Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?

Artificial intelligence is the ability to endow computers with intelligence

Partially successful due to obstacles encountered

Programs can not function intelligently outside the context for which they were designed

Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?

Defining Intelligence No clear consensus on what intelligence really is

Intelligence comprises some or all of the following: Learn and retain the learned knowledge Reason on the basis of this knowledge Adapt to knew circumstances Plan (develop strategies) Communicate Recognize patterns

Compared to the human brain computers accept smaller amounts of input and poorly recognize patterns, but calculate and output faster than humans

Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?

The Turing Test

British computer scientist Alan Turing propositioned that a computer is intelligent if a group of unbiased judges can not tell the difference between computer generated and human output

Many believe test is too simplistic

Programmers have created programs to trick the judges

Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?

Brute Force

Using the computer’s calculating capabilities to simulate human intelligence

Computers calculate all possible options and choose the best one

Used in chess playing programs

IBM’s Deep Blue program defeated Russian chess master Garry Kasparov

Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?

Achievements

PEGASUS, a spoken language interface, enables people to obtain flight information and book reservations through a telephone conversation with the computer

A video monitoring computer drove a car from Washington, DC to San Diego,CA

Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?

Natural Language

Natural language is the speech people use everyday

Computers are not good at understanding and acting on what they hear

Natural language interfaces are basically word matching programs

Problems with ambiguity of human language

Speech recognition programs translate speech into text

Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?

Machine Translation

Machine translation is using computers to translate foreign text automatically

Problems with resolving ambiguities

One program can translate 300,000 words per hour but results contain many errors

Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?

Expert Systems

Expert systems formulate the knowledge of human experts according to if-then rules

Eliciting the rules from human experts is called knowledge representation

Knowledge base is a database of represented knowledge

The program checks its knowledge base and comes to a conclusion based on the information supplied

Used in grammar checking and e-mail anti-spam programs

Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?

Intelligent Agents

Agents are automatic programs that help the user

They communicate with the user, understand their needs, and offer assistance

Microsoft’s Office Assistant is an example

Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?

Pattern Recognition

Using a digital camera, pattern recognition software process what they are seeing and draw connections between the patterns they perceive and patterns stored in a database

Used in building security to recognize suspicious movement

Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?

Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy logic makes it possible to express a proposition with varying degrees of confidence about its truthfulness

Helps make artificial intelligence software work better by automating forms of reasoning that people use

Video cameras that adjust to jiggling is an example

Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?

Robots

A robot is a computer-based device programmed to perform motions that can accomplish useful tasks

Robots are performing tasks such as assembly, welding, material handling, and material transport in industry

Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?

Strong Artificial intelligence

Intelligent computers need to have the everyday knowledge that people have

CYC

Computer scientist Douglas B. Lenat is programming a computer with basic facts about the world

Goal is to create a computer that knows as much as a 12 year old

Project is known as CYC

COG

MIT professor Rodney A. Brooks believes intelligence is a set of behaviors acquired as organisms interact with their environment

Created insect-like robots that crawled across fields

COG is a humanoid robot

Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?

Neural Networks Neural networks are computers that mimic the human brain

Composed of thousands of processors that are interconnected like neurons in the brain

Neural nets aren’t programmed, they are trained

They learn by trial and error

They are good at recognizing patterns, dealing with complexity and learning from experience

Neural nets are comparing signatures, monitoring aircraft engines and predicting stock market trends

Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?

Genetic Algorithms

Genetic algorithms involve creating artificial intelligence by creating laboratory conditions in which the most intelligent programs survive.

Based on the evolutionary theories of biology that organisms try to survive

Algorithms are placed in a computer environment and are allowed to mutate, one algorithm emerges as the best at tackling the problem

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Case Study on AI:

The spacecraft that landed on Mars in the 70’s was not designed for travel on the planet’s surface, so they sat immobile, gathering data from their immediate surroundings. A better way to explore Mars is to send people there. They could drive over the surface, make surveys, make quick decisions on where to explore and adapt to any changes in the plan. Humans, however, cost a great deal to transport to outer space. Astronauts need a lot of facilities not only for survival but also for comfort since a trip to Mars takes several years. The ship will also be heavier and more complex since it must be able to return the crew back to Earth. Propose a solution to this problem.