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Background

Reference Information

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Artemis Lunar Program

Artemis Lunar Program Introduction Artemis was the twin sister of Apollo and goddess of the Moon in Greek mythology. - Now, she personifies our path to the Moon as the name of NASA’s program to return astronauts to the lunar surface by 2024, including the first woman and the next man. -- When they land, American astronauts will journey to a location where no human has ever been, the Moon’s South Pole.Working with U.S. companies and international partners, this program will push the boundaries of human exploration forward to the Moon. As a result of Artemis, NASA will be able to establish a sustainable human presence on the Moon by 2028 to uncover new scientific discoveries, demonstrate new technological advancements, and lay the foundation for private companies to build a lunar economy.With NASA’s goal of sending humans to Mars, Artemis is the first step to begin this next era of exploration. Artemis is managed by NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD).- The HEOMD provides the Agency with leadership and management of NASA space operations related to human exploration in and beyond low-Earth orbit. - Exploration activities beyond low Earth orbit include the management of Commercial Space Transportation, Exploration Systems Development, Human Space Flight Capabilities, Advanced Exploration Systems, and Space Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications.- The directorate is similarly responsible for Agency leadership and management of NASA space operations related to Launch Services, Space Transportation, and Space Communications in support of both human and robotic exploration programs.

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Artemis Lunar Program Artemis will use the Space Launch System, or SLS, (right) to launch the Orion Crew Vehicle (below) from Kennedy Space Center, FL to lunar orbit.- The SLS is being developed by NASA.-- Two shuttle-derived solid rocket boosters will be used for the initial flights of the SLS. -- Every SLS configuration uses the core stage with four RS-25 engines. -- The initial capability to propel Orion out of Earth’s orbit will be supplied by the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage. --- It is based on the Delta Cryogenic Second Stage used successfully on United Launch Alliance’s Delta IV family of rockets.- The Crew Vehicle Launch Abort System propels the crew module to safety in the event of an emergency during launch or the climb to Earth orbit.

3Credit: NASA

Credit: NASA The Orion Crew Vehicle will serve as the exploration spacecraft that will carry a crew of four into space, provide emergency abort capability, sustain the crew during the space travel, provide safe re-entry from deep space return velocities, and land the crew safely; it includes: - The Crew Module, developed by NASA, is a capsule that provides a safe habitat for the crew, consumables, and serves as the docking port for crew transfer.- The Service Module, furnished by the European Space Agency, provides propulsion, attitude control, and ascent aborts.

Crew Module

Service Module

Solid Rocket Booster (2X)

Core Stage

Launch Abort System Orion Crew

Vehicle

Artemis Lunar Program Timeline

Abbrevations:SLS - Space Launch System UM - Gateway Utilization ModulePPE - Gateway Power and Propulsion Element HLS - Gateway Human Landing System

Year Mission Human/Robotic

Launch Vehicle Mission Objective

2020 Payloads Un-crewed Commercial Start delivering commercial payloads to lunar surface

2020 Artemis 1 Un-crewed SLS SLS and Orion demonstration flight test to Moon and return

2022 Artemis 2 Crewed SLS Orion demonstration flight test to Moon and return

2022 Gateway Un-crewed Commercial Launch PPE to lunar orbit

2023 Gateway Un-crewed Commercial Launch UM to lunar orbit and dock with PPE

2024 Gateway Un-crewed Commercial Launch HLS in stages, assemble in lunar orbit, and dock to Gateway as unit ready to land on surface

2024 Artemis 3 Crewed SLS Launch Orion to lunar orbit and dock to Gateway; crew checks out Gateway and HLS before expedition to lunar South Pole; crew returns to Gateway

2025, 2026 2027&2028

Artemis 4, 5, 6 & 7

Crewed SLS NASA builds on the capabilities established for the 2024 lunar landing, and works with U.S. industry and international partners to develop sustainable human lunar presence; the SLS sends Orion crews to lunar orbit, where crews conduct expeditions aboard the expanded Gateway and on the lunar surface

2030s Mars Crewed In progress Astronauts on Mars using lunar orbit for assembly/test

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Credit: NASA

This initial Gateway configuration will serve as an operations base for astronauts arriving from Earth in Orion and heading to the lunar surface in the Human Landing System in 2024.- The Power and Propulsion Element, or PPE, will carry substantial maneuvering capabilities to change orbits, enabling the crew departing the station to reach the South Pole surface landing site. - The Utilization Module, or UM would have docking ports for Orion as well as the Human Landing System and serve as a habitat for the visiting crew.- The development is led by the International Space Station partners: Canada (CSA), Europe (ESA), Japan (JAXA), NASA and Russia (Roscosmos).

Gateway Configuration in 2024Credit: Lockheed Martin

Power and Propulsion Element (NASA)

Orion Crew Vehicle(NASA & ESA) Human Landing

System (NASA)

Utilization Module (NASA)

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On May 23, 2019, in one of the first steps of the Artemis lunar exploration plans, NASA announced the selection of Maxar Technologies, formerly Space Systems/Loral, to develop and demonstrate power, propulsion and communications capabilities for NASA’s lunar Gateway.- Maxar Technologies Incorporated is a space technology company headquartered in Westminster, CO specializing in manufacturing communication, Earth observation, radar, and on-orbit servicing satellites, satellite products, and related services.

Credit: Maxar

Power and Propulsion Element

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Solar Array (2X) S-Band

Antenna

Ion Engine (Typical)

Utilization Module

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The pressurized Utilization Module (UM) will have multiple docking ports to connect with the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), a Human Landing System and visiting Orion Crew Vehicles. As of May 20, 2019, several companies were working on prototypes of the habitation modules as part of NASA’s Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships, or NextSTEP2, program. - The companies were: Bigelow Aerospace of Las Vegas, Boeing of Pasadena, TX, Lockheed Martin of Denver, CO, Orbital ATK of Dulles, VA, Sierra Nevada Corporation’s Space Systems of Louisville, CO, and NanoRacks of Webster, TX.- Such concepts will be the likely basis for the UM, with modifications to incorporate docking ports.- Industry sources say NASA needs to have a docking node and mini habitation module or, UM, under contract in the next year to support the 2024 lunar landing goal. As of May 24, 2019, NASA intended to procure the Gateway’s next section, the pressurized element, or UM, later in 2019 in a similar fashion to the PPE.

- In the fall of 2018, NASA asked American companies for ideas on how to best supply the Gateway, located in an orbit around the Moon about 250,000 miles from Earth. -- The Gateway will be a command and service module for missions to the lunar surface and eventually, exploration farther into the solar system. - Following up on the initial request for information, NASA published a draft solicitation for industry comments on its logistics approach, which are due July 10, 2019.- The Gateway, and specifically NASA’s logistics supply requirements, enables the deep space supply chain, taking the next step toward further commercialization of space. - In addition to delivering cargo, science and other supplies to the Gateway with these services, there is the potential for an extension to industry to deliver other elements of the lunar architecture with this solicitation.

Logistics Resupply

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On June 14, 2019, NASA issued a draft solicitation to industry seeking comments for a future opportunity for American companies to deliver cargo and other supplies to the Gateway (left) in lunar orbit.- The first logistics service to the orbital outpost is expected to deliver science, cargo and other supplies in support of the agency’s new Artemis lunar exploration program.

Logistics Resupply

Credit: NASA

Gateway

- A refueling element refuels the ascent and descent elements, and transfer vehicle at the Gateway.- During landing, a transfer vehicle takes the lander, consisting of the descent and ascent elements, from Gateway to low lunar orbit where the descent element initiates landing. The effort to conduct studies and produce prototypes of human landers will help put American astronauts on the Moon’s South Pole by 2024 and establish sustainable missions by 2028. The formal solicitation, to be issued the summer of 2019, will provide the requirements for a 2024 human landing, and leave it to U.S. industry to propose innovative concepts, hardware development and integration.

Human Landing System - Page 1 of 2

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Credit: NASA

Ascent Element

Descent Element

On May 16, 2019, NASA selected 11 companies to conduct studies and produce prototypes of human landers for its Artemis lunar exploration program. - The illustration shows an ascent element separating from a descent element and departing the lunar surface.-- The ascent element then returns to the Gateway.

Human Landing System - Page 2 of 2

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The selected 11 companies will conduct studies and produce prototypes, as directed, of the descent element, transfer vehicle, and refueling element. The awardees and what they are directed to produce are:- Aerojet Rocketdyne from Canoga Park, CA - One transfer vehicle study- Blue Origin from Kent, WA - One descent element study, one transfer vehicle study, and one transfer vehicle prototype- Boeing from Houston, TX - One descent element study, two descent element prototypes, one transfer vehicle study, one transfer vehicle prototype, one refueling element study, and one refueling element prototype- Dynetics from Huntsville, AL - One descent element study and five descent element prototypes- Lockheed Martin from Littleton, CO - One descent element study, four descent element prototypes, one transfer vehicle study, and one refueling element study- Masten Space Systems from Mojave, CA - One descent element prototype- Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems from Dulles, Virginia - One descent element study, four descent element prototypes, one refueling element study, and one refueling element prototype- OrbitBeyond from Edison, New Jersey - Two refueling element prototypes- Sierra Nevada Corporation from Louisville, CO, and Madison, WI - One descent element study, one descent element prototype, one transfer vehicle study, one transfer vehicle prototype, and one refueling element study- SpaceX from Hawthorne, CA - One descent element study- Space Systems Loral from Palo Alto, CA - One refueling element study and one refueling element prototype

Known as the Gateway, this NASA led outpost will allow astronauts to study more of the Moon than ever before and perfect operations for missions deeper into our solar system.- It will serve as an all-in-one solar-powered communications hub, science laboratory, short-term habitation module, and holding area for rovers and other robotic devices.- It is meant to be developed, serviced, and utilized in collaboration with international and commercial partners; see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9KQfnqukno#action=share.-- The development is led by the International Space Station partners: Canada (CSA), Europe (ESA), Japan (JAXA), NASA and Russia (Roscosmos) for construction in the 2020s.

Gateway Expanded Concept

Credit: NASA

Power and Propulsion Element (NASA)

Habitation Module (NASA)

Multi-Purpose Module (ROSCOSMOS)

International Habitation Module (ESA, JAXA)

ESPRIT (ESA)

Orion Crew Vehicle (NASA & ESA)

Logistics Resupply (NASA, JAXA)

Robotics(CSA)

Utilization Module (NASA)

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Reference InformationImages:Courtesy of NASA, Lockheed Martin, and Maxar Technologies

Text: https://www.nasa.gov/https://www.nasa.gov/https://en.wikipedia.org/https://spacenews.com/https://spaceflightnow.com/https://upload.wikimedia.org/Maxar Wins Five-Way Competition for NASA Gateway Module, Irene Klotz; Aviation Week and Space Technology; June 3-16, 2019; Volume 181, Number 11, page 30 - the competition and the program are discussed

Video:Discussion of coalition of nations and U.S. industry NASA is building to return to the Moon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9KQfnqukno#action=share

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NASA Partnerships NASA forms partnerships with U.S companies and international partners. - A partnership is an agreement between NASA and one or more entities that providetangible benefit and shares cost, equity, and/or risk between all of the parties.-- For international partners, this should be done on a no exchange of funds basis.- NASA partnerships with U.S. companies:-- Industry partnerships can reduce the cost of developing technologies and help infuse emerging commercial capabilities into the agency’s missions.-- NASA has a partnership with Maxar to develop the Power and Propulsion Element for Gateway.- NASA partnerships with international partners:-- The International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) exchanges information regarding interests, objectives, and plans in space exploration with the goal of strengthening both individual exploration programs as well as the collective effort.--- The ISECG includes 14 international space agencies from: Australia, Canada, China, Europe, France, India, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Russia, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and the United States.---- NASA has an international partnership with the European Space Agency to supply the Service Module for the Orion Crew Vehicle.--- The ISECG have reached a consensus regarding the importance of a facility, such as Gateway, in expanding human presence to the Moon, Mars, and deeper into the solar system.

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Power and Propulsion Element The Gateway Power and Propulsion Element, or PPE, is the core element of a small space station in orbit around the moon that will double as a deep space research outpost and a staging point for future human expeditions to the lunar surface.- The PPE is Gateway’s first element and it will launch on a commercial rocket by the end of 2022.-- Maxar will choose a commercial launcher based on the PPE weight to be about 11,000 lbsat liftoff and use the company’s 1300 Spacecraft Bus - 91, of which, are currently operating.- The PPE’s two solar arrays will generate at least 60 kilowatts of electricity at the beginning of the craft’s 15-year design life, more than twice the power produced by today’s most powerful commercial communications satellites. -- Officials have not announced a supplier for the solar-electric propulsion system, but the spacecraft will feature large-area solar arrays that unroll like a tape measure rather than the rigid accordion-style panels used on most satellites.--- Developed by Deployable Space Systems in Goleta, California, the Roll-Out Solar Array (ROSA) technology was first demonstrated in space in 2017 in an experiment sponsored by the U.S. Air Force.- The PPE will also have substantial maneuvering capabilities to change orbits, enabling crews departing the station to reach any part of the moon, such as the South Pole location where measurements suggest water ice is present in permanently-shadowed craters.-- Half of the PPE weight will be the xenon propellant for the spacecraft’s ion engines, which are more efficient than liquid-fueled rocket thrusters; the propellant is refueled in space. - NASA will supply roughly $10 million to $12 million in government-furnished equipment to Maxar for the PPE, including an S-band communications system to provide a radio link with nearby vehicles around the moon, and a passive docking adapter to receive the Gateway’s future habitat, or Utilization Module. 16

Gateway Expanded Concept The Gateway expanded concept consists of the following:- Power and Propulsion Element - see 2024 Gateway description-- Supplied by NASA- European System Providing Refueling, Infrastructure and Telecommunications or ESPRIT - Science airlock, additional propellant storage with refueling and advanced lunar telecommunications capabilities.-- Provided by European Space Agency - Utilization Module - see 2024 Gateway description-- Supplied by NASA- Habitation Modules - Pressurized volumes with environmental control and life support, fire detection and suppression as well as water storage and distribution.-- Provided by European Space Agency, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and NASA- Robotics - Mechanical arm to berth and inspect vehicles as well as install science payloads.-- Supplied by Canadian Space Agency- Logistics Resupply - Cargo deliveries of consumables and equipment.-- Modules may double as additional utilization volume.-- Provided by NASA and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency- Multi-Purpose Module - Enables spacewalks and potential to accommodate docking elements.-- Provided by Roscosmos State Space Corporation (Russian space agency)

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