Supplementary materials for

Late Early Cretaceous peraluminous biotite granites along the Bangong–Nujiang suture

zone, Central Tibet: Products derived by partial melting of metasedimentary rocks?

Wan-Long Hu a,b, Qiang Wang a,b, c*, Jin-Hui Yang d, Chunfu Zhang e, Gong-Jian Tang a,c,

Lin Ma a, Yue Qi a,b, Zong-Yong Yang a,b, Peng Sun a,b

a State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Chinab College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, Chinac CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, Chinad Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, Chinae Department of Geosciences, Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS 67601-4099, USA

Introduction

The supplementary materials provide the data for major element compositions of representative feldspar (Appendix 1), zircon U–Pb isotopes and ages (Appendix 2), whole-rock major and trace element compositions (Appendix 3), whole-rock Sr–Nd isotope compositions (Appendix 4), zircon Hf–O isotopic compositions (Appendix 5), and trace element composition of replicate sample and reference materials (Appendix 6).

Appendix 1: Microprobe analysis of representative feldspar in the biotite granites from the Langla–Laqinpu area (16BG46–1 and 16BG50–1).

Spot SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O Total Si Al Ca Na K Total Or Ab An16BG46-1@1 65.01 - 17.99 0.08 - - 0.01 1.14 15.79 100.01 3.01 0.98 0.00 0.10 0.93 5.02 90.10 9.86 0.03

16BG46-1@2 65.31 - 18.10 0.02 - - 0.00 1.13 15.89 100.45 3.00 0.98 0.00 0.10 0.93 5.02 90.25 9.73 0.02

16BG46-1@3 58.28 0.01 25.91 0.02 0.03 - 8.56 7.60 0.18 100.58 2.60 1.36 0.41 0.66 0.01 5.05 0.95 61.07 37.98

16BG46-1@4 56.85 0.01 25.94 0.00 - - 8.24 8.02 0.14 99.20 2.58 1.39 0.40 0.71 0.01 5.08 0.72 63.32 35.96

16BG46-1@5 63.06 0.03 23.45 0.12 - - 4.63 8.66 0.30 100.25 2.78 1.22 0.22 0.74 0.02 4.98 1.73 75.88 22.38

16BG46-1@6 60.47 0.01 24.49 0.05 0.04 - 6.03 9.46 0.31 100.85 2.69 1.28 0.29 0.81 0.02 5.09 1.55 72.81 25.64

16BG46-1@7 56.28 - 26.34 0.02 0.01 0.01 8.90 7.48 0.20 99.23 2.56 1.41 0.43 0.66 0.01 5.07 1.04 59.71 39.25

16BG46-1@8 57.88 0.02 25.41 - - 0.01 7.52 8.47 0.27 99.58 2.61 1.35 0.36 0.74 0.02 5.09 1.36 66.19 32.45

16BG46-1@9 55.89 0.02 26.47 - 0.01 - 8.98 7.52 0.20 99.09 2.55 1.42 0.44 0.66 0.01 5.08 1.06 59.58 39.36

16BG46-1@10 56.45 0.01 26.17 0.02 0.01 - 8.41 7.91 0.21 99.19 2.57 1.40 0.41 0.70 0.01 5.09 1.09 62.30 36.61

16BG46-1@11 57.30 - 26.74 - 0.03 0.00 9.38 7.06 0.20 100.71 2.56 1.41 0.45 0.61 0.01 5.04 1.05 57.05 41.90

16BG46-1@12 58.34 0.02 25.79 0.02 0.03 - 8.10 7.94 0.22 100.46 2.61 1.36 0.39 0.69 0.01 5.06 1.16 63.20 35.64

16BG46-1@13 54.85 - 27.08 0.03 0.01 - 9.83 7.12 0.19 99.11 2.51 1.46 0.48 0.63 0.01 5.09 0.98 56.17 42.85

16BG46-1@14 55.97 - 26.86 0.02 - - 9.92 6.90 0.17 99.86 2.53 1.43 0.48 0.61 0.01 5.06 0.92 55.23 43.85

16BG46-1@15 52.89 - 29.35 0.03 - 0.00 12.56 5.09 0.11 100.02 2.40 1.57 0.61 0.45 0.01 5.04 0.59 42.05 57.36

16BG46-1@16 53.09 - 29.15 0.04 0.03 0.01 12.44 5.14 0.08 99.98 2.41 1.56 0.61 0.45 0.00 5.03 0.44 42.61 56.95

16BG46-1@17 52.71 0.01 29.43 0.01 0.00 0.00 12.93 4.90 0.09 100.08 2.39 1.58 0.63 0.43 0.01 5.04 0.49 40.50 59.01

16BG46-1@18 50.93 0.15 30.72 3.03 0.04 1.50 0.26 0.97 8.82 96.42 2.42 1.72 0.01 0.09 0.54 4.79 83.84 14.06 2.10

16BG46-1@19 56.24 0.01 26.39 0.03 0.02 - 8.91 7.59 0.22 99.39 2.55 1.41 0.43 0.67 0.01 5.08 1.15 59.96 38.89

16BG46-1@20 58.82 - 24.69 0.02 0.01 0.01 7.05 8.85 0.26 99.71 2.65 1.31 0.34 0.77 0.01 5.09 1.33 68.50 30.17

16BG50-1@1 55.89 - 27.43 0.06 0.01 - 10.40 6.56 0.22100.5

6 2.51 1.45 0.50 0.57 0.01 5.05 1.15 52.68 46.1616BG50-1@2 53.36 - 28.76 0.04 - - 12.19 5.14 0.14 99.62 2.43 1.54 0.59 0.45 0.01 5.03 0.74 42.97 56.29

16BG50-1@3 58.38 - 25.30 0.03 0.01 - 7.32 8.49 0.31 99.83 2.63 1.34 0.35 0.74 0.02 5.08 1.58 66.65 31.7816BG50-1@4 63.79 - 18.33 0.04 - - 0.02 1.25 15.72 99.16 2.98 1.01 0.00 0.11 0.94 5.04 89.11 10.80 0.1016BG50-1@5 57.95 0.03 25.16 0.04 0.01 - 7.13 8.52 0.29 99.12 2.63 1.34 0.35 0.75 0.02 5.08 1.48 67.35 31.16

16BG50-1@6 59.73 0.01 25.13 0.01 - - 6.79 8.78 0.30100.7

5 2.66 1.32 0.32 0.76 0.02 5.07 1.56 68.96 29.4816BG50-1@7 64.02 - 18.10 0.03 - - 0.02 1.29 15.59 99.03 2.99 1.00 0.00 0.12 0.93 5.03 88.80 11.12 0.0716BG50-1@8 56.52 0.01 27.17 0.03 - 0.01 9.75 5.54 0.20 99.22 2.55 1.45 0.47 0.49 0.01 4.97 1.17 50.11 48.73

16BG50-1@9 59.95 - 24.91 0.01 - 0.02 6.56 9.04 0.29100.7

7 2.67 1.31 0.31 0.78 0.02 5.08 1.48 70.33 28.1916BG50-1@10 65.36 - 17.93 0.02 - - 0.00 1.26 15.55

100.11 3.01 0.97 0.00 0.11 0.91 5.01 89.03 10.96 0.01

16BG50-1@11 54.34 - 28.44 0.01 - 0.01 11.77 5.77 0.15

100.48 2.45 1.51 0.57 0.50 0.01 5.05 0.78 46.65 52.57

16BG50-1@12 65.71 0.03 18.06 0.01 - - 0.02 1.19 15.72

100.73 3.01 0.98 0.00 0.11 0.92 5.01 89.60 10.29 0.11

16BG50-1@13 57.12 0.01 25.54 0.02 0.01 0.01 8.41 8.09 0.21 99.41 2.59 1.36 0.41 0.71 0.01 5.09 1.08 62.84 36.0816BG50-1@14 65.42 0.03 18.23 - - - 0.01 1.07 15.59

100.34 3.01 0.99 0.00 0.10 0.91 5.00 90.52 9.42 0.06

16BG50-1@15 55.45 - 27.79 0.02 - - 10.86 6.28 0.12

100.50 2.49 1.47 0.52 0.55 0.01 5.05 0.61 50.81 48.58

16BG50-1@16 63.93 - 18.48 - - - 0.02 0.49 16.16 99.09 2.98 1.02 0.00 0.04 0.96 5.01 95.50 4.39 0.1016BG50-1@17 56.98 - 25.93 0.02 - 0.01 8.25 7.81 0.19 99.19 2.58 1.39 0.40 0.69 0.01 5.07 1.00 62.53 36.4716BG50- 63.85 - 18.43 - - - 0.04 0.64 16.04 99.01 2.98 1.02 0.00 0.06 0.96 5.02 94.14 5.69 0.17

1@1816BG50-1@19 56.70 0.02 26.27 0.04 - - 8.96 7.73 0.20 99.90 2.56 1.40 0.43 0.68 0.01 5.08 1.01 60.35 38.6416BG50-1@20 64.30 0.02 18.65 - 0.04 - 0.02 0.48 16.58

100.08 2.98 1.02 0.00 0.04 0.98 5.02 95.68 4.25 0.08

16BG50-1@21 58.14 - 26.19 0.03 - - 8.13 8.03 0.27

100.79 2.59 1.38 0.39 0.69 0.02 5.07 1.39 63.24 35.37

16BG50-1@22 65.55 0.01 18.08 0.02 - - 0.03 0.55 16.32

100.56 3.01 0.98 0.00 0.05 0.96 5.00 94.97 4.86 0.17

16BG50-1@23 57.76 0.01 26.22 0.02 - - 8.94 7.47 0.20

100.62 2.58 1.38 0.43 0.65 0.01 5.05 1.03 59.57 39.40

16BG50-1@24 63.81 - 18.36 0.03 0.01 - 0.01 0.86 16.03 99.11 2.98 1.01 0.00 0.08 0.96 5.03 92.41 7.53 0.0716BG50-1@25 55.02 0.01 27.80 - 0.01 - 10.77 6.27 0.14

100.01 2.49 1.48 0.52 0.55 0.01 5.05 0.74 50.91 48.35

16BG50-1@26 64.73 0.02 18.07 - - - - 1.08 15.73 99.63 3.00 0.99 0.00 0.10 0.93 5.02 90.54 9.46 0.0016BG50-1@27 56.63 - 27.10 0.03 0.01 - 9.83 6.93 0.18

100.72 2.54 1.43 0.47 0.60 0.01 5.05 0.94 55.53 43.53

16BG50-1@28 65.39 0.01 17.81 - - - 0.04 0.82 15.79 99.86 3.02 0.97 0.00 0.07 0.93 5.00 92.54 7.27 0.19Structural formulas on the basis of 8 oxygen atoms

Appendix 2: U–Th–Pb analyses by LA–ICP–MS for zircons for biotite granites from the Langla–Laqinpu area (16BG46–1, 16BG48–4 and 16BG50–5). Spot Concentrations (ppm) Th/ Isotopic ratios Isotopic ages (Ma)

UPb* Th U 207Pb/206Pb ±1σ 207Pb/235U ±1σ 206Pb/238U ±1σ 207Pb/206Pb ±1σ 207Pb/235U ±1σ 206Pb/238U ±1σ

16BG46-1@

113.7 373 604 0.62 0.04881 0.00576 0.12858 0.01413 0.01914 0.00088 138.9

255.9

2 122.8

12.7

1 122.2

5.5

5

29.4 186 443 0.42 0.04903 0.00460 0.12766 0.01138 0.01892 0.00062 149.1

206.2

6 122

10.2

5 120.9

3.9

1

311.0 220 501 0.44 0.04928 0.00654 0.13106 0.01633 0.01933 0.00094 161

283.7

6 125

14.6

6 123.4

5.9

2

419.0 267 892 0.30 0.04569 0.00290 0.12294 0.00737 0.01956 0.00048 0.1

127.6

2 117.7 6.67 124.8

3.0

4

515.6 280 744 0.38 0.05113 0.00316 0.1322 0.00763 0.01879 0.00049 246.5

136.4

2 126.1 6.84 120 3.1

615.8 465 719 0.65 0.05072 0.00335 0.12808 0.00790 0.01835 0.00050 228.2

145.7

4 122.4 7.11 117.2

3.1

8

726.8 344

132

1 0.26 0.04615 0.00229 0.12023 0.00560 0.01893 0.00041 5.3 115.6 115.3 5.08 120.9

2.6

2

86.5 161 293 0.55 0.04846 0.00706 0.12464 0.01704 0.01869 0.00099 121.8

311.0

2 119.3

15.3

8 119.3

6.2

5

99.9 155 471 0.33 0.04882 0.00543 0.12737 0.01341 0.01895 0.00073 139.1

242.0

2 121.7

12.0

8 121

4.6

3

1014.1 132 754 0.17 0.04903 0.00487 0.12059 0.01110 0.01787 0.00072 149.1

217.5

2 115.6

10.0

6 114.2

4.5

6

118.6 127 411 0.31 0.04694 0.00469 0.12224 0.01158 0.01892 0.00067 45.8

223.3

6 117.1

10.4

7 120.8

4.2

2

12 8.6 191 391 0.49 0.0486 0.00473 0.12807 0.01182 0.01914 0.00065 128.5 214.3 122.4 10.6 122.2 4.1

8 4 4

1312.0 228 581 0.39 0.04846 0.00412 0.12478 0.01002 0.0187 0.00059 121.8

188.9

8 119.4 9.04 119.4

3.7

2

148.7 178 402 0.44 0.04855 0.00465 0.12581 0.01133 0.01882 0.00067 126.4

211.0

9 120.3

10.2

2 120.2

4.2

3

154.0 97 185 0.52 0.05106 0.00815 0.13134 0.01984 0.01868 0.00101 243.6

331.2

1 125.3

17.8

1 119.3

6.3

8

168.8 207 421 0.49 0.04846 0.00438 0.11989 0.01027 0.01797 0.00058 121.7

200.2

6 115 9.31 114.8

3.6

6

1711.4 177 566 0.31 0.04848 0.00520 0.12355 0.01231 0.0185 0.00079 123

234.9

4 118.3

11.1

3 118.2 5

187.7 167 349 0.48 0.04924 0.00582 0.13032 0.01444 0.01922 0.00085 159.1

255.5

1 124.4

12.9

8 122.7

5.3

7

1915.6 212 782 0.27 0.05066 0.00394 0.12877 0.00926 0.01846 0.00060 225.2

170.3

8 123 8.33 117.9

3.8

1

2015.0 245 751 0.33 0.04851 0.00309 0.12181 0.00723 0.01823 0.00048 124.1

143.3

3 116.7 6.55 116.5

3.0

6

217.1 184 345 0.53 0.04841 0.00527 0.11899 0.01217 0.01784 0.00071 119.2

238.1

6 114.2

11.0

4 114

4.5

3

16BG48-4@

125.0 39 463 0.08 0.04868 0.00347 0.12174 0.00813 0.01816 0.00051 132.4

159.3

9 116.6 7.36 116

3.2

3

223.1 49 460 0.11 0.04828 0.00454 0.12775 0.0112 0.01922 0.00071 113.2

207.8

8 122.1

10.0

8 122.7

4.4

8

3 19.3 30 423 0.07 0.04907 0.00463 0.12778 0.01115 0.01892 0.00074 151 207.2 122.1 10.0 120.8 4.6

5 4 5

429.2 74 669 0.11 0.04816 0.004 0.11843 0.00917 0.01787 0.0006 107 185.4 113.6 8.32 114.2

3.7

8

536.0 88 838 0.10 0.04988 0.00433 0.1243 0.00993 0.01811 0.00067 189.6 190.3 119 8.96 115.7

4.2

5

622.5 59 638 0.09 0.05 0.00349 0.12959 0.00841 0.01884 0.00055 195

154.7

7 123.7 7.56 120.3

3.4

9

758.2 160

179

1 0.09 0.0505 0.00272 0.12473 0.00616 0.01795 0.00045 217.9

120.0

7 119.3 5.56 114.7

2.8

7

811.6 52 441 0.12 0.04833 0.00407 0.1268 0.01008 0.01906 0.00059 115.4 187.6 121.2 9.09 121.7

3.7

5

9100.0 360

409

9 0.09 0.05317 0.00232 0.13317 0.0053 0.0182 0.0004 336.1 95.75 126.9 4.75 116.2

2.5

5

1017.3 172 641 0.27 0.04674 0.003 0.12588 0.00754 0.01957 0.00053 35.6

147.2

8 120.4 6.8 124.9

3.3

2

1136.0 222

168

9 0.13 0.05045 0.00217 0.13307 0.00528 0.01915 0.0004 215.9 96.85 126.8 4.73 122.3

2.5

6

16BG50-5@

125.5 50.2 473 0.11 0.04851 0.00350 0.12353 0.00836 0.01849 0.00054 124.2

161.5

9 118.3 7.55 118.1

3.3

9

232.5 36.5 663 0.06 0.04811 0.00272 0.12451 0.00658 0.01879 0.00046 104.9

128.5

1 119.2 5.94 120

2.9

4

316.5 35.6 330 0.11 0.04867 0.00414 0.12924 0.01027 0.01928 0.00065 131.9 188.5 123.4 9.24 123.1

4.1

1

4 11.7 52.1 285 0.18 0.05022 0.00512 0.13048 0.01250 0.01887 0.00072 205.2 220.5 124.5 11.2 120.5 4.5

6 3 5

510.5 45.0 264 0.17 0.04865 0.00644 0.12314 0.01516 0.01838 0.00095 130.9

284.9

1 117.9

13.7

1 117.4

6.0

1

68.7 42.2 261 0.16 0.05011 0.00641 0.12530 0.01504 0.01816 0.00085 200.2

271.8

7 119.9

13.5

7 116

5.4

1

77.8 92.4 277 0.33 0.04784 0.00599 0.12124 0.01443 0.01840 0.00077 90.4

273.3

7 116.2

13.0

7 117.6

4.8

7

87.1 59.9 273 0.22 0.04705 0.00579 0.12145 0.01422 0.01874 0.00077 51.4

270.6

7 116.4

12.8

8 119.7

4.8

9

94.0 49.2 147 0.33 0.04767 0.00774 0.12257 0.01873 0.01867 0.00108 81.9

346.6

2 117.4

16.9

4 119.3

6.8

5

1027.2 52.4

122

5 0.04 0.04897 0.00245 0.12588 0.00588 0.01866 0.00043 146.6

113.2

6 120.4 5.3 119.2

2.6

9

1134.4

514.

3

140

4 0.37 0.05051 0.00228 0.13048 0.00546 0.01876 0.00041 218.4

101.2

2 124.5 4.9 119.8

2.6

3

125.9

145.

3 255 0.57 0.04730 0.00773 0.12022 0.01875 0.01845 0.00095 64.1

349.4

8 115.3 17 117.9

6.0

3

136.9

124.

9 296 0.42 0.04888 0.00641 0.12729 0.01583 0.01891 0.00084 142.1

281.6

9 121.7

14.2

6 120.8

5.3

4

Appendix 3: Major (wt.%) and trace element (ppm) data for biotite granites from the Langla–Laqinpu area.Sample 16BG46-1 16BG46-2 16BG47-1 16BG49-1 16BG49-2 16BG48-1 16BG48-2 16BG48-3 16BG48-4 16BG48-5 16BG50-1 16BG50-3 16BG50-4 16BG50-5

Location Langla A Langla B Laqinpu

SiO2 70.38 71.02 69.59 71.06 70.51 71.18 70.96 70.96 72.42 71.44 67.51 68.28 67.79 68.31

TiO2 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.32 0.34 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.21 0.25 0.47 0.46 0.49 0.49

Al2O3 15.24 15.08 15.56 15.17 15.37 14.71 15.20 14.93 14.73 14.92 16.31 16.05 16.44 16.06

Fe2O3T 2.48 2.53 2.91 2.57 2.67 2.59 2.47 2.52 2.01 2.29 3.29 3.25 3.38 3.35

MnO 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06

MgO 0.78 0.76 0.88 0.66 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.71 0.57 0.70 1.15 1.11 1.20 1.20

CaO 2.59 2.55 3.09 2.72 3.10 2.92 2.83 3.03 2.36 2.64 4.38 4.17 4.37 4.21

Na2O 2.89 2.99 3.01 3.22 3.28 3.29 3.45 3.16 3.39 3.36 3.01 3.01 3.04 2.92

K2O 3.82 3.65 3.32 3.13 2.97 2.82 2.93 2.98 3.46 3.05 2.41 2.31 2.38 2.52

P2O5 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.09 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12

LOI 0.72 0.67 0.66 0.72 0.70 0.66 0.63 0.84 0.66 0.80 0.90 0.69 0.61 0.64

Total 99.35 99.71 99.53 99.7 99.8 99.32 99.58 99.56 99.96 99.61 99.6 99.52 99.89 99.89

Mg# 38.45 37.19 37.35 33.80 34.34 34.52 35.28 35.84 36.16 37.73 40.78 40.39 41.24 41.46

A/CNK 1.12 1.12 1.10 1.11 1.08 1.07 1.09 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.05 1.07 1.06 1.06

A/NK 1.71 1.70 1.82 1.75 1.78 1.74 1.72 1.77 1.58 1.69 2.16 2.15 2.17 2.13

K2O/Na2O 1.32 1.22 1.10 0.97 0.91 0.86 0.85 0.94 1.02 0.91 0.80 0.77 0.78 0.86

Sc 4.797 4.808 5.49 4.438 4.451 4.155 4.018 4.075 3.667 3.733 6.69 6.42 6.733 6.842

Ti 1862.1 2001.8 2073.5 1909.1 1990.9 1700.3 1647.3 1678.9 1265.5 1486.3 2836.8 2818.9 2855 2907.2

V 24.2 20.04 25.13 13.99 18.81 16.23 19.54 20.16 15.43 15.02 42.52 37.13 41.18 43.77

Cr 3.83 3.136 3.791 2.464 2.527 2.461 2.581 2.668 2.191 2.28 4.481 4.435 4.368 4.383

Mn 300.8 303.3 416.8 284.1 300 522 507.3 433.9 515.3 507.7 530.9 534.8 511.4 505.8

Co 2.411 2.44 2.697 2.267 2.358 2.017 1.905 1.966 1.475 1.713 3.29 3.265 3.338 3.315

Ni 2.278 1.99 2.334 1.817 1.777 1.751 1.666 1.673 1.478 1.588 2.336 2.646 2.406 2.35

Cu 2.79 2.11 2.333 2.011 1.966 1.68 1.597 1.722 1.357 1.516 2.686 3.192 2.992 2.736

Zn 39.13 41.54 51.26 46.53 57.68 51.15 49.23 45.42 47.27 44.25 63.83 60.22 55.85 59.28

Ga 18.59 19.45 19.07 20.77 20.95 18.76 19.31 18.44 18.7 18.61 19.66 20 19.48 19.39

Ge 1.554 1.674 1.719 1.605 1.727 1.5 1.626 1.555 1.53 1.617 1.713 1.756 1.806 1.71

Rb 164.4 161 147.4 158.8 150.6 139.4 142 121 156.9 151 105.9 105.4 103.6 110.9

Sr 239.5 226.2 282 241.9 256.5 271.6 268.9 317.2 249.6 252.3 298.4 300.8 295.2 298

Y 14.28 11.4 16.12 12.25 14.15 14.97 17.87 14.28 24.94 18.2 16.43 15.51 16.23 15.02

Zr 162.1 182.6 181.4 161.5 179.8 165.1 164.8 168 141.6 147 178.5 189.3 178.9 182.9

Nb 11.81 12.44 12.19 13.51 13.49 12.82 13.26 11.59 12.34 12.47 10.78 10.89 10.43 10.73

Cs 3.186 3.449 3.441 3.607 5.048 4.435 3.323 3.908 4.205 5.544 2.925 3.192 3.123 3.249

Ba 545.6 524.5 554.9 520.3 506.2 427.3 430.1 568.7 414.2 421.6 388.2 452.8 412.1 521.1

La 36.53 39.17 36.12 36.72 42.62 24.93 34.59 31.7 28.94 33.8 30.85 35.98 42.17 34.8

Ce 72.22 79.08 69.95 75.87 81.22 48.65 67.95 61.8 58.15 65.53 60.2 69.45 81.58 67.9

Pr 7.965 8.601 7.79 8.325 9.627 5.586 7.812 6.991 6.644 7.469 6.87 7.717 9.184 7.523

Nd 28.91 31.68 28.82 31.08 35.91 20.51 28.25 25.8 24.56 26.81 25.79 28.92 34.06 27.64

Sm 5.16 5.449 4.991 5.606 6.48 3.837 5.233 4.417 4.845 5.034 4.804 5.025 5.924 4.987

Eu 1.058 1.071 1.097 1.247 1.286 0.949 1.004 1.053 0.875 0.918 1.176 1.213 1.168 1.212

Gd 4.238 4.38 4.306 4.584 5.239 3.348 4.4 3.743 4.365 4.38 4.117 4.37 4.949 4.347

Tb 0.544 0.515 0.562 0.559 0.624 0.489 0.619 0.496 0.712 0.625 0.566 0.574 0.631 0.552

Dy 2.738 2.393 2.947 2.548 2.903 2.677 3.224 2.568 4.019 3.3 2.994 2.946 3.196 2.947

Ho 0.483 0.401 0.543 0.423 0.48 0.493 0.588 0.476 0.802 0.614 0.558 0.532 0.559 0.517

Er 1.208 0.916 1.333 0.959 1.113 1.291 1.486 1.218 2.095 1.552 1.412 1.284 1.374 1.289

Tm 0.172 0.125 0.188 0.131 0.146 0.197 0.219 0.183 0.334 0.218 0.201 0.182 0.185 0.18

Yb 1.078 0.794 1.223 0.813 0.9 1.262 1.418 1.204 2.181 1.393 1.277 1.143 1.169 1.142

Lu 0.162 0.117 0.179 0.117 0.128 0.192 0.214 0.181 0.323 0.205 0.192 0.177 0.17 0.167

Hf 4.736 5.157 4.942 4.724 4.991 4.672 4.71 4.641 4.24 4.218 4.701 5.08 4.789 4.916

Ta 0.917 1.023 0.875 1.065 1.06 1.151 1.032 0.947 1.347 1.253 0.774 0.729 0.712 0.719

Pb 26.89 26.2 23.8 24.73 24.14 21.37 24.17 22.88 26.36 24.36 17.16 18.32 17.78 18.24

Th 18.66 18.73 15.82 17.91 19.6 10.29 14.8 12.61 12.89 13.33 11.4 14.55 16.31 12.65

U 1.794 1.761 1.701 2.137 2.23 1.435 1.679 1.809 2.024 1.765 1.391 1.443 1.304 1.19

∑REE 162.5 174.7 160.0 169.0 188.7 114.4 157.0 141.8 138.8 151.8 141.0 159.5 186.3 155.2

LREE/

HREE 14.3 17.1 13.2 15.7 15.4 10.5 11.9 13.1 8.4 11.4 11.5 13.2 14.2 12.9

δEu 0.69 0.67 0.72 0.75 0.67 0.81 0.64 0.79 0.58 0.60 0.81 0.79 0.66 0.80

(La/Yb)N 24.3 35.4 21.2 32.4 34.0 14.2 17.5 18.9 9.5 17.4 17.3 22.6 25.9 21.9

Tzr (℃) 749 762 755 749 753 745 746 747 733 737 741 752 742 746

Fe2O3T = Total Fe2O3 content; Mg# = Mg2+/(Mg2+ +Fe)(molar ratio); LOI: Loss on ignition

A/CNK=Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O) (molar ratio); A/NK=Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O) (molar ratio)

δEu = EuN/(SmN×GdN)1/2; subscript N presents chondrite normalization

TZr are calculated after Boehnke et al. (2013).

Appendix 4: Whole rock Sr–Nd isotopic composition for biotite granites from the Langla–Laqinpu area.

SampleRb Sr 87Sr/86Sr 87Sr/86Sr(i)

Sm Nd 143Nd/144Nd 143Nd/144Nd(i) εNd(t) TNd2DM (Ga) fSm/Nd

(ppm) (ppm) ratio ±2σ (ppm) (ppm) ratio ±2σ16BG46-1 164.4 239.5 0.715285 0.000008 0.711909 5.16 28.91 0.512057 0.000005 0.511973 -9.98 1.73 -0.4516BG47-1 147.4 282 0.713635 0.000006 0.711065 4.991 28.82 0.512065 0.000006 0.511983 -9.77 1.71 -0.4716BG48-1 139.4 271.6 0.714353 0.000011 0.711843 3.837 20.51 0.512043 0.000007 0.511955 -10.34 1.76 -0.4316BG48-4 156.9 249.6 0.715052 0.000007 0.711979 4.845 24.56 0.512057 0.000005 0.511965 -10.16 1.74 -0.3916BG49-2 150.6 256.5 0.716620 0.000009 0.713733 6.48 35.91 0.512050 0.000007 0.511964 -10.15 1.74 -0.4516BG50-1 105.9 298.4 0.711586 0.000007 0.709843 4.804 25.79 0.512142 0.000005 0.512054 -8.40 1.60 -0.4316BG50-4 103.6 295.2 0.711558 0.000013 0.709833 5.924 34.06 0.512134 0.000004 0.512051 -8.45 1.60 -0.4716BG50-5 110.9 298 0.711670 0.000008 0.709842 4.987 27.64 0.512136 0.000006 0.512051 -8.45 1.60 -0.45a. 87Sr/86Sr(i) = [(87Sr/86Sr) − (87Rb/86Sr)(eλt−1)], λ(87Rb) = 1.42×10-11yr-1

b.143Nd/144Nd(i) = [(143Nd/144Nd) − (147Sm/144Nd)(eλt−1)], εNd(t) = [(143Nd/144Nd)/(143Nd/144NdCHUR) −1]×10000, TDM = ln[143Nd/144Nd − (143Nd/144Nd)DM]/ [143Sm/144Nd − (147Sm/144Nd)DM] / λ.In the calculation, (143Nd/144Nd)CHUR = 0.512638, (147Sm/144Nd)CHUR = 0.1967, (143Nd/144Nd)DM = 0.513151, (147Sm/144Nd)DM = 0.2135, (147Sm/144Nd)CC = 0.118, λSm

= 6.54 × 10-12/yr−1, t1= 119.5 Ma, t2 = 118.8 Ma and t3 = 119.4 Ma.

Appendix 5: Zircon Hf–O isotopic compositions of biotite granites from the Langla–Laqinpu area (16BG46–1, 16bg48–4 and 16BG50–5).

Spot 176Yb/177Hf 176Lu/177Hf 176Hf/177Hf 2σ (176Hf/177Hf)iεHf(0

)εHf(t) TDM (Ga) THf

2DM (Ga) fLu/Hf δ18O(‰) 2σ

16BG46-1@

1 0.030228 0.001051 0.282527 0.000010 0.282525 -8.67 -6.07 1.03 1.57-

0.978.96

0.20

2 0.029341 0.000981 0.282457 0.000011 0.282455 -11.14 -8.57 1.12 1.72-

0.979.05

0.16

3 0.028944 0.001014 0.282511 0.000010 0.282509 -9.22 -6.60 1.05 1.60-

0.978.92

0.20

4 0.017664 0.000609 0.282491 0.000011 0.282490 -9.93 -7.24 1.06 1.64-

0.989.09

0.19

5 0.029076 0.000951 0.282544 0.000010 0.282542 -8.05 -5.50 1.00 1.53-

0.978.94

0.23

6 0.028250 0.000996 0.282518 0.000010 0.282516 -8.98 -6.48 1.04 1.59-

0.979.00

0.18

7 0.025223 0.000825 0.282404 0.000010 0.282402 -13.02 -10.44 1.19 1.84-

0.988.99

0.17

8 0.029121 0.001166 0.282581 0.000015 0.282578 -6.77 -4.24 0.95 1.45-

0.969.13

0.17

9 0.015144 0.000583 0.282496 0.000012 0.282495 -9.75 -7.14 1.06 1.63-

0.988.77

0.20

10 0.034985 0.001298 0.282127 0.000011 0.282124 -22.80 -20.40 1.60 2.47-

0.969.27

0.18

11 0.013468 0.000529 0.282457 0.000011 0.282456 -11.13 -8.52 1.11 1.72 - 8.93 0.1

0.98 7

12 0.024103 0.000879 0.282495 0.000011 0.282493 -9.79 -7.18 1.07 1.64-

0.979.13

0.17

13 0.022743 0.000783 0.282514 0.000009 0.282513 -9.11 -6.56 1.04 1.60-

0.989.27

0.24

14 0.022892 0.000854 0.282529 0.000012 0.282527 -8.61 -6.04 1.02 1.56-

0.978.83

0.17

15 0.007482 0.000244 0.282698 0.000013 0.282697 -2.62 -0.02 0.77 1.18-

0.998.66

0.15

16 0.022180 0.000792 0.282538 0.000010 0.282536 -8.28 -5.83 1.00 1.55-

0.988.80

0.20

17 0.028348 0.000980 0.282158 0.000015 0.282156 -21.70 -19.19 1.54 2.39-

0.979.28

0.11

18 0.035549 0.001265 0.282248 0.000013 0.282245 -18.53 -15.95 1.43 2.19-

0.968.59

0.19

19 0.019861 0.000737 0.282472 0.000010 0.282470 -10.61 -8.08 1.10 1.69-

0.988.82

0.15

20 0.032643 0.001240 0.282504 0.000011 0.282502 -9.47 -7.01 1.06 1.62-

0.968.78

0.20

21 0.013632 0.000487 0.282517 0.000008 0.282516 -9.03 -6.57 1.03 1.59-

0.998.84

0.18

16BG48-4@

1 0.020201 0.000658 0.282440 0.000010 0.282438 -11.75 -9.25 1.14 1.76-

0.988.95

0.20

2 0.015543 0.000463 0.282457 0.000009 0.282456 -11.13 -8.48 1.11 1.72 - 8.71 0.2

0.99 1

3 0.023598 0.000781 0.282403 0.000012 0.282401 -13.05 -10.47 1.19 1.84-

0.988.69

0.13

4 0.023725 0.000750 0.282430 0.000009 0.282428 -12.11 -9.66 1.15 1.79-

0.989.18

0.18

5 0.028969 0.000945 0.282098 0.000013 0.282096 -23.82 -21.36 1.62 2.53-

0.978.81

0.16

6 0.019900 0.000666 0.282477 0.000011 0.282475 -10.45 -7.86 1.09 1.68-

0.989.97

0.16

7 0.052876 0.001722 0.282429 0.000010 0.282425 -12.15 -9.76 1.19 1.79-

0.958.44

0.11

8 0.021883 0.000782 0.282422 0.000012 0.282420 -12.38 -9.77 1.17 1.80-

0.9810.40

0.17

9 0.030512 0.000948 0.282487 0.000013 0.282485 -10.09 -7.61 1.08 1.66-

0.979.15

0.17

10 0.019651 0.000607 0.282404 0.000011 0.282402 -13.03 -10.34 1.19 1.84-

0.988.74

0.15

11 0.028519 0.000947 0.282197 0.000013 0.282195 -20.33 -17.72 1.48 2.30-

0.978.29

0.16

16BG50-5@

1 0.026651 0.000919 0.282476 0.000011 0.282474 -10.46 -7.94 1.09 1.68-

0.9710.12

0.30

2 0.022948 0.000813 0.282611 0.000011 0.282610 -5.68 -3.11 0.90 1.38-

0.989.96

0.13

3 0.022221 0.000798 0.282559 0.000011 0.282557 -7.54 -4.91 0.98 1.49 - 10.13 0.2

0.98 1

4 0.016142 0.000551 0.282458 0.000009 0.282456 -11.12 -8.52 1.11 1.72-

0.989.99

0.21

5 0.046106 0.001709 0.282445 0.000015 0.282441 -11.57 -9.13 1.16 1.76-

0.959.81

0.19

6 0.021115 0.000759 0.282404 0.000012 0.282403 -13.00 -10.52 1.19 1.84-

0.989.86

0.19

7 0.036132 0.001299 0.282546 0.000011 0.282543 -7.99 -5.51 1.01 1.53-

0.969.68

0.13

8 0.015344 0.000487 0.282429 0.000010 0.282428 -12.12 -9.53 1.15 1.78-

0.999.68

0.13

9 0.011121 0.000409 0.282507 0.000010 0.282506 -9.37 -6.79 1.04 1.61-

0.999.64

0.18

10 0.015925 0.000489 0.282514 0.000009 0.282513 -9.13 -6.55 1.03 1.59-

0.9911.67

0.14

11 0.028100 0.000980 0.282461 0.000010 0.282459 -10.98 -8.43 1.12 1.71-

0.9713.47

0.11

12 0.025129 0.000866 0.282579 0.000009 0.282577 -6.83 -4.31 0.95 1.45-

0.9710.30

0.16

13 0.022274 0.000760 0.282442 0.000011 0.282440 -11.68 -9.09 1.14 1.76-

0.9810.14

0.21

εHf(t) = [176Hf/177HfZ/176Hf/177HfCHUR(t) − 1] × 10000.176Hf/177HfCHUR(T) = 176Hf/177HfCHUR(0) − 176Lu/177HfCHUR × (eλT −1), λ(176Lu) = 1.867×10-11yr−1

TDM = (1/λ) × ln[1 + (176Hf/177HfDM − 176Hf/177HfZ) / (176Lu/177HfDM − 176Lu/177HfZ)].THf

DM2=TDM − (TDM − T) × [(fCC − fZ) / (fCC − fDM)].

fLu/Hf =176Hf/177HfZ/176Lu/177HfCHUR−1,where fCC, fZ and fDM are the fLu/Hf values of the continental crust, zircon sample and the depleted mantle; subscript Z = analyzed zircon sample, CHUR = chondritic uniform reservoir; DM = depleted mantle

Appendix 6: Trace elements composition of replicate sample and reference materials.

Sample16BG50–1 16BG50–1R SARM–4 W–2a BHVO–2 AGV–2 GSR–1 GSR–2 GSR–3

Replicate analysis Reference materialsSc 6.69 6.716 41.28 34.16 29.48 12.44 6.448 8.987 14.16Ti 2836.8 2698.9 1155.4 6250.7 16271.3 6327.1 1679.1 3053.6 14297V 42.52 33.78 219.4 258.4 312.9 120.3 28.38 99.32 175Cr 4.481 4.387 32.52 93.15 277.8 17.38 4.621 30.79 138.5Mn 530.9 506.6 1395.3 1269.1 1286.7 755.1 455.7 599.2 1333.2Co 3.29 3.264 59.64 42.44 43.98 15.12 3.756 13.02 48.69Ni 2.336 1.688 125.9 68.73 117.4 18.32 2.375 16.93 144.2Cu 2.686 2.566 10.65 98.96 126.2 53.99 3.288 54.38 50.67Zn 63.83 59.5 56.47 76.28 109 86.09 27.74 69.59 149.8Ga 19.66 19.29 16.56 20.41 21.31 20.55 19.26 18.22 24.64Ge 1.713 1.627 2.29 2.651 3.159 2.224 2.429 1.632 3.625Rb 105.9 101.6 4.708 19.5 9.716 67.99 472.1 38.02 38.78Sr 298.4 293.7 254.1 191.3 373.9 644.4 105.1 785.5 1119.6Y 16.43 15.46 6.292 22.1 26.55 19.79 62.57 8.973 23.57Zr 178.5 170.9 10.78 93.52 166.5 228.8 165.4 97.83 285Nb 10.78 10.12 0.432 7.902 19.09 14.86 39.18 6.983 69.52Cs 2.925 2.869 0.248 0.839 0.095 1.131 38.44 1.689 0.443Ba 388.2 383.5 82.77 170.5 127.7 1142 345.5 1021.1 536.4La 30.85 29.79 2.904 10.11 15.04 39.2 53.72 21.82 55.69Ce 60.2 57.21 5.724 23.56 37.68 70.61 107.9 39.63 105.8Pr 6.87 6.492 0.77 3.128 5.684 8.548 12.97 4.745 12.89Nd 25.79 23.99 3.43 13.89 25.35 33.09 46.45 18.68 52.73

Sm 4.804 4.535 0.847 3.278 6.111 5.75 9.865 3.3 10.08Eu 1.176 1.143 0.585 1.092 2.005 1.575 0.821 0.999 3.202Gd 4.117 3.926 0.921 3.582 6.342 4.897 9.206 2.686 8.749Tb 0.566 0.529 0.168 0.613 0.921 0.657 1.636 0.386 1.184Dy 2.994 2.836 1.062 3.842 5.209 3.533 10.29 1.789 5.459Ho 0.558 0.527 0.241 0.864 0.992 0.696 2.212 0.332 0.876Er 1.412 1.352 0.646 2.353 2.363 1.793 6.573 0.848 1.981Tm 0.201 0.193 0.096 0.323 0.323 0.251 1.076 0.129 0.281Yb 1.277 1.252 0.638 1.981 1.985 1.599 7.481 0.899 1.518Lu 0.192 0.189 0.098 0.329 0.276 0.245 1.161 0.118 0.187Hf 4.701 4.491 0.379 2.566 4.201 5.343 6.264 2.843 6.452Ta 0.774 0.747 0.053 0.495 1.411 0.856 7.217 0.441 4.307Pb 17.16 16.8 2.414 7.4 1.773 12.92 32.21 9.937 7.312Th 11.4 11.53 0.4 2.174 1.2 6.251 55.88 2.57 5.895U 1.391 1.41 0.278 0.541 0.404 1.911 19.03 0.869 1.405