art's fluid flow 1
DESCRIPTION
Art's Fluid Flow 1TRANSCRIPT
Fluid Flow and Fluid Transport Data
Fluid Flow BackgroundFluid FlowThis workbook will serve to present information for the estimating of the pressure drop as well as thefriction loss of fluids flowing through pipe, fittings, and valves.In order to understand and be able to employ the many theories and mathematical equations that are themainstay tools of Fluid Mechanics, it is important to also understand their origin and their limitations as wellas their strengths.The pressure loss suffered by a length of straight pipe is primarily due to the effect of friction generated bythe flowing fluid against the internal pipe wall. In 1883, Osborne Reynolds published his famous paper entitled"An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether motion of water shall be director sinuous and of the law of resistance in parallel channels" (Paper 44). This paper, published in thePhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, proved to be a classic in the literature of the science of fluidmotion and had a profound effect on the development of fluid mechanics in the widest sense. It contained theenunciation of the dimensionless group, the Reynolds Number, which is given:Re = D v r / mwhere,Re =The Reynolds Number, a dimensionless numberD =the internal diameter of the pipe, usually in feetv =the mean fluid velocity in the pipe, usually in ft/secr =the density of the fluid, usually in lb/ft3m =the absolute viscosity of the fluid, usually in lbs mass per foot-secondNote: viscosity is usually measured and given in centipoise (cP) and these are converted as1.0 cP =0.000672lbm/ft-sec =2.4192lbm/ft-hrThis was the turning point in fluid flow. It set in motion all that followed to date. The Reynolds numberbasically defined two fluid flow regions:1.the region of Viscous (or Laminar) Flow; and,2.the region of Turbulent Flow.For engineering purposes, flow in pipes is usually considered to be laminar if the Reynolds number is lessthan 2,000. It is considered turbulent if the Reynolds number is greater than 4,000. Between these two basicregions lies the so-called "critical zone" where the flow - varying between laminar and turbulent, or in theprocess of change - is considered unpredicatable.The friction loss of a fluid flowing through a pipe is but a special case of a general law of the resistancebetween a solid and fluid in relative motion. Consider a solid body, of any desired shape, immersed in astream of flowing fluid. Let the length of this body, measured perpendicular to the general direction of flow ofthe fluid, be D, and let the area of contact between the solid and the fluid be A. If the velocity of the fluid pastthe body be small in comparision to the velocity of sound, it has been found experimentally that the resistingforce depends only on the roughness, size, and shape of the solid and on the velocity, density , and viscosityof the fluid. Through the use of Dimensional Analysis as applied to these quantities, it can be shown that:where,F =Total resisting force;v =velocity of fluid past the body;r =fluid densitygC =gravitational constant, lbm-ft/lbf-sec2f =a function whose precise value must be determined, case by caseNote the appearance of the Reynolds Number in this theoretical equation.In the particular case of a fluid flowing through a pipe of length L and with a circular cross-sectional flow area,the total force resisting the flow must equal the product of the area of contact between the fluid and the pipewall and the F/A of the above equation. The pressure drop will equal this product divided by the pipe'scross-sectional area, since pressure is measured in force per unit area. This is expressed as:The pressure loss in pipes due to friction arises from two mechanisms:1)surface friction existing at the point of fluid contact with the parent metal of the pipe;2)turbulent dissipation due to sudden changes in mean fluid velocity.
&LArt Montemayor&RNov 01, 2005Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RFileName: &FWorkSheet: &A
Durco ValvesDURCO VALVESValve size, inStandard SLEEVELINE modelV-Port SLEEVELINE modelStandard T-LINE modelV-Port T-LINE modelBIG MAX Butterfly modelCHEMICAL Service Butterfly modelMax. CvKMax. CvKMax. CvKMax. CvKMax. CvKMax. CvK1/25.61.78173/412.01.96441.048.80.375427.21.208433.90.777923.31.64671 1/283.50.649131.34.619795.40.497339.62.88612.0153.40.607953.84.9419199.00.361243.87.45613.0322.00.6984121.04.9460343.00.615566.316.4739210.01.6420172.02.44774.0555.00.7430190.06.3397813.00.3463415.01.3289300.02.54296.0955.01.2704400.07.24141,105.00.94891,115.00.9320670.02.58108.01,410.01.84191,424.01.80582,020.00.89741,190.02.585910.02,130.01.97053,230.00.85691,830.02.669512.04,825.00.79632,650.02.639814.03,430.02.91926,800.00.74273,690.02.522316.07,000.01.19578,800.00.75664,842.02.499018.011,500.00.70966,129.02.498320.014,000.00.72987,566.02.498824.020,500.00.705810,895.02.4988
&LArt Montemayor &CValve Resistance to Flow&RNovember 24, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &ADurco SLEEVELINE non-lubricated plug valves are used as block valves and as 3-way directional valves. One style of the straightway model, V-PORT, has a triangular-shaped port that offers better control valve characteristics. The sleeve used is made of PTFE for positive shut-off, self-lubrication and extended service life.
Another model is the T-LINE, which has the plug and all other wetted internal parts sleeved with PTFE as well as the plug proper itself.
The Chemical service butterfly control valve is 100% PTFE-sleeved on all internal wetted parts.
Jamesbury ValvesJAMESBURY Valves ---- Cv valuesMODELVALVE SIZE, in inches1/43/81/23/411 1/41 1/223468101214161820CLINCHER, Type 2000; screwed111616374949100115Style A DOUBLE-SEAL; screwed8.38.38.314355594115350Series 4000, REDUCED PORT1333444695111Series 4000, FULL PORT; Le in ft0.130.190.240.270.31Type 5150 & 530S; flanged91945125165350690Floating Ball; flanged76518903900Trunnion model; flanged189039006700510081001100016000Typr 6150 & 6300; Full Port50100270Floating Ball; Full Port50013302560560010000Trunnion Model; Full Port100001640023800270003700047000600003-Way Flanged Ball Valve5015527044088015002300FIRE-TITE ButterflySeries F815W & F815L165400950180029004300580080001050014000Series F830W & F830L16540095018002900430052006900930011300
&LArt Montemayor &C&A&RNovember 22, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet: &AThis valve flow resistance data is taken from the Jamesbury Valve Catalog.Art Montemayor
Orbit ValvesORBIT Valves --- Cv valuesMODELSIZE, in inches11.523468101214161820ANSI, 150# flangeRegular Port; flanged1532005727622,0904,5377,51313,11910,12921,21715,167Full Port; flanged491234391,0182,0804,8656,90511,10617,14830,55641,551ANSI, 300# flangeRegular Port; flanged1602436107601,5604,5137,51313,11910,12921,21715,167Full Port; flanged491234079202,0804,8656,77811,10617,14830,55641,551ANSI, 1500# flangeRegular Port; flanged2055059212,0813,9865,91211,185Full Port; flanged312676761,3592,9517,30111,60317,030
&LArt Montemayor &CValve Flow Resistance&RNovember 24, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet: &ASource: Orbit Valve CatalogFor each Orbit valve there is a flow coefficient Cv. This is defined as the flow in gallons per minute of water at 60 oF with a pressure drop of 1 psi across the valve. By using the following simplified formulas, the pressure drop for a given set of flow conditions may be calculated:
FOR LIQUIDS: Dp = G(Q/Cv)2 FOR GASES: Dp = 541 x 10-9 (Q/Cv)2(GT/P)
Where, Dp = PSI drop across valve Dp = PSI drop across valve G = Specific gravity of liquid (water=1) G = Specific gravity (Air @ 14.7 psi & 60 oF = 1.0) Q = Flow in gpm T = Absolute temperature, oR Cv = Valve coefficient P = Line pressure, psia Q = Flow in SCFH (@ 14.7 psi & 60 oF) Cv = Valve coefficient
Vogt ValvesVOGT Valves --- Cv values (Reference: VOGT Catalog F-12, 1980)Nominal Valve Size inchesCompact GateFull Port GateCompact GlobeFull Port GlobeMeter GlobeNeedle Point GlobeCompact CheckFull Port checkCompact Swing CheckFull Port Swing CheckH. & V. CheckFull Port AngleMeter AngleNeedle Point Angle12443 Flow Control15443 Flow ControlStrainersY" PatternSch 40 Pipe I.D. InchesK for conventional strainerK for "Y" Pattern strainer1/42.62.61.31.50.60.81.31.51.81.01.23/83.93.92.02.91.40.81.92.93.32.11.22.50.4938.41/29.39.32.83.61.80.82.73.69.07.65.95.22.71.21.51.54.06.00.6228.43.73/49.528.73.26.73.51.03.26.78.813.410.39.15.21.52.42.46.514.00.8249.82.117.546.56.811.95.81.56.711.916.021.716.714.78.72.34.54.514.014.01.0495.55.51 1/480.580.515.220.37.63.514.820.337.528.925.55.223.01.3806.11 1/283.6109.619.626.113.25.519.226.140.051.139.234.78.29.712.232.040.01.6105.93.8296.7181.027.043.421.55.526.643.465.084.264.757.18.214.619.652.040.02.0676.010.22 1/2165.0258.057.657.681.53247.0398.089.089.04410.0685.0153.3153.3PIPE FITTINGSK45o Elbow0.42Standard Elbow0.90Long Sweep Elbow0.60Medium Sweep Elbow0.75Close Return Elbow2.20Tee-Straight Flow0.60Tee-Side Outlet Flow1.80TYPICAL PIPE-TANK RESISTANCESEntrance Loss: From Tank to PipeIllustrationKType of ResistanceFlush Connection0.50Projecting Pipe0.78Slightly Rounded0.23Well Rounded0.04Exit Loss: From Pipe to TankAny of the above, reversed1.00SUDDEN ("ABRUPT") CONTRACTIONd1/d20.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9K0.460.450.420.400.360.280.190.100.04SUDDEN ("ABRUPT") EXPANSIONd1/d20.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9K0.980.920.830.710.560.410.280.130.04
&LArt Montemayor &CValve & FittingsResistance to Flow&RNovember 24, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet: &ATYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR VOGT VALVES & STRAINERS(FOR ALL VALVES IN FULL-OPEN POSITION)d1d2d1d2
KTM Ball Valves KTM Ball Valves --- Cv valuesValve Size inchesFull Bore Ball CvReduced Bore Ball CvPercent Reduction in Flow by using reduced bore1/2263/450101.51943061 1/22604010248050152 1/2750602231,30042067.697032.542,30077066.52805065,4001,80066.679075810,0002,50075.001016,0004,50071.881224,0008,00066.671431,40012,00061.781643,00014,00067.441857,00018,00068.422073,00022,00069.86
&LArt Montemayor&CBall Valve Flow Resistance&RDecember 1, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet: &ATYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR KTM BALL VALVES (FOR ALL VALVES IN FULL-OPEN POSITION)KTM Ball Valves have inherent equal percentage flow characteristics and are ideally suited for control applications over the widest possible range of flow.
Equal percentage flow characteristics, in simple terms, means that a given percentage change in the valve opening will produce the same percentage change in flow.
KTM Ball Valves
&APage &P% of Ball Opening% of Maximum CvKTM Ball Valves Cv Values
Kitz ValvesKITZ Valves --- Cv valuesNominal Valve Size inchesGateGlobeSwing CheckTrunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS 150Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS 150Trunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS 300Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS 300Trunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS 600Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS 600Trunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS 900Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS 900Trunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS 1500Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS 1500Trunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS 2500Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS 25002.0230447525004604003303303003.05301051751801,3501951,1501801,0501879351878301507404.09301803205452,5005352,2005501,8505101,7605101,6604101,4606.02,3804467407905,3007655,2907454,4607404,4057404,1005902,6008.04,1801,3501,94510,5001,9459,6002,2208,7302,0358,4751,9308,0101,4005,37010.06,8402,2004,05017,5004,04016,7504,06514,2504,05014,2053,86013,3103,0508,63012.09,6903,6006,90026,3007,10025,5007,05022,5507,02521,4306,67017,0705,35012,50014.013,0005,20013,10031,85013,20030,05013,35028,40013,30026,80012,63024,27516.017,3807,00014,60043,30014,58041,70014,30038,15014,20036,70013,49033,21518.022,8008,50019,75057,30019,80055,37020,35050,95019,75048,70018,76043,40020.028,5009,80027,75074,50028,05072,30028,30065,60027,30062,50020,47055,93024.041,80011,60027,100112,30027,130109,15027,25098,15026,90094,05025,50084,02530.068,00039,700179,30039,800171,20040,750158,90036.096,00063,100258,30063,100243,05068,950226,300Cv VALUES FOR KITZ LOW-COST, ONE-PIECE, THREADED, CLASS 600, REDUCED BORE BALL VALVES ARE:Size, in.0.250.3750.50.7511.251.52Cv1.02.55.510.015.020.037.060.0
&LArt Montemayor &CValve Flow Resistance&RDecember 3, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet: &ATYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR KITZ VALVES (FOR ALL VALVES IN FULL-OPEN POSITION)From Zidell Valve Corp.-Stafford, TX & KITZ catalog No. 510-E
Marlin Check ValvesMarlin Style M High Performance Dual Disc Check ValvesSource: Marlin Catalog # MC - 196Valve Size, In.Liquid Cv Value254.32.582.13139.34271.35482.5672581509102640124075145303167340189940201296024205003037200365900042920004812600054186000602170006628000072325000
&LArt Montemayor&CMarlin/Crane Check Valves&RFeb 16, 1999Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &A
Marlin Check Valves
Nominal Valve Size, InchesCv Value for LiquidMarlin Check Valvesy = -0.022x4 + 3.146x3 - 58.707x2 +811.740x - 2073R2 = 0.9989
Velan ValvesCv FOR VELAN VALVESSize InchesGate Valve Reduced PortGate Valve Full PortGlobe Valves St'd DesignGlobe Valves Bellows SealGlobe Valves Y - PatternSwing Check ValvesPiston Check Valves (Inclined)Piston Check Valves (Vertical)Ball Valves Split Body SB-150/300/600Ball Valves Top-Entry Body SB-150/300/600Ball Valves Unibody UB-150/300150-800900-1500150-1500150-800900-1500150-8001500-25001500-26804500150-800600-2680150-800900-1500Reduced PortFull PortReduced PortFull PortReduced Port Only1/271414332.557497221282693/4141422443.5787108345013.575151303034686912922126910034103381-1/210010011014191234252355251421250652061252160160200332928386047826025251304301043221652-1/272032501,02020076025045402,00072054067705,50081,9009,800103,90016,400126,70023,800145,20027,500168,05036,0001812,50046,0002015,50057,0002427,00075,000
02/16/99 As per Carlos Davila, Marlin/Crane Valves; Montgomery, TX: The "Cracking Pressure" required for Marlin Valves with standard springs is 6" WC and for valves with special, low torque it is 3.5" WC.Note: These are very low pressure drop, wafer type of valves that require little "cracking" pressure to start to open.&LArt Montemayor&CVelan ValvesCv Flow Coefficients&RJuly 27, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &ASources of Flow Coefficient (Cv) values: Velan Catalogs #VEL-SFV-96 & #VEL-BV-97
Fittings' LossesThe values given are equivalent lengths in feet of straight pipe at the referenced diameter sizeTYPE OF FITTINGNOMINAL PIPE DIAMETER, INCHES1/23/411 1/41 1/222 1/23456810I.D.0.05180.06870.08740.11500.13420.17220.20570.25570.33550.42060.50540.66510.8350L/DGate Valve, 100% open120.350.50.60.81.21.21.41.72.32.83.54.55.7Globe Valve, 100% open34017.022.027.038.044.053.068.080.0120.0140.0170.0220.0280.0Angle Valve, 100% open1458.012.014.018.022.028.033.042.053.070.084.0120.0140.0Standard Elbow301.52.22.73.64.55.26.58.011.014.016.021.026.0Medium Sweep Elbow1.31.82.33.03.64.65.57.09.012.014.018.022.0Long Sweep Elbow1.01.31.72.32.83.54.35.27.09.011.014.017.0Tee (straight run)201.01.31.72.32.83.54.35.27.09.011.014.017.0Tee (branch run)603.24.55.77.59.012.014.016.022.027.033.043.053.0Return Bend503.55.06.08.510.013.015.018.024.030.037.050.063.0Note:The 1-1/4" pipe size is an undesirable size and it is preferable to eliminate it from sizes used in the fieldin order to standardize fittings and eliminate unnecessary spare parts and inventory.The 2-1/2" and 5" pipe sizes are considered "Bastard sizes" and are to be eliminated from cosiderationin the design as well as in the implementation phase of engineering. The fittings, flanges, and the pipingitself are rarely found in stock and are, therefore, costly to find. They are traditionally un-popular sizesand are not cost effective because of this.
&LArt Montemayor &C&AFRICTION LOSS IN STANDARD VALVES AND FITTINGS&RDecember 1, 1997REV 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet: &ASource of data: Viking Pump Catalog Section 510 - Engineering Data Page 510.12; Issue C; Figure 11
NOTE: It is unclear what is meant by "Standard", "Medium Sweep" & "Long Sweep" Elbows. The pipe fitting industry supplies two basic Elbow geometries:
1) Short Radius Elbow: R/D = 1.0 (based on nominal, not specific, dimensions) 2) Long Radius Elbow: R/D = 1.5 (based on nominal, not specific, dimensions)
Where, R = Radius of the Elbow curvature (nominal size) D = Nominal diameter of the Elbow (nominal size)
Checking out other fittings' resistance data, it is established that Standard Elbow = Short Radius Elbow Long Sweep Elbow = Long Radius Elbow Medium Sweep Elbow = ? unknown ?
Equiv. Lengths #1Nominal Pipe size, in.Globe Valve or Ball Check ValveAngle valveSwing Check ValvePlug CockGate or Ball Valve45o Ell90o Ell, Long Radius90o Ell, Short RadiusBranch TeeThrough Tee90o Miter ElbowsExpanderReducerSuddenStd ReduSuddenStd ReduEquivalent Length in terms of small diameter2 Miters3 Miters4 Mitersd/D=1/4d/D=1/2d/D=3/4d/D=1/2d/D=3/4d/D=1/4d/D=1/2d/D=3/4d/D=1/2d/D=3/4L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =40719299811212172358172821204123629617176621 1/255.026.013.07.01.01.02.03.08.02.0531413211270.033.017.014.02.02.03.04.010.03.07415133112 1/280.040.020.011.02.02.03.05.012.03.08526243223100.050.025.017.02.02.04.06.014.04.010628254224130.065.032.030.03.03.05.07.019.05.0128310365336200.0100.048.070.04.04.08.011.028.08.018124144974418260.0125.064.0120.06.06.09.015.037.09.02516519512955210330.0160.080.0170.07.07.012.018.047.012.031207247151266212400.0190.095.0170.09.09.014.022.055.014.028212037248288181477214450.0210.0105.080.010.010.016.026.062.016.0322422422692016816500.0240.0120.0145.011.011.018.029.072.018.03827244730102418918550.0280.0140.0160.012.012.020.033.082.020.042302853351126201020650.0300.0155.0210.014.014.023.036.090.023.046333260381330231122688.0335.0170.0225.015.015.025.040.0100.025.052363465421432251224750.0370.0185.0254.016.016.027.044.0110.027.056393670461535271330312.021.021.040.055.0140.040.07051443625.025.047.066.0170.047.08460524230.030.055.077.0200.055.09869644835.035.065.088.0220.065.011281725440.040.070.099.0250.070.012690806045.045.080.0110.0260.080.01909992Source:Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers"; C. R. Branan; Gulf Publishing; Page 3
&LArt Montemayor&CEQUIVALENT LENGTH OF VALVES AND FITTINGS IN FEETSource: Rules of Thumb for Chem. Engrs; C.R. Branan; Gulf Publ.; p. 3 &RMarch 11, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &A
Equiv. Lengths #2Nominal Pipe Size, InchesSched. NumberPipe's Inside DiameterGlobe ValveAngle ValveGate ValveSwing Check ValvePlug Cock45o Std. Elbow90o Std Elbow90o Long Radius ElbowStandard TeeClose Return Bend90o Welding ElbowThrough-FlowBranch FlowShort RadiusLong RadiusL/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =InchesFeet340145131351816302020605016121/2400.6220.05217.67.50.677.00.930.81.561.041.043.112.590.830.63/4400.8240.06923.310.00.899.31.241.102.061.371.374.123.431.100.81401.0490.08729.712.71.1411.81.571.402.621.751.755.24.41.41.01 1/2401.6100.13445.619.51.7418.12.422.154.032.682.688.16.72.11.62402.0670.1725925.02.2423.33.102.765.23.453.4510.38.62.82.12 1/2402.4690.2067029.82.6727.83.703.296.24.124.1212.310.33.32.53403.0680.2568737.13.3234.54.604.097.75.15.115.312.84.13.14404.0260.33611448.64.3645.36.05.410.16.76.720.116.85.44.05405.0470.421143615.5577.66.712.68.48.425.221.06.75.06406.0650.505172736.6689.18.115.210.110.130.325.38.16.18407.9810.665226968.69012.010.620.013.313.339.933.3118.0104010.0200.83528412110.911315.013.425.116.716.750.141.81310124011.9380.99512.913417.915.929.819.919.960501612143013.2501.10414.414917.733.122.122.166551813163015.2501.27116.517220.338.125.425.476642015183017.1241.42718.619322.842.828.528.586712317202019.2501.60420.921725.748.132.132.196802619242023.2501.93825.226231.05838.838.8116973123Source:"Compressed Air and Gas Data"; Ingersoll-Rand Company; Charles W. Gibbs, Editor; (1969); page 34-78The L/D values are cited as originating from Crane Co. Technical Paper No. 410 (1957)All valves and cocks are rated as fully openCheck valves require 0.5 psi pressure loss to open fullyWelding elbow data is from Midwest Piping Catalog 61 (1961)Crane Technical Paper No. 410 states:"The ratio L/D is the equivalent length, in pipe diameters of straight pipe, that will cause the same pressure drop as the obstruction under the same flow conditions."The L/D, as defined by Technical Paper No. 410, is the pipe length divided by the pipe's Internal Diameter (ID).
&LArt Montemayor &CEquivalent Length of FittingsSource: Compressed Air & Gas Data; Ingersoll-Rand; 1969; p. 34-78&RMarch 16, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &A
Equiv. Lengths #3BASIS:All equivalent lengths are calculated using Crane Tech Paper #410. (1976)Pipe walls typical for 150 ASA carbon steel with 1/8 in. corrosion allow.Bends are based on using screwed or SO fittings < 3 in.; long radius weld elbows for 3 to 24 in; miter elbows for > 24in.Valves (except for Ball type) are based on full port types and swing check valves.Reducers assume a 30o included angle. Equivalent feet of the larger size pipe is indicated.The entrance losses are based on a sharp edge with no inward projection.Ball valves are assumed as Jamesbury Type 5150, ANSI CLASS 150, with reduced ball CvEQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF TYPICAL FITTINGS, IN FEETREDUCEREXPANDERENTRANCE LOSSEXIT LOSSNom. Size, In.BENDSTEESVALVES90o ELL45o ELLLINEARBRANCHGATEGLOBEBALLBUTTERFLYCHECKone sizeone sizeLossLoss1/21.40.70.92.70.415.51.7n/a2.3n/an/a0.81.73/41.91.01.23.70.521.01.9n/a3.10.81.21.22.512.41.31.64.80.627.11.3n/a4.00.81.01.73.51 1/23.82.02.57.51.0421.7n/a6.24.38.12.85.724.82.63.29.71.3555.4n/a8.12.02.64.38.533.42.25.115.32.0879.211.512.811.522.17.314.644.42.96.720.12.71149.715.116.85.47.210.420.766.74.310.1304.017269.622.725.320.436.416.83488.75.613.2395.322448.229.633.011.615.123.5471011.07.116.7506.728435.329.242.012.815.531621213.28.520.0608.0340n/a35.050.010.19.738771414.69.422.1668.8n/an/a39.055.04.92.844881616.810.825.47610.2n/an/a32.064.015.37.3521031819.012.228.88611.5n/an/a36.072.09.06.3601202021.213.6329612.8n/an/a40.080.08.75.5681362425.616.53911615.5n/an/a48.097.023.523.6841673073374914619.5n/an/a61.0122.042.249.51092183688445917623.5n/an/a73.0147.037.537.313627242103526920627.5n/an/a86.0172.035.130.216533148118597823531.3n/an/a98.0196.031.823.319639254132668826535n/an/a110.0221.033.723.023246560148749829539n/an/a123.0246.033.320.5267534
&LArt MontemayorReference: Dobie Pump Spreadsheet Dobie Engineering (1992)&CEQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS&RApril 21, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &A
Equiv. Lengths #4EQUIVALENT LENGTH WORKSHEET00000000000000FITTINGS & VALVESQUANTITYSIZEEQ FTFEET0.51.40.70.92.70.415.5n/a2.3n/an/a0.81.71.70.751.911.23.70.521n/a3.10.81.21.22.51.990o ELL12.004.84.8012.41.31.64.80.627.1n/a40.811.73.51.345o ELL12.002.62.601.53.822.57.5142n/a6.24.38.12.85.71.7Through-Flow TEE12.003.23.2024.82.63.29.71.355n/a8.122.64.38.55.4Branch-Flow TEE12.009.79.7033.42.25.115.328711.512.811.522.17.314.69.2GATE VALVE12.001.31.3044.42.96.720.12.711415.116.85.47.210.420.79.7GLOBE VALVE12.0055.055.0066.74.310.130417222.725.320.436.416.83469.6BUTTERFLY VALVE12.00n/a0.0088.75.613.2395.322429.63311.615.123.54748.2BALL VALVE12.005.45.4010117.116.7506.728429.24212.815.5316235.3SWING CHECK VALVE12.008.18.101213.28.520608340355010.19.73877n/aREDUCTION-ONE SIZE12.002.02.001414.69.422.1668.8n/a39554.92.84488n/aEXPANSION-ONE SIZE12.002.62.601616.810.825.47610.2n/a326415.37.352103n/aENTRANCE LOSS12.004.34.30181912.228.88611.5n/a367296.360120n/aEXIT LOSS12.008.58.502021.213.6329612.8n/a40808.75.568136n/aOTHER12.000.00.002425.616.53911615.5n/a489723.523.684167n/aStraight Length PIPE1250.03073374914619.5n/a6112242.249.5109218n/a3688445917623.5n/a7314737.537.3136272n/aTOTAL EQUIVALENT FEET =107.51357.542103526920627.5n/a8617235.130.2165331n/a48118597823531.3n/a9819631.823.3196392n/a54132668826535n/a11022133.723232465n/a60148749829539n/a12324633.320.5267534n/a
&LArt Montemayor&CEquivalent Feet of Pipe Fittings and Valves&RMay 20, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &AINSTRUCTIONS:
1) Enter the known quantities and sizes of each fitting type in your hydraulic circuit in the designated YELLOW cells as well as the amount of straight pipe. Note: The sizes of the fittings to be keyed in are the NOMINAL pipe size, not the I. D.. You must furnish both the quantities and sizes to generate a calculated answer.2) The resultant calculated equivalent pipe length(s) appear in RED numbers.
Art Montemayor
Typical K valuesKArt's NotesVALVES:Globe, Open9.70100% wide open positionTypical Depressuring, Open8.50---' ????Angle, Open4.60100% wide open positionSwing Check, Open2.30100% wide open positionGate, Open0.21100% wide open positionSCREWED FITTINGS:180o close return1.95Branch-Flow Tee1.72w/ flow in all 3 branches90o Standard Elbow0.93Through-Flow Tee0.50w/ flow in all 3 branches45o Elbow0.43MITERED FITTINGS:90o Single-Miter Elbow1.7260o Single-Miter Elbow0.9390o Double-Miter Elbow0.5990o Triple-Miter Elbow0.4645o Single-Miter Elbow0.46FABRICATED FITTINGS:Through-Flow Tee0.50w/ flow in all 3 branchesWELDED FITTINGS:Branch-Flow Tee1.37w/ flow in all 3 branches45o Branch-Flow Lateral0.76w/ flow in all 3 branches90o Long-Sweep Elbow0.59Through-Flow Lateral0.50w/ flow in all 3 branches180o Return0.43Through-Flow Tee0.38w/ flow in all 3 branches90o Elbow0.3245o Elbow0.21d/d'CONTRACTION OR EXPANSION:0.0000.2000.4000.6000.800Contraction (ANSI)------0.2100.1350.039Contraction (Sudden)0.5000.4600.3800.2900.120Expansion (ANSI)------0.9000.5000.110Expansion (Sudden)1.0000.9500.7400.4100.110
&LArt Montemayor&CTypical Resistance Coefficients Fluid Flow in Piping Systems&RMarch 12, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &ATYPICAL K VALUES FOR PIPE FITTINGSThis table is taken from API Recommended Practice 521, 2nd Edition, Sep.1982, which obtained it in turn from: Tube-Turn Catalogue and Engineering Data Book No. 211, Chemetron Corp., Louisville, Kentucky.
Typical Friction FactorsConversion Factor for Equivalent Length per Unit of KNominal Pipe Size, InchesMoody Friction Factor (f)FeetMetersNPS 2, Schedule 400.01958.82.7NPS 3, Schedule 400.017814.34.4NPS 4, Schedule 400.016520.56.3NPS 6, Schedule 400.015033.610.2NPS 8 x 1/4-inch wall0.014048.214.7NPS 10 x 1/4-inch wall0.013563.019.2NPS 12 x 1/4-inch wall0.012978.824.0NPS 14 x 1/4-inch wall0.012689.627.3NPS 16 x 1/4-inch wall0.0123104.631.9NPS 20 x 1/4-inch wall0.0119136.041.5NPS 24 x 1/4-inch wall0.0115169.656.7NPS 30 x 1/4-inch wall0.0110222.667.9NPS 36 x 1/4-inch wall0.0107273.483.3
&LArt Montemayor&CTypical Pipe Friction Factors&RMarch 12, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &ATypical Friction Factors and Conversion Factors for Clean Steel Pipe(Based on Equivalent Roughness of 0.00015 Feet)Source: API Recommended Practice 521; 2nd Ed., Sep. 1982 (p.49)Note:NPS = Nominal Pipe Size. The above friction factors and conversion factors apply at high Reynolds numbers, namely above 1 x 106 for NPS 24 and larger.For smaller pipe, down to NPS 2", the applicable Reynolds number is 2 x 105.
Pipe ProRESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS "K" FOR VALVES AND FITTINGSREASONABLE VELOCITIES FOR WATER FLOW THROUGH PIPERESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS "K" FOR PIPE ENTRANCE AND EXITSFLOW COEFFICIENT, Cv, FOR CONTROL VALVESApplication & Service ConditionRange of Typical Velocities, Ft/secSize, inchesControl Valve DescriptionFlow CharacteristicLiquid coefficient, CvMunicipal Water Distribution System2 to 7General Plant Service4 to 101/2Plug; top guidedEqual percentage4Pump Suction4 to 73/4Plug; top guidedEqual percentage9Drain Lines4 to 7DESCRIPTION OF VALVES AND FITTINGSRECOMMENDED K/f1Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage17Boiler Feed System8 to 15Description of Pipe Entrance or ExitCoefficient K15 degree Corner Miter41 1/4Plug; top guidedEqual percentage2230 degree Corner Miter81 1/2Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage33Inlet - Sharp edge flush to the tank or reservoir0.5045 degree Standard Elbow162Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage56VALUES OF ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS, e, FOR VARIOUS MATERIALSInlet - Slightly rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.020.2845 degree Street Elbow262 1/2Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage87Inlet - Slightly rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.040.2445 degree Corner Miter153Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage121Inlet - Medium rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.060.1560 degree Corner Miter254Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage203Inlet - Medium rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.100.0990 degree Short Radius Elbow206Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage357Inlet - Well rounded at pipe connection, r/d=0.15 & up0.0490 degree Long Radius Elbow148Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage808Inlet - Pipe projecting into tank or reservoir0.7890 degree Street Elbow5010Plug; port guidedQuick opening1,28090 degree Square Corner Miter6012Plug; port guidedQuick opening1,700Exit - Open discharge (complete loss of velocity head)1.00180 degree Close Pattern Return Bend501Ball; V-notched90o Opening22Type of Pipe MaterialRange of values (x 10-6), FtNormal Design value (x 10-6), FtExit - Submerged gradual enlargement discharge0.00Tee Flow-through Run20For Control Valves:1 1/2Butterfly; disc60o Opening26(complete recovery of velocity head)Tee Flow-through Branch60Flowrate, gpm =100.002Butterfly; disc60o Opening55Asphalted Cast Iron400400Globe valve; perdendicular stem with unguided disc340Density, lb/ft3 =62.372 1/2Butterfly; disc60o Opening91Brass & Copper55Globe valve; perdendicular stem with guided disc600Pressure drop, psi =5.003Butterfly; disc60o Opening136Concrete1,000 to 10,0004,000Globe valve; 60o stem to run with unguided disc1754Butterfly; disc60o Opening271Cast Iron850850Globe valve; 45o stem to run with unguided disc145Cv =44.726Butterfly; disc60o Opening768Galvanized Iron500500Angle valve; 90o with unguided disc1508Butterfly; disc60o Opening1,340Wrought Iron150150Angle valve; 90o with guided disc20010Butterfly; disc60o Opening2,170Plastic55Gate valve; full size, fully open812Butterfly; disc60o Opening3,180Steel150150Gate valve; 3/4 open3514Butterfly; disc60o Opening3,880Riveted Steel*3,000 to 30,0006,000Where,Gate valve; 1/2 open16016Butterfly; disc60o Opening5,210Wood Stave*600 to 3,0002,000Large Diameter, D =Gate valve; 1/4 open90018Butterfly; disc60o Opening6,510Small Diameter, d =Ball valve; round opening with full bore320Butterfly; disc60o Opening8,210Length, L =Plug valve; round opening with full bore324Butterfly; disc60o Opening12,200Plug valve; rectangular opening with full bore, fully open1830Butterfly; disc60o Opening19,900Coefficient KPlug valve; 3-way rectangular opening with full bore, straignt flow3036Butterfly; disc60o Opening29,400Gradual contraction from large diam. to small diam.Plug valve; 3-way 80% bore, fully open, branch flow9048Butterfly; disc60o Opening54,200Gradual enlargement from small diam. to large diam.Butterfly valve; 2" to 8", fully open4560Butterfly; disc60o Opening85,300Butterfly valve; 10" to 14", fully open3572Butterfly; disc60o Opening123,000Sudden square edge contraction from D to dButterfly valve; 16" to 24", fully open25Sudden square edge enlargement from d to DCheck valve; conventional swing, angle seat, fully open100Check valve; conventional swing, perpendicular seat, fully open50Check valve; tilting disc at 5o to flow (2" to 8")40Check valve; globe type400Foot valve; hinged disc with strainer75Foot valve; poppet disc with strainer420
&LArt Montemayor&C&A&RMay 07, 1998Revision: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &AThis information is taken from the PipePro computer program sold by:
Professional Designers & Engineers, Inc. P.O. Box 11380 Boulder, CO 80301 Phone & Fax: (303) 530-1551* Note: These two types of material have been obsolete and outdated for approximately 50 years. They are kept here as a reminder to young engineers of the danger and stupidity that some data represents when the authors do not review, proof and edit their technical product(s).Art MontemayorNote: Long piping systems may require lower velocities to prevent an undesirable pressure drop. Higher velocities may be used or exceeded where pressure drop is not important.The K resistance coefficient represents the resistance to flow in pipes for various configurations of entrances, exits, contraction or enlargement. The resistance coefficient method is based on the assumption that the fluid's pressure loss is all due to pressure drag and is independent of the Reynolds Number.Description of Enlargement or Contraction:Flow may be directed through pipes of differing sizes by using especially designed enlargements or contractions to achieve the desired coefficient "K". These designs are generally required when a minimum "K" value is desired to limit the pressure drop in the system. The input cells below are provided to calculate the "K" value based on the dimensions of the enlargement or contraction.The resistance coefficient K represents the reduction in static head for flow in pipes caused by valves and fittings. The K value is the number of velocity heads and is valid for all flow conditons. K/f = Constantwhere, f = turbulent Darcy friction factorThe Cv flow coefficient for valves expresses the flow rate of 60 oF water in gallon per minute with 1.0 psi pressure drop across the valve. Cv varies for other fluids according to the square root of the weight density of the fluid.For Control Valves: Cv = Q x (density/62.37/pressure drop)0.5Where, Q = liquid flowrate in gpm density = liquid density in lb/ft3 pressure drop = pressure drop in psi
Values for Cv are normally provided by the control valve manufacturer. However, desired values for Cv may be calculated below as follows:The Cv sizing coefficient must be obtained from the valved manufacturer; however, a sampling of some typical valve coefficients is listed below.
Reducers & ExpandersSteps:1) Enter the required information in the YELLOW cells2) The calculated results appear in RED numbers.d =small diameter, in.=3.068D =large diameter, in.=6.065Fitting SizeLarge Diameter, in.Small Diameter, in.Length, in,Included Angle, Degreesb =diameter ratio=0.5058532564L =length of fitting, in.=5.52 x 12.0671.0493.00019a =included concentric angle, degrees=30f =included concentric angle, radians=0.52359877562 x 1-1/22.0671.6103.0009K1 =Resistance Coefficient (based on small diameter)=0.23 x 13.0681.0493.50032K2 =Resistance Coefficient (based on large diameter)=2.43 x 1-1/23.0681.6103.500243 x 23.0682.0673.500164 x 24.0262.0674.00028d =small diameter, in.=3.0684 x 34.0263.0684.00014D =large diameter, in.=6.065b =diameter ratio=0.50585325646 x 36.0653.0685.50030L =length of fitting,in=5.5a =included concentric angle, degrees=306 x 464621f =included concentric angle, radians=0.52359877568 x 686618K1 =Resistance Coefficient (based on small diameter)=0.0K2 =Resistance Coefficient (based on large diameter)=1.510 x 610673212 x 6126841
&LArt Montemayor&CRESISTANCE TO FLUID FLOWSource: Crane Tech Paper #410&RMay 08, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &AdlDCONCENTRIC REDUCERSfor included angle less than 45oCONCENTRIC EXPANDERSfor included angle less than 45oDdLThis table calculates the included angle for StainlessSteel, schedule 40s, Concentric Reducers. It should also apply to Carbon Steel fittings as well as to Concentric Expanders.
Data source: Flowline Fittings Catalog; 1965; p.48NOTE: Resistance to fluid flow due to pipe reducers, pipe expanders, entrances and exits to pipes is independent of the pipe and fluid's friction factor. These pressure losses are caused by local disturbances, such as changes in pipe cross section. Although considered "minor", these may actually be major losses in the case of a short pipe run. Whenever the velocity of a flowing stream is altered either in direction or in magnitude, eddy currents are set up and a loss of energy in excess of the pipe friction in that same length is created. Such losses may be expressed as velocity heads (KV2/2g) --- where K must be determined for each case. For concentric reducers, a minimum K value of about 0.10 is obtained with an included angle of 20o to 40o. Smaller or larger angles result in higher values of K.
Fittings' VolumesVOLUMETRIC CAPACITY FOR BUTT-WELDING FITTINGSAll volumes expressed in cubic inchesReference: Piping Engineering; Tube Turns Division of Chemetron Corp.; Nov. 1971; p.47Nominal Pipe Size, in.90o Elbows180o Returns45o ElbowsTeesCapsCrossesStub EndsNominal Pipe Size, in.ReducersTeesLong RadiusShort RadiusLong RadiusShort RadiusLong RadiusFull-size outletsFull-size outletsLap JointConcentric & Eccentricwith Reducing OutletStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongLarge endSmall endStandardX-StrongStandardX-Strong1/20.70.61.41.10.40.20.80.60.30.20.90.713/81.51.32.72.33/40.90.81.91.50.50.41.61.30.60.41.61.31/21.81.42.82.412.01.71.44.13.42.71.00.83.52.91.10.93.52.93/42.11.83.02.61 1/44.43.72.98.77.45.92.21.87.56.51.81.59.58.26.05.11 1/41/22.62.25.85.11 1/27.26.24.84.214.412.59.68.33.63.112.410.82.52.015.513.78.17.13/43.12.66.05.4215.813.910.59.231.627.821.118.37.97.022.219.73.93.227.724.720.117.813.73.16.35.7352.246.734.831.1104.493.369.662.226.123.365.258.711.19.480.572.944.439.61 1/21/24.03.49.48.34119.8108.379.972.0239.7216.6159.9143.959.954.1135.8123.624.220.8166.5152.476.469.03/44.63.99.68.66408.1368.3272.1245.4816.1736.6544.3490.8204.0184.2413.2367.177.365.7501.3441.0231.1208.515.34.59.99.18942.3860.3628.3572.71884.71720.61256.71145.5471.1430.1881.1811.2148.5122.31061.9983.0400.2365.31 1/46.55.610.89.9101856.91758.21238.01172.23713.83516.52476.02344.3928.5879.11675.41594.9295.6264.42010.41920.6788.5746.623/47.66.616.715.2123195.93064.22130.72042.86391.86128.54261.54085.61598.01532.12816.92712.3517.0475.03371.93255.91131.01084.318.57.416.915.6144545.94376.13030.72917.49091.88752.26061.45834.82273.02188.13809.33681.0684.6640.04171.54043.71654.61592.81 1/410.08.817.616.5166882.26658.44301.44161.513764.513316.98602.88323.03441.13329.25804.35634.3967.6911.06311.76144.02191.82120.61 1/211.410.018.417.4189906.59621.76054.05879.919813.119243.412108.011759.84953.34810.88396.58179.21432.61363.09081.38868.12804.52723.83150.945.52013707.513353.89366.89125.127415.026707.618733.618250.26853.86676.911701.311429.42026.41938.012634.112368.23492.53402.41 1/420.217.951.846.42218365.217935.836730.923914.59182.78967.914348.014049.22784.12682.91 1/221.919.452.947.32423995.623482.414664.014350.347991.146964.729327.928700.711997.811471.220647.220249.73451.03313.022189.421802.95094.74985.7225.522.755.149.52630644.830041.061289.640054.615322.415020.523912.323493.24014.33884.12 1/229.526.358.652.63047449.746642.131648.831110.594899.462189.463297.762221.035985.035442.55163.15006.441 1/237.333.4108.097.73469490.168449.0110260.534745.034224.552836.752135.9241.837.5110.499.93682695.481526.655130.354351.0176155.6110260.5108702.141347.740763.362945.162157.57010.86811.52 1/246.641.8113.9103.242132116.7130520.288077.887013.466054.865260.194207.093209.010936.310666.7354.448.9119.7108.648198322.0196203.040971.040538.0145443.0144092.013480.013157.03 1/262.155.9125.9114.562 1/211.9100.6334.1301.83123.7111.3340.0307.43 1/2134.8121.5346.3313.74147.1132.8354.1321.290o Elbows:5175.3158.7375.7361.8V = P2D2A/883716.9655.53 1/2221.7201.8722.6661.0V = Volume4235.6215.0730.6668.7D = Inside diameter5269.6245.8753.0690.5A = Center to face distance6309.2280.9791.1719.4104385.9362.01,373.01,300.05428.3401.41,396.01,323.06476.8444.81,432.01,350.08586.0546.71,506.01,426.0180o Returns:125639.4606.42,318.02,224.0V = P2D2O/86697.7658.82,348.02,250.08827.0779.82,430.02,329.0V = Volume10993.8947.72,567.02,468.0D = Inside diameter1461,4961,4191,9921,915A = Center to center distance81,7381,6462,5872,488102,0411,9522,9222,816122,3822,2882,9763,0221662,6212,53282,3212,2123,3963,28345o Elbows:102,6562,5523,8033,701V = P2D2A/8123,0292,9204,8914,741143,2893,1755,0544,902V = Volume1884,3184,191D = Inside diameter103,4133,2914,8494,711A = Center to face distance123,8213,6954,9935,013144,1043,9736,1475,976164,5984,4587,1806,9852085,3605,214106,0105,855Full Size Outlet Tees:126,2486,0596,2046,221V = (PD2/2) (C + M/2) - D3/3146,9226,7177,6067,414167,9747,7478,8778,657V = Volume189,4049,15010,1639,916D = Inside diameter221012,02711,745C = Center to end of run1212,22611,944M = center to end of branch147,3337,12912,39412,110168,0557,84112,62012,337188,8488,62212,99512,710209,7119,4741,345,813,17224108,7018,519Pipe Caps:1214,97214,603V = (PD2/4) (E - t - D/12)1410,97910,745168,6378,41912,79512,526V = Volume189,4519,22114,62814,325D = Inside diameter2010,33410,09416,47716,141E = length2216,60616,287t = wall thickness261220,06219,6681420,23319,8371620,46520,0701820,84620,449Crosses:2021,31620,919V = (PD2/2) (C + M) - (2/3)D32221,88721,4872422,56522,164V = Volume301430,28329,768D = Inside diameter1630,52030,006C = Center to end of run1830,90830,392M = center to end of branch2031,38630,8692231,96431,4452432,65232,1312633,45832,9362834,10233,583Concentric & eccentric reducers:341644,38543,7241844,77944,1162045,26544,6002245,85145,1842446,54845,8792647,36446,6932848,01847,3513049,05848,3893250,24249,571361652,70151,9581853,09852,3532053,58752,8412254,17753,4292454,87854,1282655,70054,9472856,35955,6103030,53930,07157,40456,6533232,31431,83158,59457,8423434,17633,69859,94059,185422076,74675,8252277,17276,2532432,03131,56177,63976,7232633,61733,13278,89977,9722879,57478,6503037,05336,54080,63679,7103238,90238,37581,46280,5403440,84040,22982,34181,4253642,86642,31183,27682,3654822125,186123,8742485,14383,984125,667124,3582689,35488,163126,693125,37728127,344126,0313098,30597,047128,044126,73632103,044101,753129,561128,24534107,959106,635130,462129,15136113,050111,693131,419130,11338118,317116,927133,521132,20740123,760122,337134,710133,40242129,378127,923135,960134,66044135,173133,685138,742137,43246141,144139,622140,256138,954
&LArt Montemayor&RJune 02, 1999Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &A
PolyPropylene Pipe Polypropylene PP and Chemical ResistanceChemical resistance of polypropylene - PP - to some common acids, bases, organic substancesand solventsThe chemical resistance of polypropylene to some common products and chemicals can be found in the tables below:Acids and PolypropyleneProductRating 1)20 oC60 oCBenzoic acid12Boric acid11Hydrobromic acid 25 %23Citric acid11Hydrocyanic acid22Hydrofluoric acid22Phosphoric acid 25 %11Phosphoric acid 85 %11Phthalic acid11Tannic acid11Chromic acid12Maleic acid11Oleic acid23Oxalic acid11Nitric acid 5 %23Nitric acid 65 %44Chlorhydric acid 10 %11Chlorhydric acid 37 %23Butyric acid11Sulphuric acid 10 %11Sulphuric acid 78 %24Sulphuric acid 93 %34Tartaric acid11Acetic acid 10 %11Acetic acid 50 %11Acetic acid 75 %11Acetic acid 100 %23Perchloric acid12Bases and PolypropyleneProductRating 1)20oC60oCAqua ammonia11Calciumhydroxide11Potassiumhydroxide11Caustic soda11Acid salt 2)11Basic salt 3)11Neutral salt 4)11Various saltPotassium bicarbonate12Potassium permanganate12Sodium cyanide11Natriumferricyanid12Sodium hypochlorite23Organic Substances, Solvents and PolypropyleneProductRating 1)20oC60oCAcetone34Aniline11Benzol34Petrol44Butyl alcohol11Ethyl acetate24Ethyl alcohol11Ethyl dichloride34Ethyl ether44Phenol22Formalin 37%12Heptanes34Chlorobenzene34Chloroform44Carbon disulphide44Carbon tetrachloride44Methyl alcohol11Methylene (di)chloride44Methyl ethyle ketone34Nitrobenzene34Toluene34Trichlorethylene44Gases:Chlorine (damp)24Chlorine (dry)24Carbon dioxide11Carbon monoxide11Sulphur dioxide (damp)23Sulphur dioxide (dry)23Hydrogen sulphide111) Rating:1.Excellent (no attack)2.Good (no significant attack)3.Acceptable (light attack, limited use)4.Unacceptable (significant attack)5.Inferior (possible cracking or dissolving)2) Acid salt (normally aqueous) aluminum chloride, aluminum phosphate, copper chloride, sulphate of copper, ferroussulphate, ferric chloride, stannic chloride, chloride of zinc, white vitriol etc3) Basic salt (normally aqueous) bicarbonate of potassium, potash, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodiumphosphate etc.4) Neutral salt (normally aqueous) calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium sulphate, magnesium chloride, nitrate ofpotassium, potassium sulphate, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium sulphate etc.
PP Pipe SupportPP Pipes - Support SpacingSupport spacing for PP pipesMaximum support spacing for PP - PolyPropylene - pipes depends on the operating temperature. Maximumspacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the tables below:PP - Wall Schedule 40 - Support Spacing (feet)NPSOperating Temperature (oF)(inches)601001401801/21 1/21 1/21 1/213/4221 1/21 1/212221 1/21 1/42 1/22221 1/22 1/22 1/222232 1/22 1/2233 1/22 1/232 1/24433 1/23PP - Wall Schedule 80 - Support Spacing (feet)NPSOperating Temperature (oF)(inches)601001401801/22221 1/23/42 1/22 1/22212 1/22 1/2221 1/432 1/22 1/22 1/21 1/2332 1/22 1/223 1/2332 1/23443 1/23 1/244 1/24 1/243 1/21 ft (foot) = 0.3048 mT(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer, used in a wide variety of applications. Polypropylene is unusuallyresistant to chemical solvents, bases and acids.
PVC & CPVC PipePVC and CPVC Pipes - Schedule 40 & 80Standard dimensions and weight of PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride - and CPVC - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride -pipes according ASTM D1785Typical weight and dimensions of PVC and CPVC pipes according ASTM D1785 "Standard Specification forPoly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120" can be found in the table below:PVC and CPVC Pipes - Schedule 40Nominal Pipe SizeOutside DiameterMinimum Wall ThicknessWeight (lb/100 ft)(inches)(inches)(inches)PVCCPVC1/20.840.10916173/41.050.113212311.3150.13332341 1/41.660.1443461 1/21.90.145515522.3750.15468742 1/22.8750.20310711833.50.21614115444.50.23720122055.5630.25827366.6250.2835338688.6250.3225395811010.750.3657558241212.750.4061001108914140.438118016160.51543PVC and CPVC Pipes - Schedule 80Nominal Pipe SizeOutside DiameterMinimum Wall ThicknessWeight (lb/100 ft)(inches)(inches)(inches)PVCCPVC1/20.840.14720223/41.050.154273011.3150.17941441 1/41.660.19152611 1/21.90.2677422.3750.218951022 1/22.8750.27614515633.50.319420944.50.33727530555.5630.37538766.6250.43254258288.6250.58058831010.750.593120013091212.750.687165018014140.75193016160.84325441 lb = 0.4536 kg1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
PVC Pipe SupportPVC Pipes - Support SpacingSupport spacing for PVC pipesMaximum support spacing for PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride - pipes depends on the operating temperature.Maximum spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the table below:PVC - Wall Schedule 40 - Support Spacing (feet)NPSOperating Temperature (oF)(inches)601001401/24 1/242 1/23/4542 1/215 1/24 1/22 1/21 1/45 1/2531 1/265326533763 1/247 1/26 1/2468 1/27 1/24 1/28984 1/2PVC - Wall Schedule 80 - Support Spacing (feet)NPSOperating Temperature (oF)(inches)601001401/254 1/22 1/23/45 1/24 1/22 1/216531 1/26 1/25 1/23 1/22763 1/23874497 1/24 1/2610958119 1/25 1/21 ft (foot) = 0.3048 mT(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
PVDF Pipe SupportPVDF Pipes - Support SpacingSupport spacing for PVDF pipesMaximum support spacing for PVDF - PolyVinylidene Fluoride - pipes depends on the operating temperature.Maximum spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the tables below:PVDF - Wall Schedule 40 - Support Spacing (feet)NPSOperating Temperature (oF)(inches)801001401)1/23 1/23 1/223/443 1/22 1/21442 1/21 1/24 1/24 1/22 1/224 1/24 1/22 1/2PVDF - Wall Schedule 80 - Support Spacing (feet)NPSOperating Temperature (oF)(inches)801001401)1/24 1/24 1/22 1/23/44 1/24 1/23154 1/231 1/25 1/25325 1/2531 ft (foot) = 0.3048 mT(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]1) For temperatures above 140 oF continuous support is needed.PVDF is recognized by its high mechanical strength and excellent chemical resistance even at higher temperatures.
FRP SupportEpoxy Pipes - Support SpacingSupport spacing for reinforced Epoxy fiberglass pipesMaximum support spacing for epoxy fiberglass pipes at different operating temperatures can be found in the tablebelow. Maximum operating temperature for epoxy pipes should not exceed 300 oF (149 oC).Nominal Pipe SizeTemperature(oC)(oF)(oC)(oF)(oC)(oF)(oC)(oF)(oC)(oF)(oC)(oF)(oC)(oF)24756615079175932001072251212502475Maximum Support Spacing66151(inches)(mm)(m)(ft)(m)(ft)(m)(ft)(m)(ft)(m)(ft)(m)(ft)791741253.29.939.839.72.99.42.89.32.78.7931991 1/2403.511.63.511.43.411.33.4113.310.83.110.1107225250413.13.912.93.912.83.812.43.712.23.511.41212503804.6154.514.84.514.64.314.24.31441341005.116.7516.5516.34.815.84.815.64.414.561505.818.95.718.65.618.45.517.95.417.6516.482006.1206.120619.85.919.35.8195.417.7102506.1206.1206.1206.1206.1205.718.8123006.1206.1206.1206.1206.120619.7143506.1206.1206.1206.1206.1206.120Fiberglass Pipes - Temperature LimitsTemperature range for fiberglass Epoxy, Furan, Phenolic, Polyester and Vinyl Ester pipesRecommended operating temperature ranges for some types of fiberglass pipes is as follows:Epoxy glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 149oC (-20 to 300oF)Vinyl Ester glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)Furan glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)Furan carbon fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)Phenolic glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 149oC (-20 to 300oF)Polyster glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)
Pipe LengthsPipe LengthsSingle random, double random and cut lengthsPipe is supplied and referred to lengths as follows:1)single random2)double random3)longer than double random4)cut lengthsSingle Random LengthSingle random pipe length is usually 18-25 feet plain end or 18-22 feet threaded and coupled pipes.Double Random LengthsDouble random length pipes are made between 38-40 feet.Longer than Double RandomThe length of longer than double random pipes are more than 38-40 feet.Cut LengthsCut length pipes are made in fixed lengths within +/- 1/8 inch.
A53 GrB MAWPASTM A53 B Carbon Steel Pipes - Max. Allowable Working PressureMaximum working pressure of carbon steel pipe at temperature 400oFThe table below indicates maximum working pressure of carbon steel pipes manufactured according ASME/ANSI B 36.10 and ASTM A53 B:Carbon Steel Pipes - Working PressureNominal SizePipe Outside DiameterSchedule Number or weightWall ThicknessInside DiameterWorking Pressure ASTM A53 B to 400 F(inches)OD- t -- d -(inches)(inches)(inches)Manu-Joint Typepsigfacturing Process1/40.5440ST0.0880.364CW1T18880XS0.1190.302CWT8713/80.67540ST0.0910.493CWT20380XS0.1260.423CWT8201/20.8440ST0.1090.622CWT21480XS0.1470.546CWT7533/41.0540ST0.1130.824CWT21780XS0.1540.742CWT68111.31540ST0.1331.049CWT22680XS0.1790.957CWT6421 1/41.6640ST0.1401.380CWT22980XS0.1911.278CWT5941 1/21.940ST0.1451.610CWT23180XS0.2001.500CWT57622.37540ST0.1542.067CWT23080XS0.2181.939CWT5512 1/22.87540ST0.2032.469CWW53380XS0.2762.323CWW83533.540ST0.2163.068CWW48280XS0.3002.900CWW76744.540ST0.2374.026CWW43080XS0.3373.826CWW69566.62540ST0.2806.065ERW2W69680XS0.4325.761ERWW1,20988.625300.2778.071ERWW52640ST0.3227.981ERWW64380XS0.5007.625ERWW1,1061010.75300.30710.136ERWW48540ST0.36510.020ERWW606XS0.5009.750ERWW887800.5939.564ERWW1,0811212.75300.33012.090ERWW449ST0.37512.000ERWW528400.40611.938ERWW583XS0.50011.750ERWW748800.68711.376ERWW1,076141430ST0.37513.250ERWW481400.43713.126ERWW580XS0.50013.000ERWW681800.75012.500ERWW1,081161630ST0.37515.250ERWW42140XS0.50015.000ERWW5961818ST0.37517.250ERWW374300.43717.126ERWW451XS0.50017.000ERWW530400.56216.876ERWW607202020ST0.37519.250ERWW33730XS0.50019.000ERWW477400.59318.814ERWW5811) CW - continuous weld - a method of producing small diameter pipe (1/2-4")2) ERW - electric resistance weld - most common form of manufacture for pipe in sizes from 2 3/8-22" OD1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
A106 GrB MAWPA106 Grade B Carbon Steel Pipes - Pressure and Temperature RatingsPressure (psig) and temperature (oF) ratings of A106 Grade B carbon steel pipes at temperatures ranging from 100 oFto 750 oFRatings are given for standard seamless pipe sizes at temperatures from 100 oF to 750 oF. All ratings are in psig basedon ANSI/ASME B 31.1.Maximum Allowable Pressure (psig)Pipe Size (inches)Pipe ScheduleTemperature (oF)1002003004005006006507007501401)2,8572,8572,8572,8572,8572,8572,8572,7432,476802)3,9503,9503,9503,9503,9503,9503,9503,7923,4231605,7575,7575,7575,7575,7575,7575,7575,5264,9891 1/2402,1162,1162,1162,1162,1162,1162,1162,0321,834802,9832,9832,9832,9832,9832,9832,9832,8642,5851604,3314,3314,3314,3314,3314,3314,3314,1573,7532401,7831,7831,7831,7831,7831,7831,7831,7121,545802,5752,5752,5752,5752,5752,5752,5752,4722,2321604,2174,2174,2174,2174,2174,2174,2174,0493,6553401,6931,6931,6931,6931,6931,6931,6931,6251,467802,3942,3942,3942,3942,3942,3942,3942,2982,0741603,6003,6003,6003,6003,6003,6003,6003,4563,1204401,4351,4351,4351,4351,4351,4351,4351,3781,244802,0752,0752,0752,0752,0752,0752,0751,9921,7981603,3763,3763,3763,3763,3763,3763,3763,2412,9265401,2581,2581,2581,2581,2581,2581,2581,2081,090801,8571,8571,8571,8571,8571,8571,8571,7831,6101603,2013,2013,2013,2013,2013,2013,2013,0732,7746401,1431,1431,1431,1431,1431,1431,1431,098991801,7941,7941,7941,7941,7941,7941,7941,7221,5541603,0833,0833,0833,0833,0833,0833,0832,9602,6728401,0061,0061,0061,0061,0061,0061,006966872801,5861,5861,5861,5861,5861,5861,5861,5231,3751602,9762,9762,9762,9762,9762,9762,9762,8572,5791040913913913913913913913876791801,5091,5091,5091,5091,5091,5091,5091,4481,3081602,9502,9502,9502,9502,9502,9502,9502,8322,557Notes:1)STD (standard) = schedule 402)XS (Extra Strong) = schedule 80
ANSI B16.5 P&T RatingsANSI B16.5 - Maximum Pressure and Temperature RatingsMaximum allowable non-shock pressure (psig) and temperature ratings for steel pipe flanges and flangedfittings according the American National Standard ANSI B16.5 - 1988Maximum Allowable non-shock Pressure (psig)TemperaturePressure Class (lb.)(oF)15030040060090015002500Hydrostatic Test Pressure (psig)450112515002225335055759275-20 to 1002857409901,4802,2203,7056,1702002606759001,3502,0253,3755,6253002306558751,3151,9703,2805,4704002006358451,2701,9003,1705,2805001706008001,2001,7952,9954,9906001405507301,0951,6402,7354,5606501255357151,0751,6102,6854,4757001105357101,0651,6002,6654,440750955056701,0101,5102,5204,200800804105508251,2352,0603,430850652703555358051,3402,230900501702303455158601,430950351051402053105158601,000205070105155260430
316SS Pipe Pressure RatingStainless Steel Pipes - Pressure RatingsPressure ratings for standard seamless A312-TP316/316L stainless steel pipes - temperatures 100oF to 750oFRatings for standard seamless stainless steel pipes, temperatures from 100 oF to 750 oF. All ratings in psig based onANSI/ASME B 31.1.Pressure Rating (psig)Pipe SizePipe ScheduleTemperature (oF)(inches)1002003004005006006507007501403,0482,6292,3622,1712,0191,9241,8671,8241,8101804,2133,6343,2653,0022,7912,6592,5802,5282,50111606,1405,2964,7594,3754,0683,8763,7613,6843,6461 1/2402,2571,9471,7501,6081,4961,4251,3831,3541,3401 1/2803,1822,7442,4662,2672,1082,0091,9491,9091,8891 1/21604,6193,9843,5803,2913,0602,9162,8292,7722,7432401,9021,6401,4741,3551,2601,2011,1651,1411,1292802,7472,3692,1291,9571,8201,7341,6821,6481,63121604,4993,8803,4863,2052,9802,8402,7552,6992,6713401,8061,5581,4001,2871,1961,1401,1061,0841,0723802,5532,2021,9791,8191,6911,6121,5641,5321,51631603,8403,3122,9762,7362,5442,4242,3522,3042,2804401,5311,3211,1871,0911,0149679389199094802,2131,9091,7151,5771,4661,3971,3551,3281,31441603,6013,1062,7912,5662,3862,2732,2062,1612,1385401,3421,1581,0409568898478228057975801,9811,7091,5351,4111,3121,2501,2131,1891,17651603,4142,9452,6462,4332,2622,1552,0912,0492,0276401,2191,0529458698087707477327246801,9131,6501,4831,3631,2671,2081,1721,1481,13661603,2892,8362,5492,3432,1792,0762,0141,9731,9538401,0739268327657116786576446378801,6921,4591,3111,2051,1211,0681,0361,0151,00581603,1752,7382,4602,2622,1032,0041,9441,9051,885104097484075569494561559658457810801,6091,3881,2471,1471,0661,016986966956101603,1472,7142,4392,2422,0851,9861,9271,8801,868
Helical Coils' LengthHelical coils are commonly used for heat transfer in agitated reactors and vertical tanks as well as for heattracing of pipelines, vessels and other process equipment. The equation for the length of this type of helix isfound in:Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers; 7th Ed.McGraw-Hill; N.Y.; 1967; p. 2-63T. Baumeister (editor),andHandbook of Engineering Fundamentals; 3rd Ed.Wiley; N.Y.; 1975; p. 259The equation is:where,L =Length of helical pipe or tube;N =Number of turns of coil;r =Radius fo the helix, taken from the denter of the helix to the center-line of the pipe or tube;p =Coil pitch - the center-to-center spacing of adjacent coils.Any consistent units of length may be used for L, r, and p.A circular helix lies on the surface of a circular cylinder of radius r. If the cylinder is developed, the helixappears as a straight line, making a constant angle, a, with the horizontal. Figure 1 shows the developedcylinder for one turn of the helix, and provides a concise "picture" of the essential geometric properties of thehelix. Figure 2 gives the general equations of the helix.An example is given:A 2 inch line is to be heated externally using hot-oil tracing. How many feet of 1/2 inch OD tubing are neededto trace 50 feet of straight pipe, using two turns of coil per foot of pipe (p = 6 inch)?OD of 2" pipe =2.375inchesr =(0.5) (2.375 + 0.25 + 0.25) =1.4375inchesN =(50 (2) =100turns of coilp =6inchesL =1084.34inches =90.36feetIf the common engineering short-cut of estimating the tubing length as the total circumference of 100 circleshad been used, the result would have been in error by :Short-cut length =100 (2p) (1.4375) =903.21inches =75.27feet%Error =16.70%
&LArt Montemayor&RSeptember 30, 2006Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RFileName: &FWorkSheet: &A
Pipe RoughnessPipe Roughness and Empirical Equations' ConstantsPipe Material / TypeAbsolute Roughness - eHazen-Williams CMannings Coefficient nmmfeetGlass0.0015Drawn Brass0.0015Copper0.0015Commercial Steel0.0450Wrought Iron0.0450Galvanized Iron0.1500Cast Iron0.2600Concrete0.18 -0.6000PVC - other Plastics0.1200Asbestos cement0.00150.0000051400.011Brass0.00150.0000051350.011Brick0.60000.0021000.015Cast-iron, new0.26000.000851300.012Concrete:Steel forms0.18000.0061400.011Wooden forms0.60000.0021200.015Centrifugally spun0.36000.00121350.013Copper, drawn0.00150.0000051350.011Corrugated metal45.00000.150.022Galvanized iron0.15000.00051200.016Glass0.00150.0000051400.011Lead0.00150.0000051350.011Plastic0.00150.0000051500.009Steel:Coal-tar enamel0.00480.0000161480.01New unlined0.04500.000151450.011Riveted0.90000.0031100.019Wood stave0.18000.00061200.012
&LArt Montemayor&RSeptember 30, 2006Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RFileName: &FWorkSheet: &A
MBD0005AB00.docFrom:
"ChE Forums"
To:
Subject:
Your Fluid Flow Spreadsheet ( ChE Forums )
Date:
Wed 09/27/06 04:29 AM
Art Montemayor,
pleckner has sent you this email from
http://www.cheresources.com/invision/index.php.
Art,
Great spreadsheet. But (there is always at least one), please review your calculation for a gradual reducer in your EXCEl Workbook (Tabs Reducers & Expanders).
The formula in cell H37 references the angle in degrees (cell F34). This needs to be radians, cell F35. You do reference the correct cell in the formula in cell H38.
Please check the formulas in cells H37 and H38. You are raising the entire equation to the power of 2. Only (1-beta^2) is raised to the power of 2. Reference CRANE Tech Paper 410, Pages 2-11 and A-26.
I caught this because of the gross difference in equivalent lengths for the expander you show in your EXCEL worksheet (from my article) and what I have in my article on the website.
Best Regards,
Phil Leckner
MBD0005D7D4.unknown
MBD0005AAF9.unknown