means exclusive.

Non-members:• are invited to subscribe to OECD agreements and treaties, and in

exchange OECD shares expertise, data and analyses • more than 70 countries worldwide, from Brazil, China and Russia to

least developed countries in Africa.


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An organisation with global reach

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OECD Member Countries


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OECD grew out of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) which was set up in 1948

OEEC was started to co-ordinate the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II

OECD was created in as a economic counterpart to NATO and took over from OEEC in 1961

Marshall Plan: Post-war European Aid Program

The OECD: History

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Make markets work for a healthier environment

Use science and technology to benefit people everywhere

Cut wastage and pollution

Our Environment

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Analyse and publish comparative data Produce forecasts Develop policies for growth and stability Foster open markets Encourage expansion of financial services Promote cross-border investment Share best practices

Economics and Trade

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Ensure equal access to education for all

Promote effective and accessible health systems

Fight social exclusion and unemployment

Bridge the “digital divide“ between rich and poor

Social Cohesion

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Promote effective public administration Encourage companies to run their affairs better Ensure transparent and fair tax systems Foster fair competition Fight corruption and money-laundering Promote high ethical standards Encourage citizen-participation in policy-making

Governance

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Promote effective public administration Encourage companies to run their affairs better Ensure transparent and fair tax systems Foster fair competition Fight corruption and money-laundering Promote high ethical standards Encourage citizen-participation in policy-making

Governance

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Three main bodies in OECD• Council, • Committees,• Secretariat

Council:• Holds the decision making power in OECD• Made up of one representative from each member country plus a

representative from European Commission• Meets regularly and decisions are taken by consensus• Meets once a year at the ministerial level to deicide on key issues and

set priorities for OECD work

The OECD: How it works

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Secretariat:• Carries the work mandated by the Council• Some 2 000 staff of the OECD secretariat in Paris work to support

the activities of committees. • Staff includes about 700 economists, lawyers, scientists and

other professionals, mainly based in a dozen substantive directorates, who provide research and analysis.

• The secretariat is headed by a Secretary-General, assisted by four Deputy Secretaries-General.

The OECD: How it works (cont’d)

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Secretariat:• The OECD works in two official languages: English and French.

• Staff members are international civil servants

• No quota system for national representation


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Committees:• Composed of representatives of the 30 member countries to advance ideas and review

progress in specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education financial markets.

• There are around 200 committees, working groups, and expert groups in all• Senior officials from national governments come to OECD committee meetings each

year to request, review contribute to work undertaken by the OECD Secretariat.


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Who drives the OECD’s work?

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CouncilOversight and strategic direction

Representatives of member countries and of the European Commission; decisions taken by consensus

Committees

Discussion and implementationRepresentatives of member countries and of invited non-Members work with the OECD Secretariat on specific issues

SecretariatAnalysis and proposalsSecretary-GeneralDeputy Secretaries-GeneralDirectorates

Annual budget: 336 million euros funded by member countries


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Funded by its 30 member countries National contributions to the annual budget are based on a formula related to the

size of each member’s economy. Some contributors to budget

1) United States 24.975% 2) Japan 17.467% 3) Germany 9.383 % 4) United Kingdom 7.206 % 5) France 6.716 % 20) Turkey 0.793 %

With the approval of the Council, countries may also make separate contributions to particular programs not funded from the main budget.

The size of budget – 336 mil euros in 2006, 330 mil euros in 2005

The OECD: Budget & Funding

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Unlike the World Bank or the IMF, the OECD is not a financing institution (do not give money)

OECD work starts with• Data collection and analysis then• Discussion of policy and decision making then• Implementation

Mutual examination by governments, multilateral surveillance and peer pressure to conform the implementation of decisions

The OECD: The Work

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Sometimes negotiations where OECD countries agree on rules of the game for international co-operation to culminate formal agreements or standards, for example • on combating bribery, • on export credits • on capital movements, • on international taxation• on corporate governance • on environmental practices, etc.

The OECD: The Work

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OECD’s Way of Working

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Analysis

Data Collection

Discussion

Peer reviews,multilateral surveillance

Implementation

Decisions


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Sharing information and experience

Country and region-based co-operation programmes

Peer review and surveillance

Working with Governments

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Consulting with business • represented by the Business and Industry Advisory Committee

Consulting with labour • represented by the Trade Union Advisory Committee

Expanding relations with civil society

Making information available to the public on www.oecd.org

Public comment always welcome!

Working with civil society

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There are 16 directorates under secretariat• Development Co-operation Directorate• Economics Department• Directorate for Education • Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs• Center for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development• Environment Directorate • Directorate for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries• Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs• Public Affairs and Communications

The OECD: Directorates

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• Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate• Center for Tax Policy and Administration• Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry• Trade Directorate • Executive Directorate • Center for Co-operation with Non-Members • Statistics Directorate

The OECD: Directorates (Cont.)

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There are 6 other organizations associated with OECD• Development Center

carries out comparative analysis of development issues and promotes informal policy dialogue with emerging and developing countries

Non-OECD countries Brazil, Chile, India, Romania, South Africa and Thailand are members of the Centre

• Center for Educational Research and Innovation Investigates long-range trends and innovations in education

The OECD: Associated Organizations

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• International Energy Agency• Nuclear Energy Agency• Sahel and West Africa Club

supports the efforts of 17 African countries to define and implement medium and long-term development strategies for the region

• European Conference of Ministers of Transport an independant body linked to the OECD that deals with issues of

improvement of all forms of transport.

The OECD: Associated Organizations (Contd)

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• International Energy Agency:• created after the 1974 oil crisis to co-ordinate energy policies. • under the administrative umbrella of the OECD Secretariat but managed

independently. • Founded largely around the need for an emergency sharing system in case of

energy disruptions, • It produces monthly Oil Market Reports and an annual World Energy Outlook• the 26-member IEA has a broad mandate

to consider means of improving energy supply enhancing efficient energy use integrating energy and environmental policies opening dialogue between energy producers and consumers within and beyond

its own membership.


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• Nuclear Energy Agency:• specialised agency within the OECD. • helps its 28 members to maintain and develop, through international co-

operation, the scientific, technological and legal bases required for the safe, environmentally friendly and economical use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.

• address issues like: nuclear safety and regulation; radioactive waste management; radiological protection and public health; nuclear science; economics, resources and technology; and legal affairs.


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Anti-Bribery Convention Polluter-Pays Principle (PPP) Principles of Corporate Governance Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises Anti-spam Task force Co-operation programmes with China, Russia and Brazil MENA Initiative on Governance and Investment for Development in

the Middle East and North Africa Export Credit Arrangement Model Tax Convention

Some OECD achievements

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THANK YOUFORLISTENING

Some OECD achievements

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arman onart, fatih can balcı , muratcan arslan , fatih kaya

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