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    OUR TROUBLES IN POONAAND THE DECCAN.

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    IIIK rRIENJ)I.V CONFKRKNCE.SIWAJl i: AM) Ar/OOI. KHAN', OLTDIiKR, 1659 A.D.

    (StY /^

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    OUR TROUBLES IN POONAAND THE DECCAN

    BYARTHUR CRAWFORD, C.M.G.

    Siwajee on the march.WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS

    BYHORACE VAN RUITH.WESTMINSTERARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & Co.

    1897

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    DS

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    CONTENTS.PAGESCHAPTER I.Historical Sketch of Poona and its

    EnvironsMallojee Bhonslav (Siwajee's grand-father) TO MhADAJEE SiNDIA 1500, TO I2THFebruary 1794 A.D 1 17

    CHAPTER II.Historical Sketch C^////////r

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    SYLLABUS OF CONTENTS.CHAPTER I.The City of Poona and its EnvironsHistorical Sketch (1500

    TO 12 February 1794 Pages i to 17Poona under the NizamShaliee Dynasty 15th and i6tli CenturiesMahrattas already troublesomeThe Bhonslays of Verole (Ellora)Maliojee,

    Siwajee's grandfather, pacified by grant of Poona and Soopa districts.Fortresses of Sewneree and Chakun, with command of 5,000 horse andtitle of Raja in 1604Maliojee succeeded by son Shdhjee Siwajee, hornat Sewneree, May 1627 Shdhjee builds palace at Poona for Siwajee andhis mother, 1637Siwajee educated there Raises father's standard in theKonkan and thence raids the Deccan Shaisieh Khan ordered to punishhim, plunders Poona, occupies Siwajee's palace (1662), but cannot dislodgeSiwajee from SinghurSiwajee's darinj^ exploitMoguls evacuate Poona,1663-Siwajee dies, 5th April, 1680Succeeded by son Sumbhajee, who,is pursued to Poona by Mogul Viceroy who occupies City (1685) BubonicPlague in Deccan and Poona, 1689Aurungzebe holds Poona and Deccan,1693 to 1699, from camp at BrimhapooreeFive years' futile efforts tocrush Mahrattas in DeccanProceeds to Beejapoor to check them inCarnatic, 1705Returns and dies at Ahmednuggur, 1707Origin and riseof Sindia and HolkarBallajee Bajee Rao Pcishwa Procjaims PoonaCapital of the Mahrattas (1705) His struggle with Nizam Ally Growthof Mhadajee Sindia's powerAlarm of Nana Furnawees, Minister ofyouthful Peishwa Mhadow RaoSindia's grand progress to Poona withImperial FirmaunsEncamps at Poona, nth June, 1791The GreatDurbarSindia's influence over young PeishwaDespair of NanaSuddendeath of Mhadajee Sindia at Poona, 12th February, 1794Character ofMhadajeeWhy he failed to crush the Brahmins.CHAPTER II.

    Historical 'i,.K\:cn Continued Pages 18 to 36Suicide of young Peishwa at Poona, 25th October, 1795Nana Furnaweesdistrusting Bajee Rao, intrigues to supplant himBajee Rao's counterplotswith Sindia and Balloba Tattya are successfulNana and Bajee Rao swear

    friendship (1 796) and throw over Sindia and his MinisterThey marchon PoonaNana feigns to retire from office but accepts Balloba's plan todepose Bajee Rao and enthrone Chimnajee when adopted by widow ofsuicideThe puppet Raja at SataraMutual distrust of Nana and BallobaBajee Rao inveigled into Sindia's camp, is detained prisonerChimnajeemade Peishwa (25th Alay, 1796)Balloba tries to seize NanaThe latter'sdesperate positionHe rises to the emergencyIntrigues with Bajee Rao

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    X SYLLABUS OF CONTENTS.liallolia decides to send Bajee Rao prisoner to Mindostan in charge ofGhatgay. but Bajee Rao corrupts the latterMeantime Nana matures hisplansSecures British co-operation^Arrests Balloba and ChimnajeeMakestreaty with Sindia and Xizam AllyResumes Prime Ministership (25thNovember. 1796)Reseats Bajee Rao as Peishwa (4th December)AnnulsChimnajee's adoptionA Maliratta kaleidoscope Vand's reorganisationAffray in PoonaDeath of Tookajee HolkarXand supports youngest sonwhom Sindia kills at Poona, while two other sons fly for their livesSindia interferes in governmentBajee Rao, egged on by (Hiatgay, turns -against XanaArrests him (31st December, 1797) Lets Ghatgay loose toravage PoonaTries but fails to seize SindiaBdjee Rao allies himselfwith Xizam AllySindia seeks British mediation X'eglects advicetenderedBajee Rao plays his best trumpTreats with both Xdnd andSindiaThe latter banishes Ghatgay X'^and, Bajee Rao, and Sindiareconciled, 1798. CHAPTER III.

    Historical Sketch Continued (1800 to 1816) . . Pages 37 to 53Death of Nana Fumawees, 13 MarchHis characterHis StatesmanshipHis fear and respect for the EnglishBdiee Rao and Sindia quarrel over

    his ])ropertySindia destroys recently reinstated Shenwee MinistersBalloba dies in prisonTwo others barbarously executed at PoonaBdjeeRao hunts down Xdnd's friendsHis unpo])ularityCaptures and murdersWittoojee Holkar at Poonaleswant Rao Holkar vows vengeanceBdjeeRao strives to conciliate himTries to seize (ihatgay, who escapes to Mdlwaand defeats Holkar at IndoreHolkar, in 1802, reappears in great force.near PoonaBajee Rao asks, but is refused British aidTrifles with HolkarHolkar and Sindia race for PoonaBattle at Poona between Holkar andSindia, 25 Octolier, 1802, with British troops and Peishwa looking onSignal defeat of Sindia Bravery of Holkar Flight of Bd'ee Rao {oKonkan'I'akes refuge with the British at Bassein Holkar sets up BdjeeRao's brother, Amrut Rao, who incites Holkar to plunder Poona BritishResident leaves PoonaVisits Bajee Rao at BasseinTreaty of Bassein,3 December, 1802Bdjee Rao escorted to Poona by British troopsReseated on throne, 13 ^lay, 1803Holkar and Amrut Rao flyTreacheryof Bajee RaoForms Mahratla C'onfederacy against the IhitishFails tdupe Mr. ElphinstoneHis infamous favourite, Trimbuckjee DaingliaTrimbuckjee murders Gungadhur Shdstree of Baroda at Punderpoor whenunder British guaranteeIs seized at instance of Resident Is imprisonedat Tdnnah. l)ul escapesRaises Hill Trilies with Bajee Rao's connivanceElphinstone insists on surrender of TrimbuckjeePeishwa temporisesEl|)hinstoue's firmness and energyXew treaty with Bdjee Rao, 10 May,1816His complete humiliation-Xeveriheless he resumes his treacherousintrigues Sir John Malcolm duped by himElphinstone's warning toSir fuhn. CHAPTER TV.

    Historical Sketch Co/zi/'/c/fi/ 1817 10 1880 . . Pages 54 to 76.Singhur, Kaighur and Poorundhur restored to Peisiiwa (August) GeneralSmith witli Deccan .Xrmy occupies Chandore rangeBdjee Hao at Mdholeematures plot again^t BritishReveals it to puppet RajaConfines him atWassota Trirnimckjee arms Hill TribesBajee Rao's secret missions to

    Ndgpoor, Sindia, Holkar and PindarreesEmploys Ghoreparay to corrupt

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    SYLLABUS OF CONTENTS. XIBritish Officers and TroopsProposes to murder Elphinstoiae at a conferenceGoklila obiectsThe Dussera insult to British Troops, which change theirpositionAn anxious night, 28 OctoberGokla urges actionBajee RaodelaysMore insults to ResidentThe Battle of Kirkee- Signal defeat ofPeishwaArrival of General SmithHe occupies PoonaFlight andpursuit of Bajee RaoThe Battle of KoreygaumRenewed flight of BajeeRao, towards jNIysore, back to Sholapoor, to Chandore, to Kopergaum,to Nagpoor territoryIs abandoned by all Chiefs except Vinchoorkur andPoorundhareeAppeals to Sir John MalcolmSurrenders to LieutenantLow, 3 Tune, 1818 Abdicates Is pensioned at BithoorAdopts the futui-eNana SahebEnd of the Brahmin DynastyBritish accessionBajee Rao scharacterElphinstone, Governor of BombayThirty-seven years' peaceThe Mutiny yearsThe Railway opened to Poona Sir Bartle FrereProsperity of PoonaIts filthy conditionIts Riots, Dacoities. and JubileeMurdersTo whom ascribable Inhabitants of Poona law-abidingOnlywant governingNot by Brahmins.CHAPTER V.

    The Poona and Deccan Press . Pages 77 to 81Iniustice of stigmatising all the Xative Press as disloyalSoundness of

    the Bombay PressFaults of the Native PressThey exist in EnglandGood Anglo-VernacularsCongress newspapersTheir back-bone black-iiiail-Sangvinary Veeds ' thriving in high places, must be uprootedThe Law sufficesTemperature Chart of the Native Press.

    CHAPTER V I.The Scourge of the Deccan Pages 82 to 99

    Saturday Street, PoonaThe office of the -'Scourge Baba SahebAsucking PeishwaHis ambitionThe Pryvit SahebHow to start a NativePaperThe Editor's RoomA Brace of RascalsThe Secret CompactThe Babooneese languageTwo Editorials in the Scourge End of theEditorThe Snake's Progress Baba Saheb's brilliant prospects.

    CHAPTER VII.The Siwajee Revival Pages 100 to 112

    Curious outburst of Brahmin patriotismValuable documentsWhereSiwajee was burnt at ^RaighurSiwajee's DurbarsSoyera Bye's CurseView from RaighurAfzool Khan and SiwajeeBrahmins arrange afriendly conferenceSiwajee's religious and other preparationsThe deadlyembraceWho would have thought it:Killing no murderHurrah forSiwajee CHAPTER VIII.

    The Inhabitants of Poona.The DeccannisedKonkanee Brahmins . . . Pages 113 to 123

    Injustice of condemning all Brahmins because there are some malignantsGood specimens^Judge Randde's admirable speechThe malign influenceof the Deccan climate on Konkanee BrahminsSwelled headA specificfor itAn unused Government remedyPassionate Brahmins prize fowls.

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    xii SYLLABUS OF CONTENTS.

    CHAPTER IX.The Inhabitants of Voot^x Continued.The Pl-re Konkanee LegendA Chitpawan Legend. Pages 124 to 133

    IVorookhas and Jawala BrahminsChitpawansChiploon their placeof orijjiiiWliy they are 'twice born The true LegendTheir Immor-talityTheir Treachery Iiidra sees his mist.ikeTheir little gameHowIndra paid them outHurrah they die like any Dcshast.CHAPTER X.

    The Inhabitants of Voo^x Continued.The Saraswata, Senoy or Shenwee Brahmin . Pages 134 to 136

    Origin of the ShenweesShameful scandal spread by ChitpawansShcnwees are rivals to themTheir many good traitsAntidotes toBrahmin poisonPerhaps the best of all Hindoos.CHA 1' TKR XI.The Inhabitants of l\)o>i.\~- Continued.

    I'iiE ParbhuPrabhu(Anglice) Purv'oe. . . Pages 137 to 141Their low position in the scheme of mixed castesAnother BrahminscandalTheir high characterTheir tenderness to their womenTheir

    conspicuous gallantry in battleThree notable instances of itSiwajeehighly valued themTheir decay regrettable.CHAPTER XII.

    liiE Inhabitants of oona Continued.The Mahkattas of the Syadreesof the Ghaut-Mahtaof theP'-AiN> Pages 142 to 154

    The liabital of the Syadree iSLihr.dttasTheir warlike trailitionAredescended from KajpootsWasteful cultivationTheir poverty and sim-l>licityTheir mode of life.\ terrible domestic tragedy Father and SonA grand old man ( ili:ittees are descendants of Siwajee's Mdwullees Howiliey have been gr.adually reclaimed and civilised The Plain Mahr.-xttas-I'hc hereditary Patells or village head-menTheir good workTheirstaunchness as soldiers.

    ( HA i'l' I'. R X 11 I.'I'hk IsHAitnANiN III I'lioNA Continued.

    Thk Kunkanfk Missri.MAN I'ages 155 to 168The Konkanee Mussulman at home llieir good service after theIcIJivvas downfall- Their dei)loral)le decadenceThe story of .\bdulr.wrccd --He adopts a waif Is tried for murder and accpiitted-Throws upIlls appointment Is imrsiicd into his retreat by Brahmin conspiracies Isf-idly slandered ab.iut the waif KhatizaAnoiiyniuus accusations I visitin He is persuaded to part with Khatiza, who marriesHis persecutionWinceases.

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    SYLLABUS OF CONTENTS. XlllCHAPTER XIV.The Inhabitants of Poona Continued.

    The Deccanee Mussulman; The DeccanActual and Possible.A Study in the Famine Question/*// 1. . Pages 169 to 182Mr. Geddes Article on CyprusFitting the Cypriote coat on the DeccaneebackP'rom Poona to BeejapoorThe And ZoneHow producedThe Cityof the DeadThe Legend of ilie Peerstan of ShahpoorThe Peer-Zadah

    is rescued from penury by GovernmentGentlemen of the Deccan apo-strophised.Vo7a is the appointed timeMoral for the Government.CHAPTER XV.The Inhabitants of Poona Continued.

    The Deccanee Mussulman; The DeccanActual and Possible.A Study in the Famine QuestionPart 2. , Pages 183 to igiThe City of the Dead leftThe Arid Zone traversedWhat mighthave beenWhat might yet be doneDisforesting causes dessication

    Impoverishment and economic ruin followA brighter belt of countryThe reason of itThe Well Shaft and water-galleries at Hoongoond7/ /azet cnlthe}- soil jardinWater mining better than water dammingThe result a rise of acre valuesMoral for the Powers that beTheHygiene of Peace. CHAPTER XVI.The Inhabitants of Poona Continued.The Trading ClassesBhattias GoozursWaneesMarwar-

    reesKhojahsBorahsMiscellaneous ShopkeepersAll liveamicably togetherContentedIndustriousIndifferent toPoliticsCharitable Pages 192 to 213

    TheAgricultural, Labouring and Rural Castes.The Koonbees, Ryots or Cultivators.Their patience and industry: theircondition now and in the old times: their homes.

    Coolies. Bigarrees, Porters, Day Labourers, and odd men.Gowlees or Milkmen.High in Shudra rank: their little weaknesses.Mallees or Gardeners.Are well connected, well to do, well affected.Dhungars or .Shepherds and Herdsmen.How they collect their flocks:

    their progress to their markets: should be well off, but rarely seem so:are quite harmless.Nhawees, Hajams or Barbers.Have the failings of all Figaros: their

    independence : Tom the Barber.Gabeets. Boodeemais, Fishermen and Divers.How they net the rivers,and recover drowned bodies : good fellows, but quaiTelsome in their cups.The Bhundarrees or Toddy-drawers.Their conceit and vanity : excellentpublic servants: once your friend always your friend.The Artisan classes.Sonars or Goldsmiths the best of the Shudras:ambitious of admittance as Brahmins: their intelligence: their womeneducated: their honesty and skill. Miscellaneous Artisans: Carpenters,Blacksmiths, etc.Shimpees or Tailors.Competition resulting from sewing-machines : theirenterprise.Moochees or Shoemakers.Skilful but drunken and unreliable: competitionof Madrassees and Chinamen.

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    Xiv SYLLABUS OV CONTENTS.

    CHAPTER XVII.The Out CastesThe Hill or Wild TribesThe Migratory andPredatory Tribes Pages 214 to 226.The Mhars are the aboriginals of .ALUiarashtra : are indispeusahle and

    ulii

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    LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSBY

    HORACE VAN RUITH.PAGEThe Conference. {^Full Page Frontispiece^ 4SlWAJEE ON THE MaRCH, FROM INDIAN AND ORIENTAL ArMS

    BY Lord Egerton of Tatton. {Medallion on Title Page: 5Parbuttee Temple and Palace, {Full Page.) gSumbhajee's Day Durbar. {Full Page.) 19Office of the Scourge of the Deccan. {Full Page.) . 83The Secret Compact 87The Snake's Progress, {Full Page.) 95Siwajee's Cremation Platform loiSiwajee's Nocturnal Durbar. {Full Page.) 103The Wagnuk 109The Deccan Brahmin 114Brahmin Lady 120The Konkanastha, or Chitpawan Brahmin 126Gowalkote. Stronghold of the Konkanastha. {Full Page.) 131The Shenwee Brahmin 135The Parbhu 138The Mahratta of the Syadrees 143Syadree MahrattasFather and Son. {Full Page.) . . 151The Konkanee Mussulman 156Fort VictoriaBankoteHome of the Konkanee Mus-

    sulman. {Full Page.) 165

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    PREFACE.The news from India is serious, though it must not be

    exaggerated. It does not follow that because English officers areshot at, the whole of India is in a state of latent rebellion, sosaid, wisely and temperately as is its wont,the Sf. J^a/zu'ss Gazetteof the 30th June after the Poona Jubilee murders. Would that therest of the Enghsh Press had been as sober, as prudent Alaswhile the whole pack has been in full cry, Mahommedan fanaticismhas been dragged, like red herrings tied to Brahminical threads,across the scent. The pack has broken up. Some couples thefiercest and the rashesthave run to heel on the line of NativePress Suppression; others have pursued the foul Plague phantom,and mauled brave Tommy Atkins ; a few still bay at Brahminsgood and bad indifterently; while hare-brained Scotch, Irish, andPadgett M.P'S have ridden recklessly ahead, scattering on eachline abundant lies, provided by cringing Fergusson College Professorsand pestilent Deccan Sabhas. Filled is the air with barbarousdissonance and the British public is bewildered.There is great present danger that the innocent may be confounded

    with the guilty: there is greater danger that the guilty may evadedetectionas has often happened beforeand that the characterof harmless classes may be irreparably injured through misappre-hension. There is still greater danger that thus a general feelingof disaffection, which I hope to prove does not yet exist, mayactually be produced.

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    OUR TROUBLESINPOONA AND THE DECCAN.

    CHAPTER I.THE CITY OF POONA AND ITS ENVIRONS.

    Historical Sketch (1500 to 12th February, 1794).

    Mallojee Bhonslay to ISIhadajee Sindia.The capital of the Deccan was little more than a village

    in the 15th and i6th Centuries, owing its importance prob-ably to the sanctity, of the shrine of Parvatee (Parbuttee) orBhowanee, built on the hill behind. Old Poona grew alongthe banks of the river Moota, from the tank at the foot ofParbuttee, and gradually extended over the plain to the East.Poona gave its name to the pergunnah (sub-district orcounty) which, with all the surrounding region, was subject tothe Mahommedan Ahmednuggur Nizam-Shahee (or Byheree)Dynasty. That dynasty fell into decay towards the end ofthe 1 6th Century when the Mahrattas were already becomingtroublesome. Especially did the respectable family ofthe Bhonslays of Verole (Ellora) annoy their rulers. At lastMallojee Bhonslay, the grandfather of the great Siwajee, madehimself such a nuisance that the Ahmednuggur Governmentto keep him quiet, granted him in 1604 the Pergunnahs of

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    2 OrR TROUBLES IN POONA AND THE DECCAN.TuoiKi and Soupa in JagJwcr, '^- handed him over the fortsof Sewneree and Chakun and raised him to the commandof 5,000 horse, with the title of Mallojee Raja Bhoiislay(Grant Duff, vol. i, p. 78).From that time the ancestors of Sivvajee patronised the

    small Mahratta town, but it was not till after Siwajee's birthat Sewneree, in May 1627, that his father Shahjee fixedupon Poona as the place where his son should be broughtup. In 1637 he caused to be built a large warra(Palace) for the residence of his wife Jeejeebye and youngSiwajec, where the latter was educated (if education it canbe called) under one Dadajec Konedeo, the able Brahminwho administered the revenues of that region and secretlyencouraged his ward in all his warlike aspirations. We readlittle more about Poona till 1662, by which time Siwajeewas in the height of his career. In this year Shaisteh Khan(Oomecr-ool Oomrah), Viceroy of the Ueccan, was orderedby Aurung/.ebe to proceed from y\urungabad with a largeforce, to punish Siwajee for his daring incursions into Mogulterritory. Shaisteh Khan, marching by way of Ahmednuggur,easily took I'oona which was then scarcely worth plundering,and thence, residing himself in the warra or palacebuilt for jeejecl>ye, sent out detachments to take the Fortof Chakun, while Siwajee with iiis usual audacity made hishcad(iuarters at the I'ort of Singurh, only eight miles off.Shaisteh Khan failing to dislodge Siwajee, the mountainrat (as Aurungzcbe contemptuously called him), was super-

    Service tenure.

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    SIWAJEE'S DARING EXPLOIT. 3seded by Jeswant Sing, who being equally unsuccessful andgreatly harassed by the Mahrattas, vacated Poona andreturned to Aurungabad in 1663.

    During Shaisteh Khan's occupation Siwajee executed oneof those daring exploits which so endeared him to his followersand which are still the themes of many a Mahratta bard.

    No armed Mahratta was permitted to enter Poona withouta passport, and no Mahratta horsemen were entertainedexcepting under such chiefs * of their own as held their landsfrom the Emperor.

    Siwajee, watchful of all that passed, resolved to surprisethe Khan, and sent two Brahmins to make such arrangementsas were necessary to gain admission. When his preparationswere complete Siwajee left Singurh one evening in themonth of April, a little after sunset, at the head of a consider-able body of infantry, whom he posted in small partiesalong the road, but Yesjee Kunk, Tannajee Maloosray, and25 Mawulees were all that entered. His emissaries hadgained a Mahratta foot-soldier in the Khan's service, who,on pretence of celebrating a marriage, obtained permissionto beat through the town with the noisy instruments usedon such occasions, and also for some of his companions,who always carry their arms, to join in the procession.Poona being an open town, Siwajee with his party,favoured by the contrivance of his emissaries, easily slippedundiscovered into the crowd, and joined in the movingassemblage.

    * Khafee Khan.

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    4 OUR TROUBLES IN POONA AND THE DECCAN. When all was quiet, Siwajee and his companions, familiar

    with every accessible part of the Khan's residence, proceededwith a few pick-axes to the cook-room, above which therewas a window slightly built up. Through this place theysoon made themselves a passage, but not without alarmingsome of the women of the Khan's family, who immediatelyran and awoke their master. Shaisteh Khan was hurryingout, and in the act of lowering himself from a window,when he received a blow on the hand which cut off oneof his fingers. He was fortunate in escaping without furtherinjury, as his son Abdool Futih Khan and most of theguard at his house were killed.

    Siwajee and his men retired before it was possible tointercept them, and gradually collected their parties ontheir route to Singurh. When they got to the distance ofthree or four miles they lighted torches, previously prepared,to occasion deception as to their numbers, and to expresstheir defiance and derision. In this manner they ascendedto the fort in full view of the Mogul camp from whichthey might be distinctly seen. (Grant Duff. pp. 164 to 166.)

    I'oona seems to have remained unmolested till 1685 whenKhan Jch;iii, Mogul X'iccroy, following up Siwajce's son Sum-bhajcc, (Siwajcc died 5th April, 1680,) took possession of thetown, now grown immensely, and all the adjacent country,which, however, was evacuated directly the Moguls enteredon tiicir Heejapur campaign.

    Tiic I'laguc is no new thing in Poona. In 1689 whenAurungzcbc had concjucrcd Ikejapoor, a bubonic complaint.

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    THE PLAGUE IN THE DECCAN. 5precisely resembling the plague now prevalent, broke outin his army, swept oft thousands of his troops and spreadover the country, reaching Poona in 1690, where, however,having already spent its strength, it did not rage veryviolently. This epidemic had already been known for someyears in the Deccan and Goozerat: Khafee Khan (the histor-ian) describes it, as commencing by a slight swelling underthe ear, the arm-pit or groin, attended with inflamed eyesand severe fever. It generally proved fatal in a few hours,and those who did recover, became wholly or partially deafor blind. (Grant Duff, vol. i, p. 333.)From 1693 to 1699 Aurungzebe overawed the Deccangenerally, and remained within striking distance of Poona(the name of which he changed to Moyabad, from a grandcantonment which he built at Rrimhapooree, on the Rheema,below Punderpoor). In 1699 the Emperor vacated this camp,to the great regret of the Mogul nobles, many of whom hadbuilt palaces there,and marched past Poona to besiege thefort of Satara. For four or five years more the agedmonarch, harassed on all sides by an unwieldy empireand exceptionally corrupt and debauched officers, many ofwhom while pretending to administer Mahratta Districts werereceiving pay from their foes, persevered to the last inhis fruitless endeavours to stifle Mahratta independence.(Grant Duff, vol. i, p. 339.) At last, in 1705, after havingtaken Rajgurh and Torna, and after camping in an aimlessway for six months near Joonere, the Emperor left thevicinity of Poona for good, and retreated towards Beejapoor

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    RISE OF SINDIA AND HOLKAR. 7The family then fell into obscurity and even into povertyso abject that Ranojee Sindia, who afterwards restored itsprestige, actually carried (so it is said) the Peishwa's slip-pers while he served in the Pagah (or household troops) asa common trooper. Ranojee greatly distinguished himself incertain operations against the Soobadhar of Peishwa in1724. Thenceforward his rise to great power was rapid.He died in 1750.

    In this same campaign Mulharjee Holkar also came to thefront. He was of low descent, a dhangar or shepherdof the village of Hohl, of which his father was Chowgulaor Deputy Patell. Mulharjee had already done good servicewith a small body of horse he had himself raised. Thesetwo rival powers alternately occupied the city and its envi-rons for thirty years ; it was during their time that Poonabegan to be studded with huge semi-fortified warras orPalaces built by the various Sirdars of the Deccan, eachanxious to assert his position in the town which BallajeeBajee Rao Peishwa proclaimed in 1750 to be Capital of theMahrattas.Mahommedan power, however, was not yet by any means

    completely humbled. It was now Hyderabad that threatenedMaharashtra, and the short but sharp struggle that followedwas complicated by the French successes under Bussy,with which I need not concern myself, seeing that thatnation never reached the city of Poona, and that its hard-won possessions in the Deccan were practically lost afterBallajee Bajee Rao's operations against Nizam Ally in 1756.

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    NIZAM ALLY BURNS POONA. iian insulated space, which must, it seemed, be soon over-whelmed. (Grant Duff, vol. i, p. 594.) But Nizam Ally in1763 seized the first opportunity, and evading the twoHolkars (Dummajee and Mulharjee), who tried to stop him,marched straight on Poona, which he plundered and burnt,pulling down such warras

    as were not ransomed. Thepeople of Poona at the first alarm skedaddled with asmuch as they could carry to Singurh and the hill fortsof the Konkan, but the pursuit was so rapid that manywere overtaken and many manuscripts and state papersillustrative of Mahratta history were totally destroyed.(Grant Duff , vol. i, p. 635.) Nizam Ally then withdrewto Aurungabad for the rainy season, whence he soon movedout to join the defeated Mogul army from Hyderabad, whichwas then being closely pursued by Rugonath Rao. A greatbattle ensued at Rakisbone on the Gudavery, at whichNizam Ally, on the wrong side of the river, had the morti-fication of seeing the flower of his army cut to pieceswithout being able to succour them ; he retreated with theremnants of his band to Aurungabad where the Mahrattaspursued and again attacked him. Nizam Ally then saw theerror of his ways, visited Rugonath Rao, and induced thatgood-natured man to give him 10 lakhs of rupees and toconclude a new treaty with him (October 1763). WithNizam Ally's further career and his treaty with the Englishon the 1 2th October, 1800, the city of Poona has but littleconcern. He died at Hyderabad in August 1803.

    In the meantime the Peishwas had their work cut out

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    12 OUR TROUBLES IX ROONA AND THE DECCAN.at Poona by the two great Mahratta rivals whom they hadraised to power. Mhadajee Sindia, the greatest Mahrattadiplomatist and the best administrator the nation ever had,from the outset of his career undoubtedly had secret inten-tions of allying himself with the English, and the Governor-General, Warren Hastings, as well as Mr. Hornby, Governorof Bombay, were disposed to meet him half way, butSindia played, as usual, a double game and would notdeclare himself (1778). So matters drifted, and Holkar,ingratiating himself with Nana Furnaweesalways theopponent of liritish influence,became the chief power atPoona for a time. Had Mhadajee Sindia acted openl)',history might have read another way, for certain it isthat he had in view the control of the Brahmins and theestablishment of his own authority at the Peishwa's Capital.(Grant Duff, vol. 2, p. 251.) With characteristic duplicit}',however, he obtained from the lunperor of Delhi patentsconstituting the Peishwa Wakeel-i-Mootluq (or chiefagent) of the Deccan, but which was now to descend tohim as a hereditary office in unalienable ^v/^;//, * oncondition, however, of his appointing Sindia and his posterityhis perpetual deputies. Once at Poona Mhadajee thoughtto suppress the Brahmins; whether he would then havebeen content to remain as Prime Minister of the Rrija ofS;it:ir.i, drsccndant of .Siwajcc and nominally head of theMahratta nation, or whether he would have fixed himselfas the Ruler of the luiipirewho can tell?

    * Ilercdit.iry gift.

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    SINDIA'S GRAND MARCH TO POONA. 13Mhadajee Sindia's duplicity defeated itself. Armed with

    these patents he set out on a long and pompous march toPoona, which is still spoken of with awe and admirationand many Wah Wahs under many a village Peepul treefrom Burhanpoor to Ahmednuggur. On the way he dalliedwith Nizam Ally, and pretended to be much hurt becausethe latter would not give him the fertile district of Bheerand bestow Aurungabad on the Peishwa This potentate,or rather Nana Furnawees, alarmed at his approach soughtaid from Lord Cornwallis, who, however, declined to interfereeven though Nana offered to subsidise and permanentlymaintain a detachment of regular troops under a Britishofficer. Arrived near Poona, however, Sindia, to allay Nana'sfears, left his main army behind, and with only a few Euro-peans under Messing, an P2nglishman, and one regularbattalion commanded by Filoze the Neapolitan, encampedon the nth June, 1791, at the junction (known by us asthe ' Sungum ) of the IMoota and Moolla rivers.

    Nana Furnawees did all he knew for 9 days to preventthe young Peishwa from accepting the patents and decora-tions from the Emperor of Delhi, brought by Sindia, butthe latter persisted, so Nana was compelled much againstthe grain to pay a formal visit to Sindia, who received himwith great outward show of respect and humility. Nextday Sindia was admitted to an audience with the Peishwawhom he endeavoured to conciliate with numberless rareproductions and curiosities from Hindostan. On the fol-lowing morning took place the grand ceremony of investing

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    14 OUR TROUBLES IX POONA AND THE DECCAN.the I'eishwa with the title and dignity of VVakeel-i-Mootluq.Splendid Shamianas or Durbar tents were pitched, atthe end of which was a throne on which lay the Imperialfirniaun or patent, the dresses of honour and the decora-tions. Advancing up the Durbar, the Peishwa thrice salutingthe throne, deposited on it his nuzur of loi gold mohurs,and seated himself at the left of the throne ; the Imperialfirmauns were then read, including one which forbade theslaughter of bullocks and cows. The Peishwa then receivedthe khilkit or presents, and retiring into a small tent,arrayed himself in the dresses of honour, returned and re-seated himself, whereupon Sindia, Nana Furnavees andother subordinate officers presented their nuzurs to himin congratulation.The Peishwa then rose, seated himself in the state nal-

    kcc or sedan chair just received, and was carried ingreat i)omp to the city of Poona, followed and fanned bySindia. Arrived at the Peishwa's Palace, the ceremony ofinvesting Sindia with the Deputyship was duly performed.Hut on this occasion, as on many others, Sindia overdidhis humility, wlicn he begged to be regarded only as ahereditary servant of the Peishwa entitled only to carryhis slippers and to be addressed merely as Patell. Thisallcctati..n, intended to please and deceive the Prahmins,did neither, while it disgusted and enraged Sindia's Mahrattafollowers who had already refused to enter the ImperialDurbar tents, or to ])resent nuzurs to the Peishwa as Mooktyari-Mootluq . I lowever, Sindia, with the frank bo7i-

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    GROWTH OF MHADAJEE SINDIA'S POWER. 15hommie he knew so well to put on, soon found favour withthe Peishwa Mhadow Rao, was his constant companion inhawking and other field sports, and lost no opportunity oftrying to undermine the influence of Nana Furnavees,hinting that he was both able and willing to release theyoung Peishwa from Nana's irksome control. For a timeSindia made little progress, but an imprudence of Nana'sgiving Sindia an excuse for bringing to Poona another In-fantry Brigade, under M. Perron, and increasing the Euro-peans under Hessing and Filoze, Nana was overawed andMhadajee Sindia loomed all-powerful in the eyes of Hin-dostan and in the mind of the young Peishwa. Sindia became all-powerful in Hindostan, but was consciousof his unpopularity in the Deccan, and strove to overcomeit. With this view he had, on his arrival at Poona, espousedthe cause of the Gaekwar of Raroda, and upon one occasion,when Nana Furnawees, during the minority of the PuntSuchew, assumed charge of his lands, Sindia, who knewthat the proceeding met with general disapprobation, inter-posed, conveyed the Suchew to Poona, in opposition toto the orders of the minister, re-established him in hispossessions, and dismissed the agent whom Nana hadplaced in charge of the Suchew's territory. This daringinterference gave rise to a quarrel, which was with difficultyappeased; but fresh disputes arose in consequence of Sindia'smore undisguised attempts to induce the young Peishwato seek his protection. On one occasion, in particular, aconversation took place in a boat at Lohgaom, which, being

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    i6 OUR TROUBLES IN POONA AND THE DECCAN.overheard and repeated, caused such alarm in the mindof Nana, that he took the first opportunity of coming toan exphuiation with the I'eishwa.He addressed himself both to the youth's judgment and

    feelings ; enumerated the services he had performed for himand for the State; described the views of aggrandisemententertained by Sindia ; pointed to his foreign troops, hisdeparture from ancient usage, and his want of connectionwith the Mahratta people, over whom and the Brahminsovereignty he was bent on establishing an absolute power.With these observations he contrasted his own situation,his inability to preserve order or to resist the encroachmentsof Sindia if unsupported by his own prince; and finally,lamenting in tears the probable effects of the evil counselsby which the latter had been misled, he tendered hisresignation and declared his resolution to proceed to Be-nares. Voung IMhadow Rao was greatly affected. In atransport of grief he begged Nana's forgiveness, entreatedhim to stay, and promised to be for ever guarded in hisconduct. Hut notwithstanding this re-establishmcnt of Nana'spersonal influence and the friendship for him of the power-ful I'ralimin families and the old mankurees or greatmen, Mhadajec Sindia would undoubtedly have prevailed,but in the midst of his ambitious schemes he was suddenlyseized with violent fever which in a few days terminatedhis existence. He breathed his last at Wunowree. inthe environs of Poona. on the 12th February, 1794.(Grant Dnff)

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    MHADAJEE SINDIA'S CHARACTER. 17Thus passed away the only Mahratta Chief who ever

    seriously set himself, who ever possessed the power, toemancipate his nation from Brahminical thraldom ; whofailed because he would not trust the sword by which hehad won his way upward, because he would not be honestand frank with his own people, because he thought tobeat Brahmins with their own peculiar weapons of intrigue,deceit and bluster. In his progress he first assisted oneBrahmin against the other, and then attempted to overawehim whom he had raised. He was nearly as well educatedas any Brahmin of his dayhe wrote well, spoke well, andwas a good accountant ; his own kingdom in Malwa wasthe best managed in Hindostan ; circumstances were all inhis favour, especially at the end of his careerbut great aswas his political sagacity he was ever led astray by aviolent temper, by revengeful feelings, by ambition, bydistrust of those whom he should have trusted. HadMhadajee Sindia refrained from quarrelling with Holkar ; hadhe combined with the Gaekwar, the Powars, the Bhonslayof Nagpoor; had he possessed the moral courage to allyhimself with the English in 1792to declare himself thechampion of Maharashtra for the Mahrattas : a descendantof the house of Siwajee Bhonslay might even now be reigningin the capital of the Deccan.

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    CHAPTER II.Historical Sketch Continued. (179410 1799.)

    Suicide of the PeishwaPlot against Bdjee Rao.Deposition ofBdjee Rao. Resignation of Nana Furnawees.Restoration

    of Bdjee Rao.Ndna again triumphant.MiLVDAjKE Sindia's death of course brought the Brahmins

    again to the front, and Nana Furnawees rose to the zenithof his power. His restraint of the young Peishwa Mha-dow Rao, though he was 26 years of age (1795), so far fromrelaxing became more rigid, till Mhadow Rao, goaded tomadness by the insidious messages of his cousin Bajee Rao,lost his head, was seized with melancholia, and at last (25thOct., 1795) committed suicide by throwing himself from atcriacc of his palace in Poona.

    I'^rightfully injured, the unfortunate young man lingeredfor two days and expired in the arms of Baba Rao Phurkay(or Phudkay), expressly enjoining that his cousin Bajee Raoshould succeed him. This tragedy was an event of awfulimportance to tlic political existence of Nana h'urnawees. Before the breath was out of Mli.idow Rao's body. Nanasummoned I'uidshram Bhow to Poona with every man hecould collect , and the day after the funeral obsequies,Rughoojce Bhonslay and Dowlut Rao Sindia were recalled to

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    pt volume of a translation of PrinceE. Ookhtomsky's authorised narrative of His Majesty's travels in the East, in

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    The Popular Religion and Folkloreof Northern IndiaBy WILLIAM CROOKP:.

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    At all Booksellers and Bookstalls.NEW AND CHEAPER EDITION,REVISED AND BROUGHT UP TO DATE,WITH A NEW CHAPTER ON THE LATEWAR IN THE EAST.

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    Certainly the influence of Mr. Curzon's thoughtful generalizations,based as they are upon wide knowledge, and expressed in clear and pic-turesque language, cannot fail to assist in solving the problems of the FarEast. Manchester Courier.

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    THECommand of the Sea

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    Mr. Wilkinson treats the subject with a clearness and graspalmost above praise ; within loo brief pages he condenses all thatthe average citizen requires to enable him to form a reasonablejudgment on the needs of our navy to maintain that command ofthe sea on whicli, as he clearly sliows, our very existence now de-pends. More than this, he comes forward with a distinct andpractical suggestion, which, if adopted by the nation, will ensurethe provision of a fleet- and army competent to fulfil the duties forwhich they exist. The Jownal of the Royal United Se}~vice Insti-tution.

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    THEBrain of an Army

    A POPULAR ACCOUNT OF THE (iERMAX GENERALSTAFF.By SPENSER WILKINSON.

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    The Waterloo Campaign, 1815By captain WILLIAM SIBORNE.Fourth Edition. Croivn Zvo. 832 padres. 13 Medallion

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    OSCrawford, Arthur Travers

    Tv^on .. ^'^ troubles in Poona aiid^i2C7 the Deccan1897

    ^^ WANTED IN RBSCPLEASE DO NOT REMOVE

    CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

    UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

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