as level psychology the core studies. cognitive, social and physiological determinants of emotional...
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AS level Psychology
The Core studies
AS level Psychology
The Core studies
Cognitive, Social and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State
Cognitive, Social and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State
Stanley Schachter and Jerome E. Singer Stanley Schachter and Jerome E. Singer (1962)(1962)
Stanley Schachter 1922 - 1997
Schachter and Singer (1962) Schachter and Singer (1962)
The Question...The Question... How do we recognise the emotions we How do we recognise the emotions we
feel?feel?
Cognitive labelling of emotional statesCognitive labelling of emotional states
Some background….Some background….
If we see a bull charging towards usIf we see a bull charging towards us
Do we run because we are scaredDo we run because we are scared oror Are we scared because we run?Are we scared because we run?
Some background….Some background….
How do we know which emotion we are How do we know which emotion we are feeling?feeling?
Write down FIVE different emotionsWrite down FIVE different emotions
The James-Lange theory The James-Lange theory
That emotions are ‘read out of’ the That emotions are ‘read out of’ the physiological signsphysiological signs
heart rate, blood pressure, sweat, heart rate, blood pressure, sweat, breathing. etcbreathing. etc
but that would mean a different but that would mean a different physiological state for each emotionphysiological state for each emotion
The Cannon-Bard theoryThe Cannon-Bard theory
We see the charging bullWe see the charging bull and thenand then (a) Physiological changes occur (a) Physiological changes occur (b) We cognitively recognise fear(b) We cognitively recognise fear
independent processes with no direct link independent processes with no direct link between them between them
but with a common triggerbut with a common trigger
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
James was wrong - there are not James was wrong - there are not enough physiological statesenough physiological states
Cannon Bard wrong - ANS arousal and Cannon Bard wrong - ANS arousal and emotional states are linkedemotional states are linked
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
Testing the theory that Testing the theory that a stimulus causes the physiological a stimulus causes the physiological
arousalarousal (the charging bull)(the charging bull) and then that …..and then that ….. We look around for cues to tell us what We look around for cues to tell us what
the emotion is?the emotion is?
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
What they did?What they did? The cognitive labelling theory of emotionThe cognitive labelling theory of emotion The participantsThe participants 184 male students of psychology184 male students of psychology (American)(American) rewarded by two extra points on their rewarded by two extra points on their
final exam for every hour they took partfinal exam for every hour they took part
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
ProcedureProcedure Ps were told that the experiment was Ps were told that the experiment was
testing how a vitamin compound called testing how a vitamin compound called SUPROXIN affects visionSUPROXIN affects vision
That they were to be injected with this That they were to be injected with this VITAMIN but that any who objected could VITAMIN but that any who objected could withdraw.. Some didwithdraw.. Some did
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
All told they were receiving a All told they were receiving a SUPROXIN injectionSUPROXIN injection
Group 1 - given an injection of Group 1 - given an injection of adrenaline - which causes increased adrenaline - which causes increased heart rate, blood pressure and flushingheart rate, blood pressure and flushing
Group 2 given a placebo - an injection Group 2 given a placebo - an injection of saline which causes no effectof saline which causes no effect
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
ADRENALINE group divided into three ADRENALINE group divided into three groupsgroups
INFORMED - told of the side effects of INFORMED - told of the side effects of adrenalineadrenaline
IGNORANT - told nothingIGNORANT - told nothing MISINFORMED - told they might MISINFORMED - told they might
experience head ache, numbness in experience head ache, numbness in their feettheir feet
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
Placebo group told nothingPlacebo group told nothing
So the scene is set for the So the scene is set for the physiological arousal of some physiological arousal of some participantsparticipants
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
How did Schachter and Singer produce the How did Schachter and Singer produce the emotional state?emotional state?
In order to create the emotional In order to create the emotional cues the participants were placed cues the participants were placed into two further groupsinto two further groups
Another IVAnother IV Euphoria or Anger conditionEuphoria or Anger condition
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
Each participant taken and introduced to Each participant taken and introduced to another participant (a stooge)another participant (a stooge)
Euphoria - the stooge engaged in manic Euphoria - the stooge engaged in manic activities aimed to create a sense of activities aimed to create a sense of euphoria - threw balls at waste paper euphoria - threw balls at waste paper basket, flew paper planes, twirled a hula basket, flew paper planes, twirled a hula hoop and other such hilarious gameshoop and other such hilarious games
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
Each participant taken and introduced to Each participant taken and introduced to another participant (a stooge)another participant (a stooge)
Anger - both participant and stooge given Anger - both participant and stooge given long questionnairelong questionnaire
VERY personal and insulting questions - VERY personal and insulting questions - the stooge ‘pretended’ to get VERY angrythe stooge ‘pretended’ to get VERY angry
Finally - ripped up his questionnaire and Finally - ripped up his questionnaire and stamped outstamped out
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
NOTENOTE Ps in the misinformed condition were Ps in the misinformed condition were
only exposed to the euphoric stooge - only exposed to the euphoric stooge -
S & S thought this would be enough to S & S thought this would be enough to evaluate their ‘state’ evaluate their ‘state’
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
SUMMARY of CONDITIONSSUMMARY of CONDITIONS
• informedinformed ignorantignorant misinformedmisinformed
placeboplacebo E/AE/A adrenalin adrenalin E/AE/A E/AE/A EE
Anger - Scoring of subject's behaviour
Subjects behaviour
Example Score
Agrees 'I don't like that kind of personal question either +2
Disagrees 'Take it easy, they probably have a good reason for wanting the information'
-2
Neutral Non-committal or irrelevant response 0
Initiates agreement
'Boy, I hate this kind of thing' +2
Initiates disagreement
'I'm enjoying this' -2
Watches 0
Ignores -1
Self-report of emotional state in the euphoria conditions
Condition Number of Subjects Average Self- report scales
Adrenalin Informed 25 0.98
Adrenaline Ignorant 25 1.78
Adrenaline Misinformed 25 1.90
Placebo (Saline) 26 1.61
Behavioural indications of emotional state in the euphoria conditions
Condition Activity index
Adrenaline Informed 12.72
Adrenaline Ignorant 18.28
Adrenaline Misinformed 22.56
Placebo 16.00
Behavioural indications of emotional state in the anger conditions
Condition Number of Subjects Anger Units
Adrenaline Informed 22 -0.18
Adrenaline Ignorant 23 +2.29
Placebo 22 +0.79
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
THE RESULTSTHE RESULTS 2 ways of measuring the emotional 2 ways of measuring the emotional
states?states? 1st DV1st DV Ps behaviour observed through a one way Ps behaviour observed through a one way
mirror - two experimenters recorded how the mirror - two experimenters recorded how the Ps behaved in response - did they join in, or Ps behaved in response - did they join in, or ignore - (Activity index)ignore - (Activity index)
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
THE RESULTSTHE RESULTS 2 ways of measuring the emotional 2 ways of measuring the emotional
states?states? 2nd DV2nd DV Self report scales - Ps told that mood could Self report scales - Ps told that mood could
affect vision, asked to self report ‘emotions’affect vision, asked to self report ‘emotions’
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
THE RESULTTHE RESULT 2nd DV2nd DV critical questions - critical questions - How irritated or angry do you feel nowHow irritated or angry do you feel now How good or happy are you at presentHow good or happy are you at present measured on a FIVE point scalemeasured on a FIVE point scale 0 = not at all angry0 = not at all angry 4 = I feel extremely angry4 = I feel extremely angry
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
THE RESULTSTHE RESULTS also askedalso asked Did you feel any palpitations, own heart beatDid you feel any palpitations, own heart beat
the misinformed groupthe misinformed group Did you feel any numbnessDid you feel any numbness
(also rated on 5 point scale)(also rated on 5 point scale)
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
THE DEBRIEFINGTHE DEBRIEFING
Participants were told the true purpose Participants were told the true purpose of the experimentof the experiment
asked if they had any suspicions about asked if they had any suspicions about the experimental proceduresthe experimental procedures
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
RESULTSRESULTS Ps in the ADRENALIN condition Ps in the ADRENALIN condition
showed more sympathetic arousal than showed more sympathetic arousal than those in the placebo conditionthose in the placebo condition
Ps in the ignorant or misinformed Ps in the ignorant or misinformed groups rated their euphoria higher than groups rated their euphoria higher than in the informed conditionin the informed condition
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
RESULTSRESULTS Ps in the ignorant or misinformed Ps in the ignorant or misinformed
groups rated their euphoria higher than groups rated their euphoria higher than in the informed conditionin the informed condition
supports the hypothesis as they had no supports the hypothesis as they had no other explanation for their physiological other explanation for their physiological response (to the adrenalin )response (to the adrenalin )
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
RESULTSRESULTS Misinformed behaved more euphorically Misinformed behaved more euphorically
than did the ignorantthan did the ignorant
Ignorant behaved more euphorically Ignorant behaved more euphorically than the informedthan the informed mismis ig ig inf inf
22.5622.56 18.2818.28 12.7812.78
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
RESULTSRESULTS ANGER - there was less difference ANGER - there was less difference
between the groupsbetween the groups
but they might have been reluctant to but they might have been reluctant to show anger as they may have feared show anger as they may have feared losing their exam points!losing their exam points!
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
RESULTSRESULTS the results of the placebo group were the results of the placebo group were
ambiguousambiguous
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
people label their emotional state people label their emotional state according to available cognitionsaccording to available cognitions
If there is NO physiological arousal, If there is NO physiological arousal, cognitive cues to emotion have no effectcognitive cues to emotion have no effect
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
SUMMARYSUMMARY Schachter and Singer conclude thatSchachter and Singer conclude that
First we feel the physiological stateFirst we feel the physiological state Then we look around for a clue to tell Then we look around for a clue to tell
us what we are feeling.us what we are feeling.
EVALUATION & CriticismEVALUATION & Criticism
Another REDUCTIONIST explanation Another REDUCTIONIST explanation for emotionfor emotion
BUTBUT You should read up the You should read up the Dutton and Aron study Dutton and Aron study Falling in love on a suspension bridgeFalling in love on a suspension bridge
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
ETHICS?ETHICS?
How can this be criticised?How can this be criticised?
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
METHODOLOGY?METHODOLOGY?
LAB ExperimentLAB Experiment What are the disadvantages?What are the disadvantages? What are the advantages?What are the advantages?
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
How many groups?How many groups?
What were the IVs?What were the IVs?
How were the DVs measured?How were the DVs measured?
Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer
This experiment has never This experiment has never been replicatedbeen replicated
The results may not be reliableThe results may not be reliable
THE ENDTHE END