article - jkr approach towards energy efficiency in buildings
TRANSCRIPT
JKR’S APPROACH TOWARDS ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS
Ir Hjh Azura Mahayudin, & Ir Gopal Narian Kutty,Jurutera Elektrik Penguasa, Jurutera Mekanikal Kanan,Unit Inspektorat & Pengurusan Tenaga, Unit Bangunan Am 1,Cawangan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Cawangan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal,IP JKR Malaysia. IP JKR Malaysia.
Abstract::
YAB Dato’ Seri Abdullah bin Hj Ahmad Badawi, Prime Minister of Malaysia, in his Budget Speech for 2006 said
“The Government will take the lead in energy conservation. I strongly believe that there is much scope for us to save energy. All Government agencies will be required to target a 10% savings in energy consumption for 2006. We are being wasteful if we keep our offices air-conditioned at excessively low temperatures and leave the lights on when no one is at work.”
Surely all of us in JKR can do better than switching lights off during lunch time. We should be accepting our Prime Minister’s challenge by answering his call professionally.
Thus this paper attempts to disseminate knowledge on Energy Efficiency and energy saving measures. The paper reminds and highlights the importance of JKR embracing an Integrated Design Approach to create an energy efficient building. The interest of our clients can be protected by ensuring we have designed a sustainable building right from the beginning and then later upon handing over, maintaining good house keeping by both JKR and our Clients to keep energy consumption at an optimum efficiency.
Keywords:energy efficiencyenergy efficient buildingintegrated design approachsustainable building
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1.0 BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION
Presently activities pertaining to energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE)
in the country are coordinated by Suruhanjaya Tenaga (ST) and Pusat Tenaga
Malaysia under the custodian of Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications. In
1999, ST assisted by the Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA)
embarked on a project entitled Capacity Building in the Energy Commission and
Related Key Institutions on EE and Demand Side Management. ST and DANIDA
rightly identified and recognized that JKR has a pivotal role for the government to
succeed in all its endeavours pertaining to EE and sustainability in not only
government buildings but also private sector commercial buildings which would
emanate from initial efforts by JKR. Having been recognized, so what have we in
JKR done? This paper attempts to guide us to justify the recognition by and
expectations of the government and measures that should be taken by us for JKR to
professionally accept the challenge by our Prime Minister in his Budget 2006
speech. It is also an awareness drive since some of us are not aware that there are
existing policies, standards and guidelines that allow us to immediately participate
towards this objective. Amongst those that are already in place are the Five-Fuel
Strategy of the National Fuel Policy (whence in June 1999, EE and RE were
included as the 5th fuel), the Malaysian Standard MS 1525:2001 and the
amendments by the EPU in it’s Standards and Cost Committee Year 2005 1st
Edition Guidelines (refer to extracts from this guideline as attached).
Before we proceed further, let’s define EE in the JKR context. EE means the efficient
utilization of energy during the operational lifespan of a building where the comfort of
its occupants is not compromised nor sacrificed. Initially EE can be achieved by
wisely taking various energy saving measures during the design stage of the
building. In projects designed by JKR, energy in buildings is associated mainly with
electricity. Often this is mistakenly taken to imply that EE is the sole responsibility of
electrical engineers. In reality, anything and everything that leads to the eventual
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end-use of electricity is related to EE in buildings. So, does this now mean that EE is
the responsibility of the mechanical engineers since it is they who usually have the
final say on the enormous guzzler of electricity ie the air-conditioning systems?
2.0 INTEGRATED DESIGN APPROACH
Integrated building design is a process of design in which multiple disciplines and
seemingly unrelated aspects of design are integrated in a manner that permits
synergistic benefits to be realized. The goal is to achieve high performance and
multiple benefits at a lower cost than the total for all the components combined. This
process often includes integrating green design strategies into conventional design
criteria for building form, function, performance, and cost.
The key to a successful integrated building design is the participation of people from
different specialties of design: general architecture, HVAC, lighting and electrical,
interior design, and landscape design. By working together at key points in the
design process, these participants can often identify highly attractive and creative
solutions to design needs that would otherwise not be found. In an integrated design
approach, the mechanical and electrical designers will calculate the energy use and
calculate the cost (not only the capital cost but more importantly the operational
cost) very early in the design, informing other designers of the energy-use
implications of the architect’s initial proposal of building orientation, configuration,
fenestration, etc.
Finding the right building design recipes through an integrated design process can
be challenging. At first, design teams often have to make incremental changes that
are effective and result in high-performance buildings. Continuing to explore design
integration opportunities can sometimes yield incredible results, in which the design
team breaks through the cost barrier. Experience of other parties have shown that
sometimes the most effective solutions also have the lowest construction costs.
Consider integrated building design strategies for all aspects of improving EE,
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planning a sustainable site, safeguarding water, creating healthy indoor
environments, and using environmentally preferable materials. Major design issues
should be considered by all members of the design team (that’s all of us in JKR) —
the integrated building concept to achieve EE in JKR constructed buildings can be
carried out by applying both passive and active design strategies.
3.0PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGY
Passive design has been practiced throughout the world and has been shown to
produce buildings with low energy costs, reduced maintenance, and superior
comfort. A basic understanding of these issues by JKR architects can have a
significant effect on the energy performance of a building. The choices of these
passive elements contribute crucially to minimize the heat gained from the
environment hence directly reducing the cooling load demanded. As a design
approach, passive design can take many forms. It can be integrated to greater or
lesser degrees in a building. It is not the intention of this paper to exhaustively list
the various passive strategies, however amongst them are the following:
3.1 Site Planning and Building Orientation
In Malaysia, generally the best orientation for buildings is with the long
directional axis of buildings facing North-South and minimizing solar exposure
and heat gained from the East-West orientation. On narrow sites, this may not
be possible thus innovative designs may be necessary especially with respect
to shading devices on the eastern and western façade.
3.2 Building Envelope and Façade Design
It is a fact that the envelope of the building acts as a barrier to block out heat
gain into buildings via conduction gain and solar radiation gain. The solar heat
gain constitutes a substantial portion of cooling load in an air-conditioned
buildings whilst in non air-conditioned buildings, the heat gain causes thermal
discomfort. Therefore minimizing these gains are of utmost importance. The
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design concept known as the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) for air-
conditioned buildings has to be adopted aiming to achieve an envelope that
cuts down external heat gain hence reducing the cooling load of the air-
conditioning system. The correct choice of materials for facades, glazing and
wall and roof materials should be carefully selected. The exterior wall and
cladding system should ultimately be designed such that the view and control
of daylight too is integrated as a solution.
3.3 Day Lighting
Use natural day lighting as a major consideration in the design of the building.
A good system should begin at the preliminary design stage and must study
the following elements in relation to sunlight:-
The orientation and space organization
Shape and size of glazing through which daylight will pass
Internal ceiling wall, partition, and floor surface properties
Minimising the colour contrast between windows and internal adjoining
walls and ceilings
Protection from solar gains or glare by external shading devices
Optical, solar and thermal properties of windows.
3.4 Natural Air Ventilation
This is the use of natural forces of wind to provide sufficient fresh air and air
change to enclosed spaces. Natural air ventilation relies on the movement of
air through space to equalize pressure without using active temperature
controllers or mechanical means. The two methods to achieve this are:-
The wind driven cross ventilation
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The buoyancy driven stack ventilation
3.5 Landscaping
Landscaping done strategically meets two objectives. The obvious is that it is
aesthetically pleasing. The subtle objective being that it influences heat gain
through shading from the sun and the creation of cooler microclimate around
the building where, for example, it assist the cooling outcomes of passive
design by drawing the prevailing breezes over gardens and ponds areas
thereby pre-cooling the air before it entered the building.
4.0ACTIVE DESIGN STRATEGY
As mentioned earlier, an optimum choice of passive elements for the building
reduces the amount of cooling required. Now in order to reduce the overall electrical
demand by the active elements the most appropriate strategies should be
considered by the M& E designers. The most common of these active design
strategies are as follows:
4.1 Air-Conditioning System and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV)
ACMV accounts for 60% to 70% of the energy consumed in a typical non-
residential building. This represents an opportunity for energy savings by the
air-conditioning designers to use proven technologies and design concepts.
The best ACMV system design shall consider indoor air quality, energy
consumption, and environmental benefit. ACMV systems have a significant
effect on the health, comfort, and productivity of occupants which can be
improved by better mechanical and ventilation systems. In existing buildings,
envelope upgrades are often necessary to maximize comfort and energy
efficiency, such as reducing envelope leakage.
Optimizing the design and benefits requires that the mechanical system
designer and the architect address these issues early in the schematic design
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phase and continually revise subsequent decisions throughout the remaining
design process. Some of these effective and energy efficient system include:
Efficient multi zoning air distribution with Variable Air Volume (VAV) and
Variable Speed Drives (VSD) to ensure the air-conditioned areas are all
within the specified comfort zones and to control cooling comfort where
you want it, when you want it.
Using the motion sensors and occupancy sensors to control the
temperature in unoccupied rooms.
Using effective air infiltration control to prevent the egress of external
untreated air.
Using of High Efficiency Motor (HEM) for bigger horse power motor with
longer running hours.
Using of Energy Recovery Wheel to recover energy from exhaust air
Better ductworks and pipes insulation to prevent heat loss through
condensation.
Using of high accuracy thermostats for accurate temperature control.
4.2 Electric Lighting Design Coordinated With Day Lighting
For obvious reasons the electrical designers should coordinate the electrical
lighting system with the day lighting design proposed by the architect. It is
critical for the success of the system. The layout and circuiting of the lighting
should correspond to the daylight aperture. In a typical side lighting design
with windows along one wall it is best to place the luminaires in rows parallel
to the window wall and circuited so that the row nearest the windows will be
the first to dim or switch off followed by successive rows.
A building designed for day lighting but without an integrated electric lighting
system will be a net energy loser because of the increased thermal loads.
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Only when the electric lighting load is reduced will there be more than
offsetting savings in electrical and cooling loads. Thus it is obvious that lamps
and fittings used should be of the efficient types. The benefits from day
lighting are maximized when both occupancy and lighting sensors are used to
control the electric lighting system integrated into the building energy
management system.
4.3 Energy Efficient Office Equipment and Plug Loads
Except in Design & Build contracts, the purchase of office equipments and
other plug loads are not normally included under the JKR 203 contracts.
However we should be proactive in advising our clients that they should only
purchase energy efficient office equipments in line with our integrated design
approach. Office equipment that is left on overnight or for long periods during
the day when it is not in use accounts for a large share of office equipment
electricity use. Fax machines, typically on for 24 hours per day, are active for
only about one hour. Computers and monitors are used more intensively than
most other office equipment, but on average are active barely half of the time
during the day. Amazingly, about a quarter of this equipment is left on in
offices at night. Inefficient office equipment could be detrimental to the
success of the overall EE of the building as in large numbers the heat emitted
could lead to the overworking of cooling equipment.
Grouping similar functions allows localization of special requirements for
particular tasks and results in lower first cost and lower operating costs.
Equipment that has high heat production should be grouped together. For
example, computer centers or lab areas should have separate, dedicated
ACMV equipment.
Equipment that produces heat should have controls to ensure that such
equipment is turned off when not needed. For example, it is important to
enable power saving features for computer equipment.
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JKR is often represented in most procurement committees and central
contract committees under the Central Agencies. We should play a major role
to curtail such unnecessary energy consumption. In our advisory roles we
could recommend that new “power-managed” office equipment that has been
developed be specified as standard equipment in proposed central contracts.
Power-managed products save energy when the equipment is inactive, but
not “off,” by entering a low-power or “sleep” mode. As a result, electricity use
can be cut by 40 to 60%. The savings from power management are
particularly large for products that use a lot of energy, such as computer
monitors and most copiers, laser printers, and fax machines that contain
electric heating elements
4.4 Comprehensive Energy Management Systems (EMS)
In order to gauge the performance of the building it is necessary to include a
comprehensive energy management system that enable us to systematically
monitor the energy consumption. Electrical energy meters should be installed
at strategic load centres to identify consumption by functional use, be they
lighting, air –conditioning or plug loads.
It includes measuring temperatures and flow rates from all ACMV devices and
calibrating all sensors to a known standard. The EMS allows us to review the
sequence of operations to verify that the controls are providing the correct
interaction between equipment.
EMS ensures that the building operates as efficiently as possible while
meeting the occupants' comfort and functional needs not only during testing
and commissioning but throughout the life of the building.
EMS is recommended for buildings with more than 4000 sq metres of air-
conditioned space.
5.0 COMMISSIONING
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Building commissioning is critical for ensuring that the design developed through the
whole-building design process is successfully constructed and operated. It is a
systematic process of ensuring that a building performs in accordance with the
design intent, contract documents, and the owner's operational needs. In JKR
projects, the commissioning process is automatically included as part of the typical
construction process. It has often been taken to mean the commissioning of M & E
systems. Undoubtedly, in energy-efficient buildings the commissioning of the active
elements are of utmost importance because equipment is less likely to be oversized
and must therefore run as intended to maintain comfort but the commissioning of the
energy efficient building should include evaluating the passive building elements to
ensure that shade management devices are in place, glazing was installed as
specified, air-leakage standards have been met—these are the static elements of
the building. It is important that the products that were specified for the building meet
the manufacturer's claims (and are appropriate for the project). Thus it may be
necessary to include a new SPK procedure in the commissioning portion of our
documentation.
6.0 GOOD HOUSEKEEPING
The operation and maintenance of the building will impact energy use and occupant
comfort. It is unfortunate that JKR is now not involved directly anymore in the
operation and maintenance of most government facilities. As much care should be
paid to the operation of the building as was paid to the building planning, design, and
building component choices. As such JKR should play an advisory role. It is
suggested that JKR prepare a proposal with regard to matters pertaining to energy
use as part SPK documentation during the handing over.
For example, due to inadequate housekeeping, an enormous waste of energy
occurs when cooled air escapes from supply ducts or when hot attic air leaks into
return ducts. Recent studies indicate that 10% to 30% of the conditioned air in an
average central air conditioning system escapes from the ducts. Effective
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housekeeping procedures during operation and maintenance provide opportunities
for more energy savings. Facilities staff can be trained to cut energy use and
performance needs to be measured consistently.
In the event that the proposed setting up of the Cawangan Penyenggaraan
materializes, JKR can embark to properly operate and maintain and keep the house
in efficient order. We can also then carry out energy audits on our buildings to further
improve on energy savings. We should also benchmark these buildings. The energy
management cycle of improvement will be turned continuously enabling much
improved performances in our future projects.
7.0 CONCLUSION
It cannot be overly emphasized that EE in JKR designed and constructed buildings
are immediately doable and achievable. All parties in JKR should immediately
incorporate the passive and active elements and embrace the integrated design
approach. In the event that JKR is tasked with the maintenance of buildings we can
continue the energy management during its operational lifespan. The policies and
guidelines are already in place. Immediately needed is the will and the want, the co-
operation and teamwork, and we shall achieve not only the targeted 10% savings in
energy consumptions in government buildings but we would have added value into
our products. We shall be one step closer to being a centre of excellence.
~~Design the building as an energy system
and
integrate energy systems into the building~~
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GARISPANDUAN DAN PERATURAN BAGI PERANCANGAN BANGUNAN OLEH JAWATANKUASA KECIL PIAWAIAN DAN KOS BAGI JPPN JABATAN PERDANA MENTERI, Edisi Pertama Tahun 2005.
Ekstrak yang berkaitan…
a. Rujuk muka surat 2
Perkara 1, 1.1c berkaitan tujuan garis panduan disediakan iaitu untuk memberi penjelasan
tentang kriteria dan piawaian umum dalam mereka bentuk bangunan Kerajaan supaya ianya
dirancang dan dilaksana dengan penggunaan kos yang berkesan, di samping memenuhi
keperluan-keperluan fungsinya – (cost effective and functional).
b. Rujuk muka surat 4
Perkara 4.1 berkaitan pematuhan undang-undang iaitu Semua agensi pelaksana /
Kementerian / Jabatan / Badan Berkanun hendaklah memastikan reka bentuk bangunan
mematuhi kehendak Akta-akta, Undang-undang Kecil, Pekeliling-pekeliling, Piawaian-
piawaian, Kod-kod Amalan dan dasar Kerajaan yang berkaitan yang sedang berkuatkuasa.
c. Rujuk muka surat 81
Perkara 2.3 berkaitan penggunaan bahan binaan dan kemasan iaitu
Perkara 2.3d iaitu Penggunaan jadual ini hendaklah dibuat secara bijaksana dan konsep
mereka bentuk mengikut peruntukan hendaklah diambil kira semasa memilih jenis bahan
dan kemasan bangunan, supaya faedah yang optimum diperolehi dari kos yang
dibelanjakan.
Perkara 2.3e iaitu Jadual ini akan sentiasa dikemaskini mengikut keadaan masa, ekonomi
negara, turun naik harga bahan binaan, maklum balas pengguna dan juga
perkembangan terknologi binaan di negara ini
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Perkara 2.3g iaitu Keputusan JKPK ke atas penggunaan jenis-jenis kemasan akan dibuat
apabila cadangan dari agensi pelanggan dikemukakan untuk kelulusan. Kelulusan ini
adalah muktamad.
d. Rujuk muka surat 140 -144
Bab 3.berkaitan garis panduan kerja-kerja mekanikal dan elektrik iaitu :
Perkara 3.1a …dengan tujuan untuk menjimatkan perbelanjaan awam tanpa menjejaskan
keselamatan dan keberkesanan projek
Perkara 3.1b …perancangan yang baik di peringkat awal bermakna mengambil kira
keperluan-keperluan seperti kos guna tenaga, kos penyenggaraan dan kos untuk
menjalankannya.
Perkara 3.1c(ii) Amalan kejuruteraan yang baik dan mematuhi Engineering Code of
Practice atau engineering regulation yang diiktiraf.
Perkara 3.1c(iv) Mengambil kira kos asal projek (modal perbelanjaan), kos
penyenggaraan dan kos operasi.
Perkara 3.1c(v) Mengambil kira prinsip penyenggaraan yang cekap dan berkesan.
Perkara 3.1c(vi) Mematuhi undang-undang dan peraturan pihak berkuasa seperti JBPM,
JKKP, JAS, Suruhanjaya Tenaga dan lain-lain.
Perkara 3.1e mengenai aspek kecekapan tenaga dalam bangunan iaitu Beberapa garis
panduan mengenai kecekapan tenaga dalam bangunan telah dikeluarkan oleh Jabatan
Standard Malaysia (MS 1525:2001) dan KTAK. Pematuhan kepada garis panduan ini
hendaklah dibuat semasa mereka bentuk sistem perkhidmatan dalaman supaya projek
berkenaan bukan sahaja mencapai keberkesanan kos, tetapi juga menjimatkan dari segi
penyenggaraan dan kos operasi. Antara langkah yang boleh ditekankan melalui aspek
kecekapan tenaga dalam reka bentuk sesebuah projek adalah:-
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(i) Reka bentuk projek yang mengekalkan suasana ’hijau’ di persekitaran
bangunan;
(ii) Orientasi bangunan yang optimum dengan kedudukan tingkap di arah utara
dan selatan supaya dapat mengurangkan kesan haba matahari;
(iii) Penggunaan penebat haba pada dinding dan bumbung bangunan;
(iv) Sistem penyaman udara yang efisyen di mana setiap zon bangunan boleh
dikawal berdasarkan kepada keperluan dan permintaannya;
(v) Penggunaan secara maksimum pencahayaan semula jadi di samping
penggunaan sistem lampu berkecekapan tinggi yang boleh dilaras untuk
disesuaikan dengan tahap pencahayaan sekitaran dan permintaan;
(vi) Penggunaan variable speed drives on pumps and fans;
(vii) Sistem switching lampu yang fleksibel;
(viii) High efficiency chillers with storage of chilled water;
(ix) Penggunaan high efficiency motor untuk perkhidmatan dalam bangunan.
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