artreview part3and4
TRANSCRIPT
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THE RENAISSANC
E
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What: Rediscovering of the human form, human emotion and the natural world and shunning of unrealistic, stiff, unsmiling Byzantine figures.
When: The 14th century (1300s) was the pivotal transitional period between Byzantine and Renaissance.
Who and Where: Giotto and Cimabue from Florence
Duccio, Martini and Lorenzetti from Sienna
Precursors of the Renaissance
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FLORENCE
← The Florence Cathedral
Florence was home to CIMBUE
and GIOTTO
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CimabueTitle: Virgin and Child Enthroned and Surrounded by Angels
Location: Florence Cathedral
Style: Typical Byzantine gold and frontal pose but innovative in drapery of robes (not flat anymore) and realistic poses of angels.
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Giotto… he was taught by Cimbaue!
Title: Madonna Enthroned
Style: Typical Byzantine gold and lack of proportion but innovative in 3D throne and volume/form of bodies
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More Giotto←The Lamentation
Innovative in use of human emotion and shadow… first hints of chairoscuro (dramatic contrast btwn light and dark)
Giotto’s most famous works are a series of frescos in the Arena Chapel in Padua. They are a narrative of the story of Christ’s life.
Arena Chapel →
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SIENNA
Called itself the “Virgin’s ancient
city”
Palazzo Publico →
Sienna was home to DUCCIO,
MARTINI and LORENZETTI
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DuccioFamous for: The Maestá, a tempera on wood alterpiece that had about 50 panels, most notable one was the central panel depicting Virgin and Child in majesty (this is why it’s called Maestá)
Byzantine Influence: Mary is Queen of Heaven, dressed in blue and proportion is hierarchical. Lots of GOLD.
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DuccioAnother panel from the same alterpeice, Betrayal of Christ, shows Renaissance influence in the ranges of human expression and the careful use of shading to give figures volume.
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Simone Martini… believed to have assisted Duccio
Title: Annunciation
Style: very regal, lots of gold but different in the use of brilliant colors, lavish costumes and ornamental detail.
Inspiration for: INTERNATIONAL STYLE
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LorenzettiFamous for: Peaceful City, which was innovative for it’s rigid depiction of the form of buildings and realistic perception and depth.
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What: Rebirth of classical ideals as lead by the humanists.
When and Where: The 15th century (1400s) mainly in Florence and other parts of Italy.
Who : Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Masaccio, Donatello, Pollaiuolo, Botticelli and, of course, the Medici family who commissioned a lot of the works.
Early Renaissance
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Brunelleschi vs. GhibertiThe great Baptisery Competition: Brunelleschi and Ghiberti went at it for a competition to get their work on the doors of the Florence Cathedral. The winner was Ghiberti because his work was more elegant and classical (and nude)… the renaissance saw a clear revival of classical traits. LOSER WINNE
R
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But Brunelleschi wasn’t a total failure…
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He planned and created the Dome of
the Florence Cathedral after studying Roman
architectural principles. Many were baffled by the task of creating a massive dome to cover the Cathedral’s 138 ft opening without
visible supports but Brunelleschi figured
out that he could support the dome’s weight with ribbing.
Brunelleschi
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Brunelleschi knew his math and classical proportions, just look
at his arches…
The IOGGIA (continuous covered walkway) of the Ospedale degli Innocenti
(Hospital of the Innocents)
interior view of Santo Spirito Church
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Last thing to note about Brunelleschi : he is said
to be the father of LINEAR PERSPECTIVE.
Sadly, the two paintings of his that were said to have first represented this are now lost, but we do have written records, specifically a book (De Pictura) by Alberti, that detail the theory of linear perspective,
crediting it to Brunelleschi.
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Though he was the winner, his repertoire
isn’t nearly as fascinating as
Brunelleschi’s. His most famous work was
the doors of the Florence Catherdral. But then again, those were good enough for Michelangelo to call them the “Gates of
Paradise”.
Ghiberti
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Masaccio
Title: The Holy Trinity
Nicknamed “the hole in the wall” because of its astoundingly realistic depth perception. Classical conventions clear in architecture and realistic forms, as well as the musculature of Christ.
Thing to remember: Triangular Composition!
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MasaccioSince everyone loved the Holy Trinity, Masaccio
was commissioned to do half of a series of 12 frescos for the Brancacci Chapel. This fresco, Tribute Money, is a continuous narrative. It it
significant because the figures are all solid and 3D, standing in the ever-popular contrapposto
pose. There is a constant light source and use of chiaroscuro to create depth and volume. The story:
Tax payer tells Christ to pay up. The apostles
worry because they don’t have enough
money. Christ calms their fears and tells
Peter to go to the Sea where he will find gold coins. He’s uncertain
at first, but finds gold!
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Masaccio also did this piece…
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Just a random interesting fact…
Masaccio died at the young age of 27. Some speculate that his rivals got so jealous of him and his work that they poisoned him… no joke, my review book actually dedicated two whole sentences to this fact.
Also worth mentioning: Michelangelo studied the paintings of Masaccio in the Brancacci Chapel as a part of his training.
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The Many Works Commissioned by the
Medici
↑ Birth of Venus by BOTTICELLI
David by DONATELLO →
↑ Hercules and Antaeus
by POLLAIUOLO
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What: The love for classicism at it’s peak.. Mastery of perspective and human form.
When and Where: The late 15th century (1400s) to mid 16th century (1500s). Mainly dominated by Rome, but followed closely by Florence and Venice.
Who : Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Bellini, Giorgione and Titian
High Renaissance
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Let’s face it…
Da Vinci was pretty much a genius. He was skilled in drawing, painting, anatomy, botany, geology, architecture, music, military science and so much more.
Here’s a look at two of his most famous works.
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Da Vinci
The Last Supper →
Modeled after Castagno’s painting, only better.
Perspective is much more realistic, vanishing point is behind Christ’s head.
He broke away from tradition and depicted
each of the 12 apostoles eating with Christ on the
same side, seemingly exteding the meal to the
audience.
There is drama depicted- this is the
moment Christ announces he knows someone will betray
him and all the figures are reacting with
emotion and gesture… Judas cloaks his face
and hides.← Castagno’s Last Supper
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Da Vinci
Mona Lisa →
Why it’s innovative:
-three quarter pose-no lavish jewels typical of female portraiture -mysterious appeal of
smile
-SFUMATO: misty haziness of background
as it disappears for perspective
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Michelangelo
La Pieta David
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We all know these artists pretty well…
So, let’s play a game!
NAME THAT ARTIST
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RaphaelRaphael
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Good Job!
Now just keep some things in mind about Raphael: you can single him out because
of his really rounded figures, especially the
babies or cherubs.
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GiorgioneGiorgione
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Good Job!
Now just keep some things in mind about Gorgione: you can single him out because of his love of a
natural setting and plump figures.
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TitianTitian
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Good Job!
Now just keep some things in mind about Titian: you can single him out because of his the RED and complex
compositions.Also, notice how the first two painting were both offset by arches and have levels that represent
each figures or group of figures level of importance. Note that Titian came after Gorgione
and Raphael… his Venus of Urbino resembles Gorgione’s Sleeping Venus
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Now For a Quick Review of the Italian Renaissance.
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Group these artists…
GiottoTitian
Martini
Duccio
Cimabue
Botticelli
Pollaiuolo
Donatello
Masaccio
Brunelleschi
Ghiberti
Giorgione
Lorenzetti
Bellini
RaphealMichelangelo
Da Vinci
Pre-Ren 14th CE
Ren 15th CE
High Ren 16th CE
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Who started the trend?
Giotto
Martini
Linear Perspective
Masaccio
ChairoscuroInternational Style
Brunelleschi
Sfumato
Triangular Composition
Da Vinci
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What: With everything so dang perfect during the Renaissance, Mannerism gets little attention. They basically did the same thing, but with different values.
When: Mid to late 16th century (1500s)
Who : Pontormo, Parmigianio, Bronzino, Tintoretto and Cellini
Mannerism
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• unnaturally elongated features
•purposefully asymmetrical or unbalanced
•unusual light sources
•figura serpentina: twisting movement of body similar to that of a serpent’s
*can also be called il maniera (italian)
What made it different?
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Descent from
the Cross
by Pontor
mo
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Madonna of the
Long Neck by
Parmigianino
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Venus, Cupid,
Folly by Bronzino
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The Last Supper by Tintoretto
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Genius of Fontainebleau by Cellini
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I think we get the gist of Mannerism. =]
Let’s look at the Northern Renaissance.
I honestly find this one a bit boring and hard… so let’s
make it a GAME!
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I painted this… who am I?
Jan van Eyck!Jan van Eyck!
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I painted this… who am I?
Limbourg Limbourg Brothers!Brothers!
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Big thing in Mannerism:Alterpeices
Let’s name some!
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Name that Alterpiece!
Robert Campin: Merode Altarpiece
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Name that Alterpiece!
Deposition by Rogier van der Weyden
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Name that Alterpiece!
Garden of Earthly Delights: Hieronymous Bosch
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Name that Alterpiece!
Matthias Grünewald, Isenheim Altarpiece
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Well that was fun, but in all seriousness, we should
review the big names of the Northern Renaissance and
their style because, according to my review
book, the AP likes to scare you shizless by asking you to discuss Renaissance and medieval conventions of art
in this time period.
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First Big Name: Jan van Eyck
• He liked hidden symbols and painted everything in great detail.
• He was a flemish painter, so he painted in oil for luster. This luster could parallel what the Italians were doing with light and shading (chairoscuro) to give depth and sense of reality. Emotion is also a commonality.
• BUT, the difference: the proportions Eyck uses are not idealized and thus, not Renaissance. His proportions hearken back to the medieval times.
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Second Big Name: Albrecht Dürer• Called the Leonardo of the North. His art is
influenced by his trips to Italy and he is most known for his engravings.
• As he had seen classical Italian art, his figures were idealized just like those of the Italian Renaissance.
• He develops shadow and light through cross-hatching and is also keen on portraying naturalism.
• Lots and lots of use of religious symbolism.• There is one work of his that reflects medieval
ideals: Knight, Death and the Devil. He depicts a dog with the Knight, which in the medieval age was symbolic of fidelity, something closely ties to chivalry.
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And now, we go for Baroque.
According to my review book, this has been the most heavily stressed
period so let’s learn the stylistic basics.
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What it means to be Baroque…
• A style of persuasion: note that Baroque art was commissioned by the Catholic Church during the Reformation… like propaganda.
• You’re supposed to be left with a sense of awe and that means…
• DRAMATIC THEATRICS• GRADIOSE SCALE• ORNATE DECORATION• When and where: Rome in the late 1500s
then spread to Western Europe in the 1600s
• Who: Bernini, Borromini, Caravaggio and Gentileschi
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I sculpted this… who am i?
Bernini!Bernini!
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Bernini• Met Pope Paul V, who appreciated his
great talent, at the age of eleven!• His David is often called the first Baroque
statue because of its emphasis on dramatic movement and asks of the viewer to interact with the work.
• He creates illusions of space and extends space.
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Baroque Architecture to Know
Saint Peter’s Basillica
Borromini’s Undulating Walls- San Carlo Facade
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I painted this… who am I?
Caravaggio!Caravaggio!… it’s called the Calling of Saint Matthew… it’s called the Calling of Saint Matthew
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Caravaggion• Style elements: ostentatious costumes,
contemporary characters, drama from tenebrism (exaggerated chairuscuro) and light beams, deliberate naturalism