Application of Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna) seed biochar in hybrid treatment system for

the bioremediation of Congo red dye

Mandavi Goswami1, 2, #, Preeti Chaturvedi3,#, Ravi Kumar Sonwani1, Arijit Dutta Gupta2, Reeta Rani

Singhania4, Balendu Shekher Giri1,3, Birendra Nath Rai1, Harinder Singh2, Sudeep Yadav5, Ram

Sharan Singh1

1Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU),

Varanasi 221005, India

2Department of Chemical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad,

Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211004, India

3Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and

Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31,

M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India

4Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, Sector 5, Vrindavan Yojna,

Lucknow-226 025, UP, India

5Department of Chemical Engineering, Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology (BIET),

Jhanshi, Uttar Pradesh 284128, India

#both authors contributed equally

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Table1S

Literature survey of the various dyes and the adsorbent used for the degradation process

S.N. Types of dye Adsorbent used Experimental condition % Removal References

1 Methylene blue Cucumis sativus peel waste

Concentration- 25-250 mg/ltTemperature 298K, pH 6, adsorbent dosage 0.4g/lt to 4g/lt time 60 min to 1 hrs

63.62 Shakoor & Nasar 2017

2 Reactive Blue 4 Rice Bran Conc- 100-500ppm, adsorbent dosage- 20-120mg, T- 30-600C, pH 5.8 max adsorption capacity-151.3mg/gWith respect to a dye con of 500ppm & adsorbent dosage of 65.36mg at 600C

98.2 Hong & Wang 2017

3 Astrazon Red Dead leaves of Posidonia oceanic(Linnaeus) Delile

Max. adsorption capacity- 68.97mg/g, T 250C, pH 6.5, agitation speed 200rpm,con- 10-400ppm,

50.5-97.6% Cengiz et.al. 2012

4 Crystal violet (CV) & Rhodamine B (RHB)

Cucumis sativus (RCS) Conc-25-250ppm, 90min, pH 6-7,

84.98 and 81.69%

Smitha et.al. 2012

5 Congo red Seed husk of Bengal gram (SHBG)

Conc-100-1000ppm, T-300C, speed of agitation-160rpm, mass of SHBG-0.1g,

max adsorptive capacities of anionic dyes on SHBG are lower with 78 mg of CR and 5.6 mg of AB per gram of SHBG

Reddy & Nirmala 2013

6 Direct Red 28, Direct Yellow 12, Direct Orange 26 and Direct Blue 1

Sugarcane bagasse pith, Saw dust, Brick Powder

50 ml of each type of dye effluent using adsorbent doses, T 300C

COD in effluent of these dyes are 266,442,202,392 ppm

Kaushik et.al 2009

7 Congo Rrd Phoenix dactylifera seeds Conc- 20-120 ppm, adsorbent dosage (20-120mg), pH (2-12), Temperature (35-550C) and contact time (20-140 min)

90 % maximum color removal

Deepak et.al. 2016

8 Reactive Orange 16, MB dye

Ashoka & Casuarina seeds

Con- 50 mg/lt, temp- 300C, adsorbent dose- 4 to 10 gm per 250 ml, equilibrium time- 120 min, pH range is 5-9.

For BC-CS 51.9 to 94.56% with the increase in the

Bharti et.al. 2017

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biochar dose from 4 to 10 gm per 250 ml within the equilibrium time of 120 min

9 MB, Malachite Green (MG), Congo Red

Citrus Limetta Peel and Zea Mays Cob

pH range is 2 to 12, iniaial con- 10 mg/lt, agitation time= 30 min, settling time- 1 hr, stirring speed- 150 rpm, adsorbent dose- 0.25- 2.5 gm,

96% MG dye was removed 0.5g and 0.25g of CLP and ZMC, CR dye < 90%, po % MB removal

Hemant et.al. 2016

10 Congo Red, Sunset Yellow

Polypyrrole, polyaniline nanoparticles and their nanocomposites

0.007 g of polypyrrole/multiwall carbon nanotubes nanocomposite, at pH ¼ 2, at ambient temperature and at ultrasonic irradiation power 500 W

< 99% RE for Sunset Yellow and ≤ 98% for Congo red

Roghayeh Sharifi Aliabadi, Nosrat O. Mahmoodi, 2018

11 Reactive Black 5 and Congo Red

Banana Peel Powder RB5 and CR were desorbed from BPP using 0.1 M NaOH

RB5 and CR on BPP; 49.2 and 164.6 mg/g at pH 3.0 and 298 K

Munagapati et.al.,2018

12 Congo Red Coconut shell Inoculum size: 3 ml, Temperature: 30 °C, Time: 6 days

95.71% removal

Talha et.al.2017

13 Acid Green 25 dead leaves of Prunus Dulcis

Optimum pH 2, 14g/lt adsorbent dose

22.68 and 50.79 mg/g

Suyog N. Jain, Parag R. Gogate, 2017

14 Congo Red carbon-metal double layered oxides (C/MnCuAl-LDOs) nano-adsorbent

pH 4-10, initial CR conc 25-250 ppm, contact time (0-310min), Temp- 30-50°C

317.5 mg/g at pH of 4.5

Miandad et.al. 2017.

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Figure 1S: Arjuna seed and prepared biochar

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Figure 2S: Schematic diagram of Ozonator

Figure 3S: Effect of Providencia stuartii on Congo red degradation

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Figure 4S: Best strain of Providencia stuartii for Congo red degradation

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Figure 5S: Effect of inoculum size on percentage removal of dye

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Figure 6S: Effect of temperature on degradation of Congo red dye

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Figure 7S: Effect of time on bio-remediation of Congo red dye

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