ARMY HISTORY T HE PRO J.'l:.sSIONAL Il ULLF.TIN OF ARMY IIISTORY

I'B·lO-IIS -2 (No. 44) W;ashinglon . D.C. Sprinj: 19\18

The La~t Days of Col. William O. Darby: An Eye. Witness Account

Kenn~th S. Templeton. J r.

IJri/{. Cell, lVil/i/ll" fl (),,,by. "'ltoJ~ji"al promo_ '''''' ".,,' npprou,/ br Pru"/~,,' H",,., S Truman fift""" Ja., "ft~, Darby's dro.h. ltd tit, A"", 'J fint )fJ«U1/ form "ni/. In Nonh ,A/nco ami/lflly .Iurin,

1I'",ld War fl. Th, J"I/OM jnK "'pon .1",(nMI Darb) 's

/11.1/ '"""'m,, flU/K","ml "~(H~i,'''''' ,.,,"""(lIttia of til., /(YO /1,10",","", 0""11011. Second 1.1. KI'tmnh S.

T,lItpl~rOl'. Jr, "."" It",/ $l'rwd (I, o."b,·, ,rni", md, .• i(';:amp. ,,,,,,,, II,,. "'po" i" A~/{ujl 194:'.

In 1"'1"'';'" lit .. "tKm for 'his ,tuhlmmOit. Mr, """'p/t'on fHt./"d 1/" "'Oro. lit P<'rtmhtJ~l. ,/" " .. ,d. lit h,,,,-tNJ .. e",' "lId",,/ b. 11,t' m'In(lI:'"1I "doror.

Ounng tile early :lOc.noon of 25 "prol 1945 . • CiU.ned '0 10'" Moun,aln Div""", headq,,:.n~ts. ",hleh

W3~ Inc,,''''' on ,he non"'m out>.k i,h of San Benedouo Ihalyl 1'00- IwO <by. I h"" heen 10 the I't'Ilr aUcoolng Kug (icn Rob,n§()fl E. L>uW, bIICJ;lIGc and personal

b(lons.nll' and c hec~lng On him pcr.t)ll~lIy al Ca,lelfr.mco. ",here he h~d been ho~p'I~II7A:d folio ... ··

1Il1l1he: wounds he I""U.red In "01' rapid ad~3t1oC~ !O 1M t>o Itov."..,., 22 April As 11101 OUt oflhe 1 1/2·,on truck. LI Muldrow Ga.mon hailed me and. after ,,"'-inl: aboul Oufrs condlllOll. !'11K. thai ....., h.xla ~w "",,-,_

Colo""ll}~fby oft ... Range~lId Ihat w~sllould be

pl't'pared 10 lake lilT at any momem wilh him on Ihe million which had been assigned to Task Fotco!

[)~RIIY_he cap!UI't' of Verona. (Task FOI'C~ DARBY W3scomposcdoflhe86'" 1>loun.aln Infant ry Regiment. the 13· Tank Banaloon .• t." 11 25'" AI'I'IIOfN FIeld

Anolle., RaU.uion. Company R of lhe 70.- Tank Dolroyer Banahon. Company B of IIle: 75 1" TKnk Klilialion. "nd elemenls oflbe 1 26'" Engine~. Bauahon alld tbe 10'" MedIcal Ban alion.)

I immedlalely ""enlIO General L>ufrs nn, which Colonel Darby ~ !ilken (wc. by Iha. IJme, aoo ;ntl'{>­

dllted n.y$<:lf. Darby greeled me III ,.'hall should call

h" 'Y ~all y f rieooly . effie IC'tI mall "'" and tame M r.lIghl 10 lhe po,n!: '"Templet ..... lhere iIle )"" Iwu thin,;! I want you 10 be SUre to do First, be able 10 ~c:cp "II:­

informed at all IIInc.' 0( {)Ill position. and ~Iy.

don" let medo anything ~t"pldl" I assured him I wOllld If)' 10 do Illy best in the se m:IlI~"' , bllt al that very

momenl I h:.:l misgivings aboot the :\C<;und aSSIs n.

C(J/()nrl Darby;n iWfI1hrrn Italy in Apnll944.

.. 'itilr comnwndi"llitt 1791h In/a1l'? (Signal COfJI~ pboIugrnph)

"",nl . Only nme daysof Slaying on llle heels of~ner .. 1 Duff IYd b«n enough 10 convulCe rne lhal k""ping assistant divi~ionromlNndersoutoflroublc presemed

e ven mon:difficuilles and rruw"tion~ than llIe camel's

passing th rough lhe eye of the .1OOd1e. IfColon<.'l Darby

"",re 10 oper.ue on the $arne manneras had Duff. I knew thai every day we would find ouI"$CI"es in ~hot )IIOU:' anyone of which might prove disa'lt""~.

lale. thlll aftemoon (2S April). aboul 1800 hours.

TMk ron:e DARBY l'Ianed to mo ..... """ross the Po R, ve .. ThtS crossing had been ~Iayed rot """erill hours bteause ur lUI minute bridging dimc ulties. Ouring ti>e pn:ceding Ihue roys. the 8~- and 87-Mountain I"ran· tl}' ~ci"",nbh:odesublishMandupandl:dourbodge·

headon the nooh bank of the 1\:1. Colonel D.ltby in his jeep pnXeed«l lu the head of his lask force colu mn sbonly lifter il$ leading elements htwJ e",,~ the Po. lie then drove onwad in..roer to mllkecen31n IMt lhe I" Hallahan uf the 8$- had c loared ti>e ruin .. and sllCUlSfully fCached V,lIlIfr;m<::l.. about ten miles s~.nh· we.\! of Verona. D.trby reached V,lIafr.lllCl shortly after 1900 hours and asc:erullned from U. Col. I DonoIld J.] Woolley. commander..,f tl>e I~ Ka1l3lion. lhal lhe.

enlire lown and neighboring ai.f~ld had been secured

50 that e"Cl}'thing was in readine.n for TII~ Force DARBY 10 p.ilS< through for ils <>SSlIult on Verona.

Darby then left Vi tlar",,,,,,, "nd relumed along

* *

Highway 62 to the Mad url,i. task forte. wh ich by this lime had moved up toa pomt within about five milo, of Villafranca. DMkneu had fallen. bul II nearly full moon provided good visibi lity . A lone ~~ plane made an Un$uC("essful strafing attaCk on lhe ",,,d at thIS

time. The task f<JICC had bee" able 10 move tIIpodly t;u;ul.5e allnlll>llhr: enUre O<g;>nic oupply oft"" dIvisIOn' s ~eh;clcs. unable to cros~ llIe Po prior to 1800 Il00111 on Ihe ~ •• was available f'" Iranspol1l"llthe 86'" Reg;· _nt to ~",bly areas ne:tr Vill~rranca.

About 2200 IIours the commande" of tOO vllrlOUS 1~lk force elementl COI"Irerted wilh Darby at Colonel

Woolky 'scornmand po$! in a :;.rtLiIllotone house on lbe non hem nut5k Ins of Vi tlJ r /"IInca. By thoe •. midnight oj I"

,n a erowded ruom.Darby spelled OUI with lhe aid of ~3rious maps his plan of ~llltCk on Verona and \$:;ucd

h i~ fi .... 1 orders. On thi) occasIOn I ",member bc:lllg palllculMly impressed by l)asby's nn:fully and mi· nutely ,,"Of ked · OUt taClies. as wdlu by hts lucid ~nd

vigorous uplan~!iUfl uf l he plan of atlack 10 hi.1 ~ubor·

dlllatecommandt:rs. Yet. al the same time. he caJlod for (ull IoUgg~lOns from bis IoUbordinates and carefully integrated lheir observations and recornmend.ltions

into his final plans. The conference broke up about

0100 houn. on 26 April. Throughout the ni ght a number of Gcr.nan .. e ·

hides stumbled inll> lhe OUl~1.! Ihallhe I" Hatw.lion

* Contents

Th~ Last Oay> of Col. Willi"", O. IJo,by: An E~· Wit"us " «OlUtt by Kcnl'lCth S. Templeton. j, . .... . .... .

The Chicrs Comer . . .•.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... .... .............. ... .... . . . . . . . . . . 1

Th~ Cold w", C""'~. ttl fOri MDa/tlOUtlo: .<;';"mor JoStpio R. Mc:Carilty QM tltt &md for Spitl in tlte SigNJ/ Corpl by Rebecca R. Raines .. .. . .• .• . . .. .. . . . ..•.. .. . ....... ...... ... 8

Chttu by 8rooks Klober .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16

Ubt,QliDa Monunu!IIr lHdic"red at C .. """"". Fronc~ .. .. . . . ... ..... . . . . . ...... . ..... .. .... . .. . . 18

TU InjI .. tnu "f Waifa,~ in CoIeni,,/ A_,i"" "" th~ Ot"~I"/HtlttU uf Briti.<10 ligloJ lrifimrry by J lCk E. Owen. Jt •. . .. . . •....... ..... ... .. ............•..•........ 20

Letters to the Editor .. . . . . ... .. . . . .. . .. .......... . .. ... . . ... •.. .. .... ........•.•. .... ..

Rook Re~icws . .. ..... ... . . ....•. .. .. . .•.•.... .•.. . . ..... ............... . . . . • •. .. . .. .. .. 32

2

of the 8~·1lad I!SllbLi,hed around Villaff1lllCa. Thcsky

10 the north wa.< repealedly lit up with the Otif>c,~ of

what we pusumtd w~'" German Kmmunition dum~

bein~ blown up, euher by Jl.1",..an, 0< by lhe Cit-nn.lns lhenue.lv~s. A~ .. " di""01I~M:llhe foLlowing moming. lho5t: fla\f>c, .~ mny ~I<o have mart.ed If>c, German denIO­litiun orlheold stOlle bndge. ,n VClOnM lhal crosloed the

AdlS" II."-.:r Al 04{X) hOIlr) Ta, k Fon:e OARBV Mgan lhe ad_

vaJJ<:eon V(,..,na. The mmn forccof .. me OO11,hon ofthc

St.-lI.el" llCnl ~nd auached lanks moved down High·

way 62 and d"pe~ . matl pCldel~ of .... \'". ,"'" before reac hing lh~ ouI,~im Oflhc city. A ~ond force

tOn1~ of another b;inahon of lhe IL6- and au;\Ched

!links c~ ,n on the c ity along a ,;n:ond;uy road ... h,eh roughly pa .... Ueled Highway 62 aboul 0IIe m,le

10 lhe W(51 . BOIh of lhese colu""" tlC",n their pelletra· 1I0Il' InlO lhe c uy proper aboul 0330 •• buo1l y ~fter

dawn. M eel illS 0111 y ""~ ucn:d and d l!<I:on nee led gfOU 1" of ene my person""l, the infantry and tanks qUickly dcan:d lhe enure my $OUlh of the Mige 'The main body of G",,,",,, troop. had 3pp;lfenlly already ned nOl1h from (he City mID lhe Ii.lian Alps. IElements of If>c, SS- Infantry D,vislOll's 3~ I • Infantry . • nOIorinj: up HIgh .. ay I 2 fromOstit;li~. hadaln:adyentered Ve l'Ulla

lhe pre"Ious evcnlllS and by dawn hlKllargcly SIlenced Gen,,;'" t.1pJl<»lllOO there.1 Colonel Oa.by him..:lf had 'ROved forw;ord lod,=tll\o:)e final operallonS and mde

Ih".llIl:h If>c, weels on a lank . "The jubilanl "" ekome of If>c, Uahm" j~ntnl1ng the W~I" and leamnl: OUI ... tn­dow, ",as lruly heartwarmIng.

Mter ~l1sfytnS hlm""l f by means of a personal

""I)Cction thai lhe ~ml~n' had effeclively demol­IShed every I>rKIKC acroSS lhe Adlge wllhin the cily.

i)lubyortkn:d hiS u~ rorce tO ~"' inl: nor1hweSl along If>c, 'IOI111o"rn b.,n~ oflhe Adlge, wilh Ihe objccliv(~ of captunng HUMOle,,&oaboul sc ~en moles from Verona and Irylng 10 t:1l:e any Adl., bridgtS .hal mlghl remam

InlllCt be1Wi:C:n Verona and Bu.so~ngn. One ballalion oflhe W wW; orden:d III lOOp up lhe Verona a.ta &nd

temporarily polICe lhe cny. i)mby rctumc:d 10 VIllafranca al I (XX) """B{on 26

Apnl), where he reponed 10 the diVi sion eon"'llln<ier. Maj Cen. Geoo-ge P. Hays.. al IiK. advance dlv'sion conllnand ",,>t. /lays called a conference of his staff and orgamzalloolal cO"lIIUtnders, and by nDOn II was decided that [he diviSIon would ,win t: weSlw~ and

J

By 0r<Ie' 0I1IIe s.ecr.tl'V 01 the As...,·

OENNIS J REIMER O~""'~I. IJI!1UO<1 St~I"S /limy C1WI"I SI.J/f

"'~, # /J4..e. ) JOEL 9 t1UOSON /I(JtnJ<IISIr~""~ AS5>S1~IIO Ito.

5«,&"'1)' 01 ~ /limy

C/,i .. ! of Mililn'Y IImory Brig. Gen. John W MOUnlC;lStk

M"n"ging Eduo, Charle~ Hcn-d.icks. "".0

)I rmy IIwory (1'"-20-98-2) ,5 pubh~hOO by the eenler of MIlitary Hi.<lory for the proft~'illn~1

developmenl of Atmy historians. "The ",prodoclion

of :u1lCles foredocallonal purposes Isencoontgcd. C"rm,,,,,ndence should he addressed 10 Managi nG Edil",", )I,,,,y Hi~rory. U.S. A.my Center of M,h· lary IltstOf)'. IIJ'Jq 141h 5 1., N.W., Washington, [) e . 2000S·3402, o<hy,,-mallto hen-dnc k@c mh­

smlp.a rm y mil. TclephoneDSN 763·5368otcom­mercial (202) 76 1_5368. OpmlOll. e AprulIsed In Ih .. pubhullon ;lR those..r lhe aUlhon, not IIIC ~pa"ment or Defense or 115 con,lilucnl elements. Army lIiJlory's tonlcnl, do not neee.-.!oIIrily refkct an ofT"lCial Army posilion lind do not $Upcrsedc

informati on in oIher official Army publkations or Army RegUlations. Thi, bul~lin IS ~ppro"cd for ofT" lCial di,semination of n"'l"nal designed 10 keep

Indwidual$ within the Anny knowledgeable of developmenlS wilh," Army hlMory forlhe pur-posoe

of enhanemg the .. professional &veloptl"K'nl . UK offunds for prinllng Ihis puhl ic~lion ",';0,; aPl"o.cd by lbe ~pan"'cnt of the Anlly On 7 SeptemDer 15183 Posuge paid.t Was.IoinglOn, D.C .

conu moe US iId v;m« northward B long rt.. e""rem sllares of We Garda. mthcr thDn try to cross the Adi!:e and pursue Ihe Germans up HIghway 12. 11K: main r"",le to

the Brenner !'ass. Dunng tile early afiernoon l)arby returned to

Verona and lhen fullowed lhe roule of 1115 1",,1; force nonll""6t frum Ihccity, amvlng.;u Bunolenguabout l6Ilfl ",",111. A wooden t7rldge c~sing the Adlge h:r.d been found inlacl in the ";emity nf Bussolengo. Wlhal

infantry pa"ob OrTD, k !'orce DARBV had nU»l..! lhe: ri"cr and wcre patrolling lhe nonhern hank. A few GeI1ll.lll vehicles _re inlercepled Irylng to flee nonh­

ward on I ltghw~y 12. Ihtby r«aJlw these patrols 10

lhe ""'tllem bank of the Adi"" and, in line wnh the dlv,sion's new objectiYe, ortkred one b;uralion "frhe

86'" wnh suppunill8 ,ants 10 conlinue the "'rive w CM­

w,,,d Drld hy nIghtfall 10 seiu La,.isc 00 the ~utheasl­

em ~s of We Garda, thu~ .oclltng off a poMlbk:

\'AoI .... .-

•

.- AUSTRIA

.-,c. __ •

. -. NQRTHEASTERNITALV

..... iI' .. $

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4

Gemwlescaperourealong the highway ruoning north­ward "n the ""sICrn shores of Lake Garda.

TItis final mis~ion to capture La~ise w., MlCcesS·

ful , In ~ day of operat ions. TM~k Force DARBV had 00( only spearheadctJ the . ..,.,ond Ioogelo1. 24-",",r

divislOI'Ial aiJY1II1CC of the camp.1Jgn (22.S miles), bc.tt alw had~fully clurWal lencnlY pcr!oOOnel from the:lrea of IU adnnce and had phySICally occupietl ~ thin«n-mik front along the SUIIlllem bank of Ihe

Adige (rom Verona '0 Buswlengu laMi o.erlandl 10

Lazise. Thu~ e .. d..:d Ta~k I"orce DARBY. On 21 Ap"llhe dl~lslOll's advance up Ihe easlern

shores of l...al e GanI.:I .... illi """'tinued by me;llU of ~gl men!lll and bllrl81 ion leap-f rag operauo". perfot, ..... by the 85· nrld 111"' "'1111 suppot1lnG 131th. Darby's ",i~~ioo was to k«p in close contoct wllh our leading elements and prr,IV1IJc General Hays w,lh on·llrc-_,po!.

IIIfOfTlllllion. He ~ucceeded III doing thi.!;() well Ihar, on

cnlcnng ~ house:.n lire lown ofGanla, he cOllld 1Ia~ ea.en.he German orfottrs' luncheon, whK'h was S!iI1 warm on lheir pla'd. A_her Iwen.y·mlle advance waS made on thl~ day to Malces;"",juSt ten mIles shan of the nonllem end of the lake

On 28 Aprillile 86"' RegIment passed through lhe 8~". bc.t,the advance tha' day wa, limnoo to fi,'e miles because lhe German, had wccc-".fully blown the Iil'St

of si~ !Unncll throulh which lhe road jDlscd ~. th •• point n.., ~11<:mplS of lhe pan;~n~. wh .. ", we had IMtruCied to try 10 pn:ve!" po"ihle dtnwlilion. had r~ilcd. The cliffs rose su sharply arid I") high from the

wge of.he I;d;e Ihbl the advance was conlinued by mean. of ~n amphlhtous opn;tllon (u~i"l,he DUKWs

""hich h.ad re",:nnW .... lth!he d,v"""'" $Ince lire initial cross,", of lhe J'Q), ,u[l(lOfTed by tank deS!ruycrs and artillery . TIt .. opcnl' IOO caughl the German parallOOP!' andSS men, who had been fightinS u~;n .h,5 region, uff

Nlanc:e, SO Ihat the remaining . unllels ""'''' captured inIac' on the 28- and 29"'.

Olle inciden. during the moming of lhe 29"' de·

servesatlention.Colooel Darby wcnt forwardby means of 3 5pcedbonl ('0 gel around the hlown'OIII tunocl) and then by JCCP 1o investigate Ihe progres~ of the]' Oalralian uf (he ~6'", which had b<:cn held up because uf enemy dlr«l fi~ imo the fifth tunnel by SP lself­

propellwlcuns (88s) at lhe head of lhe lake. Wive men had been killed IUId approJ.ima,dy IiRy .... ounded by a Gemwl shellthllt e~ploded ten y.uds inlo rt.. tunnel.1

Gcrocr81 Hays.k>i~ him ~ shonu~ la.er.o loo1r over .he s,.u~.,on . Aboul noun.boIh Darbymd II~y$cl,rnbed inro ~ Sf'Udbo» •• ha. !rOO co~ up re, Ih •• lunnel and s ped OUI ;O'O'M lake 10 relum 10 1M di.is;u" command

1""'. I" • rna!!cr uf !leConds. ~ shell bum in the ware' about fifry yard~ 10 the riglrl n:ar04" lhe bo.u. The dm~r

'"turned on lhe IY'~.~ going bior.;k do,,""" lhe lake 3S f~.

as pos!i ble . Seven more .\ h,-,II< hu," HboIli II.e .... me d,S!aroc~ w~1c ~OO short as the bo»l scoored lhe ne .. hair

m,1e before ~wingin, in for ~ol'er behind a ~mall

promontory o f land. No .<oo"<,, hlOd Ih" maneuI'erb«n e~""uled 'han the engme dled- o Ul of gasl Fonu­

nalely. lhe K",u" had nor. b«n :IS acrurare III lhei.

na",,1 ~ullnery :IS . hey bad been in '",mon G '" on the moulh of lun ..... 1 number 5.

All during Ihe 28~ and 29'" we could oh<c"c Germ;ur \'ehlCle~ fllXlng northward on Highway 45.

" JU" MtJomla;n Oi..,,1011 J'(Jjf confuenctl ne<lF ,lot: IfOrrhu" end of l...tJie Ctlrdil. Aprtll94j

(Coonesy of tho: Den' .. " Public: Library. Wo:stem HiliOIl' [lefWlmc:nt; phulu by Richard A . Roc ket)

5

ProlUltI( by OIIe oj ,"«"en _,d IIlntW/S 00 1/'" ~l .. t#:"' slro'e oj l...tJU Gur"". 1m Amurcon /w""',u

,,;m. arroJS Ih~ klk AI,,;/1045. (Counesy of .1Ie Iknvcr l'ublie L,brary, We~tcm

lIi"o!), Departmcm; photo by RiChard A. RQCkcr)

" 'hieh ran along lhe ~ on the opposilc ~ide of the lake. Our 3113Ched K,," sh 5.SI·inch gun II OJlCned up )lCrrodiclilly on this t",[fic . AI 24(1) hours un 29 April.

Darby took charge or.n amphibious operalion which ,nvolved sendingCo mp.tn y K oflhe 8S"3C!'OSS lhe lake

on DUK W~ 10 sc i", Ciarllnano aoo thus cut the escape roule up H'ghway 45. This O)lCratlon was succellsfuUy

completed by 0200 hours on 30 April. Laier in the morning Dlirby and orherd,,,i sion offICers crossed the

lake to in~pcct Mussolin;' , man~ ion unr! e5llue OJ! .he

outskirts o f Gargnano. OIhe. ele~nts of the 83" ""-'n: ferried XrosIO lhe

lake, so that hy l1OOO 0( 30 April.he di vision had IwO columns d osing in on the lown of Riva at the head of the lake. "Theadvan<:e was sLow for the 86"'00 the uS!

. ide of the lake, howe""" bec:wse lhe Gcnnans _n: able to bring accuralC firr: on our troops and ~m .. 11

ve hides as a result uf lhe 88-mm. Sf's being ,ilualM 00

the roads going up the hills and mountains ;tbove lhe head 04" the I:ile. Nc""nheIeSii. the 86"' had tHen Tornole and was ""shing or, loward Riva. JUSt .hn::c

miles a'uy. Tho. engineers had nQt quite finr.hed clearifIJI the blown n'lCk from tun~l numbet I. SO that

7'_mm. pad OOWOlUI"> .. ·e~ the only an,Wrf our lmops had 10lhe 88,.1M Bril;,11 we~ .\tIjIpO'<d lobe s.;uhnll the ,. b'g gun. up 10 .he he:od or.he b kc on luhan fi~h,ng bO:II" bul ',""y I\;od IlOl yel lI(lf1C:uN

Aboul 1400 hoo", on)l) Ap',I . I:4rby .. ·~nl I",· wa"J by DUKW to Torno"'. Tbe Gennan~, on hrgh tll)Und 10 the nonh. had almost perfecl '*""' .... ·:111"" of Our ~upply and lroop movemenb In Ihi, area AflC' 1:,ndmG. Darby walh~ 1 illlmcdi31ciy In lhe: He." reGI­menl:.1 C0l11111:",<I po,t . which w". lot ated rn a IWO· , lory ,10ft<! hou,,", c lo.~ 10lhe w~lerfrom. For ab«rI half all hour he (Qflfe,.,."" w;lh IOC f"I:;I11..,,,I,,1 comm"rxIor and hr ~ ' Iaff cone .. rninl: I"',honl: the auock nonh,,·ard frQflI TOfOOIe and K,n loward T~mo and \l.oll~"" "bou' Ih • .,., mon,,'~, btfore Da,by cnnd..dctl Ih.,

4"011fe".:""c. a "",Ie I!I!·mm round w ... , heard buNlng """lewhe,c ~arby rn lhe lo"·n Of cou~. 11M: G,:,­INn, . '<tt,ng ou. DUKW., 1"" in " .... 1,"" ofTnrbolc.

A", .. nC"Dn 'rolJf" in T",bo,l" fro", tI/ 1M (;.,rn"", , ...... nJu in fl<Jly. J M ay 194$. (Counuy of lhe J):nve. Pu blic L.ibrM'Y.

W""lem HislOf)' DcparlIJlCnl )

,

h:od perlOdlClll y shelled tile lo wn'. wal .. rf"",ll b .. day bul had not InfllCled any !oI!rious damaGe Qfl us. Neve._ lhere ••. wby jusl one round ,hould rome on wa.< a quc"'K>IIlhat should ~na'nly ha~c ,r",n pause 10 an y anrllerylNn and :II",. I"'rllap'. 10 any b;,n lewr", rnran­Ify",an .

Darby lefl tile room and walked oul,itJ.,. inlend,nG to lak( a Jeep bad alOf!~ (he , a, lel ll .,hore 1() uamr"" lhe roo" and hU'ncl,. SirlCc Ihe engrneers wen: .,up· JIO"d 10 have ,,,,blockeoJ IUnne l numbe:r I al ~ ny IK>Ur nnw. he .. , .. ~nted 10 nuke sun: Ihut ,,"·Nylhin!: w", clear for a rdptd rnove",,:rrl forward of tan~, and heavy

anrllel}' 10 Grve proJICr 'uppon 10 lhe f"Oje<!led ", rantl}' ~lIac ~ rnlO the mounta,n,.o.1Ie: nonh D~rby 1"'''''''' f". a few minu.e., In tli"u" oroe or 1"'0 flllIe. mall(r., wrrh lhe regimental commander ~nd .. "II Brig. Gen. Day ....

L Kutf"" ••• he drv"l011 anrllery cUf11m",dc •. " .1>0 had

dl", come forward .0 T,,..b<>Ic al .h" .,,"". llle ~J;' .

....,nlal JlXpcmro,: alOund lIIe eOf~r and pulled up nc>l 10 the hOll.'" ro:ar [)~rby. ~.ldy IQ lake hrm un hOI ml~ion. I " ·as aboUl IQ eli mb inlo th" back .;elll of lhe

Jeep bulIkctdcllIII wail:t tm',Ule ,,"l.-': Da,by seemed 10 bo:. conl inuin!: h" corrvc",,,,ion. I hoo )U.,I be:gun to

f"" l" little nCr vOII.' und an\, ou., 10 be: on Ihe moVe when lhe h:magc "Iruck. lhe expl~ron of lhe 88·mm. ,hell. coming apP"renlly al Ihe very mumcnl we heard the ,,·hme. Only I"," or Ih.c<: of IIIe ,"ural ,1Ie 1l~ landed ~Iong.he walerfronl, buc Ju~t one of IhO!'C produced lhe: . null fr.lgmenlillai kollc:d O;I/by in>lanlly and yet kf. Gr""r~1 Ruff"". and h,. a"le. who ,,·cn: "and, .. , flghl ne~IIO Darby. umour:hcd

Of tile doun men ,n , lie Immed.a~ an:a, abou. half ",·e~ wounded, bul only D:llby and Of'" other INn 1M .

Sglo John T. Evans. Ihe ~~imen131 ",rgeanl n~'Jorl

wen: krlled . The .e,,1 ""),,,,dy " r .he incidcm waS .hac " , h" "I<I ,,",vc. havc hnpllCned . Ihe ~rmans had ""wally upped uS off by filing ,h3' smgle pn:lrmmary """...J. And I had (;oiled In <eaIr1'c! ,n tirtlC Ihal Ihrs WaS lhe nlC)lncnl to prevent ColoMl Darby from doing ,;.0 .. ",­

Ihin, BSlUpKl .M Illle Gc:nNn force.. in hal)" ,ur~n· Ik.w 10 che Al1iQ Iwodays lalc'.1

KenncrhS. T ..... pltton. Jr .. un·ed m 1Itt- If" M"",,· lam O,..isr"". boIlr .... 'III "jJkrt ""d an .. nUJr .. d """'. !rum I'J4J fO f946. lit J""srq~"'/y .. .",knl .. ·"h philnnthropic foondoflonS '" /nd'(ln .. ",liu 'lnd San F mnl"isC"D.

The Chief's Corner

John W. (Jack) Mountcastle

I've ''''''' hed ~ tIC'" m,lestOllC :I.' a ··frequen. nyn.~ ~ dost cle,b n, the USA,r and Untied "d~. (OU II'C"" now n ...... 'cni·,c "'" t~ven ou, of uniform ) when I do my d Llffel·b:lS ""'I: onl O N~.ionnl A 'rpon. lJu. " " ;'''!'''''''''' .ha' I s« ,he Army a, ,", ork. <.Q I'll curt , 'flue '0 go where Ihe III.'h Ort , ~.

In .he p:a.<I Ih"-"<' IlIon,h~. r ~ p.lnicop.l.ed on ' he I),. i,1OO CommanGerrrRADOC Cornman d~n. Confcr~r>Ce. oddre.scd Iwo ,.:ocJual1ng c1aSS¢i a. TRAI)()C ';Chools. accompanrcd the ASA t M&RA) t" VMI '0 chec~ on ,Ile .~hocJl ·, ~»imila"on of female cade,s and Arony ROTC progr;un. v,<r .ed ."" NCO Muso:um :II .he d,rechOO of Gent",1 Reimer. and ""11"'-.1 launch .he Anny 's Mu),Cum T",,,,,,,& Co"' .... This cou~ , ~ do.s'G''''-.I 'u ,each. through ha"d~ P"'CI1ce . • lre b<;.o" 'cch'lIques for curators tn ~uJ)l'Or1 UUt tIls,allallnns aocl >chou!. ,

I h:tod a ch"ncr to e(' ro 11c,do.IIx., for a ~hort visi t wi,h.he USA KEUR staff We d,scu.s,,"-"<I the c,,"cnl mle to be Jlbycd by lhe Anny H,\.ory I'f~"'m ontO the fUlufe" I "I,..,dropped by.he t" A,,,,,,",d O"',,,on's H".or>ct.1 Holding in [iaumOOlder.

WI..,n:.'cr I go. 1'01 remInded aga ll' of the old. true :todage: ''llle JOb Ihal geu done IS Ihe one Itt. 1iQ!.~ cheds on." Whether we're ,al l, ng abuul moKum~. hcr,'age ... ~.ning. ofrlC('f and NCO educat,on. publiWtl hi)lOf)'. or s.aff ndes and rocld "'''·ICeS. I find Ihal SIIyin!: to be: OCCur.l1e. ('""mmand in\"ol~eme"l ,n OUr 1"'01:I:ImS has ~n. and w. 1I "l'minue '0 lx, .he key .o ,utcess.

n,ank I:orxinc:ss .• here are c u",pl~s every ... ~re 01 commanders who ~.e ""r:son~lIy engaged. They ~redc ...... nding .ha. thcorcomma",J hi)lotl3n, and mu~u"'cu .. ~.ors perform 10'ho.: hiSho.:)I professional Iolandard,_ II lna~(s all the d'fference in lhe world!

l' no he,e'o tell you ,hal if you h~ve" ""r:son ,n oneof.h<»e l ey 1",_,,,ion5 who ,5 NOT 'TlC~"n& yo". c..>.pcc'a,;ons. L'II do wha'ey". r ~~ n 10 help you w,.h •• aff lO)s;slanc:e vt< ," Of c ,' r~ auenllon fromlhc C MH "'aff JU<lcallonu~.

Be on the I~k Out for our IlI' wl y pubh_olled liOCoun. (lf ho .... USA RF. UR supportcd I)ESCltT SToRM . Ent it led From .he Fllld" (i(Jp 10 KU"'a;/" U. S. Army. J,.'u/tJl'c rmd Ih~ Glllf lVar, i. is .. re~lIy useful "udy in mulu-echeloo """""lOllS And. hone.~rly. no kidd.ng-lhe Cenler '5 gOing '0 publt~h • C"tJIItbaI hiSlOf)' of the U.S. Army in Viwt;un th is ~m"",'

We !-;I,d farewell. l"s ~pring '0 a greal membe. of lhe CMH .eam. COl.. Clyde Jonas. Clyde ","ric a m~JO' c(lnmbu"on 10 "". plans (0' reloca.mg ''''' Cen.(. while ~'vi"ll as chief of • ..., H '''<II ''''' l),vi)1on. Wc ,ush Clyde Rnd hi, wife Judy alltl\e best in ~t,remem . I' III V(ry happy .0 announce .ho ... Dr RIC hard Stc"an, cu.n:n.ly lhe Director of History and MUKUm, for.he U.S_ Army Spec ial OpeMions C .. ,nmand. ~I ;Jccepled the appo.ntment as 1I,e new Hl5!oric~ Divis,o n ch, ef With hi s arrival. "'e turn Over a a.:w leaf In the hil<lory of the Cente, . For .Ite fin, ' ime. all of lhe d, vist."lo,s o f CMI I ;m headed by c i.·ilian profesSIOnal •.

I W"dn, 'OCIos-c IhlS5/IOn column wi,h a heanfel! ··Tbank V ",,"'0 al l of you wOO m:otIe ,he time and .ook .he: e ffort to respond to my ' e<juests (or feedb;t(kk.iliqllt: or oor Army Historical I'fogram Str.l.egic I'lan. YOIlr ' boughu have been key in Jhaping 01.1. rOlure. We are on .he move IKlW_ Wr:jumpourTOC 10 rl. McNlJ' in Augu~. R,bboll cuning is I September. t ·1I K nd 01.11. net cal l when HISTORY 6 is set on position.

Hooah!

7

The Cold War Comes to Fort Monmouth

Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and the Scurch ror Spies in the Signal Corps

Kebe«a R. RainIe'S

This "rtrl;l~ I J II rt!,'i.~J ,'usion of" PGPU I It", M " . Rumu d~li .. eud in tldlngrOl'. VI.ginill. m Ih~ 1<)96

C""j,.,..,:"n: of A""., 1Ii$lo rin"l

On~ of 11><; IllaJ'" ,onseq~nce. of W",ld War II ,,"'as.he: rise " f. he Uni.ed Sial.,. ~,I<llh" SOVlel Union

II) lcade'$hlp <Oks in world ~ff"'n. Although.he Iwo n"'i",,~ hOO fough. as .t.It~. dUfln"h<: war, .111: pmner­;.lIi p t>.lw~n It>. superpowers di~solved quickly once

they had lkfc~lcd .t>. A .. s. Beginning " 'i!h tho! break ·

!;Iown of the joint occup.llion ~nllngc""'nlii In Ger­m.,ny> Europe became ""'p:IJ:lfed in.oe:..<t and " 'eR To u~ Wlns,on Churchill' . cvoc:auve me,"pho •. ~" han

Cunain desce",1ed across the Comi .... nt . "The cl1l hegan

11131 C<)IIIcmpor."ie~ quickly labck.-d lhe Cold War.

With Ih.s ~uddcn ,urn of "vcn •.•. the Unlled SI~"C>

... ruggled IOcome 10 g.i~ wilh lhe Implic"tiu",oflhc

compelili .... ~war enVironment. In Ih,s eilmllie of

heighlened anxlelY. the U.S Army Signal COJp!! be­

camc caughl up in M cOnlrover$Ial inveSlig~liUlI of

alleged subv"",i I'e at:1I vii Y w II hin I he Army I ha' _,ned 10 Ih"'3Ien lhe VIClory i. h"d so r~mly "'on.

Despite lhe unceruunlic.. ofille postwar "'Ulid. lhe

rctum of pea"" brUIIgh llbc: usual cycle of oclllobihza·

lIon'O Ihe U.S . Anny. The Slgn~1 Corp'. "'h"h had lIumbered o~er 350.CXXlorrlCetS and enlimd men ~ ;b wan;""" pnk. ~r,,"k <.l"'lIIalically 10 56.CXXl Offl«fS and men by JUlie 1946.' The br~",:h. nonelhclcss.

coo,inuet.1 il S imponant woO: of providing lbe Anny

willi ; t~ l K llnl and $Il11lcgic communoc31ions nc\.

work... II alsotonduc.cd research on!he development

of new com",unical ions equipmclll HI ilS complex of

13bor.>lorlC.~ al Fun Monrnoolh, New Jersey. the horne

ofille S.g~1 CorpS siOtt Work! War I.

n.e Fun Monmoulh n:~h complex Con5;"'lcd

of Ihroe nlnjor romponenl~. The E"lIn! Signal Laboni·

lory was the ~rNerof the SlgrW Coops' """I< on Qdar.

wh",h 1....:1 pom-'en 10 be ont: of lhe: Allies' ITQI poi<:nI

1001, during World War II. A hIStoric milestone oc­

curred at EvlUls in Janual)' 1946 when Signal Corp:$ scienli .... filSl successfully booll«d radar ,i",,1s off

8

1M moon. Thi ~ ""h",vcmem. lhe OOlOOme oftt.;: Corps' Project Diana. p.a~ed the way fQr enllanced long·

dill"""" eleclronoc communications by me .... s of am· foclai sa~lilleS. 31thou&h l~ devICes we", ~ decade

aw~y , "The Colc~ S.gnall;obcor,"';IIY W!lS !he locallOn of lho! Anny·.< wort on r.odiu ar.1 w,n,,, equ,pment.:coo Ihe SquICf SI'I\,)I l;obonilory <pec.alized In the dc"clop­lI.,fII of ~r unll). b>o11C1"'-'. IWId photof;l1.plu"

Ilems.' I ~ ,he early 1950" approxlmalcly 4.'iIXI c;"han $(CW:II.i"~ arKI ~uppon penonnel """k~ m the Signal Corp:$ labor.IIones. a :olaf( ml",h rcdllCed from lhe IlIOR: lhan 14.000 employw .k.ring llIe" bc:)xby In Work!

War II.' With wartime cconomi~ rc~'''cllons removed .

AnlCrica' s«onomyboomed ,n tile ,mmediatepo!lwlir yeatS. BUlthe Ihrca( nf noclcar war $0011 call • ~hadow O"e r t~ n"(jUll' S prmpedty . In 1949 'he Sovlel Union

del"""IW >III alomic bomb, ! hereby .luliler I ng lhe scn ... of ,«umy A~rican! hac! denved from 'hen m0-

nopoly on alOnllC weapons. Thai sallie year also Wit· ..... oed lhe lukeoverofChma bY':1 Commu",st regime

led by Moo Zedong "The OUlbreak of."" Korean War

In June 19SO further eroded the n31H)n'~ confidence.

panlclIl.r1y " 'hen Task r-o",," Smilh mel wilh defeal in

lile opening days of lile c""mci. The s.ubscq ll,,"1 imer·

venlion by ClI'Ilt'5C c.x"munjst forc:e!j •• ...,d by Sov tel

1I\,:llerid. fu"her ",creased world .ensions and rai~ Ihe "I"-,<:Io;t of a possible Ihinl WOfld War.

The Sl.'n~ of insec .. ",~ gcneraled '" America by

the"", and other c ",,00; undenay lhe con sodcnoble popu. larily of the .<1rtdem .:m1l·Communist c",sad! lI"dCf­

In~en by Sena!or In'''ph 11.. McCanhy , ,, Repubh~an

from Wisconslil. Beg"'ning in 19SO McCanhy IoCt 0111 !ode ...... "r.llelhal mernbctsof1bc American Commu­nl51 pany hlld heavily Infiltraled l~ United Slalc.s

go.'emmellt . In an atmosphere of growing l"'''IIIOIa.

"'"OY A~ric:an. proved iusccpublc 10 {lie idea ih;tl. pervasive '"Red menace" lh~(ened (heir socitty (mill

wl'~ir'- McCarthy's .lIcg~lions gained creOOr>Ce from

lhe conviction for perjury in J.:muary 19~1 of former

SlaIeDcpllflmem offICial Alger Hiu fordenyinc under

""'h Whillake. Chuml:>c",' c""'GC~ Ih all'li .. had p:I~sed ~crel docll~nl s 10 Ihe Sov,et, . The H,.'-' "."ls_he fi,,1 resu Ite..! in a hung iu ry---.:&Iso pro,'ed " ~pnn gboGrd for lhe pollllCll I c,,,,,c' of an ~ ~pokc n I y anu,C om""" n.SI yOling congre"man from California. Richard M N"on, Meanwhile . ,he n:vciallon ,h31 Klau~ I'uch.'. "

H""", phy"d" ..... ho had ..... o ,ked on Ihe I>bnhallun ""o-",c" W"' " Communl'1 ' py provided furt he' cy, · dence of a w,de.<pn:::ad Com",unl'" CUI1'pir.oc:y

McCanh ~ ocgan h i~ """'pa"n by c l3. m I ng 10 haH a 10<1 of nal1l('s of Conlmun"I' ..-OI konG In lhe S'ale Ilcp:or1mcnl , AhhOllgh a cong'c s~,onal ,nvtl'lIgul l,ul failed 10 >uh,' "n!l:IlC hi, al1eg3I ion~. McCarthy wa, no! deleOTCd, A,,,,n:IC ,he b;)c~ d,op " f the Kon:.m Wa'. "hich ".", bc:coming much I1'I()n: lhan ,he ~po"cc :KcIIOO" Ihc Tnlln:.n OOmlnl>lrdloon ,ermed II. McCanhy fanrlCd Ihe ka" of an"ioll' All"";"',,", For Ihe nex i Iwo yea". he ham~red ~way ", .he ",h"",i,,,a,ion.

;ICCU,on!: il of bemS sof, on com""uni.'''' Hc e,'en ~,,"'<I fcUow ..c:nalQO of II;o,Ylnll Co"",..n"" on 'Mil "'arr.· HI' ,,'<km campa,!:n 3,1:am!>l Amcmc~n Communists qu..,l ly Cala l",lted McCanhy .nlO .he

public 'poIli!:hl . Senalor MeCanhy " 'on 'ecie<:lIon on lhe: ~ cl",bh·

can landslode: of I ,)~2.hat swcpt OWlgh. O. E • ..enllnwe. Inwlhe Whllc Il ou>e. Wl1h 11M: ~ cl",bli"ans In oonlrol of both hou.<e.' of Cong,e", aJb<:1l by slr m margins, McCanhy be<:a.-n-e chair","" of! he $cnale Commill~~

on {iQ \'C tl1I11C',1 Opi:rJlions and alw o f ils '" \ 'c..I i Gal i ve arm, 11M: Pe"nmICOI Subcommlllee on In ~e<lIpltOns The subcommillec: had been ~",aled tOcoOOucl .nqUII· IC~ ",,0 finanCial fraud and ;bu!ie. bul McCar1hy used " 10 launch D p<obc imo ~ub.'crsl on wl1hon .he I:oyc ,n · memo HI~ effom fo llo"'cd in lhe footslepsof lhe Hous.: Un·A"",,,can MlIv ll oe.~ Conlnllllce, ..-hlCh had Cl · ~ Algcl ttiloS and had allempled 'oc1imm.:.leCom· mIIn .. " fron, lIollywood,

Sinee the on<et of the C,,1(1 War. the federal gov. crn nICnl had laken a numbero!' vllloro"S.>lcpS loensure the loyally uf ils empLoyec:s. Dunng the I",,, 19405 and urly 1950s sonngcnt Iuylo.lly progr.lnlS had been in"I ' lI1ed The anomey general kepi' liS! of organluloon< con.ideo,d . "bv~rslve. and any govcrnlnenl cmployu who belongcd 10 onc 01' them "'''s liable ,0 have hi s o r her Loyally (1'lC.lIllQMd. E.¥: h depart""""t had (Slab­hshed loyally bo...-ds IOconducl $UCh Inqui."". Mean· .. hile.lhe FBI under J . I'.dgal Hoo~r used 115 consid·

9

crable power. 10 CD" y out wrvc,lIaocc of ci' izen.' ._u<pc:c.ed o f .<tIb~rsl ve IOClivi';':,.

Afte. failing to flush any Corn"", ... "" from It.: Sla.c l>c""nonenl, McCanhy in 1953 n:dir«tcd hi' allenllon 10 a "",cn"any more eJ.pk",ve 13rget. ,he US Army. The SignaL CO' P' becamc ~ p'onicular f"",,~ of his ua lous Karch for subYe"i"c, I" a ",nsa' "ooall,,~1 I"'" Iw<> yc."~ url,er, JUror- had conYlcted Julou, ,II1d I'Jhel Ro..:nberg on clI;o,rgc~ of !",,,-,,ng

atom.., IO:C'C" to lhe Su,·kt,. and they " 'efe hoIh ~nleneed 10 dcalh. Theil nip to Inc d <'C lric chall '" J"ne 1953colncided cJo,;"ly wilh Ihe , ,"" ufl>k Canhy' > Slg",,1 Corps probe , DUring WOI Id War II luhu, Ro..c:nbc:'1l h:ad wOl ked ffJ'f the Signal Cor"" ", Fori

Moomoolh. and McC~nhy ,n 19~~ "" "", 10 pro,.~ tha, R"",nbcr!: had CI'<'31ed ~ spy nng ~I the PO" tha, "'a> sti li on op';r:ot lu-n

The A.my hall I'M)ked In.o >~('''''y ~I Fnr' Monmouth the pn:voou, yu. after an 1'..:1.<1 Coc.man "'w::ntl~1 ,,110 had def«IL'tIlo the We>t Claimed IhallI<' hOO «<n a large numhe:. of mocrofilrow::d documen" fmlll ,ha' in_l:l ll~tion. 1I00h lhe Sign"1 Corp' and lho Fil l cONt"c '~~t in"",'"galions. but nellhe. found ~VI '

lie nee of m,~< "'Il doc .. nICnl ~ or e~plonage-' MO<cOver, the Army cou ld ha,'e k s:.lly Pffl"i<kd Kw::nhfoc doc,,· me",~ ,n , .... S"VI~" dunn, til<' ..-:It unde, L.,nd-Lca..c: 3g",c nocnIS. During Wnrld War II the Sovle l Unio"

had ",a in lain~d orr,c l~1 '~p'C""nl allve5 3' FOr! Monmoolh, who_.e given xce~~ IOda~~ lroed ma!~ ·

rials,' The5ol: p<)!;,ibll: c~pl1l11ations. however . did no!

""'I~fy the K l\;)lor f.ool Wi)Co,,,i n M3J. Gen . K"i,c 1.1 . Low,o" . Fori Monmoulh '~

comm;-tnde" had spa.ked McCanh y's p.ot><: by sc c""ly alen,ng the """~tor' s subcommitlC<: 10 lhe pus'" b,l' I Y of wbversion '" h •• f ac, III)'. La"'lon had ;'\."u nled command al Fort Monmouth in neeember 1951. afIC' haVing w:.vcd a. lhe depu, y ch;':f si, nal officer In Wa, hin, 'on. Law.on wn, ",luCian, to cOOfOC""c wilh McCarlhy publicly. howe"cr. "ntil Secret:uy of the Army ~00er1 T. Stevens orde:red him to do so. Wi,h the poS~,b,lll y of a hoi QCw lral l 10 follow. lhe n:-cenlly "'arried McCanhy ell' ~hort his l'loMymnon on the Wes, 1n<lic~ to I~UrlCh lhe il"l"i.y I"'rsnnally.'

On 3 1 Augll~1 1 9~). McCanhy's ~ubcommill~ began d O!!ed hearings on Ncw York Ci,y on sub"c~ion and e5J1'OIIag~ in the Slglllll Corps.1loc seven"""mbcr ",bcommm"" included Republican Scnalors Everen

M. U"ksenorliionOls. Karl E Mund' o fSoulhlhl ou . andCharle. E.l'ot1"r " r M ochlpn ~nd Uornocr:.h John L. ~kClcll,,,, nf A,k~n.a •• W. S,uan Symlnglon of M,_,_"",,,. ~OO Henry M. "!koop" Jackson or W:"h.",. to n, Working cl o_~ly w il h the C,"""II .a,, WU, lite

.'ubcommitl(~'", ,'hier cou ........ I. Itoy M , Cohn. " br~.'h.

young New YOl k "IIOf""y whu had hcl~ 10 cOn~"" 11M: Ro",nbcrg.: A.' lhe ., uocommillu·' Dcrnocr~lO~ " "' ''''''''''' pfOfllplly WJlk~oul ,n prole ... uf~kC~,'hy', ''''I"",,,o.-oal IXlies. a nd .he ot"'" Rq .. ,bhc"" ",c OIl , ~rs rarely auentkd. McCanhy ,mel Coltn comple.ely

domtn~.~d.he he,,, ill\;' A rew day' befoo-e .M Mar·

inl:"' be"",. '''''k:rul LJwlo ll had ~u,pended .<o:"e ",1 Fon MQnmou.h !:",ploy"". ~, ,""cu.i'y rt.,k,. One of 'he,,", ",d,y,d",,!.. w", A~roo Cokman." r.td:,. .'p:" '~I .

1>1 "tto had wOltro al Mon moulh for fif .... " " yca" Cole""''' ..... ""nnl It, ,he ,,,I ... -a"''''ottce I ..... he had

l,oown Juio", Iol""',oberg when both "'-.:n: '-llllle"" " • • he CII) COlkge of New Yorl . bu. he de"",d I.;" ·",,

>«n hUll since Ihal 1111'" fie fu,HIe' den .. d being ~ Cumm"ni" Itlm",l( Coleman ",a,ed Ilia. M had not

known 110", Iolo",nherg h~d worlro (or lhe SI~nal Corp,

IIntoi he had read ahou. il du.mg.ho; I"ue,', llial McCanhy (jUeSUIlflW Cule"''''' ,., lenglh ohou, ~n

off ... al reprim,md h" h.wl ,,-,«,,'ed In 19-16 for 1»;1n):

hontc d:""fied <Iocutno:' n1 ~. Cole m;m nplai""d 111:11 Ito.: II:Id needed 1M docutno:'nl , '0 WQl'k o~~'hme on :1/1

,n.ponan. proJtCI I I~ cia", ... '" lhat Ito.: hod rKe ..-c-d propt:. :,'" hot- i 1~' 100 ,0 remove Ille <Ioc u me n IS f rOIll I M posl hu. h:>d bttn '-"pnmandc-d for noIl«p,nJ: lhem m ~ secure locat. on al hiS home McCot1hy was not

appeased. I I~ had hi~ Hm".un,,;o n. aoo he l new how .o

"""' It The ",,","0< dec lared on a press conference Illal Cole" .. " ""'Y loa .. , bttn ,Ile Itn~ ~,w«n lhe Si&",,1 Corp" taboo-atooe< 3nd .M documen', '" F ... ", Ocr­many · Allhough he prod""' .... no e~....,nce [0 iUppoM

Iho<alkgallon. McC~"hy' <camp.ugnagamsi 11M: Army " ",..,d momen.um.

Secrelary 0( lhe Army SI"W'" "icd.o coope.ate wUh McCanhy. ,,10 """Sh he tlcmcd Ihe senalor's usser­

I",", I 10,,1 espiormgc ""II v" y persisled al Fun M orlfT""I!" As ev .dence of h, s goOO wili . Slcven, :o<:cOOlpan.c-d McCarthyon" lour orFoo Monmoluh on 2OOcIOOer. He Mhoo in, uuc.ed General Lawlon to liFt an oo-der

banmng Monmo ... h "tnplo~~ from speaking with mem!:..,.; of 11", suhcommmu." A, 1M same .illle. howeve •• Stevens became ",'",""d ,hal Lllw,on h:>d

.:ol cn hi' order I" c~~e 100 lile .. ~lIy. '" lhe numller of ,...,pensions~' Fun Monon" ... h continued 10 grow

Steve ns look hi-"onccms wCh.efS'gnal Offocer MaJ

c",n. G.:or,e I. Ib ck. 10'110 prom.sed 10 <pe~k w"h [ . ,wlOn." For wha'e"cr reason. ,he .""IICn"on of

Monmoulh employees .'\OOn ~c~",d None or Ihe _'U.'· pended ind,vidual ' had bc.:11 ;o"c"",d of e'p'onagc Thcy " 'e", puni"""l for ~onS poorSKU III Y n,k, on lhe h,,,,, o f lhe" 1""0,1 heha"Ior or .he,. a, ...... ia,.",,, ""nh

I n,,..-n 01 ""_'p«led CQlntTMlni",

Afle. s,~ "'«ks 0( clu.ed·d ... .,r "'-"'0'''. 1M ",b eommmce opened ." publ '" hI;;, ,,ns, on 24 No~cmher

.n .1Ie _"""", Nc"" Y 'H ~ courtroom ,,'h~rc the R~nt>e.~ ,

loud tlI."Cn tried ," The fi"'l wi,,,,,,,.o appear wa, Co l Waher E Lot~. j, The .. u"'SIlCd 10 Ihe EnJ; i"cc"n ~

",Ill T~'Ch",c~1 U'~"oon of IIIe Offoce or lhe Choel S,!!nal Off .. er.n W~,h i n"on .• he d,,·,w,o " 'hoclt "'­po.: ..... ,"'d ct,,, b",,,,,,h', r ""'~rch a nd ~"eloplno:nt 1"'»

S.am. Lotz It.ad -c .... cd ."'...,ral l<"'''''~ Fori Monmouth.

both before and af,er w'" Id W," II. Coon qlle,"ono:d LOll aboul lhe I)· po.:~ of ",,..,an:h untlcnJktn by ,lie

Corp, H" f""",,,,01 p.nl ,cul ar allennon on the pro~"'" it)" (u,,,. an e1~lmIHC dnll:e lhalll"-" a .iny ,~0I". 10

,lelcc" ,I, '~fge. "nd de'onal. a bomb ill n' lIh. Lot! ,eM,fted Iha. Jultu, lto",,,bc.S had. dunng h.s Si,nal

Corps ""'pl,,)·" .. nt. bttn an m.pector a. one vi IhI: fi.m, w,lh whoch 1M Army II:Id (onl"",.ed ," ... ·or~ Ott

lhe flllC. a pro"," cla,~,rICd as "-",,,-"1."

From hi) ""II in a f~""',~1 penncnl'ary in Pcllnoyl· yanta. "",,, .. ,,I,,l e. j,,1 III' Iolo.",nherg· s brolMr.in.l:ow.

[)" y.d G"",nslJs~. g~V( .lI\.- .ubco,"''''tI~.., a dcpo,1I .on

Ihal supported thb 1,""of;"'1"i. y. Greenglass had been con~ictcd of ~pion"&c ~ 1"n8 Wllh the Itosentlcr" in

lhe alo"'", wcapn<ts Col."' . bul he had not been <.en· tenced .0 deal h. In hiJ dep"'iloon Ito.: "".,foed '0 lbe (X.Sltn« of;l ROSI.'nbo:l, spy .ing al Fon MonmtlU.1I I k d a"nro ,hal Juiou .1I:Id lold 111m 11131 he had "lOlen .11" pro~.mny ruze and g.yen il ,0 lite So~oel$. H.

acco mplished hi$ ,h.e\c'y. OK",,,s la,, e~pI3",ed. by pUlling ile,",' ",,0 Ihe hn.fc3~ In whIch lot: ca., .cd I", Io",d, . Apparemly. roo one r:.~er c hecked i •. < COttlen.s.

Arle. lhe war. GlU-n\; l •• ~ ""d julius Ioloscnber, had opened an engineer,n! hu.,M5S I~her in N~w Yoo-l. G.«ngtas.s wied 111M Roscnberll had u§eel h •• S.,nal

Corps contacts 10 obI~.n Con.t'aC1S for lheir firm. Gm:n,Ill-«S further leMlfied 'lIal. as fa. a~ he l .... w. lhe

~I'Y ''''g III Monmoulh continued ,n nperallM desp"e

10

G~"r",1 /..;'" ,,,,, .. ~l" ",,~' II'tuh",Xu", o11i, ·;"I., III F"n 101"""",,,,1, in 0.. ,on.:,. IY5.f p,,-m,..,,1 [mm I.-ft "''­Gm,,,,1 8,,(~: Sn-""'/'Y'if .h, Annv S.e.~m, S,,,"',,, II. AI ... .,,,,,/,, ."m"h. " N .... , In..,.., R .. p"I>/.,.,m,

Sf',,"'or {t.f(C.l'lilv, (;nwnol /..;m "",: (/",1 R"" Coh" . (S,gn,,1 C"'l" photo)

. ho;; dem.se of 1I>e H.""'''bc.g~'· llolr'"g lhe (ollowlOg .....,.,h. McCanhy c~ lIcd

befo~ h" suhc o,,,,,,,nc-': a 110" of IIld, IIKlual' , II>CIOO­

ing m;my forme. Signal Corps employees Most of lhe", wnn<:-SSC5 . efu'\ed 10 I,,-,>ufy. ClUng III<: Fiflh

Amen<l mcnl· . p.ol~Cll on agal"-,' ,,,,If·il>Crimin3I1oo.

Calilng . II<:!oC mdllliduah "Fi fth Amc:nd.".n' Commu· 01\4.:' McCarrhy "..,>ed II",i. rdu~lln.o an ad",,,,;on of gu,1! arid ;.....:u..ed ,hem of hidmg hehin<l 'he Coo~ti.

'''lion, a docun""", .hac. Iw;; alleged • • hey " .., .. , s-ee~mg

'0 dc"roy. Mcc>. rthy ("nller claimed Ihal the Co mmun",

p;tl"'( y had oo-gRIII(cd a ~pec131 cell . ca llnl lhe: Shore C lub uml. ~peclflCally 10 infillr;l'e Fort Monmoulh. FruSlraled by"'''' wil n<:n ' $ fC",,~lcd i n VOX.:ll lon' nr lhe Finh when 3~~cd aboul lhe ShOfC Cluh, lhe s-en.:llor angrily ,,,,,,pafCd hIm .0Jul,u) R~nbergan<l ~used

"

h,m of Mlng "' mvol,'cd in IIv ~mc Iyf'" of fllllly .... , " 'mc' nll"in" you. COUrl l.y .. A hhough McC~nh y

,,,,,-,,,nled no h~n1 evidenr;c 10 I,,' l lhc IWO mc:n. lhe

",nator c(ltlunue<i hi, lin<: of all:OC:~ AI on<: poml lie declared. "'RO$<:nbcrg h ... , bee" e ~(culell :11111 you ~'( walking lhe .,,,,,:,, fr«. Doyou IM~ f.,.,l lh~C If H."""nhcr~

""'" properly e .. Ctuled, you de",."" lhe <arne (a'e"'·

1"he '" ilnes.," foo-mor R><1l'.fonfflOUlh enll" oyee mll""d M,u"Cel Ull u",n. ~onl",u«d 10 pl c:ld lhe F,flh on reo

s ponl'C' 10 """" of McCanhy' s q"c."iQfls. bul decbn,:d Ihal he .... ould no! w. lllngly harm lhe nacion. "

McC"nhy ;llso mle'fUr:aled emplnycc~ of flMn~ Ihac did bu.i"""s w"h lhe ATmy. lle focused pant<:u . I~rly on lhe I'cdcnl Tclccommunicatton$ Lal:>oo'll'u­ne~. a $'1:n31 Corps .<uhronlr.IClor. l'.k<:anh y con­lended Ih;ac the ,-"Omp.:my , lik lhe Signal Corp'. h<>d

bee .. infiltr.l.ted by Commun,MJ. While che ",beo"' ·

111111<.-" ,ho,,-ed Ihal ~ '111,,11 ""mbc. nfC-,,,um,,m", h:od

"'Of~«l ~11t>.: comp:'"y,;1 <'oultl ,,01 h,,~ Ihem 10 any ao;I' of ,:,'pionag~ .'·

n..: h"~lIng>i oo}QII"",d on 17 n.".....,"'I>.:. rOO' a

Ch.i'"I." !>real. IAmn; .h" inl". I1 .. ", the N .... · Y",J.

17111<'> ' Oln ~ Ihn:.:·p;'" ",,,~, on the "'~~"Of' a' Fori Mon"..,."h whi,'h "!1lpha,i~ed Ihalll>.: Army had "I. reatly IIghlenetl ,,-", .. ,u"y ", the JIO>' befor.. McCalihy', prube bcJ;an 0" 14 Janual)' I \l54 . • he- Tim .. , ""bh,1Ied

all ed ...... "1 urgms ,,_ ",adc", 10 ",rIO'" '0 "'''''''P' McCun lly ",' "hargt' un,il COfTobo.lr.lk-.l , In .he- tdi.o(, opm"'lO. " Senalo, r.-kC url hy', .,h,lInek" ";;,amble for puDl,eol), ha, r",,-er-"",, upo~d more ele, .. I), thall ," r"" Monmoulh ca)<~"

llle '"OC(Hmnillee', puDlIC IIear .... s, IO:.""",--tl In

February 1954. Wnll h" inve,"t:"tioo, m.o ,'''' ,py rinJ:

"I I'flll MOnlllOUlh ai " ,"'"1Il-lill. McC .. nhy...:1 001 in a new di",c. i"" He "OW lIlI1led 10 prow .hal , Curmll"­"''-1111.:" "'O.l"'g for.l", Signal Corp, a, a c.de Clel~ had a,:.:" ... , 10 lop _'~I 1111" ....... :,· ... , HI! "",,,,,rled III" mdlV,dual :b Mr:<. Anni.: let; Mo,., or W:t.,hlOg'Of', D.C McClI1hy fllrlher alleged Ilial the Army h:~1 filII

k"Qwlcd,,, "f Mo,,', Communis. anil;;"i"n b,,' had 11,,1 IIKwcd 10 ha ,'e her fi~ The chid wn"" .. agam,' Mo<~ wa, all FBI a::.cnI, Ma. y S. M~rL ,,·;IId. " 'ho had mfill""'C" lhe Communl~ pany in lhe W",hlllgIOrl, DC. ,"ea. Mar L ward had ...:rvctl", IIca,,,,,,r of.he loc~1 Commu""" cdl and clui llk:tllh"' ~ W0l11,10 n"1"O(d Annie Lee: Mo,< had been" cmd""",,,,),mg member

dunn); ,'''' 194{),. " " hal IInle. Mos> " 'J< a cafel"n" ,,·orke. all he Penl:18on , Mrs. Mos' had laIc. been hlled ~s ~c(l(~clert. In , he Office of,heChlCfS,gnal OffICer. M~rtwa,d coold nOl , however. alle_,110 whe,her Mo.

Mos. "'as "ill ~ P.111y member and did 001 bdi",-" ,he hade'cr , ... 1 lhe wom .. n I\s Mr.<. M()!.,did ........ IIend

lhe hear '"' due 10 ,II ""allh. ~If'$_ Mark ... ard coo ld not

he a'Led 10 Kienlify he. by "ghl. In anyu~, ~"" w:..;n ' l sure .ha, she wool<.l be ahle to recognl~ her.

When M",_ Mo,~ finally appeared bef",,, lhe ,ub.

commmcc .he follo"';n" moolh. lhe reliab,l ily of M~.Lward '5 le51;mony bo:<:arn.; ''''1'"', Poorly edu· caled and "'" vcry ~, '~"Ia\e. Mf'$, M<», h,,,dly fil ''''' image of a Communi" spy. ", a ",.uh of lhe aile .... · lions ag;tjn~ her, ~he 1111(1 been suspended from hc. joh ,,·i,k.he Signa] Corps. M..,. Mos~ r<:Slirocd Ilial she lIad .r.lMmllled coded rnciSa$Cj, bul ~ neVer been in the

code room and could not decipher,he _ges she

12

""nl SI>c "I", .k:n,ed an y afti ""lion with the ('011\11\",

""I p"ny. Tl~ I">',ibllily of ",i,' :oLen "kmlly ~n>",.

bee"u .... Ih..-re haoJ "I'p,,,,,nlly "' .... " Ibre": ~NIt" In 11k' W .. ,hin"lOnarCaln 1941 nan""'An",c lcxMo" M" I\-I u,,, p"",,,tl '0 bc ~ ,ymp~.he .. c ... ,",e", anti McC~nh y', plOy backfired N'~ hi", fUl.ller (.me of th" ,' lIarg'" al:,,,n" M,-, M,,,,"

The Ia" ,"'lin .. """ In lhe "00 MOf'I1>oulh " MI"" Y "PJIC'"",d bef.we . 11.: ",1I.:<HUmlll'~ nn II M,,,,;h 1\1'\.1

Wi',,'" It.:. ,,,,,,e,,,-,, of a 'I')' nn); ", It.; 1"'" h...J no~ bo",,, l>rOve", 11'10: Army fel. Ih,,, II, ,,"~);rny h~d II.:cn 11""~lcncd I>y M~C:," hy', ~h'''gc, "I' ral11fl'lnl Cn",. n'lln'" ",b'"-"",,n hy ," ,,,,,-,,,,,,,,,,1 Wnh ,'''' b,,,,~,,,~ .,4 l'rc-",lem EI >of n ""w~" s..,.,,,,1 a.y of I)e, ~n ~ Ch~ I k'

E. W,t<on dl:c'doN .hallh..: III'''' h.od «()1llI: to COU"'~"

"II""'~ .. In an ~ffort 10 di"-'rc-tlll McC',,, ,hy, IIIe Army ''''lCtl

a repon III "hkh II d~",,,,d th~lllle ~nalO' antl Ruy Cohn /t.:od ,ooglll ' 1','('.11 prlvl .... ge' for hi G t>~. III

!kllinc, a for"",r Mlbcomn"w,.., "ode '" "U had " ... ...,nlly bo...:n dmfltd ,n'O 11'10: Army, Schlncal", li:JPf"'ned 10 be II1c .,on of" muhim,lh""airc_ nlC Arl11y com<nd;:d Ih,I' ~kCalihy al"-' Cuh" h"d .,aughllo pef'uaJc S"ncl,try

Sl~"e""o .e'""'gn Sell"", from 1'or1 Ot>. New 1o-,-",y, ... hcre I1c .. .,'" .. ."dellolng ba,lC n:.,ning, .0 New York Cily .... ""~ ""could aJ;aon ,,'or\; for IIw:: ,,,be...,,,,,,,,.,,, In uchanJ:I' f,w Ih" f.,'or, McC~l1hy Iud all" &~-dly p,,,,,,i,,,oIlh., II.: ... ould eiltoer hm;' '" 'en",,,,'(' Ihe i"",,-,ugallon ,",oron Mom" <.,, .. 11 I" .o;;.,nalor McCanhy

(oofII~red 111:11 IIw:: Army, f'M II, 1"'", had pum' .... -tl

&:h,ne for hi, CO",,,-":IIOII "'''h IIw:: ~"Ix"ommiu .. .., The ""nalur also :occ .. -;cd ,'''' Arilly of ''''''S SchUle a, a "ho,;lage" 10 I'",~sun: him 10 ,""1' lhe aposu..: of

Communi.'" in the "rn>Ctl forres," In 01"'" ... ord_" McC:mhy :tICc .. ""I,"" Ar."y Of ll)'ln" lu .. ", Seh ..... 10

bl""km,,,t h"" Toa .. ,'''' eh:lrllc, andcuunl".cllalE"", McCanh~ ' ,

subcommlliec beg"n a =ond round of h'''"'''I:'' III

Apnl 1954. n """, leicolsed procudm~" kIlO"'" a" Ihe AIIt'y_McC:u1hy ""anng~. c~pt"n,d lhe ",,"orl" nuen· 1100 dunng ,'''',, Ihrcc-lTlOIIlh dur~lIon. A. Iclc~,>al

"":irIng, " 'en: K no~lly:u IlIalll""' , daily ~ .. tlienct5 of "p'o I ... emy mllhon ",ned in In VI~'" lhe d",ma(;" evc nl s3$lhcy unfolded." lJecauJ'e of ~;, tltrttl role III thetlispute, McCanhy slepped do ... " ~> c hairm.ln, 300 5elWot Mundt pn:si<.k:d in hi' plx~ . McCanhy', ",al

on lhe ,;,ubcommlilee " '35 13kcn by Senator Henry

I>",o,",ha~ M IIM,o. Fo. Ih" CllnfronlaUQfI lhe I):mo· cr~Uc member, of Ihe ,uh""",,,,i{lce joined lhe .. Re­publican coIlU8u~, on aneoo:u>ce.

Tho: en""ng CQfIle,1 pm~d McC;lI1 hy :ond Cohn at",,"1 S<:c 'clary of IhIe A.my Sle''Cns and JO."iCph N W~kb, lhe A.",y" , .'p"e:,al coun.;el. De'plle hi~ ~on"d ­

erJble ,'flon.' 10 cool"'r~lc wilh the ,ubo.:onlmilt~c.

Sle~~m; fared badly ,,-, a ... iu",-,-, ""dc. M.;Canhy·' ( laminal'on Bellavlng Ilh a p<oo«ulmgatlomcy . Ihe ",,,,,.or bad~,,-..J the ""ld·m:onllCred S(e' ... m 10 thl' ro,m tbat he bo.'C"niC phpically tll " h -oon b«a""'" dear Ihat Slc'''''-' had on ( 'OCI g"",'cd 'l'<"<:i,,1 (,,,'urs 10 I'",ate 5<hin" Wh,le he d,d IlOl ag= 10 lei SehUl" ' • .-a"e N'OC rr:wU"t . Slt..-"n, h;od ucu.~ him from KP duty and ¥r:IIlled hn" ~c"" .ou, ka'-c p,wllege,. Nn"nhek" Ihroo.!:h m:ony d~y, or grueling 'e"i· ",ony. St"~CII' newr 1"'1 hi.' temper, He can~ ,,,.,,", a,

In ~". ,t .... 111.".· I~" n,"ve. ,,~,n and won tile puhhc', ,)mpathy.·' McCatlhy made the op~ite .n,pl"C'''iOfI W,""n not gnlhng " ·1lIlCS<,e,. he (o .. "tanlly mlUTUpled ,t.,. pmcuo.linJ:' with "POlnt> of ...-der."·

Welch', ,k,lIful 'lue'lion,ng of McCanhy :,1 .... hdl"'d '("(allllo:: ,.",al,," true coloI"'. In con lr a~ 10 I,"" Inten~. ellCrgellC McCarlhy. tile dde.ly We kh ,..:e: moo almo~ll'OI1IOO~m One: 1"I"'O:;'paMI <k..:n~ hnn a' kK)~,n, li~c a ··Iar);e. round peng .... ,"" Rill I""h can "'" dec~I\' ,"g. and Welch pro"~d 10 be McCarthy' ~ malcl, In boIh ,howmJnsh,p and ,lm,w,l­..... ~., ~Ie: anf~lIy dc,fIf>n'rr~lcd McC:tnhy"s ca<eic>, "'Ea." for I he: 1/\11 h by pro¥ '"I .hal ,he >Cn:llor h;xl used phony docul""nl~ and doclortd pboIograph,~. "cvi­denc~" "p","lhe A.my. W~kh ~1Io,,'cd, forc",mpl",. Ihal McC"rthy hoo dOClOn,d IIIC I Q~ I l"lIer.I;U~n from III<: FRI', filc~. by which J. Edg:" Hoovc.1ud aknc:d

MJJ Gen. A"'_amlcr R. Uolhns , til<: head "f Army ,me:lhgence. ~t.oul po'~lblc: espio nage: al FOri MllfllnOIIlh Al (If\C point . in II"e. naspe.~"on wllh

McC~ r1hy', aliemplS 10 smear Ihe ~h"racrc, of a col­kague in Welch'~ taw fi.m. Wdch e~clJlllled. " H u~e

you left no senS(" o f dec~ncyr To ,"any in the aud,­e:nce:, the ~n.wc. h3d beconK oIIv ....... ""

Meanwh,Ic.I'rc:s ..... nt EiS("nhowe., who Iuod ini­!lally diSlan<:W hl,"", lf frun' lhe: hearings. now U(ted Ih~t ,hey be conclu~d quic kly. Employing a nic~ louch of Irony. Ei .... nho"'·cr ~altd in a new~conrCl"C'nce on 5 May 19.54 Ihal he hoped lhe Unitw StaleS would pin """,,,'hing from lhe hea.i"g~ comp:II'''b~ 10 what

13

they hoo cO,1 lhe nal illn in sclf-I"C'.<pe<:1 al home allli pl"C'.,uge abroad . In a .'''II''-~I"enl 1""-" conference. Ihe

p.."idenl dec lared '" "'.'pon'" ''' " 'I"",rion "boullbe ,""""nl:s. 'l_et"~ ~llhc r""" oul and lben kl" go on abolll tlot: "nporlanl bu"!le" of th" G.wrrnnoenl . "nd

I pc.>onlilly fed. ladi," and gemle""",n. Iher" " "'" h",o:

10 w~'le .• " CI>C."nho,,·cr·' ,.,,'''' of url:~ncy .. lld nQll""vall. ~nd

lhe hcJf,nJ:' dragged on for aor"he. """"II John G Adam,. uno: of lhe Army ' ~ lawy""" Ic,,,rK."d th:K Roy Cohn had Ih",alennllO "wreek 1!Ie A.my"· ,r Scc",t:"y Sle'en, did not pre>'elll S.:hi"", frum hemg a,,,s,,cd o"NSCa' '" Booh Mc(.:~nhy anti Cohn dcn~d _~mg, f~~or" roo Sehi...,. bill ~ ,idence: IndlC~'cd OIllerwl<C: . Af,e • ..:.'(nly"""" ... "ion, ~oo ''''0 1111Ih'N' wonl, or I~,umolly. IIIC A'IIIy·r..kCanhy be~flnl' I",ally n>n­

clud~d on 17 June 1'154. h~,ing gencr~led ",ueh ""'''' he.llhall IIghl .. No sub"arll ;,-c finding' emo:.ged. ~nd

no .ntI;"""""," ... l"C"III,w The he:"'''I:' m:o,n ..cConl· ph,h ....... nl h"" """n 10 e lj)O>e MCC:Nt hy', nl1hk,.' lacl"" In ~ n.h,,,, ... idc audience:.

In the end, I>kColtlhy had hu n hunscll' 1110:<1 of all.

On 1~leo",on he had "ppc"",d vindocl ioe"nd b"lly;n& Mlln:"vcf. his .'!.Hienl ~II:och on 'Ile ~'.<enho,,·er ad· n"n"Ir'~linn h;lll eroded hi.' ' ''pporl among lI.epubh. can, " tx'I"l c hi , popul~n1y " 'il11 ' ·<lle". McCarthy h~d 1K."'·cr IngrdllJIc:d hlln,elf wl,h hi><·ollcague .. In t!le Senate. ",!ler~ he ""d becn an)'thmg bUl " Ic"", play~r 5<nalor R~lph ,"lantlc.~ ,,( V~"nonl. ~ lello ... R(pu bh· can. ",,,<.><lllced a fUolUllon "f ccn<ure aga,n_~1

McCanhy It WlI' .cferT'ed 10 a ",Ieel (0""",11«. whICh held yet anntll<:, "",nd of Ileanng~. alhei, this II""",

w;lhOOI ratho and le le:~,~io" c"''''' 'a.gc.'' 0" 27 Septcmt>rr 1'1.54. lhoc bip;all,san _.;r:IcCI

(Olnn1l1l""" "wr:d liS I"C'port. ""hieh .«ommended lhe <c:n3Ior'~cen~'ton IWQcounts." One of lhe!>e WaS h" """,h (fu,menl of Rr ig. Gen. Ralph W, Zwicl~ •. co",,,,a loder of Camp K, I"IC'. New Je,'lCY. The recip;' enl of a S,lve. Slar and Ihree Bronze Slar< (fir hi s World Will 11 ~.vice in Europe. Zwick~ .. had le~"r,td hef"",

McCanhy' s subronimlr1ct' ,n t'c:bru:ory 1954. ("' .. ng Ille cou_ of hi~ q~Sllonmg. lhe ,;cnaIO. becanlC infuriated WLlh Zwicker over hIS .o lc in the ~pproval of ~n hooorable discharge (or a """,dieal o ffice. who had ,"voked the Fiflh A""",oo"",nl durins an appr:a".""e befon: I>kC.nhy·s-liUbcommiu ........ I>kCallhy accu§C."d Zwic~e. of protecl'n, Communi't' w,lh,n hiS CO",_

Oland ~lId ~""ed lhe EeneraJ as unfil 10 WeM lhe unlfom, ." The Sen:ne invel;lIlla!ors fOlind no proov­C~lIon on Zwickrr" s pan ~nd eital McCMnhy'~ Ioch.av· ior II, n:pn:licmiblc.. The sc:condcounlagam!ol McC;anhy

wa~ h.~ eOIl1<,mpl of lhe Senate. and th., wa5 .he tr.1nsgrusto/l (ha( prov<'d 10 be his downful1 .

The Sen~le deferred :octi",. ' .. '" the eommillCC's recomrnenoJ"tion unlil afler Ille NO"emller eleel.on~.

n",n , follnwing nearly n momh of debale"he Sena,e

On 2 1kl:emher appro"ed .hecen>u~ resolulIon. /.Iy Ihe

decISive mlIrgm of 07 10 22. Ihe SeMlc "OIe<l 10 corw.kmn McCanhy f .... beh~vior Iha, wa~ cOllirary 10

... ·n"" ... i"l lr"'"1 i<MIS .. nd elhoes." AI.oo..gh lhe ch.;tr"e re, an::lon, General Zwicker _ . <lropf"ICd. lhe Army

had plllyed a cnllca! role In dealon)! Jl, lcCanh)' Ih" 5l"OOUS pohu,;al ~b3ck. A~ a "'-WII o f the &n':II,,',

acl""' . McOl!lhy"s inn""""" plummo:~. and his ."r~nglehold 011 the nallOll 's psyche "'".IS finally bnAcn

By .he ll1TK of lhe .. ensure VOle. lhe naliunal w~,"c

of :onlicommunism h,..J beg"" In ."h,,,de. The dc~lh of Slnhn in March 1"~3 ra.~ h~s Ih3. rc13l1on5 wllh Ihe SO'! .. , Union m,ghl ,mpro'·e. and lhe end of I ....

Korean War Ihree mor"h. 1:IICrConl.ibuled "'"n "a.i"8 of inltrna' ional'cn,ioos. On ,he olhe. hund. Ihe fall of I),cn floen 1'1," ,o.he Vtetnamese CommllOlSIS ,n JIII "y

1954. while lhe Army-McCanhy he~rinl:'i " 'cre ,n p!"I.Ig",s.. pruv,rJcd a ha,bing<" of e"en, s 10 comr.

McCanhy' S cellSII~ Pf«,plla,ed a rapid d«hroc: III

boIh hll; ~rsort.l13lld professlONl hk Allbough .,ill

a mo:mber of.he Senae~. he ~ his eommltiell: ella,,· mall. hip wlM,;n rhe Dcmoc:ral.. lonk"""ro! ofCong~ss

~Iic,'he Novembercongressional ekctlons. No lon;t:r m~~ing n~lIonal ho:;odli....". ht: fW!ld ItUlI.he p«:~ 00 .....

vmllally illlK>",<I him ,0.1011, wlrh lhe los.' of hiS

pohlic~1 1)C'wc" came a seriOUS de lerioral,on '" his heuhh . McCanhy had long been a heavy <I.i"\;,,r, and .he effec'~ of akoholi,m. e""pled wilh olher phy~lCal ailmenlS. k:d 10 hiA dealh in May 1957 a. lho: ~J;c of

fnrty~'l\hl ... 8es ides his own caroc:r. McCanhy's probe d ·

feeted the I;Yd of all ,m- IOUChed by il. albeil in a vaneey o f ways. Gener.tl La, • .-"", . "".hap!' worn down by 1M. prolonbW in~.il\alion ,nlO r-on Monmourh.

"""00 from the Anny on 31 AllguS! 1954 III lhe 3~e of r.fly·nllle. Ihree ye;>n bef"", he ruched rhe rn3rI<b.1Ify reliremenl age . I\.1 cC~nhy charged Ihal Secre.ary

Slcve,,~ had !ncd 10 force La"ion '0 retire. bill Lawton

"

h.ad in fOCI applied for medical di~i lny re.;n:mcnl . Secretary Stevens. fOf hi~ pan . ~Ieppcd down from hIS poo;j III Jllly 1955 and ~turned .o,he J . ... Slevens

C(Nl1p.any. Gen",:al ZWIC'~cr. howe'·er. rema,ned 111

,he Army unul 1960. winOing a promution (0 maJOr general de,pile.he oppI»u,oo of McCanhy and one OIht:r SC"'ltOO" n

Mosr oflhe clv,1 servlee employ«s whose: li ,'~

had heen lurned upside do wn by lheir d~,hcs wilh

McCanhy were even(uully able 10 clea, I1000i, nam ••.

Of lho: fon)··,wo cmployCCl> S-U.\J""llk.'d al Monmoulh. ~II bu. IW<) were la'er reln~aled." They s.ill haoJ 10

li,-c. howe,·e •. wllilihe m\Um..~ of lhe ..... ""ricnee and

lhe ",igmaofha,''''' bttn urred by McC.u1hy· s btu'" Aaron Coleman did not "'pin hi . fedenl cmploymem righ., IInill 1'>511 He .. -cm .... lly returned.o his old JOb al Rm f,·lonmoulh:uJd ~lIred from ~ovcmn"'nt .., ••

VI« in 1918 .. So..., o f .he other pr,nc.pals. ho"'-c ver.

~m (0 have bc""fil~-d fromlhe" OOIoroely. RoyCohn llU" ... d a ~ .... cessfll l career as a law)"C'. in New Yor ~

ei.y . C. Davi1:I Sehi...: s.:rvc"<J 0Il1 hi. Army hllch.

re'umed '0 prival~ life. H1Ml nmrriL'd a former Miss Universe He lalcr produced Ihe movie The Frenrh C",meClion. Hollywood also beckoncoJ Joscpl, Wckh.

who appeared as ,he .ri~1 judJ:~ in lhe "'ovic A .... """"y ofo Murd",··

McCanhy's o .... n moment in the spOilighr w:L.

rel:U"'ely ~f. bul his n:llne ",,,,,,in. c!OIiCly assoc,­al~ "" ith the Cokl Wa. en . The thre~1 of Communi)!. 'nf,II ..... ion .molhe go,-cmmo:nl was ,ndeed n:lli . as lhe

H,u and K~nberg COllV,C1ions haoJ c learly Ikmon·

str. .. <'d. bu. McCa"hy"~ mo:.hods 8ave anll...,mmll" ni~", a had name. E"en grJnlinll (he !in«:.ily of McCanhy ' . desire .o roOI 0111 sub'·erswcs. his 'f1lm· phn!: of civil ri&hh and due process Ihrea.erw:d 11M,;

very fr.;:cdom, he profcssed.o be protectinG. Ironically. however. McCan hy . S Hllt:gallon s aboul

~pie, in lhe Sign.1 Corp!' have IUrned ou •• o be mo'" valid lhan he could demon~(fll(e in Ihe I'>~. "'''''0 ron Monmoulh scienli)!.s. Jocl fI:II"r and AI Sar.UII.

fled '0 the Sovic;, Un"", followln' the Rose"",,,,'!\'" arrest. Given roc:w odenlillCS by the KGIJ. lJarr and

S;lr.UI' llsed (hei. IoXhnical knowled~ on Sovie( <.\e­ren'" project ... mcludln~ the deveioplnem of a radar·

controlled ;U\liain;nfi gun. They laler se,"p a mICro­ekc:tronics laboralnry In Leningrad and bc<;amc P'''' nee .. In ,he Kussian compuit r illdliStry . Allhough lhe

FBI ba< ~vu bttn ~ble 10 prove lhe e~"I "n<:<: Qf" RQ",nbe' g 'py ring al fon Monmoulh, lhe!oe "'en aPf"'~' 10 b~ vc b<...,n lhe "mj~sjng I ink" II\;[I M,C~hy

,,'as Iool.mg for belween Ih" FOil Monmol."h labofalo­

fI'" and tM $oVItt UntOll ." n.r final , haplers of Ihls ,to<)' have yel 10 he

.... ""~n . D...,"",CfllS held by lhe Nallonal Se<:uril y Agency and Ru<~,nn ""te "",hive, ""'y ,1111 bnng

lmpona", ~w ,nf"''''''ltOII to IIghl n.c emergIng (vtden« mdlCales Ihat , for a ll hl~ f""lt., ScMI'" Jo­

",,,h McCMhy wa. probably dOSfr 10 Ihe lrulh aboul

Comm"""I. III 01" go>'emmenl Ihan we woo Id like to

believe" 'fhc, Cold War may he o,·"r. bill ii, COfIIra­

,'efl'ICS li ve OIl

I, War 1)e,la"",c,,1 Gc""ral Siaff. "SI~nglh of lhe

Army. I O::lober 1944," p. Ib, n ... 1 "Annual Repon of lhe Ch;"f Signal Off lur. 194(,. M I' .W'l. buth in U S.

Army Cenlu of MIlI13I)' H,MO<)' l'h.-..ry . 1. "Annual Rcpon of Ihe ChIef SIgnal OffICer. 1')4(,,"

pp . 45~ M~7.

3. lIiSlo" 'al Orr",e, u.s . A""y C ...... munocattOlls. Eltttron IC, Command. A Concilt Hul"? "I Fon MOIInromh. "'t ... Ju.~y(FOt1 Monmoulh. NJ . IIIU), rr 28. 3~: M.ch~1 Slralghl. 1ri(,' by T,I,vml,H! (BQ~'

IQn, 19~4 ). p, b~ ,

4. Willim" B E .... ald. Jr .. Who KIII~d J"., MrConh)" (New Y",~ . 19&4). pp. 20 25. 5. Thoma~ C. Rrev.",. TIre /..ife and Tim4'l nf JOf' MrCanhy: II 8io,rupity (Ncw Yl'ri<. 1982). p. SIb; John G . Adams, IVilh"", I'r~r",/~III' Th~ SIO,), o/I/I~ INOlh ,,/McClmhy/Sm (New YOft , 1%3). PI' 64-65.

6. R«'·e~. Ll/., lVI/I Ti"'~J ofM(Canhy. p. SIR. l.lbid .• pp. ~1b--17.

8 US. COflg~SS, $tnal~, l>enoancnl Subrommil1ee 00 Inve~lIgalll.m~ ..,f the Commillet On GovemtTIcnr Opcr.lIiQns. Milly Si8'Uli C,,'ps-$Ilbvasioo ""d f:s· I"(J#III'~. HMnngl, 83d CooS .• I" lind 2d 5eJS • 19S) S4. (h<:rur,.:r ci,,-~l~. SI80\111 Corp. HI'Qrinl')' p. S<I . 9 IbId. CoklNln'~ publ ic lestlmony appe:u-s on PI'. ~ I- 56, 62. and 17 113. He had l'",v;\IU~ly tcstifi~d in eneutive !.CSS;'IIIS See al50 the "'~'" Yurk Timtl, 12 Jan 54. p. 12; t.:wald. W,", Kill~d JIN McCanhy? pp.

91 _93. '19: lind Reeves, /..if~ altd Ti"".$ '" McCanhy, p. ~21.

15

Ill. Ch:l(lc~ E. T\otlcr. t),w.. I<{ SlulIII<' (New Ymk. I %~), p .. 17. A,I~n". IVIIII"", 1'1Y<'t'd,'m. p 4'l, I': w~ld .

Wlm K,II~,I J"" Md .. ·11l1l1y' rr 911-91 II EW3k1. Wlro KIII,·,1 J,.., M,·GllIh ... • P 1311 l3;ic~

al"l"'~,et! bcf UfC I ~ ,ubo;ommntcc on c, eo:" I we ..... "jOll 001 O\:V« ,,' a pubhc he~rong. l ie ~I -.Q ~t1"ndcd Ihc

Army ·McC~f1 hy I"'~""g, bUI "'~, 001 call«l upon It"> te",fy . S« lbe Q",,,lrrll,,~d RpIH"I'1Iht' Chlt'fSIK""/ O/Jr, ... ,. /fJ51-/955 (Wa...hlllgton. D.C , I 'l ~ ~). I' II ~

11. Ewalt! . Who K. I/td J .... MCClIIl/,,· I P nu 13, Sill"'" Cmf" Hf'(lfl"I:.<. ptI I ~ I H lO!, ",,,,",,. qucnlly $frved a, chIef ,)f c,,, ,,,.,unICati()!I<·elec!rOIlIC'

'md CQmmand<:r of the U.S. Army S''''I~t:k C"nlln"",' calIOn' Cmmn,nd 14 Ibid .• pp. 19_11. 15. lbld,pp. II6-----24

16 Rc'Cvc). l4~ (1111/ Ti"'~£ '1 Md'"""h". p 5Z0, 17 Npw Y",k Time •. 14 h n 54. Thclhrcc' p'/M ",r;",.

by fCprlfl '" Pclcr K,h". ~ppcared m lhe Tim~ .• OIl II. 12.:ond 13 Janu3ry)4

18 SIItIl"/ ClI'P' H~''''"I1'' ' pp 310- 29. 34UM~2. ~nd 443-62: Ree'·e~. Ufe llllli Ti"me".ifM<·C,ml, v, PI' , ~4S_

:'III. ~8-69. anti Poller. Ol'y> '1SI'"",r, pp. 1\)7 011. 19. Rce.e., 14tond Tim~. ofMcClUlh .... pp S66-67. 20. SIIOII,ht, Trilll by T~ln1Jl"". p 32 2 1 Ibid , pp. 33 34. 22 Roben Griffilh. "McC3nhy. Jo.eph Raymond," f)i"'i"M,), of IImut'rlll' Hi"II"'phy. S"pplrmcnl Si.t

(New Yo< k. 1(180), P 40S 23. St.:ught. T,ull by Tt/ews/INI. p. 81. Adot"", Wirh·

""' I'~«tdnll. PI" 168-75. 178- 85. 24 Ewald, WIr<> KillnJ Jll, M~c,mhy ' pp, 346-----47 , 2~. Atlnuts, Wilhoul P,eadrtll, 1', 164

26. I::w~ld, Who KillnJ J~ McC",rhy' pp. 337-39. Adams. Willto", Pu,,(',/(,"' , pp. 178M83, 216-29: and Reeves. Uk QJld Times of McOmhy. p. 631. 27. P"b/IC {'apt" o/ Iht Pru,dtnr. of rl", Uniled Slalts,l)wiahr D. f:r'tIlItOk'tr. 1954, PI'. 4~2-5J. 496. wilh the '1"0101;00 on p, 4%,

2R. ,",wakl, Who Killed Joe McConhy? p. 348. 29. Ibid .. p. 380. 30. Roben Gnffilh, "McCuthy." p. 4()~ .

31. Anhur V. Walkm <, Enuuxh ROJH: the I".i"., SrOT)'

of ri,e CeIl5"" of Srllalo' It,., McCarThy m nglr:wr>Otl Cliffs. NJ .• 1969). ScIUllO\" WalkinS, a Ut~h Republt . ran. was C...,.imwl of lhe: ~kcl commtllee . 32. $tn.,or S&ITlUCJ J. Erv,n of Nooh C:orohna was """

Qfthe Oemocl'luic members QflhiscQmmittee . He lalCr chaired the Senate eom miuee that investigated the

1972 Walergate b~ak ·i ".

33. W~lkins, En-gh R~, prints the comnuttee·s

~porc .5.n appcndiK. See also Reeves, 4f~ aM r 1m~1 a/McCarthy. pp. M2-~3.

34. Walkins, Enough ROfH. p. 7S and appcndil. pp.

41...(j 1; Reeves. Li/t anti Tilllu 0/ McCorth)', pp. S42-44. 35. COiIgrusionnl RKtNd lOO(83dCong., 2d KH.):

16)92. See also Richard M. Fried , Nigh/ilia" ill R~d: The McC""h)' Era In I'crS{Hc/ive (Ne .... York, I9'JO),

p. 141 . The censu~ ruolution i~ pri nted in Walkins. &""/Ih Rop<!, p. I~.

36."rH:d. Nightmare ill Rm, pp. 141-42; Reeves. Lift

0",1 Ti",e~ a/MeO",h)" pp. 665-72. 37. Adams. Willtout Pr«rdenl. p. 172. W, .. hingIOtl

POSI, II Aug 91 , p. 86. 38. Fried. Night""'" in R~,I. p. 137. 39. Adams, WMt(Ht1 Pucmul, p. 262. 40. Ibid., pp. 263-64.

41 . ABC News, ~Nightline." I ~ Jun 92. David

G=nglan named Joel Barr In lhe deposition he gave the 5ubcQmmi1lee in 19~3 . Set: Signal Corps lI~arinKJ,

pp. 143-47. 42. Nicbolas I'{ln IIQffman. ~WIS McCarthy R'ghl

Aboolthe Left?"' Washillg""" p(lJI. O.l1loo1t section. 14 Apr96.

Mrs. Rebtcn. R. RajM~$ ha~)"'M u m£lOrjan allhr U.S. Anny Ce"luofMililary I/ISloryJllln 1977. She js Iht author D/ Gening ,he M~e Through: A Branch Hi>lo.y of the u.s. Army S'gnal Corps (C~nlt'

II/ Military History. /996J.

Cheese

Brookll Kld~r

This is a Story aboot a large wheel of g,een (not

-aN) Polish goofs milk e~ ..:quired by two American prisonl't'$ of Waf in Gemun custody on ""

anluou~ trek OUt of PoI.tnd in early 19-1$. Fim. let ·s ""tthe scene.

In January I ~S Soviet troops forced the Germans

tQ en"u"t" tM: A_rkan prisoners from Ol1ag tOffivu~/agtr-Offw:ers' C;unI'J 64 in s.: .... b'n, Pa­land . We we~ 10 go len kilometers andlel a tr.lin. But lhe~ .... as nQ lnoi", M) 4$ days .:md over 300 miles Inu.t

lhe remnants of tllat column arri ved Jt ~ poinl north of Be, lin whe", it enmined for a~hcr I'OW camp at

Hamme(burg .

1lIe winlerQ( 1944-4$ Wll.~ bille,ly cold. E3<:h day of tM: JOO..milc ma,ch, ~ German gU~ld .nd an Amen· can officer bicycled ~hcll<l to lind a plxe for u. toslctp

and prl'p;ul' a meager suflPtr. They did their job well, Almont ~Iw.y., the P"SOfIe .. bedded dOlwn in boIms. outbl .. ldtngs. or 311 occ:><;,ona/ church Of IiChoolhouse.

Then lhey ~i,'ed" piece of bread and K bowl of ""'p. One night was patticularly mclllOfahle.l .... as in a

rat~ small "",hoolroom with a pon lail of GOring looming over-my ~k. Someonecame by IIIII .. id thaI

• group of Polish ~mivts. al.'lU moving wnt. ,.,.'" om

16

back trading wheels of cheese for American cig3relles.

The man befOl'e me &oC his wheel fOfth= p.xks: ;1 OO~ me five pach. and I understand the POW afu.r ,ne paid u.n foo- h'.chee"". · 1"hecij;a~lIescame from our A_n·

can Ked Cross pack"g"" . My buddy. Ked O·Connor. conlributed h~lf the c'ga~nes .md gol half of the ,,,--

The wheel was rnnrn 5Q ittoolt some lime 10 back II into two pans We SlO .... ed our unsures on the makeshift backpacks we had fa.hione.l oot nf shtns

and Ked Crou boxes. Somelimes WI'! made cheese sand .... 'ches wilh the bread in the middle. We W<'rt the

envy of our oomradc!l. I can 't ~tTI(mber bow long our cheese lasted. hul I do ~tTI(mber I series or e\~nu II prompted.

The fir)! incident involved only me . r mllSl expl3in

Ihat I love dogs and always hI Ve had Olnt. My Cate {Of my pets included "M exam,nauon of their >lnnl as a twomete.ofHw:i, health. r>« the !!evcn montMQ( my captivity, [ h3d adopt~d [be same test for my Qwn well · being. It 1'«",,,<1 10 wort.; al least il was rcD~~ur,ng .

A ~hort time afler tbe 1IC'l" "it;on of lhe cheese. wh,1e undergoin!: lhi, li""'·tt.<led rumination, I .... as honif...tl to d,~ver a pile 0( nothe. small, round

pellel5. My Immedlale rcocnon w;t., that ,;Qmelhinl hild

perfOf"~lcd in my dige5Ii\'~ 5YJlem and Ihal my normal

d, mlll111ion wa~ being fi!lt~d lI.'i Ihrough iI .<icvc.llIen ,t dilwned 00 me thai goalS. I;~e rabbits. produce Ih;u

type of Mool and lhalthe quant;ly of CUlII', milk ehaK

I hold been eatong not only w~s pmvidin& wclcome nUlrition but was Giving me l hi~ gOillli ~e signillure. It was disquletong. but I le~d 10 hyc wilh U.

And &:0111' ~ milk cheese .. nutritKJnata fOCI broucht IIoInr; to me by a heulenam colonel who had been my b;IIT".lCb comm:l.nlkr 31 Oflag 64. A W,,-,t Poinler. he

h"d comUlJnl.k:d ;1 b"uahon in combat. lie Wil~ quite formal. evcn In prt-on camp. He occasiona lly swghl out JUnIOr ofr..:er5 (Of a g:lme of che ... '1110: ~~5 o f

the b..,ulcr'cld could be found on ,he cllesWo.:ird:· he

would mlone . h wa. no ",flection on him or on my

ct);,wh,le prore~"on, hUI al thai Ii"", I didn', much ,lYe a damn about the lessons of the i)alller",ld.

Lale one a(lemoon. a, we ,,'ere Kuhng down fOf

lhe nighl . Illy c llcss-pbytng comm:r.nder appro;o;:hed n..: . " Kleber, ~ he began. "if 1 had mychoicc of;\l\y ~,nd

oHood I could lake on a trip like Ihis,do )'0<1 know whal

I"d tJke,' Well, of cour~ I knew. bul [ pul on an c .pres.ionj.,ss (oce and ;u)sw~red, "No, .• i,. ''''CheC)e:'

he .... 1<1, '"b&:caU5e of il5 great nutriuorur.l value. its durablhty. and Ih, ,dalivcly .m:l.lI bulk."' He wcnl on ,,1Il 041. I d",,'1 fe_mbe. saluting, bul 1 did thonk hili' profu!iCly as I walked aW:ly .

TM Ihlrd cheese mcidenl pl.occs lno,; in ~ rroore lC'""rou. Jo,hl Oneml!iCrablc aft~moon ... 'C we«: lrudg­

'ng IIlrough l:utcqu~nlitic5"f snownear a sm:r.11 Polish Village I lo3w a Iklld hor,., ju" O(( lhe road whO$e rump h.d been car,,~d b:tre by hungry villagers. I wondered

lonw the hu,,,,,, h:od di~d . A fellow prisone, wilh wllnm

[hlld becorne f"cnds-tall. quiet. good-lookina John Carlson from i(hlrocbndcr. Wisconsin-wu Just ahtlld

of me. Suddenly he daned 0 (( 10!he.ide of the road • • w~rt up ~ dead while chicken. ~nd Ihn""1 ul\(lc, hi. coaL I also wondered how lhe (hie ken had diN.

That night circumSW'ICcscnabled Drlo;on to pluck.

clean. ~nd cook his chicken. A bit latcr. ht c~mc oyer 10 me and offered 10 t11ldt: p;u1orhisdi~h. 1 fOtgct whICh

JI'If\. fOf$OlMofmy chl:ese. While I rejcetcd tht IrD. 1 did stwe w.1Il John II acnerous pKcc of my cha~,

And that conclulkd my ...tycmure> wilh one half

wheel o f green goofs mil k c hee~. ucep! fo, oroc thing. Two monlh, latn. after we h:KI arrived ~I

Hamll"!(lbu'g. ""rviyed General Panon 's abon,vc es· c;qlC epl!lOde, and ~pent _ till"!( in Nuremberg. we

wcre leisurely making ou, way .otuh through Bav~ria.

The WDf waS all bul "vcr ~nd Ihc guards were now vcry

fnendly, especially IhtOflC who went from pnsoner lo

pri.......,r uplal",ng thai ht "lWi once wOfked in tht R,,((alo post offICe. On 15 Ap,,1 1945, I ce1cb,,"cd my

twemY'~lx'h bir1hday. I cooked some pot~IOC~, wilh­OUt ~uh. hUI wilh II ,!r~y ca rTOl, I al~ made II""," of

fn:~h wild mu .. ...-d. [t wa~ a beautiful meal- whlle,

oranSe. and g=n. 'I'hcn John Carbon ~ppcared.ln hIS hand he had a pac~ of Lucky Strike c igarelles tied with

• ~priG of pussy wIllow. It w;t., my bil1hday pn:scnLite

could haye used the cigar~lIe. for II ~i&ni rlCam tradoc wnh a German villager.

In all Iht yca,s afterward. I al"'ays remembered

lohn's ti,arencs ali IhI: ""'" mcantng(ul bmhday p",,;cnt l ~ ever m;~ivcd . In pn:.scntin, me wnh my annualglfl, my wifcalway' ""knowledged thi • . I tried to cOIIII",t John Carlson Dfle, the Wa, und never suc ­

c~eded . Rul hcu"" lhe checse andClg=n,,< arc i ...... l­ibly et~hcd In my book of significant memon'"-".

(J,. Brooks KI~bu ~~rw:d wi/It (Itt 9(f" 1nj'(Jnlry Divi_

s;on ;n Fraflu in WorM Wortl (lnd wQscaplur~d hy Ihe

G~"'IlItll on /ht Co/cn/in P~ninsul(l. lif/tr /ltt "'ar. h" """Sult,'llOrian "'illt ,Itt CMmicaJ C"'psand COQulhor of The Chemical Wm,ue Se ..... ice, Chconinls in Com' ~\ (Ccn't ' of Mili'Ill·,. Hisrory. 19M). chi~f his,onon "/'h" ilrm)' Tmin/nll amI Do<:/, in;. Comnl(lnd. (Illd

tlss,".sranl cltirlol mtlu(Jry hislDry <II CMH

Edilor 's Journa l

The editor Ihanb his colleague Mary Haynes for her assistance in obtaining iIIum3tioM 10

ac(ompany Kennelh T ~"'pleton' 5 lKcount of Ihe laSI day, of Col. William O. Darby, Ms. lIaynes

seleCled photos from lhe Ill'" Mountain Division's papen in lhe WcmTQ lI istory Collc<.:tioo of lhe I.lenver l'ullhc Libr.>ry.

Charles Hendricks

17

Liberation Monument Dedicated at Caumont, France

On II No"ember 1997, AII1<'rlc~n and frellCh "cl",,,,,, gal!.",,,d oul'ule SI robrt"'" C!",,~h ill

C,"'1lI0"I, 1'r."'CC, for lhe lI'\\'ciling of" rllOl""ncnl 10 Ihc Iohcrallnn nt Ihal IOwn III 1'.144 hy Ill< Amencan 1" ln(a,ury D,y""n" , Lnc~lcd In Normandy abom ,,;~ lillie., ea,1 nf SI. Le" Caurnnm was al the southeaSlern cnmer of the area IlberJled by American troop" m I~ Ic," day' following Ihe landing al O.\tIlHII Be,,,,h

Je:m·hc,!"c' Via", mayor of Ca"",(,,": Lt CuI. kan·P,errc M,mley, ~S'",lam Army anach! al Ihe U,S, defe""" :lIIach~'< off,ce ,n Pari<: and MaJ Mich:",1 McM~nu" of Loc k Haven, Pcm"yl\'ama, JOmed m "n"ellong lhe mon""",m , The Engli,h·lang"agc por· I,,,,, nf Ihe I'bque', h,hngu"1 '"""I'I,on rc~d, a, tnllnw'

On Junc 13. 1944, C:oumont '''IS I ibcral~d by lhe I" Inf:mlry Di"i,ion of lhe Uniled Siales Army Starting (rom Ihe .,m~lIc'l nf f""lhold.' "","cd nn D-d~y. June 6.

Ihc<.J,v""on anacked inbnd.-.onIC 1~ nn b fromO~IAIIA

Beach and capluml lhe Mrategic high ground around

"""'KlII' The succe •• fu I <.Je(en"" of Ih,s ,mponam >«Ior of

Ihc Allied beachhead pennl1led lbe buildup of men, equ'pmem :md ,uppliq. rc'!u;n:d for the A lloed brcakoul npcrallon nflale July. ThaI ma.,sive offen"ve Ioberaled Fr:m'~ and H~lglUllI and rcached I~ bord~", ofG~r­man~ by m,d·Seplember 1944,

Afler lhe cerelTlQny Colonel Manley ~nd Major M"M:IIl'" v ;~iled Ihe Cau",onl hnme of Guillaume Mercad~r, "" officia lly recognized Hero of thc french HC ~"'lance who had prov,ded 10 Ihe All ies intelligence Of{ German disposilion~ prior 10 IOC Normandy I.nd· ing', Mercader had car lier ancnded lbe ullveihng cer· cn>ony,

Retire<.J Maj. Gen. Alben H, Smilh. Jr .. Orl:'''';'''-"'' Ihe efforl to prc~cnl Ihe di,'i.inn'. monument 10

Ca"mnn!. A.' a capuIII, Smnh had been executive officer of I~ I ~ Infanlry Division' $ 16" I "r"ntry regi. menl dllrillg Ihe Normandy camp'''gn. In 1968- 69 Smnh se rved as deputy commander of the I" Infantry Division in Vietnam, General SIIIilh wa., unable 10 "lIe,id the unveiling ceremony, bUI Major McManus

"

I\'"ad the following rem~rk< on hi~ behalf:

Lad,c, amt gemlemen, Whal a greal d:ty thl.' IS! What a perfecl lilne 10

dedicate a hber~lIon melTlQrtal! MI' one regrel 1< nOi b,:IIIJ: with you for th" ~n·

ClTlony. Howe"er. I am pre",nt 11\ '1'",1 '" Iwo "cry good r"",,,h 1"'" ~Inng Illy rcm~rh,

The younger .,oldler, Maj. M'ke McManu." Will fl.'ad Ihe Engh," le~t; and OIlr d,v",on "cl,'"", f",," I\n"",I" M,. Jean C"nl"cr, willlra",lnlc,

Now,lel', SIan at lhe beglnnlng,llow d,d all 0(11);, co"'e "b<lII, 'I

The concepl of a memorial Call1o! 10 Ill<! In a dream

bSl lkcembcr, "ftu consulting with :<C"eral World war II bmld,c.<, w~ agreed Ihe project had "",,,I

The ""I w,,,,, "'pic: d'''i gn Ihc memorial, ra,,,,, Ihe "'oU'>cy, ,,,,d "hla in a S'U" li/(lrl f mm Mayo< V,an and h,~ mUlllc'p"1 counCil.

Our prOj<:Clgoal, ne"cr chansed: Con'lruel and pre",nl 10 Caumonl a be:",I,!',,1

IIIC"Kllini "f ii, I ,h ... "lio", 2, Perm~nen'ly recogniu ~ major :lChi~vemcn' of Inc

I" JnfJntry Oi vision durin~ the Norman<.ly camp"'g" .l Rc",;nd Fre""h c'li~cn', e>pcclally No<man>, how much "merican Veleran~ of World War JJ cheri~h Iheir frlend,h,p, Today's french-American ((",mony marb Ih" SIleo

ce"ful :lChie"~""'nl o(!hcse 1:",,1,. II is H " ",nlOrahle cii"",. to" nohle jninl endeavor nn bOIh "des of ttle "lIanl1c,

My wife and I de"OIe"" hundrc<.J, o( hours 10 make our cIrealTl come true , Howe"cr. we needed a comp:1-",bl" error, fmm Phil R,vers III Nonrumdy and Jean Cenlner 10 Brussels 10 presenl what you ",e before you Ihi, Armistice Day,

Our First DIVI ~ion Museum, located near Chicago, IIhnois, has senl along tWO speci"1 handouts (or .liend. ee5. 0"" ).3101"-,, Ihi, <.Jediealion , TIl/; olher souvenir ,5 a ,emi,ider 10 visil OUr I " In fantry Division monumenl overlooking OMAHA Beach aoo reOeel "n D-<lay. 6 June 1944. Please lak~ Ihe"" handouls home for your fam,ly members and friends to see.

Whal aboul the eosl of Ihi., ""morial'l Who ,xud

CO'~"'<mi~> m(lrkin/l II ... """etii"l1 'if tI,1' I" l'lfim't)' O""J'(H1'. I..ibc",,,,~, MOII/""ell' ,II elll,"'",,,. Fmlll'l' // No,,,,,,,/,,. IW7(l-'hoto (oo"'''''y of M3J . Gon Alto.n II Smnh. J • • R~I )

lhe bIll<? n...~ are good q'>Clllion5. Ilo_,·e<. before givIng yoo any numbe rs.l .hook!

empha~"c thIS c ndea~ot w:lS a Inbo. of lo~e from ,I.m 10 r. .. "h. TM unf~ilinll.nd contlnOOll~ .... ppon of my

""fe and fricllds. especially Jean Centncl and PI"I R"er.<. could nul to. pun;h:o.«:d. The warm .eception of

lhe IOU by t-h ym Vi~" ~ I"~ munoeipal counc.1 W>lS ahsolulcly es~nl i31. In ~h<.>r1. the hiler-moo memorial would no! h:tv~ h3ppe!ll.-d withoulille ",valuable. un­pard work of IIIC.)iC dNiOC31ed panicipants

Wilh this explanallon. I can repon IhIIl half of lhe

money needed IOcompIcte I"" projecl was conlributed by dl~I~1OIl .... 1cmns we "'ere ~ble 10 ConlXt . n.., ",molnin!: half w ... pm"idt:d by my wife.nd my5C lf.

A Final Q~~Jlioto: W ..... t endunngand me.tnlngful n;mc:mbranccs bhould we lake ",ilh us from loday's ce.emonies?

1',,.,. ""ldocrs of lhe Uniled SUits h~,..,. In Ihi.

e;., nl ury. I W,,:e J n. ""d I ""if 1"", ncb CQm radu· in.a/ nt s to

19

de feat ~ CQmmoll e'lCmy on Eul'OfX. Sen""I. dunng WOfld War II. Ge.man forces oc­

cupIed I'r:.""" unul t'l JUlie 1944 whe n Alhed fOKe. >lQfTTled IN: be:Ic""":md l~ing~rnSQf NOIm.1I1dy to hberate tllelf freedo",-Iovlng f .. cmls.

Third. thai ()IIf L· ],,(antry D"·, ..... n. the <lide!l ~"" I1"IOSI famnus Amencan dlViblon. suffe",d 1.744 ~as .. -; .lti~" from us ".c~e"sful l)-d~y assaull on OM AHA

t4f,,,,,h unlll tile hher~l ion IlfCallmolll on 13 Jilly 1944. Fourth. Ihal an()llmalld ing lc~rorWQ.ld Warl.

M~j. Gen. Clarence R.l lue bner.(ommandcd Ihe d,VI ' MOD in thIS and lOu"-!uem b;ul~ unu l France and

BelgIum """'" h~l1:ued during World Wur II. Fifth ,,,,,I finally. th is i, lhe day 10 re'nember Ihal

wldio:r5 of t1e,l'lIJCrxy WtO battles for frccd<xn. Tky oflen give tlleir It,'c, in lhe foghl;n~ .

Ladies ~nd ~ntlcmcn . til» c()Ol(:ludes my lalk.

e~cept to Ih~T1k you for allending today '" ceremonIes He assu",d ~ou have my every Ilcst wish for lhe futu re.

The Innuene(' of Warfure in Colonial Americu

O n th(' OC\'clopment of British light Infantry

IJy Jack E. Owen, Jr.

TI,,' jill/",,-il/x "n" It· II "" e,I"",1 ",,,I "''''''x,~1 •· ... T~"''' '1 .. Im'Tr ~,"'e'tJI'"rI,' "'''''''''''Y//>/'{}rr /001

""."~I,·.' "" "I>pt'''''''' ",," I"Mi,,~m/.JJV. ''''' ''~11n/ "·,,d ... ;. "'!II' "~<I"r," (I ""I'." '1,/1,. ",iX'''''/ p"I"r 1m ... 1/'" M''''''II'''II Edi"" ,

Tt... Itghl mb .. ,')' ... "" " .. , .. pnoc.pal prod"'-1 " r ,he "lOI,lC nlOII< c h~nse , ," Eump.:~" n"hl~ry ,lIoughl ~nd loICU,. Ihal OlTU lfI-..J '" lhe l .. ne, h"lr or the clJ:h·

u'l'mh <'~m",y A rn'K" ' dul. mobile ., harp,houle' .lhe

,w'><ITlk I', hl '"f,,,'llY"'.I" " 'a" lhe prc,J,~..., .... " (If ,'''' n......x" ... L,y ",I<llcr Optr.olmJ: i",lq","d" "lly Of ~s

1"'" n. ~ .' "),jil j:roup On 110" 1);I(llet.d<l, the Ioghl mt"nll)' n),jll ,,"" "",,,,,,,",,sed 10 "UfC'~ Indi ... du~1

mn",lI VC ,,, cm"IK" ... ,1<1 he "'.l< Ir""ICJ h' c"",b,,,,, forqK ',,"cl WII h n~)'cnlCm "" lh. lid,l <If balllc. ' The de H lup"'ent ~nd app:ar~I"",,,r .... h.'lanl'al IIumbt·", ,,r

hghl lroop- m Eu"'1"oo'" .u11l1C>. ;/unng lhe 1~le e lSh­l«nlh <..,,,II,,y allered lhe lacl l<."01l b;;laOCt: (If land

.... ,,,I.lfe .mJ llIe nalure uf '~"'l,ai gnmg dunns lhe

N .. poleonlc Waf' I-Im"e"cr. ,,01 all of 1he mnUl'nce,

OIllhe l: ' Oh,l io" of lig:llt ill!'anll)' forcc, uril;",alcll 00

lhe Eurup:an conI l ... nt .

A """,he, (If h,sIOf,allS ha'.., p'""a,,,-.:Iy alSued Ihal the 'nlrooocllon o( EU1Opl:an ",,1,[3,), I«hoology.

argan'la llon. and tac IIC.' ,RIO COIIRlne, of the nOn·

We>lern ""dd P"'" In Ihe I .... "nlielh l'!nlUly drm'"

I""'" C ..... '" roc., 10 lIdopi I, u IUPI''' n """,,",,'r~1 " e. e.::o­n(HnlC,lInd c ullllml forms and ,"",lUll"".,> Len O("'n

n.:",a, ~ed upon. ho .. 'eve,. '"" lhe way' .n "hlCh E,,,.,. pean and Eumpcan-. lyle llllli!Jry ror<:c~. I .JCUC~ . and

mode_' "f ""'~,f,,re .... e re lbem","'''-' ,"f1ueoced and c .... n~ by lhe ireocounlc", w,lh non ·We<lern opp<>­... n1 ~ and cultu",",_

n." ~ ",cle "',11 forsl Mi<:ny rev;"w,he de • ..,1op­

menl nf Ioghl on fanll)' in F.Il'Of'" bofore 17SO II wif1

e xa mIne I he. mi ' i' s ry tee hnolol; y , lee h n"" """ ,,, ,0..1 insl;' Illlion~ofNooh Americanculunial wanarelhateVQlved

,n <1'lOpDIlK to Indian 13Clic:~ and m,,,hodsof wan~n:. II WIll then describe the cmel};encc or • unique and

20

d'M '!'ICIly Altlt'ncan lIghl ,nfanl')' ((Hm;Iuon- the r~nJ:' e.... Of'g;uli;re,J IO conduc, reconn:lLn aocr and rald",&

<>p<:r.l"on.deep ,,, cnemy lernKlf)'. Finally . II ... ,11 dr.lW SOme <'OfIClu~lOtl< aboul lhe innvena: of .... 'Idemt'~

.... ",r,"c"" IJm"h n"IIIal), "rl:"'''7 .. tl on. Im!",nG. mc· lie>, a"d oper~llon, ;01101 11." """"eenth cenlUI)' n,e a nK'1e ,.-,11 allempl 10 defo ... lhe c''''' ''lial Char.lClen,· IIC~ of I"" Itghl ,,,fanny ,,,,,,, ~nd 10 hlghllghl the org~·

nllallo",,1 rurce, and ",nUCOCfS wh",h """,aled 10

eltl'Ol>"'gc or obmuc l lbe a<Jo,~,oo (If hghl infanl')'

r("",~UOllS and laclie , in lhc H"', ~h Army of the 'me e'glOlten,h and ,'ally "illCI""mh CCmunr_ It .. "II abo

, usge'l a n ''''pollam COOr'ICClIDn belw""" lhe Am"h n1llila,y cApero~n(e In colon.al A"",,"ca and lhe devd­

"1''''''''' of hghl Infanl,), ,n the R"'II.h Army. '

Th~ lk· ... ·I .. 'm oe 'U or Light Infunl.y in ~:Ul'Opt

Ou"ng Ihe lI und led Yea,,' War ( IJJ7 '45\),

n",. b' y al I h~ b;'IIIc~ or C ' ~cy_ Poi"~f). nnd

Ag IIICOUfI. Ihe I"" soo" ' -armtd ,nfanlry''''''' de· ,hronetil h" "r""lfed k nlShllcuvnl ryman ", Ihe do", , ­na'" rOfC~ on I».nlc and_ al" " G wllh Ihe pikemun. ree<l ~bh shed lhe pl;macy nf ,,'f~nlry 11\ COmb;ol •

(),~r 'M ne~I Ihree ccnlUUtS, Ihe developmenl of

fo~",m' Ga "e fllrlher emphasi. and eemrahl y 10 Ihe comb,,1 fOle of ,nbnl,), . By Ihe cogbltt",h cenwlY. Ihe prednn"nam ,ac,ical plob lcm ' 01 a Europea .. ,,,my commander wa~ I he e ITccllve employmen, oflhe .'I ~n _

d3niln(anllY ,.'capon o f lhe day-lhe M,KH)lhborc .

fl,n,loc k ",u'~ ~I. ~ ,eMr:llIy i .. """ ... ah! fileann w"h a

~h nn range and a , low mle of fi re . Thi . wa, I>c:.,l achIeved by I illc~" banle formal ion,. which hfOUShll<)

bea. Ihe ,,0(» 1 wupon. and pI"d uced Ihe grealC , ' vo lume of fire .' Collilolled yolley fore <!clivercd by regu lar inf~"I')'men drawn up in p",c:i ,;c, shoulder-Ill­

sl>t.>uhlcr line formal ion' "'quil"" mic' d.sc iplilH! and "nque'lioning obedience from Ihe lroop' The aclions Of lhc r, ... k and file were rigidly rcgu lBlcd and Iho l' ooJ;hly conslraJn«l . The: r~crc,<;e of iniliau vr wa '

~t;ned_ These tactics, allhou,h widely employed, bc> -

came known ~s " Frederic ian" afl~f King Fredefl" k lhe Greal of J'n.I U '3 ( I 740-116). lhe I r f orc"""'* prXI i, ione r In lhe e lghlc ~nl h cenlUry."

The de,'e iopmenl of firearms; and lI,e "'OIUlion of F~"c,an t:OC:I1C1i ~lweOCOllQged tM employmenl of light .nfanny LA a mea"i"~ful b.:llli-efieid ro'e. AI_ thuugh lh~ SWI~S and Sp;l",,11 of lhe .;xteenlh century u~ 3rq""busoers 3IId n"'ilelec. ,~' adj"ncl members of rllei. pile (Ofll1,;1lioni, the f,m 1-:II.npc~n military

power 10 .ee"gnile the full po\en!lal of lLgllt inf''"t.y "''as Auiitna,l:.:Ltly in IIIe e,~hlUnlh century the AI"" I· an ~ emplo~ bands of ,m:gub • .sharp~hootc.~ a~alO!4 Ih~ Turks to pe.form OUlpoSI. ="'IOai"UII(:1.). and _ulily dUlle~ and 10 1"O' ....... ,li..., Infanlry f.om T Ut ki,"

ma.hmen 1'tw. fitS! la.ge-..... ,., appear.ollCe of Ilghl troop, In F .... <IP<' occurred durlOg Ihe Wm of Ih~ Ausman Succe~,iorl ( I 740-48).'

Bcglnnmg ,n 1710. lhe Bri,,~11 r:1I>ed mdepc:no.Icnt wmpanies of ScoUl.~h Hl ghlan<kn.. and by 1739 they orgu",~d thcse companlcs into lhe 43' RegIment of the h"" . whK:h laler became the 4~ Ro)'al Ulghlaoo_ CI1. Le~. he~vily armed and outfi" .. -d Ihan regular troops. Ihe Htghla"'lt:r ~ could move ~""my th.ough the rugged temlln "fScotland llIty were lhe fin.! hghl IOf3",'Y"~ ,n lhe Uti"'" A,my'

French Mur~h~1 Maurice de S,,,,e ... ," II ,lIong :odvuc:alC IIf employ'"g Jig'" infulllty as ~k ,"ni,he., ahe;ld of lane .nfunlty allack column,;.. """'P'~mg a. encmy fOtmauoo~ and pn:p:mnJ; I~ ... ay for the ,,. . ,ack ' In 1744 SaJle rn,.o;cd G.~"in·s LegIon, ... hich too"_,,ed o f 600 lighl tnfanlryrro;n and 300 Iaghl cav_

alry. The n"ush cnc:oume~ OI1l~~ln 's Legloo an FI~ndc.s In 1743 ~t Fo nlenoy. "'h~re Ih~t ""il ' ·;go.· ou~ly and ~ucC(ssfulIy dcf~no.Icd roogh \e1T~,n . waod,. and p,ep.;ared endmures ag;aan~1 Anlt..!, snacks. '"

In the5arne y~arthnl Grd~~," 'S I.eg,on w~, ro."",d. lhe Pru s.ian'Ot~anlud lhei' skirmishers InfO rompa· nitS ofJacgc".. F~nck lhe Grea. dId not fa vor IIglll It()()JIS. who~ IX li",,1 ~ IOployment of "over, conc~al

"""". and sharpshoot;"g '"'~s not "br~v~" by lhe king', slOIndard •. Fretkritk '"'lIS .]'" ~ ..... lte"",d about .he norioo of lIfm,ng &00 UlIl ntng 3 common sold,er 10-­n "",n J: OIhc nn on V-t~.gCl and kill off,ce"," ~nd nobles 00 lhe biltllt:field. The !'russian ruler beheved il W3lI <bn~~roln 10 enroufllge or d,recl 10""" class VIOlence aaa,nSl ~ny member Of lhc upper c l~~, evc" that of Ihe enemy. NeVt!nheless Frede.ick w~ forced .0 augment

21

h,s Jxgers dU'IOg lhe Seve" y~"",' Wllr to <kal '"' "h illCn:.as;ng numbe .. of Au,Ulan and French hght

t'oops, " TIoe J"",xnte Rebeilloo an So;(~latod 1174~ 41>1

forced .he Rnl,,J, Army '0 fighl len."''''''~ J""obll ( Highlandc .. in Ihen ,,"'n ,noun,olOoo_ 'e""oty Se,·­erd! of Ir.e Bm,-~h nffK:c" who -': f"'cd In ScOlland l~lc ,

(""ellt on Amenc~." lbanL. 10 III< EutlJflCdn "'" ao<1 ,\e"ciuprnen! of light IOfanlfy fmc",. III< IIm"h h.d .1

((na,n fu""liarilY ",,,I! Ihe emploY""" "t " f Iaghl ,nl.10· Iry IO 1-..uropea"·'tyle ... .u1a'c bel""" lhe .... ,h<ca~ "f the Fre llC h and I"'h,'" Waf 10 III< A".,,,~.IO <'IlI.>nIC' " A, the 811,,\11 ,"'(rI' 10 le~",. ho"·c'w. Ihe le",),,' "I' Europe!ln w~rfa.., " ·e'" nOl dn~-clly "pplK:~bk Iv IIShl' 109 an the Ame' lCan WIldt-nit" .

The Adapta lion of E"ro~~tl M ilil ary T,.."kli

In CoIoni;1l America

V'olc"c~ and WJr h"vl~ t",~n IWO of Ihe ""N perva ~ "'c pho.·""'no:na ,n An",,,can hi,tory 1\1",,, Ih"" one-rhnd of the 156 yc~" f'\Hn the fnund",~ of Jam(~town In I ttll7 10 !he (nd "rthe F",nch and I .iJ,.(l1

Waf in 1763 ... """,,,,d .... ~rf."e ... ",oc .. h(", tn tlk: c"lonic~" Wh,,., II " ~ka, Ih~t A".,.ot;an col" ... al m,' ''~ty or!:"n,rauo.\> ~,KI IlOClhod, 01 .... a.falc "'etC

p:m~rned pnm"" Iy on r:uropc~" ('-c. n .. ",h) "" h, ;II Y lhoughl . t""uc,., and lechn.llllC: .... n " equ .• lly cenaan Ih:H the un"lUCh(." o f!he An""",an "'UJU"". w"h a va,t upan;e of lcnilOty .nhab'ted hy U" du."v(. Ca­

p"bk. aoo cu llurally d,'./i"", Nat,,,,, Anocrican ~nemy. demano.lcd mod,flCahon, tu lhe Europe"" .n<xkl "

Eally Amcrican colon"" began lIghtIng !!><It,m, almosl 'mffil.'<li~!cly. and. ala IH>u!:h the >culet, " 'cre mllita, ily Inept ,",'hen ~"mp;ored 10 E"'vpean prol.". ~lOOab. ,utyival ,n the coIor''''s demanded th:ot c"c ry ~ukr devclnp ,uldtuing ., k,lh Indian laClic> ... e..: ba. .... '<l upon surpt 'se Mu""k and ambu,h As .<um,,,,,· "zed by Col Heno HouqU<.1 . ~ Sw,~~ n>ercenaty .. ,110 !oCrvcd WIth the 8nl,~h Army III A""'flca In Ihe (lud­

e'l:htccnlh c""'''' y. lhe Ind,an,' n""hod of f,s hllng "",", d,,'in;ui5-hcd by the f""tlhallhe y --'''''oond thelt .,~my . . lhey fighl ~a({ efcd. Jnd neve. in "compacl body . .. [and) lhe y ne, e . Mand the" g round ",toen alt",ked, but Innllwlalely II"''' way. 10 relurn IU the eha.",:·" The coloni"s gr:ldually began 10 "e~ l,u

thaI. in Illc tactical environmenl of lhe American fron­he •• lho: Ind,an. t~ the H", ,,h coloo'~I . "'"~, lhe m,lo_

cary "pmfe~~,on~I.··

Impon!lnC cu leu",1 COO'I ions ,n n ""need I ndOln IX­

IK5 o f warfne ~ga",\.1 111.\ colon,~cs . Nalj~ communi­ties mcaSur~'d n wamClr·S success II<JI only by hi s

bnovcry hili nl~ by /I" ability 10 """tt pnwners and

bolng chern home al,~ for;tdopllOn Of CAOCUIOlln. None

of ,he h."w:fics thaI European combatants .rought from W:l( lurilorcal ",,,,,n, i,, .. , ccono""c s~in. and plun·

ok roflhedeful<:d----nulranked lhe Sl:itureof I""I~ in lhe vjew 0( Indian warriors. Tne ~"'e f""l<lr$ lhac n\llde C"l'IIVCS ro cenl ral lu wa.f~re produced slrong 5-;UICIions again .. the 1(}l;5 of Indian hVI:$ in bailie. A

W3' paoly Ihal suffered t~n 3 f~", o.:awahoe:s; cou ld ~ u""cred Iu "'Ireal, boxaust c3SUallOd SIObvenal che g",,1 of replllCong the dead wnh c"l'li vc~. Effuns to min. mize f 313.l ilil:$ u ndc.lay "",..,,,,1 Indian 1aC11C! which eonce~ry F.u ..... s considerrd co ..... ardly I....,i.

fond""S'J for am""""'J; and surprise allacks. their un­wlllmg .... n 10 fighl when OUI"uonherOO. moo Iheiravuod­

;uccc of (ronlal assauh~ on hea'·oJy fonifoed placl:$ ." Cultu",1 diff".cnces ... ode. ho"~ve,. IIIe"",IIIe", reeOS· ni,etllhal lhe only way to defeal the Indians w.ts to

i>dopl similar c""rrilia u,clics whlk malnuining lho.:

III,hanu,~ of l""h""IOStenl su""norily chal fi rearm< prov,ded. "

For lheir part. many Indians <julCkly ""rcclyed tile

val"" of tnu.\kcts forOOih humingMod fighling. Despire cuIonial laws (Ofblddlng lhe tr.>de 0( _apon. 10 lhe

Ind,ans. Prercch. Dulch.llnd EnglIsh lraderscommonly

pursued Ihi~ commo.:fCI: ." My lhe early )·ears (If 11>1: eighreenlh cenlury. n1()!;1 Indian lri~, in culonlal

America ~ ac<jUlred lire:mns.- A lihough l""lr iItbIl· ily 10 n13inlaln and repai, weapons ... a.~ minuTlal and Ihelf capOlCicy to manuf""lure gunpowder al~1 non_ e~ll-lenl." lhe Indians box.lme rcaS0f\3bly prof.cienc

wilh fi=o,ms,u and they lCCm 10 ~ • .., been able 10

""'lu i ... ad~uale supplie.. of Knn. lind ammunilion from variQU~ EulOP"an alltes. Thus.IIIe inilial rechno·

1o&ical Wl"'noricy ofche colonii>l'> wa~ largely neuU";Il~ i7.e<i.

Be.cauoc Ihe colonl'l$ generally li'·cd and woned

in fi~oo local ions- farms. cabins. and blockllouse~ or fons- chelf military poUure fUlldatr"ll'nully involved

che def~n"., of >laIic p<">$llIonS 3&3in~ a mobile luxke. who C(lUld choose the lime ~nd pll>Ce of his as~uhs.

Every 'rolnled CIIbin nr fann WM a Ylllncnobic largel. Impossible 10 defend complelely a".u15I 5Urprise at-

22

lock Fores MOO blockhouses provided Wn'" ,"'uge for ...:ulers, bull""SI: werelOO few and f~, bel .... een lodeler Indian l3id~ erreclively, even when R.uriS<Jf1O!d hy

troops or mililia forces. Indian war par1ics nl()'·ed

swiflly.l-lruck une~p«ledly, enhanced che Impact of

lbel' operalions by using Icnifying ""'I.llily. and Ihc:n di<appeared inlQ lIIe fQfCSI before lhey could becoun­leral1acked. This Iype ofwnrfare successfully in"''''''i­liM .nuc:h I",ger forces of wloni~1 milllia PfCOCcu­

poell wllh defending their ~lIlemenlS." llIe colonlsls SOOn cnrcc lude<i chal it wa, ",:cI:>!olIry

Iu lake the flghc 10 lhe enemy '" It~ hean of Ihe w,kil:mess where 1115 v'Il~I.'eS. f",lds, and famIlies " ·Clc

Iocakd. To do so. che ",""lers h:!d to IIdd Mn uffenllv~

componenl 10 lhe" Indiull warfare """egy." Th" offensive compo"clIl was pursued aclively by lhe

Dnlish "'1l"lar croops who came 10 the colonl<" ,n Increa~ numbers in lhe mld-eighlecnlh cenlul)" 10 protect Drill sh settlers ngninM Ihe incu~ions .,f Ihe

Prercch and lheir Indian 1.1l~5. Ilow~\'t:r. che defeal of Maj. Gen. Edward BnotkIocl ~nd hj~ I.SOOtroopSallhe

Monongahela Ri~er in I'c"n~yl vallla on 9 June 17~~ by ~ small~r force of f "'nch. Canadian~. and Indians

madccle .... lhe difficulty of atlcmplinll en fighllndians inille w;ldefllC$J wilh European I~and Fmkcician 1:1(110.

The ~·""lICh and Canadian Milila~y .;Xper~n(f [n North America

The narllre o f wma", in NorIh Amenca changed

a> the Angln-!-'",nch conte~1 fordominBI1a: developed .

Hy lhe early elghlanlh ttnluf)' lhe populaloon of lhe

Bfllish colonies 0( O>nneclteUI. Massach"sen~. and New lIamp,hi", numhered abool eighl limes Ih31 of F"'Iw:h Canada. Given rhi~ Gross dl,panly of man· pnwe,. lhe French 51noregy In Nonh Arro::rica could

nc:ver~ man: Ihan a holdIng action. ",lying on Fran« 10 ~alvage matters wilh mihl&ry v;ccary in EurOpC nr

favOQble peaot: ''''gOliaIiOllS.'' Nonelheless. the Frercch. the Qonadi3nS. Mod lhei.

Indl:lllaUies coontetl many more men who were adept

31 fronlier warfare chan dId the Brilish colonists. AI 1e3Sl thronSh 1757. IllerefOf\:. the Frercch and Ihc:ir IndlarlS allies mainlained lhe upper hand in lhe spas_ mod;'; .... arfare of the Nonh American woodlands ·

The French wtte.lroaidcd hy Ihe amyal al Quebec in 1755 of Ge""nl Ludw'g AuguSi Dicsk .... a German

haron 'I' Fn:nch !iC1"'K:e. and 2,(J(X) Fn:nch n:cul;m-­FJ:lnce 's answcr lo lhe Rrad<klckc"pedilion." Oie,kau

h'Ki considerable uJlCncncc wilh irrel:ular warfare in

Europe. and he inSlarnly adopIcd C""nilla warfare IXt'C~ I ..... ""ere appropriate 10 A"",rica'~ f~sted

lerrain . W'th a force of 220 F~nch regulars. 600 Can:ldian m,lItlOl, and 700 Indians. DIe!.kau amhu.hcd 1,000 Britishcolon ,al m,I,Iiamen and Indian allies I'Ie.;Ir

Lake Gcurcc o n 8 September 17~5 . Tbc Brili~h colo­

m~l s were ,ouled. although Dleskau was also wounded

and C:lplured In ~" abuf1i~e fronlal aflack on the wlu"iab ' fUMIfied camp Inter that day ." Dlestau

dc:mor"lrJlcd that the French we.e cu mfurtable with the employ"",nl of woodland get"'S and ICChniq~ of

WlIIrl"a~, bul h'l biled aS$3ull ..,., the fon,fied camp eli'played Ihe dlffteull1u of imp".,in& u European slyle

of warl"are on Indians and coloo,aIIfOOJl>'. Faced with much larger Ih,h. h and American fOf"CCs. lhe French

were commilled. of rK:<..~.ity. to guerrilla wa,fun: in

NOfth Amenca . Tloc Fn:nch off teers , ... 110 ~rv<:d in Can:lda dunng

tM Frend, "no,) Indian War foulld Ihat Can3dian sol· d .. r~ were w,lhng to pcrf .... m mIlitary service ",td w.re , L,lle<! in ]ndtan metllocl> .... irregular WMfa.e. AI·

lhough courageous. the Can:ld,an< were undiKlpllned. Alonl: wllh Intl",,, ';>c tics. they had adopt.d ~h Ind,an att,tudes 10"'ard war as the notions thaI VlClory

Involved InfllCl ,nl: losses on !he enemy withoul suffer· Ing any in fl:lUrn and Ihal thecampaigntngloo!nwn was o.~, when an y \"lCtOl)'. how .... r insubstanhal, haoJ

been M:hiev<:d and honor sratir,w." 'The Canadian. fllllght well a< ~ k i.mi,hers and on raiding c~~dit ions

a~ain 'lthc AmerICan COlonists. but tllcy we,e a li.bil ·

Ity when incorpororcd lind "".im.lated d,rectly ;nlo regularlonc infanl ry units. Indttd. 81 thedccisi~ Saulc

uf Quebec on 13 Scpt~mber 1759. many Canadians wdtIcnly dcscncd lhe .. regular lone Infan"r units in the midst ur the baule . "They rellml 10 che nan~ing

.... oods. wiler" lhey joined other Can.wi.n militia and Ind,ans. leav,ns the French regulau on the b;tuleflCki In d,,,,,,l'lIy •

By 1760 the Ffl:nch had OIganiud Ihe Cnnadian

mil itia into .<;cpo>notc companteS 10 be IkployN as ~kirrmshcrs In front of the rcgulu ttOOpS. No longer

Irregular oItarpshOOIers rOliminll on lhe cdges of lhe battlefield. tIK: Canadians beea ... " lighl infantrymen

wholie errom """rc coordinated with and lUpponed

23

heaV)' infantry in the dec ,si ... auack. ConvenliOf\,l.I

discipline and irregular tactics were the,ehy combined

IU tr.vldorm the Canadian mililiaman from oil SCOUI and raide. 10 an Infantry soklier able to deal with a variety uf opponents and banlcficld .iluallons- Ihc

light Infantryman, Ily~ of sold'cr IIUll was JUSt being incorporated into European atml • . <."

The ~'ormatiun ~nd Employ nlent of American

RanguJ, and the British Army's Nnctiun

to Ir~~"lar Warfa rt in Nor1l1 Amnia DurinGlhc Ffl:nCh and Indian War. Ihe H .. IIsh III

Amenta .... eded ~ forccof uper",ncoo wood.men ~nd

marbmen capable of scouting lCrrilory. provid,ng

!i(Curity rOf fl:gular troops on lhe =h. antl fiGhling Ih. Ffl:nch, Canadians. and Indian' on thell Own Ie",,,

and wilh ,heir own Ixtics. 'The ~ ...,.;ceuful prOVIl1-

Clal force thall he Bntish rccnl1tcd for lhese PUrpoK~ wa~ Rogers' Rangen'. eommalldcd hy Maj Roben

Rogen of New Hamp. hifl:. "The Ffl:nch and Indian War was foughl In Nonh

America almost (nlln:ly in ,ugGed. heavily wooded terrain. Thi s g<:<>,I;raphy and the alll1.,,1 complete at>­

!iCnce of road. madt: cavalry u$tle . ..,;. t.bjOf Rogerund

h i, comp;>n ies of h :u-d-bit te n f ron! Ie r~men "'~u med t he esSC'nliul ,ni";""J uf '.connai" .... nce ~nd SCUllIOn\! rur the British Army. Tloc "",cd and mobilily or Rogcl'$' Rang.rs, lheir abilil y 10 Ii ... and <;>pCJ:lle Indr:pendently

in the woods, ~nd their knowlcdgeoflndlan tactlC~ and habits enabled lhem to become the "cyes and C3~" or lhe Brilish Army."

A ~ondary n1l ... ,ion or Rogers' Knngcrs waS 10

condllCt raids againSllhee .... my Rogen 3ggfl:.'-iivdy canicd ~ war 10theFn:nch and Indian rOfCCScSe.ep In

thei r own territory In an er.! In which active warfare was limiled almost e .~lusively to w~rm·~alher

months. Rogers' Rangers fOtlghl year ra.md. Their moSlIl:marl<able uploit w3!Otheir rdid in 1759 on Sl

Francis, an Indian "illag. on 1M: S, . L"wrcnce Kiv .... 'The St. Franci. [ndW1i .... :rt: inlrnscly loyal 10 the

Fn:nch. In countlel.. atgek~ on British colon;<1$. (hey had killed and tunure<! hundred .• of m~n. women. a'lI.l chIldren. Rogers had long duired to .sInke a blow

againul"" Indians' rnain village, alld Maj . Gen . Jd­fll:Y AmllCrsl. H", British Army commander, appro"ed such. raid in the fan of I 759. After moving I,W miles

by boat and fOOl IhrUIIl:h unchal1cd w;lde~'i!< In

cold Oclobo" "''':0,1"", l{og~ .. and ~ppr<)' Im:"dy 14()

r~nb"'" """'I:."r"Uy ~AecU,ed a ,urpro"., aU:lCk "" lhe v.llage. kilhng al 1e;u1 200 IntI;"n<. incl"","g women and ch,ldn:n. :1, ,ho: ~~I of ""Iy 1 rang~rs "vun<lcU.

A, chance w""ld " ,,'e ". a pan}' of sc"eml hun­dn:tI F",,,eh and lodlan~ was IOC:oloo abou, rom mlle~

aw~y llear :lnOdlCr Indian )Cllle"'''Rt. :utd Ih'5 rort~

"nmed,a.ely beg~n a pur»,,1 of lI.ogers· Rangcf'J. As

."" I1Ingen; reWmt,tI "'~ Ilh . ,ltey had no time for hunl. In~. ,,00 hall., for "',. wer,: few The "",n heeamc phy~;"'ally d"h,IoMed from lack of food and from

coo"3111 CApos"'. 10 fm:(ItI& m.n and cold nonh WindS. On Ike Ivng 'n:k In fr "',"'Iy lermO<)'. forly.nino.: ';"'g"r~ ",e,,, killed or c~p,urcd by Ihe F<tIICh and lod.ans or " .. ,," ,d'l behind ... Ilen lhey COIlld no I'Nlge, ~c<'[, up. N.,.,.,lhele,<. lhe rdid of Rur;c .. • l{angcr~ on lhe !lillian "'lIa~ a' SI Fr..""" ,,'a, a bold offen,,,',' ,troke th~1 ",a, w"ldy h~Iled by the ,olon;,'~ ", New Engl',,"' . It w .. , a s;gn;r.1 'I,) the Frc""h and lhoc" Ind.an alhcs ,bat no ... her~ could ,hey consider Iltem­

... heJ "'fe. ant.I il dc,non."raled both a M'" 3J;J;r<:s­

."·C<lC~' by lhe AII,i.,h colonl>lJ and a ,,"&,,,r,,,am dep'"lurc rro", Ih,," prev.ouJly tlden,i "C Indmn war· fare loIrarcgy ."

Smi,h ",iliID'Y leade .. , .e,,·ed lhe ,~ ill, and lac ·

IK. or Rogcr.,' l{angers :15 .so "ell ",ilre 10 (ron"e,

combal Ihal Ihey asked R0l:c •. < 10 ,,'rue down h" rul"" ~nd ,aclie,,1 pri"ciple' (or lhe use and training "r A, ilish

h,hl infa"I') fnn:H on America. Ruger>- rc<ponded ","h ... hal =y well ""~~ I:rt.,cn lhe fim rT\;Inual of warfare wrmen in lhe New World." Roser" R,,/,so, I'll", o/lJiJClplme i. " TC,,"',kable har.dbook of itTCg"-131 warfate U:ch"'quc..'. mIIny of "'hieh bc.or a .\Irikon, fI:)e",bL~nco:: In modem ~mall unil '''''loc,.'' II IS;>ppar'

e nl (rom ,IlLS documenl Iha, Rose" tr.ad a clear and .mun;~ undcr~la."'ing o( SUCCUJfui lighl i"r~ntry and i.rcl:"la< warfare opcr.uions. RcllLli ly okrivable from

lhe Hul .... or PI"" of Ducip!innre cemin or lhe '"0J''' ch3r¥leriSlQ or lighl onfamry: mQbil;ly ~nd speed 10. frum. a!KI on Ihe batllefield; a heavy rehance on Jmall­Llnilleadership:w;l ind;vidual inilial;~e: stn:sson mart ,­

nun !-hip and lhe llbil ily 10 bring ac:<:u ratc file qu ocUy 10 bear on an """my: the uSC of cover aro:l concnlmenl.

wi, h a" emphasi, on .urprising lite e"" my and ~ voiding being wrprb"d ; Bnd a sleadily e~p~nding baulefield role, evol~I"i from Jkirmishi"i ;mel Ike derense of regular fortes 10 ofTenslv.! roles. indudint .-aidong.

24

r~'Connaln3nce.llnoJ JlYrsui, mi~<.on~.

In lhe mtd-e i,hlccnth cenlul)'. oowe,·et. lhe B, il­

.~h. Ioke",""r E"fOJlCans, _rc ;ooxu!>lomed 11.1 v"'w lhe loCh. onfamry'5 v;due u I;",il~'llin <kimllsh.ns . .scOUI­

"18. and =urily in support oftmc on(aml)' form~t.o") C ve n lIuri n I: "nd nftcr ,,~ Nonh Ame ric an e. pc ric nce ,n Iloe F,eoch:w;llodian War . lhe B"h~h Armyonly very

,.-ad"~lIy bl'gatllO realoa"' Illal hghl' r00p5 miSln alw have a dlstl ncl offensi,e f""",.on on Ihe ballkr.ekl ' · Whilc ,he Ihih~h learned ~erla;n Ic,son' from Bra<lOOck' ~ d.:fe~1 and from lhe SlICCcs.<C.' of Rogers '

R:<ng""''' Ihry nelllte • ..,.Joccd lhe" emph.u.s on ngid d,,;c:,phne nor aoono.k.>t ... 'll 'egular lone: of 001110; IO"'Ii<""

eV~n in Ihe A"'c:"'~n backw"",,", Thcy '~lapled an'-' ntodlftc<l'heir m;hl,,'y l""Ii<". and le<hnl'lUc.s 10 lhe Fn:nch and Indl;m e""my and In lhe r""'-Sled ierT3.In.

hu, Ih. s response 10 the un'queness of ... arfan: in America conSIOWlc'{l nel,her.hoc Brnish Army" con­

"~""'n 10 llghl IIIf~nlry laclieS nOf an acCepia""c of InI~l"'ndem a,cllon on lhe oolllcr",ld by small J:n>Up>

of .soldiers. Indeed. at lhe tnd of lhe Fn:och and IndilUl

War.n 1763. the Arillsh dra$1tully rcduct.'{1 lhe" Itghl infunlty formahons. From th~ postw, .. Anlh-h poinl of

,;., .... Ihis nL:t<k em.nen, ":tl"' . A(ler all. lhe war III

Nonh A ..... ric.11lId rinally ~n de<;.<le<1 by ad;uh of

"'~ular Frt:nr:h and Brillsh Army u"ilS OOlite Plains of

Ahraham. nOi by ran&ers '" Ioghl onfan,l)' This n:in· for,~d lhe c,--",,"cllttonal Europu" vie ... IIf lighl Infan ­

Iry ~s wpp"'IIng lroops only. ;"""p"hle of producing ~ tk:<:.~;,·c m. lil:ll)' oulrorttC:. a.rollsh m;lolary \caoderl;

cOIJ ld thus conclude Ihal lhe Europeans had corne 10

Alnerica ",Id i"'po",d Ihc" ~ind of warfare on lIIe

... ildctneS!i." Arter 'hr TrUly of P.d"~ lite Bnlish hardly cnv,_

,1OtlCd IMI lkei. I'"",," would soon again he righuoS asain)1 irregular. guerrilla run:cs ,n a colonoal wllde,­""u. Inslead they foculi<:d lhe" alieni ion a,wl • .-aonlng

on lite" fTIO!>I lt~cJy and Il'IOM lhrealcning f~. another European army commilted 10 Frcdeocian Wl\rfwcaod Ii"" of ballic 111<:1;"'_. Nevcnhcless o~. lhe COIJrsc of

tke neXI decade, wilh ... ar once aG~in loon""l! in Nonh America. Maj , Cen. Willi.,n Howe allemproolO re­

create lhe Bril ish Ii IIhl ",famt)' f (>tt:Q ",' hich had KI""ed in America during lhe French ami Ind ian War. Briltsh li ghl infanlry. dragoons. and hght c~vall)' ~ppeared 11\

e~er-~Ier n"mhers durinl: lhe (>OUr", of the War of

American Indo:pcn<lcnce

A""!lIG Ih~ BIIII,h h~h' ,rooJ" whic h c,cellc.t '"

"'"E"I, .. r,gh';n~ dUllng , h~, w~r "'~ I~ ,he Vu" .:n', Hangcr., r~,..ed ,n 1776 loy II".", <>4her 'han ~1JJOf

R"I:~"'. h~h"nS m doe """ h .. "n col"",c .• un<lc. ltoe "o""n,,,,d of Col. John SmlCoc. Ihe V""ell ' _. R"nge"

~:"""" "repu,,,,iOll as one of Ihe 1110>1 cfr"';enl figl" ill': unll~oo,c"he, ,,,I.:<luII II1: . he i"""l'<"n<lcoc( >!ruggle ..

n...- He.' .""" -"",,SCI< • .'ll1OI""r I;ghl onfan"y fOflna"011

~",nS ... "h lhe B"".h A1"'y '" A"I<:'II;". prod",~d an ""P''''''''' (UIUre e xponen! of IIghl ",f",,,<), d''''''''1<: Cal~ J"h,"'n "I'" Ew"ld ><,"(0.1 a~ a -"",,SC, " ffl<'"

. hrou!;""'" .he W," "f )' .. ",ricall Il\dt pcndo:",,~ , " p",I,r I< l· .... nlllO!lIldlor on lhal "'d' and "" ,be ' oc' ;';< he oII",rvc,' lhere, Ewald <aW h,.' 17')0 hoo~ <~, h ~ ln

lo fan"y "" ".I~.cd "",, Engli.h In 18113 ;0, 11 .,.,~"",,, .

Up'''' ,/ ... Dm"" "1 u}.'1d T",,'f" Thai book " '(>111.1 "glllrl<an. '~ i"Ouc",,~ Un",h h ghl,"f,uII<)' "'.o,",n): In

It>.: N"I,,)~~w,ic W'If<" Ovcrd ll . howc<.-cr. " Ghl In(an l.y fore." CO"'WIII"<1

only a m' lMIf pa,1 or lhe 8.ill'" .", I" dry clTo" '" II .. · W:u- of AI11o.'IICdn [ndcP"ntk:ncc CO!lC(mr.llmg 011 an

df"" lofore( a g(II(' dl(ngdgc"",,,, " '"h Wa'J,,"~,on',

malll " lilly. " 'hieh Ihe Amcllcan CO,"",:",<I", "'I"'J!'

e<:!ly a' oo\kd , R". " h milnary !eM" "",'C' ""P'''' Vl .... -d ,u(frne ml y 10 o,'c ln "'"" ""'" of lhe ,m.'n"h> of

• he .. A"""'K'an 0PllO>,,,on- lt..: IfIl:J:ula. tIodIC.' 0 ' A """"C ~n m~r~,'''I<:II ",110", hghl ,n' dlltry 'JC!"", , I,, · pcr . ...,d alMl ind" 'lduah sIIC, pre<"cllle,1 "' ~uIJ' 'nlantry ope,allng III I, ,,,, r","","on, f",m clk'Cllvc!y enga):,ng

or der~aung ,hem."

Nunclhekss , by ,he IIf"" II",y .clIIllIed from lh" =011(1 major Arnerl(an conO,c l. '''any Br;lI~h o ff" . en. includmg """h hl ,h .rJII~ing k.,_. 3. Maj IXn

Charb ComwaU ... 1Iad Iltto"", firmly PC:NI:IdOO o f

It..: v~lue of acrul'Jle, ,nlelhgen"y aPflhed firepo"-." on lhe halllcf,cld and Ihe use/ulnc_" of tighl 'roup~."

Whik-r~nc ;an IIIeI ,e) h:KIIO'lI muc h allure fo< IhtJ!<

nfflC<:1> " 'ho hold npo:r",'occd Im'~ular warb ... , ..

A""'nc:~, lhe chang'"!: ' .... lIcal phllmophio of ,toe~ orr",e~ won lillIe af'1l!ov~ 1 from Ih<)!.e of It..:i, ~ol ·

ka&u~s ",ho had nO!!oC<.' '' 'imilar service ,n Amcrica Thus. lhe 1l';lio;l! Arm{$ mode.<! .aclinl innovaliOll' dUrln,dIe Wat of AtTlI::,iQn Indcpc:1llk1K'<' again ga\'C

..... y ,1> .he lime·hofIored <lrill and dOlo/: fOfmal,o". of lhe hne illfantrym;m. ","h ch."ge slymie<:! by 'he B.lUsh Army's in~ilulional commll mcnl.O 'he. lrad"

.i ..... 1 Europe;m w.y o f "~"."

25

G.·".' r"II)",·id Uund3s lind ,ho" Ruin tlnd Itrllu lali(ms for Ih~ Hri .i, h Army

AI lbe beglllning ,,( Ibe 1791),.,.he R ... ",h ,'''ny

lach'd ~ . Iand",,[,,-<,d ,lrill ,mnuJI " " ,he e ,~" ,.'" ", II , fOOl IrOOp .• , and ,1< ,eg"""'''' .I,d om pr"",,"e hJllle

lacll<' and mO"e,,"'m' '" 'Illy unifO<IM fa>h,on , Th~ R",i ,h A, my"' ,"",onlf'C'eocc '" ICMl k <lrill ( .... 1.1 he

" "",,--d ,n pan '0 ," ~dmpa'g",ng , ~, til<: AIT"'fle~n

~'lIIl1nc,,1 h.",", • ..:n 1 7~(, "nd 17K,l III A"",,,.',,. tI .... "'t"'''''li' Itdd le,II"ed '" r.~hl "''' "\r.· ." e",,~,,)"y· ,KJ,:"'l1h k w OJ"''' flck1- "P"'" ,""'''II~' ""11 hille .. -~val'y ' " an,llery The", ",oJIlIIW" n .. · ''''' .o~,·'' ,II<.'

deploy""'''' of R", ,,II I "~'I" In 101'''', "P<'" ""k", In pl",,~ ()) Ihe 11,,,111,,,,,,,1 Ihr~~· d,:c~ T""'f h,,., , R",,,), " rr,,'c" III AII"'r ... ~ ;.JOpl,·" a f","~",on " I ,,,,' ) I"" r~n ~ ' M ~J IXn Ib'c,c;.·ocrdISII)I);",od l)uIl/,l.o'dnd

,,,her HI """ ",illla.y . radll.onJh", ,·.~,,·ludo;d. a, ,"") f",,"'ed .he" ",h'IIltoo (III B"'~III " ,,~ . I "" lil ,lfY "pro

''''111 .• he ~r"'y III 1I ~""lult"n~ry h~(l<:e . 111,,1 ",,'h

h.lI1lcf,cld, In. U""I." .. ,-·, oa~~crdh,oJ I h~ "JI"c' ~ h~hl

",fan.ry "

[),"Ill'" dn~ly7\.'\I "hdl "" I~'II<:"(<I 10 bt: ,'''' Jc. I~,,, <lr flrlli,h ",f:rntry ,."J ,1.:_cl"flCd:r ~(""p",h",, .

.<I 'e 'Y"C"" ", d.ill:.11/,1 III~"""\'C" '" " ,','",,,,,,,, lhem. H~ b;r",d h" ~y'II'''' on F~rK',an I"i""iple< de

,,~nt:d for a '-lyk: '" w:"'",,, .hd' A""''''''3 h:MI ..... .-c • _,« n . • he d,,_,), IIf C' ca! ,IT""e' n l 1)' II"ly dill led 1II1~"·

I,y . ca _"lry, and a,,,lk,y on ,'''' pld"" of "".1""", F.u,OJ'" 0undJ.,· 'y..rcm .... d' i""'<M'J'IOI"~led III Ih" R,,/.·, ",,,I 1f"Il" /"''''''.'I''' ,1", f'm'ulli" .... Fi,M 10 .. -,·,,-, ..... ,. ",," 1'01",','''''''''' <1 //" MII)e,''' ' , P"r,..·, ",ucd ,n 1792, Warmly recc",'ed It)' "':lny IIn,,,1I "" Id,c" and

ml"lary IhL ..... ,,',. ltoe N,,'~. ",," R"t:u/" .. "..,. proY .. k.~1 ,he I)III"h Army " ';111 utllform oolt k 1:OClic •• hal wOllld

~nablc II, reg"' ''' '''' 10 COITk' 'oselhcl :lnd :ocl 10 "''''',,' w"I".",1 <li(ficully. lio wI:vcr, III<: N"I<',<. """ NCII"/" li,,"s did d",,,· ",mc Cnllc"lII , CuI ( 1~ler Gc"""d S,,)

John Moore " nd ,,"veral OIher "'", ... B"".h ,\ " ny omc"", ( .pre~~d re.;erval1"", about lhe n::d ..... (d 10k

anllclp;tlcd ror lhe lighl ",f,m" y"':'o."

Ge ... rdl Moo~ a nd 'M Lighl '''(;on''y Tralnl nc Camp a l Shomcllfft

The Fr(nch Revolulion of 1789 prOOI>C<.-d a nallon

'" 3rm;. Wilh """ ses o f eager, l'alrilH lC lecru; ... Sine<: "",h soldoen were IIOl ea,;ly iId.lprco.llOlll<:disclplll\C,I,

c lo;.e.onle. formal oonsofFre<lcnc: oan hoclics. lhe rem·

I UI lonary arl11 ie ~ abanduned Ille disci!,li lied dr; II of I; ne

or colu mn and brokc ;tIIll ~wa.m' of aU:>ekmg skir­",;"her~ ,,110 would fife and mo~ independenlly or in

~m:l1I glOOps. Such 1000ics ""fUin:d lillie lralning and

could hamess lhe in ilia1i~e and zeal of the IndIvidual

re"olu1 ionary soldi",. R."cause banle npUH."nce soon dctT"-'I"ll'!Jtcd thnl horde ~1I:>ek, Were ha~ 10 conlrot

ho ... cve •• lhe French ~h lflcd 10 II flexible comb,nal;on of linear (QfI1'I;ItI005. 3110Ck column). and ~k ;.mi!hing.

Ca~fully tr.unro light Ir~ Ih,,~ became an Impor­

lanl p.l" of lhe Freoch R~l'uhlican Army," '""' sue· ce~J;CJ( "r Nnpoleon Honapa~' s campaigns, and pa" licularly 'he superb perl'or"",,,"c ofFu"lCh IIghll<OOP~ In bailie, led Lord Cornwallis," 179810 ob",rvc I" A"hur Wel~sky. lalcr the Duke of WclhnglOn. ~­

garding lhe ~lalC of ,he HfllI~h i\mW ''The )y)ICm of

Oav,,1 I)""da. and lhe 100al wanl of hghl infanlry "I II<.-a,'y on my mind .""

In ""span"" 10 IlICh COflCC,"S. lhe HfIIU;h Army In

I SlXkreal;:t1a1l F"'~flmcn'al Klfle COfJ!S l"IIr folio,," Illg year lhe corps rcorg.tnlud a) lhe 9S" Re8imclll . The men o( Ihe 95'" wo'c green ullIforn\S With dark bullon. fu. belle. concea lmelll and, ;nSle;ld nf lhe " Hrown Ikss" smooth~ mu.ket. lilcy clImed lhe

Bater nflc." n.e Bue. "ne ... 3S h3flkr 10 100II 'han lhe mtlskel. all(! il noxded frequenl c~anmll . HO'NC~Cf,

lIS "n..'<l bar",1 gave II a rusonably l\crurJ!e range of 300 y~rds, ~nd (his in<:~aJ~d "mge Ca,'c (het}~. g~31~r

freedom and flexibilllY i" ~klfl",.hlng ~nd in lhe u­

«ulion of lithl infantry lXlics!' In 1803 Bntlsh mllilary ka.dml ordcn:d It." 43' and

52" K~glmenls, alonl "';lh the 9S", In Sllomchff~. Kenl, for formal I",inllll a~ hghl inf.tnlry, Gene",1 Moore, ... ho had gai ned considerable lis h! inf""lIy

...... ""."'~ in lhe i\menus, C"",ica, and lIeland, was appoonled their commander For lhe neAl Ihree YUts, Moo« lrained lhe.c ",g;menlS under rigorous. war_

lime co"llili"" •. Wh,le providing lacl;c,,1 lIaining 10 Ihe.", l<OOps, Moore emphasi,.cd Ihal III<.-y musl be 1","lcd prop.:rly .'" He ~~hzed Ihal lit hl infanlry sol_

die"" "nh~e lmops o f 1he line, had In be eapllble of acung Independent I y. MflC>I1." WIshed 10 cnoour.ogc.a1her

lha"cru~h lhe ingenulIY and individu.alilyofhis t<oops. Hc belie~d men should obey orders and fllhl n'" (or fear of puni,hmclll. bUI In ",sponse 10 more p""ilive motiVMI;OIII1. A soldier's reg;mcnhhould he hI S (.tnlily,

whe.e he cou ld expect boIh discipline and klndness"

26

i\l Shomcliffe OfficcrlIl",,,lcd lhe" men wllh ""Sp«I, l,nd Ihi, "".","'''' engendered a reCIprocal Iru ,1 and ohc(];ence from the soldiers.

Whi~ crcalln, an Mln"",pl>crc of dISCIplIned IC3m·

woO; ;unong hi. otT!<XrlI and mCIl, Moore Ir:oinro lhem IhorouShly ill b:mJe skIlls. ~ Uc emphasized ,he cnm_

hil131 ;on of (jrepo"'er and movell1"nl on Ihe b"" lcfleld

and III<.- eAerclse of IndIvidual ini.i31; ve by all mnks. lle also SlrcS!ied markmJa",hlp, along Wllh lhe use of I\;Itllf:ol C<,>yc. ~nd lerf:llll for conculmenl MOOfl: III'

,'illeU lhe p"ncl pJe., of alenncss and lhoc a~oldance of 'IIrpfl~ '" ~'ery "",n', ",,,K!, liS he prepared h"

"'R,men" 10 1I,,<lclI:l1e ,kirn",hlllll, ",connai" """c, alld other lillhl Inf>nlry ml>>lOII' ," M"",'e' S e"lhu,, · asm (or Ii,hl ",(anny " .... , lempered by hi. acc:cp1"~ of (he con1empor~ry ulKkn.(and;nlllh:1I Ii"", Infanlry

... ould conllnue II> be lhe pr~-do""nall1 force m bailie .. Con~u~1II1y. Mllon:: ~ho Ir:llned hIS IIghl inr""lry , m.:n 10 be fully up.lble of serving a.I,,,,, ;Ilfamry Iflhe

\IIu.mOll 50 dem.:mdcd.

British U ghl Infanlry a l War on Ihe Conl,,,,,n! Hy tH09, as Ihe Peninc;ular Wur ugainsl Napoleon

In SP:lIn and POllu!:,,1 J:'Ilhcred momentum. lhe. Bril;,11

A.my h ..... r", lhe flrsl lime III lIS h,slory. " numher of pc:rm;a"",nlly eSI3blnhcd Irghl ,,,(alllry "'-glmenu Ihal

hoo been properly d.illed an(! eqUIpped. Geno:r..1 Moore', 4)', S2', nnd <).~. KeglmenlS. formed into lhe

Lighl BriSade, ""rved there in lhe Duke ofWdlinglon' S

fOrces. The IIghl reglmenl.! acq,,,"ed lhemsel"es ",ell

In nu merous ent~I.'" r""nt~ ;wd S(NnI' of lheir ball~ I """ proved lobe ""1001 lhe fmesl everc realed 8ri(l~h "1111 mfanlry forces played a crucial rok.- ;n III<.- baulefield acllonS lhal secured Wellinglon an almosl unbrv~en

serics of victor"", n~r lhe French :umy 011 100 lheoan

peninsub.'" TlIe value o( lhe Ii",. infanlrym:m 10 boIh lhe

Unmh an(! lhe F.ench dunng lhe Napokorllc Wars

;1I"~lmle~ Ihal GcnerJI Dundft~ IIndr:re~"maled lhe"

pOIenl;al in 3 F..u'''I'''''1l wor. Dundas' faully "SIoC~" menl '"l'I""""'ll y dertved. 31 IC3>1 in I"'", (rom h'$ incompicle u ndeflllllnding of European 'WV" ploy and agricultural praclJ«S. M051 o f hi, IICI;~ mIll1M)' $Cr­vice had occurred in n.mhc", Germany, ... here lhe

open (oonlry~idc "'::O.~ pcrfeclly suiled for Frederkian IaCli<:s and drill. Hut lklgium. where lhe Hnush and

lhei. allies en~ and decis,vely de(e.;lI1ed N3IJ01eon.

... as ch3laclerilcd by .mall fields enclO1oed by hedges

and dilches. doUed ... ilh orehard! and slands o f 1n.'4:$. alld Irayersed by n;urn .... feoa:d lann. Jlel'/: iOfanlry

could not ea"ly deploy 10 a ~glliar 1,,><: of Nnle. and cav.lry could 1101 form (or lhe t hllge. Dundas failed 10

appreciale ho ... much the "'", Ilcn"..,. p<»ed by lhi: tcrnln In..orne pan. of Europe I'/:JCmbkd those whkh

the 6""sh had C' l"'rienced in A""'''ca ..... 1M Duke of WellIn g Ion 's m,lu3tY genius enabled

h""tod,,,w the beSt from hoth Durlllasand Moore. Nu

ge""'1I1 bell~r appreclaled Ihe ~Ir(nglh arlll firepower of lII"Ic ,nfantry. arlll no one uloCd I~ clolabloshed

forces 10 bell~' effeet. L,kew,se no &cncl1l1 employed

a h'gher proporl":m of lighl infanlfy_s high ;u 20 percenl uf;1 d,¥,s,on--lo proIeel his lone mf;ll\try "00. .... ""n needed. 10"" .... ..,. hne mfantry funclion as ... ell ."

C"""'quently.I1" ool .urpri.ing Ihl Welli "glun pc>­,"1OOCd lho,: e~pe~nced. b.a1l1c·hardcned .52" Regi. "",nl ne:U-lhec.::nteroflhe NlIle I,neat Wate.looon Ille

evening of 18 June 181 S. " .... ·lillng lhe unll~ugh! o f NapoleO<!', fineSlII"<lOpS. Ihc.lmperial Gua.d. As lhe

French 'nfanlrymen marched up Ille hill and eng"~"d lhe Bru ,~h f-"il">1 Guards, lhoc d~'Cisi,'4: morrem of lhe baltic .... ·as al h:lnd

Stationed 10 the "ghl of lhe Fi~1 Guards W;U!he

52' . co'nmanded by Cui. Jolon Colbofne (Imc r Lord Sealon). Colborne had .se",·ed In ,he. ori,IOal Lighl Bnga<ic and been one of Sir John Moore' , f,nesl pu .

pil •. ,. As~ ... "ng the SlIual",n ill lhe a~nce uf orrk.s

from the Du~e uf Wclhn~lon Of any oIhe. SUp""0f offICer. Cothome on hl ~ Own ;n;tI~uve moved lhe 52"

forw~rd uo>dcl" hca~y ftre . He Ihen wheeled his "'Ill · .... nlIO lhe ~fl In perf«1 fOfmil11OO :10 that II faced lhe. na"k ... flhe Impenal Goard. With a w~II·~imed ~olle).

lhe ",.rksmen of lhe ~ 2' "lIJ::lered Napoleon's "Im­monals." who faltcm!. brol.~. iOnd ned;u lhe men of the ~2" advanced.'" RealiZing that Ihe crucial moment

of the baule .... ·as upoo him. lhe J.)uk~ of Welling!on

ordered ocVC:l101 other relln>enU fUN';ud 00 the. flanks of the S2" In a final IIdvance. 1lte French :u-my dis­.",1 ,·cd. and tM Bauk: of Wale.loo was won.

"The prt .. .im:l1c key 10 Wellinglon·s VICIOf)' 'N3S!M 52". Th,s lighl inf.nlry ~g""enl had formed for bailie

and had Mood slCadfa.o;tly under enemy ft~ for hours ""Ill lhe diSO;:Iphlleof a line: Infanlry ~glmcnl Yel3tlM cril;",,1 mo"",nt of lhe. engagemenl. true 10 ,t<; liGht

tnfamry I"'ining and spi . it. !he S2" oe,zcd tM imlialive

27

and allac:ked w ilh resolv~ 10 vanquish somc of lhe.

finesl Ironps ... f France .• ~ acli""s of the .12' at W acrfloo nplurc: the UK nee uf hlhl in rani ry IX Iks­

in.kpen<knce uf IhouShl and action. mark$m:lMh,p.

and thecombinalion offirepowe. and movc"""nt on 1M NulcflCld 10 ~1.II"pfiK. perplc~. and dcfcallM enem y llto::;.c elo.rrenl$ form a llIC1ical phIlosophy wilh endu.­

Ing value.

British Inra ntr y in tM Ninetee nth Cent ury

The L1ghtl"ra n lry ugacy

Afler!he Ibuleo f Walerloo the nlneleenthcentury 8ftl"h Army wa$, willt lhe: uccl'''on of ,he Cn"",an

Wa,. b ,gcly eopged In fighting colon",) wan around lhe: Ilobe agaInst ad~er.;3.i~ not gIven to t .. .-litional. F .... opean-Iolyle warfare Many of the military ~k olb

nece~l'IIry lodefeal .loch enemIes were I~customar­

Ily ;K"""",ed wllh 1M hghl ",fanlrym.1R mobflllY. surprise. mark.lm~n,hip. and the ~..,mbat of ,,,,.11. Independenl unns. As a result. the: rol"" oflighl;md Ime

tnfanlry in the: Dnmh A.my be,an 10 mckl and blu. A. i ncrea",d fi repower on 1 he hallief oeld maclc F re<krie IJ n

1ac:I1C~ prooibiti"ely coMly in Itnru ofhu" ... n lives. th(, n,neteenth cenlury Dn"~h infamryman evol _"ed "'10 a

""Idler whose .hlls. Irllnmg, and tactICS were in many .... ~y. remlnlS("enl or hi. lighl mfantry forebears.

The light infantry IcgacyixqUC;llhedl0loo Snmh infanlrym"n of lhe n .... eleemh ce,,,nry wa$ Ihe I'mduCI

of yea ... or gradual;md wm'''lrres grudgtnl: develop­rren!. The 8m;'h Army evolvc:d la.gely In ' "",ponS(" 10

lhe enemIes II had IU fighl and Ihe combal c"cum· S1allCC$11 ellCoum~",d. NottwOl"lhy amung the Bflll,h

Army', f.".mati"e e~pc ... cnccs w.u the im:gular ... ;u.

fare il obscr.cd dunn! th~ French and It"'ian War In America. where Rogers' Ran~". a Brlll sh <:olol'lIal fon:e .• nd Amencan Indian fOlUSr.uppol1lng Ih(, French

bolh exposed lhe Bnll~h Iu Ihe sorrelilllCll harsh Ie .• · sons of ul'1COnvc:nlional lighl in fanlry "'Mrfan: . AI .

thou,h lhe: Dnmh Army only gntdU"lty applied 10 liS European fighling IIIe I~sons il hl>CJ kamed m II)

Amencan connkts. mlhlary hislOrian J F C. Fullcl

tol 11 righl .... hen he observed Ihal lhe Brili~h hlhl infanlry '''''is bon, ;n lhe backwoodsof America .landl it s sire .nd dam were lhe Red ski n and the

backwood''''M,'- The """'tiges of lhal American Cn­loni al ... arf= ,ntlucnce ... ere slill evident in lhe Drlllsh ;nfanlryman more tlLan I century IBltr.

NOTE.'!

I . John Ch,lds,A""irstmd Waifa"ia £"ropr. /648-17/N (Mancllester. England, 1982). p. 116. 2. Oavid B. Rablon, Imponing 1M £..rop#:lIn A,m,: Tht ImfO(/ucri"" of I:."u~n Mililary T«/rniqlKl "ad IlIs.iluliom inlO 1M Ulm.F.umJHall World. 16()()...

1914 (OlC:l80. 1990); GcoIT.ey Parkel. TIlr Milimry R,. .. ,{ul"",; MJlllnry (",,"..,";Oll lind .ht Ri.~ "J .he HIts •. ISOO- I800(Cambrrdgc. England. 1988); W,ll ·

IOlm H. McNei ll , n.. Pu,.~11 ~ ro .. ·t,: Tullllology. ""',ed Forn. alU} Sode.y sinu A D. 100/) (ChicJ&(). 19R2); rmd Oanlel II. Headrick, 1M "l"ooIs of Em"",,: Tcchn%(/y and £""'JH"" Imptrial"m in 1M Nlnt­lunlll C .. "lury (O~ford. Ensland. 1981).

) Peter PJ~t. one historian wOO ~ con~i<"'ed Ihlli i~~u". concluded Ihal although im:gular warfare in

America C ... gN lhe European mllil~ry "'~Ination .

It..:: C(llonlal experie"", did IlOl ,hape lhe developmenl of lighl infanny in lhe finllsh Anny. or any OIher EuropeOll1Mmy. in.ny~nlial"·ay AslO lhe lI mish. ho ... e~r, Parel may overstate hi. poinl. Based on

Pan:l"s own eVlde"",e. a ca."" can be m3de thai lhe

development of Briti. h "gh, infan,ry:M 11M: end of the elghteenlh cenlury ... as rnfluenced in imflOrtanl wayJ

by lhe ""Iuirements of American fron, ~r ... ~""'. eVen if other Eur09(an arm;""~ ... en: IlOl so affected See Parel. ''Colonial E.penenee and European Mllnary

Reform at the End of,he Eighl«nth Cenlury," 8ull~li"

of Ih~ l/1jril"l~ '1 HislO,ical Ru~",<"h 37 ( 1964): 52-59. and Pare! , '-Ibe Rclalion~hip Relw«n the Revolu _ tionary War;md European M Iluary Tlrought and Pr.!c . tice in the Sec ..... d Half of lhe Eighlccnlh Century:'

In Don lIi"inbotham. ed .• R«tHI)ukrnliofts OIl lite Rr.muli",,,,ry Wa,; $f!1«lI!d uroys (Wl;!olpn<l. CUlln .. 1<)78). pp. ISO-51 .

4. <:' w. C. Omon. n... An of Wor ill rite MidJ/~ Agts. ed. John H. IJ«ler (lihaca. N. Y., 1953). pp.

73-151. S Steven Koss. From Flin,/nd 10 Rifk" In,,"'I,., Ta("' 'i<;~.I74O-I866( I..oodon. 1979). pp. 24--2~ .

6 . O;..vid Gate!;, The 8mislt u,ht lIIjonl,., A ..... c.

1790-/1115; Irs Cnalian. Train/fig. a"d O/NI,a/ional Holt (Lonr.Ion. 1987). pp. 10. 14()...41.

7. David Ch;mdler, n... An of War In rh~ A,~ of M",{bowul/h (New York , 1976). p. 72. and K. Emc~t Dupuy rmd Treyor N. Dupuy. TM t::ncyclC(HIdiu of

28

MW'ary IImory Jrom .H{)(J /J.e. 10 Ih~ Pru~1II (New York, 1986), p. 73) .

8 , . F. C. Fuller. 8n1ish /.i,ht "t/(JA.lry ill r~ EiSh. t~cnrh C.lllury (London. 1925). pp. 55. ~II.

9. Maurice de Sue, H.I'trits. a' M,,1PIo/,s upon th~ An of War (17~1. reprin, ~d ., We~tpn<l, Conn .. 1971) 10. Chandler. rh~ .... ,t 'if W",. II . Gunthel E. Rothenberg. TM An "twar/on;" IIu!

"g. oj N"""'~"" (lI loomi"Iton. Ind . 1918). p. 20. 12. Peter '"'- Rus~ll. "Redcoal~ in the Wlldcmc.u :

Bri" sh Officers;md Irregular Warfan: in Europe and

Am"rica. 1740 to I 760:' Tht Willia", "nd M" ry QUllr· ,,,,,. Third Scrics,l~ (Oclober 1978): 635..40 13. Don H,gStnbolham. MKeflectiont on the War of

Independence. Moden' Guerrilla W~lr~re. aod Ihe War In VIC'n' .. n,~ '" R{)n;lld I!offm:r.n aod !-'e,er J AIbc:t1.

ed~ . A rmHmd l"d'{Hnd .... cr: Th~ Mi/uory CIrt",u:ltr aJlhtAmuiCIJ" Re'~uti",,(Clw1ot(.,.vilk:. VI .• 1984). pp.3-5.

I 4 . Doogla~ hl ... ald Le"",h, Arms Jor Empi't · II Mill· wry Hi.lory nJ'It~ Brimh C,>lfHliu '" No"h Am~nca. IMJ7_176J(New York. 1973);JilCk P. Greene: and J R

Pole. ed~ .. C.,J"nh,1 Brimh Amerim: £.sSOYl in 'h~ Nrw HiJlory uf lite Early ModUli Em ( Ballil1"lOll: . 1984). pp. 399-401; and Howard II . ITckham. 1"11. OJ/Mial Worl. 1689-1762 (ChKagO. 1964).

I'. Oanicl J ikrr:>r5lin. TM Am .. ri.."",; Th~ Co/<>ninl Ex{Hrience (Now York, 19.58), 1'1'. 345- 72, ""d Don

HI","boIham. -n..e ElI"y AlnCrKlIn Way of War: Rcconnal~sa""'e antl App<al!.al.~ TIt~ William alld Mory Quartrrly. Third SeriC$. 44 (Apri l 1987): 233-

36. E. Wayne: Carp. "Early AIIlCric:an MIlitary HI~Of)' .

A Review (I( Recenl Work. "1ht V;rll.;nill M"'lall'nt of HiJ.ory and 8iography 94 (July 1986): n9-84. pre_ ""nl$ a d;""'genl VIew of Bri,ish AlnClican military

e XCe pt i<mll I i~m.

16. R"""n ij. As~y. War ;II .1I~SIwdows .. Tht G~r.

,ill" ill /lis'ory (Garden Cily. N.Y .• I rnS). p. 96 17. Daniel K. Richltr. 11rt 0,,/,,,,1 of ,It~ Lotrllh"~Jt;

n.t reoplu oj 1M lroqunis /..;Ial/u.. i .. lite Era of £ump<:aM Coionilllli"" (Chapel Hill . N. C .. 1992). pp. 36-)8. 18. John 1::. ~r1ing. A Wild~rn.ss oJ Miurits; Wa' will Wamo, s in f;a'/, Ame rica (Weslport. Conn.,

1980). p. 43. 19. PatrICk M. Malm.e, ''Changing Military Technol­ogy Among the Indian$ of Southern New England,

IflOO-I677." Amuir"l1 Quantrly 2~, no. I (March

1973): SL 20. Jolin K. Mabon, MAnglo-American Methods of Indian Wufare. 1616-1194.M 1M }"'''NlI 0/ Amerl· Can msro,,! 4S (Scplcmbcr 1958): 25~.

21. MIlone. "C hangi"g Milir"" Technology." PfI. ,...., 22. RKhter, TM Ordeal O/fM UMIlMuu. p. 62. 23. MIllon, "Anglo-Arroc:<ican Methods of Indl,)n

Warfare": Rich.l1d White, TIu1 Mi,ulle Ground: Indi. wu, I!mpiru. and Republics in rht Grtat/~1 Re· gion. /650-18 /$ (Cambridgt'. Entland. 1991 ). pp. 407. 4SS; and Ian K. Steek:. Warpaths: InWlSlons 0/ Non h America (O~ford, England, 1994). p. 135. 24. WiI!'~m L . She;!.. TIu: Virgini" Mm"',, in Ihe !irWin. runrh C:O!nl~,,! (Balon RotI~. La .. 1983), pp. 137-)8.

and f<crhng. A Wi/JO!m'Jlo/MiuntS. 25. Steele. W"'p.1rhs. pp. 133-34. 26. Ian K. Steele. 8rr",yals: " orr Wm i(1m H, nry atld

Ih, MOS$Q(rt (O~rord. EnJ:land. 1990). p. 70; W. J. F~J,e,j. '1loe History o r New France Aqording to Franc,s I'arkman." The William and Ma,,! Quanerly. Third Senn. 18 (April 1%1): 174. cuing FU'K:i¥ Partlllan. A Hal/ CO!nlury of CQlfjlirl. CentenOlry ed. (Ho!./on, 1922). 1: 346; MId Chn$lophcr Duff),. The Military f:.r;prrienrc in Iht AgO! 0/ HtoW<l (New Yod:. 1988). p. 282.

27. Ian K. Sleele. Gltcrillill an,l Gmwdit'1: Tht Sfrugglt fw Co"",",. I689MI76() [faronro. 1969).

p. 66. 28. Srecle, Fort William Hellry. pp. 44-52.

29. M~nln L. Nicolai . "A Different Krnd ofC""r.lge: The French M ilitary and the CanadIan wgular Sol. dler [lurinJ: the Sevcn YUB' Wu.M CatlOdi(JJ! IImori· col RtvitMi 10 ( 1989), 57- 59.

}I). Ibid .. pp. 68-NJ. 31 . Ibid, lIP 71-75. IlI1d Clulds. Armics ond Waifart ,n EllrtIf>t. p. 1IS. 32. lIaroid M. JackloOn. R08''1 ' Ran8trS (011.1 "" •• 19~J).I'I" 7- 8. and JoM Sby, Ta,..,,,d Lt!<ltIgron: TJr~ Rolt o/rht Brilish Arm,\' in III~ Comins a/llut Amu;cnn Revolullon (Pri nceton. NJ .. 1965). p. 129. 33. Sby. TOkymJ Lt.r;/I18I01t. PII· 102-11. and John M. Cuneo.Robo<rl RQge~ojlht RongO!rJ (Weslport , Conn.,

1959). pp. 100-17. 34. Cuneo. RoMrt Rogr'1 ofllli. RlI"KtrJ. p. 55. 35. Rckn Rogers, }""nt(lIJojMojor Rob.r.rl ROKef'f.

29

ed, lIo;>ward H. Peckham (New Yark. 1961), pp. 43_S 1. 36. Hcw Strachan. Ellropean Annia curd fht Conducf

a/ Wllr (London. 1983). PfI. 28-JO. and Roben F. K. Goldsmith. TM Duu of ComMiDlI's Ugill Infonr", (Tht J1'" oM 4f1" R'tt;m,nrs 0/ Foor) (London , 1970).

p.22. 37. Gate5. T/wo: Bnlislt LShr In/ani,,! Ar .... PI' 12- 13. 38. John Keegan. Wllrparlu-: TmWlls of a Mililtl,,! HI"[Jrian lit North Amtrico (LoowJon. 1995). pp. 12(). l lS: l'..dwartJ 1'. Hamillon . Thr f·r~n,.h and Ind.an Wars iGarden Ciry, N, Y .• 1962). p. 2&9, Slecle. War· pallu-. pp. 22 1_22. MKl Daniel J. lkatlle. "Thr. Ad:ap­tation of the BriTish Anny to Wilderness Warfltc.

17S~_ 1763,H in MOWIen Ut lec. cd. Adapting 10 C",,· dlrlons: 11'", and Sodtty In 1M lilgll.un'h Ctl1ruq (Uni"en;iry, Ala., 1986). p. 83.

39. Jxk$Ofl, Rogus· RonK,n. pp, 175. 194.

40. Fuller. 8mlsh Ughl/n/anr,,!. pp. 143- 5 I, Clo i1tl~,

Arminand Waifar~inEuro~. p. 119:~nd Johann VQ/\

Ewald. A TrttJriJ~ V,- Iht Dlllits of /.ighl Troops (Lnndon.I803).

41. Ene Mob:-;on, TIlt Amuic"n Rt''O/UfiOtl in liS Po· IillCOllJlw MililuryAsp«Is. 170J- t71U( I.Qndon. 19~~).

pp. 96-IOO, 130-33. 153-54. 42. Fmlerick M)'alt. Th~ SoId"r ·, Tmdc ' Brirish Mililll,,! DewlpmtlllS, 1660· 1914 (u.ndon. 1974). pp. 68. 169: H. c. H. RlJgers. Th~ thi,,'sh Army of 11l~ Eighteenth Ctnrury (New Yon.. 1977). p. 74; and GateS. T/wo: Brilisll Ughr Infanl,,! A ..... pp. 14. 45. 43. Pie", Macku)'. "Wh~l lbc 8 rilhb Anny U3mW."

in Huffman and Alben, Arms alld IndefM'ndenu. pp. 204.210-11

44. Gat¢$;, nr", Brili.1I UShr 11I{an1,,! A ..... pp. 30-3 1, 44-45; Richard Glovcr. Pcninsulor PrtparafiOll: ~ R~form a/r'" 8ritisll Anrty, 1795-I8fJ9 (Cambndsc. Engl~nd, 1963). pp. 115- 17; mnd Michael Glover. Wellinglon as Mililory Comnwndtr (london, 1968). p.29. 45. GaIC$. TM Brirish Ugh/ IlifUtllryA,," . pp. 30. 49. Duffy. TIlt Milira,,! F.JtIH:rie ItCt. p. 2~1: alld M""ku),. "What the 8,;ti,h Ann)' Learned," p. 206.

46. Rochenhcrx, Tht Arl of Wo.ifore. pp. 114-16;

M""kes)" " WIw the British Ann)' Learned." p. 209. Jobn A, Lynn. HEn avanr l The Origin' oflbc Rcvolu · lionlll')' AUtt<:k ," in Lynn , ed .• Tool$ of Wa r: h'SIn. . mfflls. Idta.l, <UId hUflluliO!U af Warfare. 1" 5-1871 (UrbInr., lU .. I990).Pf'. IS5-S6;and Rohcr1S.Qulmby,

n,~ BttrigrOllnd oj Nttpolronic Warja' t (New York . 1951).

47. Fuller. 8,,/I.h Uliln/njum,.,. p. 215.

4S. ArThur Brp"l. 1"hf V'em D"kr or Iht! '""i"dble Gr",ml (London. 1911J. p. I IS 49. Roger P~rt.;nson. Mao,t of Corllnfl(l (l.urdon, 1976) . p. 125. 50. DavKl W DavM's. SIT lohn Mil"',,·' P~niMllla' COmpai,lll. 1808--1809 (The HI_gue. 1974). p. 13 51 . Parbn$Oll. MtJoOTt IIj CfJ'U,,"". pp. 126-27. and

Dupuy ~nd Dupuy. Th~ "ncyd{)p~,fiall/ MI/il/l'Y H,.-1<)1">'. p. 734 52 Hy the ",,'Ie Shomcllffr I""nina: bet"" thort .. ·t~ ~I least two <i&niroe:ml loght onfanlry drill " .. nuals avai lable to Moo~ and his prin,ary m,imns officer.

C"l. Kennelh Mocunlic · a l .... n.I~"oo from tho: Q, •. O\;In Of lhe m:lnll:ll of 1..1. Col. (later 0"8. Q,n ) F.~nc,s (k ROl1enbu.~. ~ Poli.h_bom officer in fITi1;, h ~fvoce.

emit led R'lIulurilNu /or /I, t Eur,.,)" 'if Rifl~"'rn (md UlJhl I"janlry (London. 1798) and 3 m;mual by Gen­ual Fr;uocls brry. a Fn:nc hm;m who in 1798 becwne the r'I1!1 commandant of (he British Mili1ary College at

1-1'8h Wy~ombe . entilled /""""·,i",, CO/Ic .. rnmllrlr .. IJur,u ajughl /"jolllry In fir .. f '"ld (london. ISO I).

S« GaIU. n. .. 8", .. h l..ieirlln/anlryA "". PI' 9S-11r.!. Richard Glo ver. P~ninsl.Jar r fff/llf"llli, ,,, . pp. 12S- 29.

and M;xkesy ... W ..... t ,he B.itish Army Leamcd." pp.

212- 13.

53. Bryanl , Tlt.:G,~allJuk ... pp. I IS_19.

54. I'::t,kinwn. Moo,.~ oICorunn". p 127. 55. Gale>.. 1"It .. BTlli~h U,hl 'n/ulliry Arm. p 94. ~ .. d Mlt holcl Glo~ct. W~IIu.,IOII oS "'tli'oryC."""",mI .. ,. pp. 2 12- 13. 56. Galu. 1"h,· BTl/islt U,hl In/ u"' ry Arm. p 411. M;x~esy. ··What lhe. 8 n l, sh Army 1...e3JTl<:d:' p. 2()9;

and Roc ..... rd Glo~c'. P~"ills"',,, rrrPi'M';"" . p. 124 ~7. Mic hael (jlo"er, IVrl/"'l{(oo 11.< Military C,,,,,· mlllln..,. p 24 2.

58. Rry~nl. n.. eft'''' fJuk~. p 448. 59. Ph ili p BOO lh . Th.. O./""t.hiu .. nil 8 " .. 'I"lIir""'~-h" .. ughl 1I1<"'lry (Tiot 4)"151"' Rrlll. m~,U oj POOl) (London. 1971). pp. 55- 51. and Joim Kusan. T1I"P'I«,,/RullldNewYOf~. 1976).p 127.

60. Fuller . Rrlmh Lill.hl 111/11111'1. p. Nil.

Col llld £ 0 "',11. Ir .. U.S. Mo,in" Corp. R,un'". il .. 197) g,.."I""u 11/1'" U.S. Nllvo/ An"''''''y. 1ft ",,1<1. a I D. ""Irnl/rom Ifarmrd l.J.,,,, School ami an M A ill Uniu d Slates hmo'1 1m", Ihe Ullil· .. rslly oj TeA'" 01 A"JIIII. H .... ",,,,nlly pmc-rlcrs fWd .... I .. U /0". III Alls'",_ TUM. 0. ,/0, m'IIfOB"', ponnrr O/Iir, Inw fir", Os""m~. h,,,, ... lIelman " Smllh.I,i- P.

New Army H6sCorical Publicltl toDs

The Center of Milit_ry H i~tOf")l has issued From 1M f·uldJJ Gap 10 Kuw<,II: U .• ~. Anny. l:·uro~ 0"'/ 1Ir .. Cil/fWorby Slephen P. Q,hring (CMH Pub 70-56). 'IlK author isa h i~orian wilh U.S . Aooy. Europe. The book is avaIlable from theGu~ernment Pnntins Offoce (GI'O) for $1 7 (12 1.25 outSMX lhe Untted States) unde. Siock number Ql')8.()29.003J6-8.

'The Offie<: ofHi~tory oflbe U.S. Army Corps of En8ineers has issued a 159·p.ilse. iIlumated His/ory o/Iht U.S. Army C"tp.f ojEngilo .... 's(EP S7~ 1-45). II 'J av,jlabJe from GPO for S IS ($22.50 outs ide the United SlateS) IInde. stock nunlbe. OOII-1l22.()()) 13-4.

Call for Papers

S ie n~ College i! o rgan i zing a mil I lid i $( i P to nary can re .ellt" mal ~ ong t he 60'" ann i "cr~al)' of t he S I a.t of World War II to be t.cld KI ilS campus in Albany Counly. Nelli Y Ofk. On l--4 June 1999. Th is foul1l:en lh anllllal confen:llte wi ll focus on 1939. bul papcucovcnng bro;od i~!>Ucsof ea. heryean. rooled on or relevant 10 It.c annivel"Slll)' year. will he welcome. 1lIeconfcn:nce coordi nMOf is Prof."Thomas Kelly II. DeparTment o f Ili stl>'y. Siena College. SIS Loudon Road. Loudon~ ; lle , New Yo.k 122 11_1462. lelephone 51g-783-25 12. fu 518·786-5052. e-mail : Iccend1.icwic(ifs ,en~ .cdu . TI>c deadline for

$ubmiuing,bm3lcIS i. 15 Novembe. I99S.and final papcu an:ducby ] 5 Marc h 1999.

JO

Letters to the Editor - ----------

Pml S,~ph~n G. F,ill. of Eml Tt"/ffSlU Sialt U"i""" il,. CtJmmrTlln} in a ftlltT /() III, ,tlilo' ('lIb­fi,irtd ,'n Iht; prt"ioU} in llt 01 Army U'StOty "" 1M IImcl~ by Lt. Col. 0<1«,111, E. Nil/it. "'The r-orgollen Soldiel: Unmlfsin}. " and morr pm" elliarty on 'lit rrspo ... , '" '''''"miel, by I...l. Col. I:.·d .... in I. K ,,,,,,dy. Jr .. boll/ of which "f'I""'lV'd in Ihe S""IIHU 1997 ilsur. n.,. foIlo"'lnll art u.ct'P''< fm"''' , , (liYlo Dr. F""~ ,"", C:oI01t~1 Ktn",dy $IlDr~ .. ilh 1M: r<fll() , :

Dcar Dr. Fntz : y OIII !cUtl of support for DouG Na~h. ''Guy SaJe,:'

and n.,. F,,,,mltn St:>Iditr ' s ,n[e", .. in!:, but n ~till oomplcttly m,.~"'S my point. My argument was. and is, lhal diK emmg reade.s ~Ioould ne,'cr ;lCte pt everylhing

In print 3~ "truth" JU.lt b.:cauSC' they like the s tory, espu,all y h' Stor'3nS. JUSt because one of lhe many

pubh1her< of Th~ FOI"J/DII,n SoWi" a"""",s it 's ~ autob'ography doe.< not make 11 so.

Th, Fo,gol/en So/diu h~s a "umber o f errOrS uf

fOle\. I do nor b.:1;"ve th:ll these e"or~ Me. ;os you w~-St. "reJall""ly m;l\OI"" Of "mlhlary min"ti~. ,.

J""" wom shoulde. palches .. nee 1971 on my Army unIform., and lhey hardly have lhe SaIne "gnlfl ­

canc:c as the cuff IItle s dId for dile GcrlTllln units. All U.S. Army units wu.r unn pat~hes. "elne" or I"l0l.. No'

011 GcrlNn UIlltS did (or do) wear eu ff litles. I cannot

imagIne Ihat the loc~lion of lhat m~lg"'K i~ me",l y a mi&l.keof ldt frolll righl TOlheGermans it<wearwas utremcly s Ignific3ll1. To unr\cmrle this issue i~ 10

show a lack nf k nowledg~ of !he Gerrn;on miht:uy. Thi s i~~ absolutely mllSI be 3IIalY1.ed w,thin the cOniC >! of a German soldiers ""rspec t,,·e. fHlI ..... r

modem·Wly A"",rican perlipectivc , where matt~rli.wch as uniform OlecOUtre"",ms may be ponraycd a. incon · sequen".l lfhi. cuff Ulle wa..on hi. left sI~~ve, mlIybe

he really was in the Waff~n SS, bS Bruney 's ponnlys

00 lhe cover pllotuGrap/l o f il, edil ion of lhe book Thi~ mit>/!t be a valid rea!J(>n fOf him 10 kcc:p h" war reeoo:I and real identIty a ~mt.

I have dealt with a number o r tither authors and tl>eir bouks and never had one rail to lKcomm<><J..1I: me in some form n:g:m!ing questi"''' Of requests. Charles

M""DunaId. Gcnefll.l \'QII Mdlenlhln , Ckner.ll Aubrey

]I

N~wman, and Generall..eon ~grelle had no problems

verifying points or SUbstantiating i.sues. II is b """ u'l"il"r to lhink lhal my polite reque&l for . ,mplc infOfTTlOltion ff1)fn Sljer WIS harassment "nw there IS

.something to hide . My feeling is !hat h' , proVIS""" of lhe ""Iuelled informallon would only vellfy wllhout ~ doubt Ihal Sajcr was not a Gru~",le~'J("h1amJ vele"", .

1 don ' t nted to s«aoo touc h Sajer' s W~II,p.uJ Of

idenm y d,sk to belie"" he was i n the G ",~sd~II'KhianJ. Alii woold like to have art some: substamove, vc:ri fi­

able facl s 8nd not clever nlllonal iwlio ns and a miheu

o f e , c uSC$ from his pro~ y defeMIli. Ili&lO/)' is not •

m:lUerof .ellgion ... ·here faith IS all that is m;rulrW to

belie~ . FxlS arc the basi~ of our ~nowk:<.lJ;e . Wllh

"Sajer" ' $1111 ali ve we OIlJ;hl 10 be ahle 10 cct $Orne rcal cv idence. nOl ~ upposi t io n s and cvuive

coumcrarg"/nc.nl'>. to Mlpport hi> claim thoLt he >e.ved wilh the G,<JSMI~w.(MQ",I.

Editor:

l.t . CuI Edwin L. KemK:!.ly. Jr.

u.s. Army. Rctired

ThI: f.IlIW,mcrcdlllon· s (C31u~ anicle. "A Tele­

phone SWI~hboonlOper:u.Ofwith lhe A.E.F. In "'~IIC1:." was an oulSlandmg lilc'-J wort. "The ,;.t0/)' proceed_

Ihrough lhe war year$ in qu ite a ",alistlc fal-Illon. J

could almosl hear thOse deplh c harkC5 at lhe eros.inC and cornprehelld the fru.l trat ion anti wralh of Ihat

~rrogant MIL"" ROIICh. "The tnal ~ and tribulallon~ o f femllk vulunt~1li 111"~~lc the forlll\>de. inlegrity. and

dedication of young wo""," of Ihat tra. A. bi lincual switchboard opcrah)/s. they pm vitlcd II s ig",fjcllnl und

vllaJ i1Crvice during. war in which lhey " 'ere de l-per­

acely nee<bl "The r«"ognition of these wnmo:" With c~il for mIlitary M: .... ,ce and the . w:trd of the Voclory

Meda I de monstrolle t he b.: Ginning 1«°811; lion of WOn-':n as :lCtiv" paniciplullS in world affairs. 11K: memoll.l o f

Mr. Wy",.n·s mother pr .... ide a u"'q"" and vahd insighl Inlt). signi rte:3IIt hiSlona.l ~'"Cnt . I look fOf"­ward to more of your publication· ~ ""I)' fine articles.

Col. Do~ J. Haritos U.S. Air fOl"Ce. Rellr~

FAilor.

I wISh 10 make a few things qun~ (Iur aboul tho:

~nide "Th" Forgone" Soltlit'r; Unm:l,h..J" by LI. Col. DouCLa~ Nash [Arm,HlSlory, "",42 (Summer 1997)).

Trying 10 IU,;tify the otherwise unju$lir.able errors and omi,\ ioM made by S*r. Cul"",,1 Na~h himself makes wmc mi~I~kes ;

I )Quonng Geoq; T CiSln '5 VubOndr ,,,,d T,,,I'fH"

da d""/lch"" W~lrmraclrlll"d Waff~1I ,'is 1m Zwrll"n

WrHritg 191'J-1945. Colonel Na..h tl~ims Ihal in

July 1942 Guy S.:l~r may h.",,!ottn evalualw allhe " 1113' Sluka Irdining squadron" neM the lown of Il iblis

I now Dllina in lhe Czech Republic), ~ix ly · five ki lo"",· IcrsfromLbeITUlIIL Inlhe foun..enlh volu"",ofT"",in's rrIollilerpl«c. page432. we find 1M COIIlplclC h"IOI)' of

Ihe 103' S .. hI"d"gcJch .... mf", (a ground attack wing, not a SllInPlmp/gtJelr'OVlda. ~ dIve bomber wing L"IUlpptd wilh J U-87~ like Rudel 's). which Wll-' formed In Octubcr 1943 and loca~d in Biblis only In February

"" 2) " WI\:u. could be ITII)R: human, lI'II;m bel""vllble, Ihan fOl'geuing such Ihin8~ Of m;s~mo::mbc.ing lhem 1 .. 'emY-lwo yea. s ~yond the evenl,?" COlonel Nash ash In facl. Sa)Cr began 10 wrile hi' "memolll'" In 19~2 (p, 8 of lhe FO:I",h edillon). seven years afler lhe

end of lhe w:.r. 1 doubl Ihal a ~al Gros.d~II'jchl(lnd

DivI)ion veltOn could fOl'J:el so many lhlngs In such a

• hort ""rood ofmnl! ~) The~ wa~ no 17'" AI!I~i1u"g in lhe organ".a­

lional chart of Ihc Infan.ui~ DivisIOn (mm.} Gromi".mclolan,/ daled 1 April 1942, published QfI

page~ 36-37 o f l'al1zucorps Gm<siltlllScloland by HclmUlh Spliler (Friedbcr8 , 19114). The~ is a 1 7~

Comp3ny in each o(lho: IW(llnf .... lry .eglmenlS aIld, I7"'Column in 1M Support Command. Nellheroflbem can be misinlc~Ied as a baualion. A~ ~gard~ lhe S·

Company S~r was I$$igned 10 on lhe eve of Opera· lion lnIlDCU£(p. 171 ofBr.usey"s 1990 edltlon).lhi)

;$ roo vague 10 ho: a proof of aUlhenlic ily . All diviliQflal unils have a S .. Compllny Mil: or Ihe~ .

4 ) Another proof of Ihc f"'"onal n.:lIU~ o f Sajer' $

.... OI'k comes from Chaplet 4 of l~ book dealing Willi hiS In'~ in Be.lin in June 1943 Aocordong 10 hi~

ace..,.,n., he and hiS girlfriend Pau la wl1nessed a ma.<· ~i,'e dayllme ;1I r r.l.id on 1M German capila") ooISklMS ...... hlCh flal!er.ed a lhlrd of Ihe airfield and ninely

""~tnlofT"rnplehof·(p. 149) A fc wdays brfore.IM aUlhor's joumey 10 hi) home on Alsxe h;rd !ottn

~IUI'[lCd " In lhe fl3mc~ of Magdeburg" (p 129). Ev~n on Ihi, oa:~'1On lhe vcrx;.y <If Sajer's memoir ,s

disproved by =(nlly p"hll~Md Gnman offiCial sources. [n fae l , vnlum~ 7 [)f Die (ichtimtl1 'fag~Jbtrich't ,I", i1~uls'~n Wthnn"chufiJhrwng im Z .. ·tII"" Wrl.bltg.19J9-19J5(Omabriitk.1988).pp .l-81, ~poru .hal nellbc. Bulin nor Magdeburg w~, nuacked by lhe RAF or USI\A F III June 1943, Tbt fir,1

daytime air noid on B .... lln by lhe U.S. Elghlh Air Fon:e occum:d only In March 11}44, The Bnmh Bomber

Command bombed the Tcmpelhof =3 on 1M nlghls of 23- 24 AUGu>! and 31 AuguSl- 1 Scplcm"". 1943 wllh­

OUI any n'cce" and hIt rhe a,rftrld (wllh 1 .... '0 high cxplru;ive bombs) only on lhe nigh. of22-23 ])«~m·

ber 1943 . As Colonel Kennedy wnlCs on hl~ ~butl.al of

Nash's allegations, "Na$h implie~ lhe ~rrors a~ ,",nor,

they RIC c. illcal and uodc:rmine lhe c~dibi!il y of lhe

buok."IArmy IIlstory. no. 42 (Summer 1991), p. 211. We cannot mi.l.ke th,~ ~11.wrillcn novel fQl' the aulQbioJ:l'lIphy of a ~al Grossd~~.schland V(lcl'3n .

Ilr, GIUsrppe Fiol7.H>

Parma. Italy

Hook Reviews

Book Rem. by T~r"ntt J. Gough

Moblllti,.~ /01' Mot/t nt It'a,.: Til. Ptolilical &O,._~ oj Amtricfl" WIV'/fln, 1865-1919 by hul A. Co Kol. tinen Uni versity ~ 0( Kansas, 1997, 414 pp~ $45.00.

32

Paul A. C. Koi,;t inen defines ''the poI;I ical KOOOITIy of Amencan .... "'fa~M as "Ihe inrcrrclalionships of lhe politkal, economic, and mililary insritulions in devlS· ing Ihc ~s 10 mobilite ",soun:cs fordcfense and to conduclwar." With lbe publication in 19960f Bta1inS I'IOWSMrtS 11110 Swords, which cov~red the colonial

period through the Civil War, he lnauguno.ed a pro-

jected r.~t.vulumo: St:rie~ (ha( n: pn:~n (s the r,,:st com·

pn:herutve (reatmellt of this ~il:nirlClUtt subject. Mob/· 1,1i", fot Modtm War. tile r.econd volume. ronlinuel ~h Ko'~ltllt:n ' 5 dfon 10 $how ho ... economic rnotNl i· zallon has ron ccloo and ,((eeted Amenc." ObCiely and

his 311empt to "up. nd on I he Sloo Y o( mi 1i tary hislot')' :' Futun: volumes w,lluam,ne the interwar )'Can, World

War II, and lhe po»t· 194S penod Ko'\tlnen'~ illtCrprelive (ramo:wort. for tile ~"es

posits three m:oJOI hiStoric~1 stages in U.S. eeonomlc rroub,halion' preinduMro.;o.l, theoolonial period 10 181 5: tran5,,.0I111. 1 It 16-1865: ;III(! induslnal, since 111M.

(Readers who would include the C,vil War '" the thIrd st"!J.C ,huuld refer to Ihe fi"'t volu",,, (ur Koist incn 's detaIled dcfe"-<c of his pcriodiutiOfl.) He sensibly

proposes th~t c""hoftilese)lagt's rewlted frornc hangcs ,n thedevelopmcntofthc economy .the (edenl govern· ment. the ",ilit~ry. and ,ec hnology. More prublcmati·

cally, he appraises the cen(rJl role in economic mobi ·

huuon of political, cconomic. ;III(! m'htary "eht~'. ~

Deahng with the pcn"" hr:Iween the end of the Civil War and (he U.S.entry ,nto Wutld War I. Koistmen

deVOle~ aboul a thIrd of Mobililinc/ur MQ(iem War to , u,.....ey,ng major economic. political, m,litary (both

Army and Navy). and IeChnolOC'caI developments and the rnob,luJI(ion for the S~".h-A.""rican War. llere he ",hes on a usually cardul ",~ding of 11 w,de .nay or publi~hed wurees. l lo s su mm",;"! orloci ~tic31 dfoMS ,n Ig98 and of dcyc1uping Army profu<ir>nalism are p"rticularly good. though limited by the loICf1\Iure's

gweral narrowness on the dyn~mic~ of logtMOCal professionali7Jlt;on. In the res( of the hook, which rOCU~$ on prcpan:d~ .nd econornl( mobili7 .. tiOfl for WOfkl War I. M wpplemo:nlS printed sources .. irll ~Iect,ve a rch,val re$<"arch. Notahle ,n the econom.c

and political realms are hi s ucellent e~pla"atiuns of

lhe central role o f J. P. Morgan ~nd Co. In All ied po.Ireh1isillJ ,n the Un,ted S~ICs and lhe lruwth o fthc U.S. Chamber of Comm"",", and ils n:13tlO<lship w.th lhe fC<lcral government. Such ... ;ute hand ling of p;lf­

ticular a~pcct. of Ihe story is the work's ~reatest

~n:"glh

Lc.ss gtisfying an: mle'prd ive tW1MS des'gned 10 fit the the~i!i that economic mob,li'''liQn for World War [ intcgr:ned the military sc,.....kes ,nto an c . isling

and incn:asingly men:teing JX' ''nership between gov, ernment and bu,inr;u KoistillCocl~ims that bel!:inning

"

in (he latc nineteenth century. c.slrtlngro civilian llJId

military elite.\; d",w togelhet to copt: wit h the te<:h1lO­

logical n:voIution In ~aponry. BUI he i! then forced by obv,ous e vidence: to qualify the st~teme"t oul of ui",­

ella insofar as nCOO«rnS the tN:hnologocally lagga.d Army What conMilute:S a mil 't:ll)' c!ite ,~ ""vcr c lear.

Hobe" Curr s pcnetnting work on the War Indus­t~sBo.wd(W[B)orlqI7- l gfunYJus .. r~ KOIst,""n·,

por1rayal of (he bo.1rd as a "ralher cnode and ineffic ,ent

pla"ning mechanism:' [)e.<cribinillhe W ID 's dOlen!

of scmiaulOrlOmoos commod,ty _ti"" s, Koi'>! ulCn admits WIth smk,ng undcr!>latemo:nt thai ··r.(ly· loC,,,n

center.! or power ",.tead o f one gave the ho.lrd ~

de<:em,ali'.cd quahty ." Yet he ;nshts i"'plaus.bly that

government, bu~inc», and mllit.ary "'prese"talivu .. ....! the board to lOCh"" " "centrallu d control o,'cf a pbn.1C(\ oconomy.~ lie funhe. cOIItcntb that (he Gen·

eral StQfr~ chicf 10G,st ician . Maj . c.cn George W. Goethals. cOflsidcKd coope rat,on ... i(h (be bo.1rd e,­so:nllaJ . Aetually, Cioct~l~ viewed lIIe WI B warily as a possible .mped,ment 10 the Army"' ana.nmo:nl of il~ rrlatcrid requin:ments .

Co .. o;cpwaUy conmaincd by an ins,stent .~an;h

fOf "'the hi'loo-ical .OOts o f tile m'lita.y·'ndu~lnal com­plo:x: · Koosllnen '''is!il!ll an opponunoly 10 e~plOft .n depth tho: cau~s and effects of (he palpable d~il _

mi lit3ry ~tralns thaI marked (he perioo he lreal$. II"

research. rstim:oble 10 ",any respects. nags ,n 'IIe crucial areif of Army-WI8 ",lallOO$ in tile last e .ght monlhs of World W" I The wori:aday records of tile

WIB commodity 5(:cllOlls and Army cou"'H.di.y com· mill~5, which KoislInen cites very sparsely, lend linle

wpporlto his claim of sigmrocant dvil·milit.ary IOte:· V3tion by the e nd of llle war.

1lto!.e in(c",sted on 100 hi~IOI1' of bus.ness-govern­ment in(e"oc~ ion will find much or vl.lue.n Ihls volum".

BUI Mudcntl; or civi l·mi lit.ary Klalit .... will be fru.· trated by invocations of undefined m,towy"eht.,.·· ~nd

unconv,ncing ","""rloons of ponent"", Army-bustllCU ~-oopef1ltiOli in Ih~ comcntious mobtl ilJllion uf 191 7 I 8. The only expansion of milita.-), hi.,ory here. in lhe ~,.....ia of ~ioeconomic cm ;"isnt, is Procrustean.

Dr. Turtlla J. ("""'If", dtit/cfll1cC:em~r '$ Hmo,knl SUPJHIrt 8m"' h. Is "',i/J"nl!" booIc on Army.hu$;nUS rtlatlO<r$ ;n tM indmt¥u.1 mobiliwtiO<r for WIJ'/d wu,/

Book H~"'e ... by Arnold G. Fisdl, Jr.

Tile Ka'tun Wa,: An E"cycluptdu. t:.ditfll by Sta n"'y SIondler

Garland Pubfuhin/:. 1995, 4SO pp .. 575.00

With the finiel" anm versary c\>"unerl"lOflilion of lhe KOftOVl War in the offing. Garland Publbll,"S. Inc .• II~~ pnxIuo:ed a "mely work in Tilt Ko.ttlJl Wa,; An

E""yr/()I'tt/ia. Th is lille joins a se,ier; of eocycloped,as from Garland cove,;ns lhe COIO"ial w.,~ in Nonh A~. theA,nencan ltevolution •• hcSp;on.t .... ·Amerj· can War and ~"b)Cquem Amen~an inle, vention. through 19)4. Ameroca· ~ panicipalion in World Wa' J. and the European powers during World War L

Stanr.ey Sandler. a hiJ.torllin a. lhe Army's Sp"";al

Operall ons Command ~I Fon Bran. Nonh CM,"lina.

ha~ e<Jile<J lhe wnrk of sixlY'l hrc:e con",hulO'S 10 produce III,s refelence IIIIOfk on what the publisher de",ribes as ~Amo: riu· . first Ideological conniCl .~

Underslaooably. lhe emphaSIS o flhe. bouI< is on nuli· tary "ubjcc.~. Tlte corporate objec. ive for lhe indi· vidual cont n butors was 10 prod..." neunal ess.:ays (cach wtlh a useful mini-blbltograp/ly) w,lh a mimmum of

Interpretation . Tlte,c It, howe~r. a IhouSblful five · page inlmdUCllon. Thcn follow s a heLpful chl'OrlOlogy

of Korean 1I')1ory. hellinning IlOl With the hostilitiel; or

1950 bul around 2OOI1 1U.:. wnll .he esta!>li\hmen. of Ihe ·'land of rile morning clllm:·Those familiar wllh Ihe

Center of Military HISlory·S Kore:ln Wa, tllies w,1I

=ogni~ ~ oflhe Illirlcen rnafIS in .h ,s volumo: If lhere are grouoos 10 cavil, pclhaps il is wilh Ille

Illustralions. The Ihi "' y· tive phOlosrapl!" do nO, ac­company Mny of the lIr1 ides bul appea' to h.ave ~n

randomly $C lected and randomly piaeed--l>etWft n Ille lettc", L ~nd M. Oneoflhe phoIgrap/l$ purpon~ lo.how

a ··Lockheed 1'-&4:. lI.epublic Avial lon built Ihe F- 84:

the pholognoph apptan 10 be ;1 Lock hcc:d F-8O Shoot ·

ina: Star . This is. all in all . a u~(ul reference work. SludentS

of lhe KOfClI" Warceruinly will wl nt to constder it .• s iIlooold IhQsc =ponsible ror library .,quh;. ion~.

Dr. ", ,,,,,1lI C. f"iJCh. Jr .. W(U(f hi.wlT;"" a/ ,ht Crmu

"f Mililary /fiIlOr)' from 1979'0 1997 and "'''''''&i''!, tdi,o, of Army Hj~.ory for ,M /as, uvm of those

J4

YN'~. Ht I. ,Ite au,ho, of Miliw-y Gov~mmcnt in

the R)'Ukyu islands. I94S- 19SO felli''''' if MilItary 1Ii.,ory. 19881.

Book Rule. by Richlllrd W. Slt .. ·art

soc: TIlt Suut Won of .. ", .. ric,,', Co",mandos iff

V~I""'" hy Job n L. rh'Sler SI mon ~nd SchU5ttr, cloth , 1997, 311-1 pp .• $lHIO: 51!:nel Rooks, paper, July 19911, J8.$ pp., $6..99.

Relired M3J. John L. rl~'lc". hook chron k hng tbc upJOll.l of U.S . w ldieH Involved in recOllna .. · s:aoct and strike oper:uoons In Soulbcasl As,a " an

t~cellent rud that provides IOI ~ o f c~c lI,"ment and (0101 a. il ,e ·crc:Jtes the s.:n..: of lension g(l\Cral~d by ~ ",i1.~ion behind enemy lines. For tillS re:ason alOOf II

deSoe/"\·cs a place on any h'>lon;m· s boobllelf. Ha' ·,ng

s:ud that, whll! II iSllo, ISlIcomprchens lve hlstOf)' oflbe

""'Sani '-"Iion known ~s the Military Anisl~n~ Com­mand, Voelnam-S",diell and Obscrvalion ~ Group (MACV-SOG). The book .oochc:.sonly Itgblly on 38('n.

operalions. mafllime o ptralions. psychol ogical Optlll' l ion~. and a hosl of OIbcr .'iCC.." ProFcts. It provi<lc.> no org:ul1ution:.ol numheu.chOUlS. or scbcmes II ~$IIOI

off e' uten~i ve qUOlc~ from docume nl~ { IIIan y of wll it h still lie in c1assi r,cd vaults (0, no goo.><.! ,ca.\Ofl). nor o:loe..

il bothe, wllh fOO(tlOleS or de,ailed ~rce$. It inclUl.lct

• bibliograp/ly of IT1Q)Ily ~ondary $OUrct:li and 10m I~ who WfA: interviewed but does IlOl ind icate ,n the

lext which source provided wh ich faet . As .....,h. Ihts ts not <I h i~tory book . It ts a u~ful and

interesting memoir of lhe autllor's ptrsonal ~ake In

SOG OJIC""tioM aloog with st~ alld anecdotes of some of the otller parlicipllllts in crost ·border roco n·

nais!.l./ICC. It is not an obp:II VC sludy and does IlOl purporl 10 be II cou ld hi'., been more ora hlsrory by \lsi~ g Ille C "I ica 11001 ava i Juble 10 3ny .oerrous Sl udt: nt of lhe past: more primary sources linked 10 ftJOln()\e~ thaI ... wld allow OIher researche.n 10 lelil and verify inr ..... mIltion. I would hope Ihal MIiJOr Plaster will rrW;~ the

rranSl:riprs of hi s inl~"·lews avaiL~blc to Olllel re­

sean:1lcn in Ihis field. This IS JliII I v~ry ~ful hook. as 100& as one

urnlo:rstands the ~bove_ lIS!etl1imilalions. Corw:enTral_ mg on cms.-border ground opet;llions, M:ljor PI;uter

~ lalked 10 0011!n!. of ""lcranS of the~ high risk (and hi gh ~O$I ) ml~mln~ _ lhcy almoS! cenamly opened up

10 him, a fellow ' -ctcran of I~ operations, mote Ihan lhey would h..wc to anyone who wa. ~ p.ln oflhelr

broIherllood F .... capwring lhelr s.1O.i", .. lone. Major

Pla~ler de",rvc.' 01" Ihanks. "The 510ries Plaslcr Iel ls ~re vibnnl with the "roo·

li".,M courage o f some e~ccpliooal soIdirrs. Hr: high·

lights the actions o f heroe< unknown loday, who""

exploIt.. would beon every schook hild' s lips had they

ooxurml duro ng World War 11.""" I"'e Cn ..... Sgl. Maj. Fml Zabnosky. awardaJ the Med~l o f Honoo- for

superhu",:on bravcry and cournge, i~ renll'mhered al

Fon IJ raU but unkllOwn OUIStde the cummunl ty. CoL. Roben 1I0ward, wOO I'fUbably descry", lhe: I llle '"bravo

e>! oft"" bra",,'· rnor<: than any man alt , -c today, IS ~

adequatety remembc-red Or honored by the naltOn for ,,-hlch he ... keddc~th on douns of occasion •. all hough

hi~ n:.me ~m.uns a byworu for courage wllhin S~~I (>P:"'t,on~. lt .... ou ld he dime u!! for even a hi,torian to

remain ohjl"(;live when chromel in!: the ~Iorles o f such men; It was impo»iblc for one of then comr~

Major PllUIer<ioelo ~ claim 105lnvc fOf weh obJCCTIV·

ity; his mission IS 10 tell the story of hi.' cOl1lr.t\ks. and in thi. he , ,,,,cccds VCI)' we ll.

0,. R.('/o(ud W. SIC-'lU' Itt" /Ja" OlrrcfOr. Hi'lOrynnd MUJtums, U.S. A ,my S{1<'Cial 0l"''''''ons Common,l, sinct /990. H~ ... ,1/ btcomt ,Il;~f uf ,Ilt /l islo,its Di vi,,,,,. (1' , lit C tm tT "f M O/im.,. IImory in J unt 1998. Srt .. vm ;. ,I..- nUlho, ofSl3ffOperations: The X Corps in Koru, l)eccmbe. 1950 ( 1-"0" I.t:n>vn ... orth, I(wu .. 1991) nndThe Engli"h Ordn.mce Office, 1585- 1625: A C:n.eSlooy in 6ureaucrxylRQC~Jrtr, N. r., 1996).

Book M.tvie ... by Clifford F. Por ltr

CtrmQ"y's PQn~~' A, ... 8y R. I~ DiNardo Creen ......... Pm$, 1997, 176 pp., $55.00.

In this s mall volume, R. L, DiNardo oominues hiS

theme, begun in earlier work , that lhe Germiln Army

3S

under Hille r was a wupon moo-e o f the nmeleemll

ce neury IIwI ehe ewentieeh. This book is a dce~iled.

(I";""n discus~ion ofGc:.many '~ panu", 3.. a br~nch of ..,.vir;c. TlI1hcr Ihan ; ,~(alog of armor e , plo,t~ in

comb.1t DiNardo's conclu~ion t~ Ihal tbe German Army. e""n in one of its most advanced ann~, ",,~~ Sltll

~ pre· mo<km, ni ... tremh cenlury force both IcchllO· log'c;olly and doctrtn~lI y _

DiNardo begins h,s d,seu.s;on wilh ~ chaplc, on

!he In~h'lie y of ehe Germ:tn economy co 'ltppor! ~ larte.

mo<km. mechanized army- tn Ie ."" oftechn'c~1 e .. -peni~. lIurena l production , and avaibbiluy o f mc_

chani~s and evCn dri vel) Givcn 1111"", ' , ,n",ICnet on buiid,n, a ""vy. German , ,,,,,,,,,reeS we.e tOO me:.!:". co

build a truly modem. nlI'chnn,c.1 :orm~; con<eC!ucntly. lhe German Anny invaded II ~ neighbor. prim;orol y by rOOf or hoJu, and its fe w ~ fO<m;iuons wcrc

.Iw~ysshonoftank ~and mechantttd "'1'1''''' W,.hall

the dt ..::union "bool how Ihe " ;Ivy a nd the: l .... fl ... "l!t waS4ed re~r<:es. the reack:. UpoxIS. bill doc:' not

recci"". a d,<cusslOII of how concentrallOll C"tOp" wasted n-source~. However. n tS I "lOO4 poin. : Il llier

w •• ted resources for tdeological rt:l'ons Wilhout lhe

ideology. tho: Nazi s would ... vc. Iu"e ",i7.oo po,"'er.

The be.:to" of this boot IS in the clupte"'011 trJlning. doctrine. and organintion. l1Ic.", c hJpte rs cou ld be tnlere."in!: tocu rrem g.mo. spcciJ It $!<, hut ehe ir lock of depth is dtr.appointing. 1locre art few hmOflCal in­

~il:hl' or Icssom ro.-cumm Jfmoo- er~ining. d<lCtnnc. 0.­

Ofganl~.lIl ion.

DtNardo arguc:s. in tlv: very shon cllnplc ...... tralO­tng, tlutlhc Gennan Army cmph~)i«d 3 t.-ad,hon of .,,,,,,H·unil and tndlvidual ininalt'·c drawn from the

imperi~ 1 IOrmy of WOf ld War I. Ihu .• reinforc, ng ehe nillCt«nlh cenlury image . Tho; (lupte. on do<.:tri ... IS

really a long debunktng of lhe repl/laltons of 8 <»t l Li<kk:H lIan and Heinl Gudemn a5 interwar armur

eheorim. DiNarooconcludcsehatGcnn .. " panlcrlheory tS beSl uOOcrnoo<l inlhe nineleenth c~nlury t,ooilKlll of CI!tU!lCwlIl. Mohke, WId Schl oeffen, whtch (enalnly is

a 5 • .-008 lradition. II " perhap" bette. co &ly .ha •• he

Germ:u. Army empha5;7.C<.1I;mcJe<5 principles of tni. li~ti'-e and lhe uffcnsi~.

1loc chapter on organizauon has lhe mosl ".,w

infonnati ...... "..., Germ"n Army and SS unll s rricd

-", ,,,,ral dilTcrcnt organm"'ioo~ 1 schemes before mnd durint the war. "They "~re oc:...,. able 10 ,ron OUI .H the

problems beca~ combined arm. warfare W:IS still rdal 'vely new. and the war rcqY,~d 00 hoo; fQlmiluon,

because of $p«ial need,. lKMably a scarci.y of ",mor.

'IlIc Germ;m~ """n:. IIOnClheJess. maslel'li" adapl'"g 10 C I rcum:;lance~. ,OCI'>I dram;1! K"J II Y tlcnlO"~1r3Ied by. hei r Kllmplil'upJ'C". Kampfg.upI"''' were uS/:nlially com_ bined arms IUms th~t _'" Y$u~lIy built 3roUnd lhe comlxll s'nk",C po",'cr o f ~rmor; al ouch, they p;Ir.ll · leled U.s. Army reg'mental Combal learns of World

W:.r II or modem lask forces. The ,;ucccuof combined

;""'~ .e3m~ dcpentlc:d~nd .< ,,11 don Ikpcnd--<KJ ,",',a.,,'e ~nd the "bilily of.he mane:uvcrcumonander 10

R,cosmu the cap;obili.ic:s of '"5 COOlbal po .... er on Concen wilh vQned arms, such ~., enSi"«,s. a,ullery. Of infantry- whICh is ... "hin the trooition ofClau'C' wilZ and Mollke

DiNll<dn p,ov,de~ the rcllllcr wilh an avalanche: or

on.crecuong deta,ls. bu. he ultimately dol'~ IKM elahofale

enough aboultT:lininll. doclnne:, 3nd organ";u IOn, .... hlt h would be ilh"ninau"g for cum:!l1 .tudenU In .he ~rrnor

or combincd anm ser, .. ice .'iChooI~. TIlls mighl be

~")",,d~ fOf further researd U.Nuruo also SCI. "p SIT:lw men.ju,t lo knock lhem

do ... ·n ""m~p!' pultlng Gudcrilln in h,. pl;Ke 1\;1, a

DEI'ARTl\1 ENT OF THE ARMY

THE CHIEr: Or: MILITARY IIISTORY AND

THE CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY 109') 141to STREET, N.W.

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005·3402

OU'JCIAL BUSINESS

purpose, but labeling 1hI.' "'~ltrmocjll as a ninc:I«,",h

cen IU ry IfIlIC:hroni ~m ,5 flO!. he I pfu I. Wtoa. d I SI I"S U I shes ninclecnlh (ro", ,we", iclh cenl"ry .... arfllJ"c is nOi "" Iy lank5; ..... en.IClh cen.ury ...arran: ,s ch.u;K:leritcd by .echnolos..:al adY~nce~ ,n fin:po .... er-.""h lliI ma· c hine gun~.OO mIIs~d artill(ry~nd also.he ul1.e· $tr:lIned ~~saull on n.ontomb,o'anl.'. Wh:llis n:mar~able abou •• he ~rm~" Army i~ 'h~1 11 WaS able.o aYOId 3 Irench sialerna.c in the fIrs! half of the "'III. and II dId i,

w,th .imBed arTl"lOf resources. againSl ~upenor fOR:c.'. and in ~pi.c or lhe ul'C'cla.ior" of mos. e~l'C'" ",ifoulry analySIs. Of course. il .Iso relied on .error

T olhe p,allenl n:3\kr. DINardo's book h.a~lI_allb uf -.rcu ,00 de,aols abou. ~rmany·. emer"n!: p~nlJ;;r ~"" and provideu I">",ai. of how ,ni.i.,ive ~nd ingenui.y look Gcrm~n p,an;um InIO mIlitary legcnd on Iomucd n:wurCC'. The n:ader, ho .... ever. should nO' 1050< sigh. oflhe f;Kl lhal iml,allve and InCcnuoly " 'ere

in 1hI.' ~rvltt of an ideoIOSlf;ally CYI' re,''''''' Prof Clifford POrler leorhu t:uropeon hmo,>, III Co/i/o",,,, Su"" U'''''f!rJiry. Ful/ulOII. 1ft IS 1111 A,,,,>, R~J~"'~ ;riflrmry Iitul~"lJ'" ill Iht J' 8(11101i0ll. 361"

R'6,,,,tlll. nil ,I,,,,,,,, of Ih~ 9'" Divi .• ;on/ £.xuriu J.