as physics unit 7 forces in equilibrium - animated science · mr powell 2009 index 7 forces in...
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Mr Powell 2009 Index
Forces in Equilibrium 7
The addition of vectors by calculation or scale drawing. Calculations will be limited to two perpendicular vectors. The resolution of vectors into two components at right angles to each other; examples should include the components of forces along and perpendicular to an inclined plane. Conditions for equilibrium for two or three coplanar forces acting at a point; problems may be solved either by using resolved forces or by using a closed triangle. Moment of a force about a point defined as force × perpendicular distance from the point to the line of action of the force; torque. Couple of a pair of equal and opposite forces defined as force × perpendicular distance between the lines of action of the forces. The principle of moments and its applications in simple balanced situations. Centre of mass; calculations of the position of the centre of mass of a regular lamina are not expected.
Mr Powell 2009 Index
7.1 Vectors and Scalars
1. What is a vector quantity?
2. How do we represent vectors?
3. How do we add and resolve vectors? Representing a vector Addition of vectors using a scale diagram Addition of two perpendicular vectors using a calculator Resolving a vector into two perpendicular components Spec 3.2.1
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A Definition....
Scalars Vectors
mass, temperature, time, length, speed, energy
displacement, force, velocity, acceleration, momentum
TASK: Make a note of each quantity, then look at the units and give a reason why they have been sorted as such..
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Displacement and velocity
A runner completes one lap of an athletics track.
400 m
What is her final displacement?
If she ends up exactly where she started, her displacement from her starting position is zero.
What is her average velocity for the lap, and how does it compare to her average speed?
What distance has she run?
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What did you decide?
Despite the trip moving at various speeds, because it ended up at the starting point, the average velocity was zero. This will always be true when the final displacement is zero.
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Vector equations
An equation is a statement of complete equality. The left hand side must match the right hand side in both quantity and units. In a vector equation, the vectors on both sides of the equation must have equal magnitudes and directions. Take Newton’s second law, for example:
force = mass × acceleration
Force and acceleration are both vectors, so their directions will be equal. Mass is a scalar: it scales the right-hand side of the equation so that both quantities are equal.
Force is measured in newtons (N), mass in kilograms (kg), and acceleration in ms-2. The units on both sides must be equal, so 1 N = 1 kgms-2.
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Displacement vectors
Harry and Sally are exploring the desert. They need to reach an oasis, but choose to take different routes.
Harry travels due north, then due east.
Sally simply travels in a straight line to the oasis.
When Harry met Sally at the oasis, they had travelled different distances. However, because they both reached the same destination from the same starting point, their overall displacements were the same.
N
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Vector notation
A scalar quantity is often represented by a lower case letter, e.g. speed, v. A vector quantity can also be represented by a lower case letter, but it is written or printed in one of the following formats to differentiate it from the scalar equivalent:
The value of a vector can be written in magnitude and direction form:
e.g. v = (v, θ)
Or as a pair of values called components:
e.g. a = (8, 6) or x
y
8
6
8
6
a
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Vector addition
Displacement vectors can always be added ‘nose to tail’ to find a total or resultant vector.
This can be done approximately by scale drawing:
It can also be done by calculation, breaking each vector down into perpendicular components first and then adding these together to find the components of the resultant:
c + d = 2
3
-2
2 + =
0
5
a
b
a + b 10
7 x
y
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R = √ 32 + 42
Calculating a resultant
When adding two perpendicular vectors, it is often necessary to calculate the exact magnitude and direction of the resultant vector. This requires the use of Pythagoras’ theorem, and trigonometry.
For example, what is the resultant vector of a vertical displacement of 3 km and a horizontal displacement of 4 km?
direction:
= 5 km
tan θ = 4/3
= 53°
θ = tan-1(4/3) 4 km
3 km
R
θ = √ 25
magnitude:
R2 = 32 + 42
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Just as it is possible to add two vectors together to get a resultant vector, it is very often useful to break a ‘diagonal’ vector into its perpendicular components.
Vector components
This makes it easier to describe the motion of an object, and to do any relevant calculations.
vertical component
horizontal component
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Calculating components
A vector can be separated into perpendicular components given only its magnitude and its angle from one of the component axes. This requires the use of trigonometry.
For example, what are the horizontal and vertical components of a vector with a magnitude of 6 ms-1 and a direction of 60° from the horizontal?
6 ms-1
60°
x
y
cos60° = x / 6 x = 6 × cos60
= 3 ms-1
sin60° = y / 6 y = 6 × sin60
= 5.2 ms-1
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Pythagoras & Adding Vectors
TASK: Now try out the same techniques for two more triangles;
1) opp = 2m, adj = 8m
2) opp = 1.5m, adj = 4m
Answers 1. = 14 , R =8.25m 2. = 20.6 , R =4.27m
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Applications...
TASK: Now try out the same techniques for two more triangles;
1) What is R & if opp = 54N, adj = 22N
2) What is adj & if opp = 54ms-1, R =
85ms-1
Answers 1. = 67.83 , R =58.3m 2. =39.4 , R =65.6ms-1
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Splitting a vector into components...
TASK: Put on your maths brain and try and explain using trig why Vx is related to cos and Vy is related to sin
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Resolving in a context....
TASK: 1) A bird is flying at a speed of 15ms-1 at an angle of
36 to the horizontal. What is its vertical speed.
2) A javelin is thrown at a resultant force of 100N at a 45 angle. What are the horizontal and vertical forces on it.
Answers 1. Vy =8.8ms-1 2. Vy =70.7N Vx = 70.7N
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1. How many radians in a circle?
2. How many radians in quarter of a circle?
3. Work out in degrees for a right-angled triangle if hyp = 5, opp = 4, adj = 3?
4. Work out opp if = 450 and the adj = 7cm?
5. Work out tan if opp = 53.0m, adj = 42.0m?
6. Work out opp if = /2 and the adj = 3cm?
7. Work out in radians for a right-angled triangle if hyp = 5, opp = 4, adj = 3?
8. Rearrange sin=opp/hyp to make the subject.
9. Work out sin (/2) =, sin (2) = , cos () = , cos(cos-1(/4)) = , tan(/4) =
10.Use formulae & numbers from your calculator to prove that;
More Trig Practice
adj
opptan
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Vector Problems 1 Question 1
Both sides contribute as vectors so double it to If using only pythag
do simply 2 x 15N Sin20 = 10.26 = 10.3N
label upper part of triangle as a.
Hence a2 = (152+152-2x152Cos140)0.5 = 28.19N, then half for
triangle. To 14.1N. Then pythag (152-14.12)0.5 = 5.12N
(x2) = 10.23N
a c b
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Vector Problems 1 Question 3
3) A mass of 20.0kg is hung from the midpoint P of a wire. Calculate the tension in each suspending wire in Newton’s. Assume g = 10ms-2. (Hint resolve…..)
Use the idea of point of equilibrium. The forces must balance vertical and
horizontal.
Weight balances the tension so for each wire
Use the 2T Cos70 = 200
T Cos70 = 100
T = 100 / Cos70
= 292.38N
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Vector Problems 1 Question 5/6
5) Magnitude = sqrt(35002+ 2792) = 3511.1m = 3510m Direction = tan-1 (279/3500) = 4.557° = 4.6° south from vertical 6) Vertical motion: 21 sin (43°) = 14.32 ms-1 Horizontal motion: 21 cos (43°) =15.358 ms-1 S = 3 x 15.358 ms-1 = 46.1 ms-1
3500km
0.279km
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Vector Problems 2 Question 2
Use the parallelogram method to resolve the forces acting on this object placed. (Hint employ both cosine & sine rule). (4 marks)
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Vector Problems 2 Question 2
Use the parallelogram method to find the resultant acting on this object and angle. (Hint employ both cosine & sine rule). (4 marks)
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Vector Problems 2 Question 3
3) Two forces of magnitude 10.0N and F Newton’s produce a resultant of magnitude 30.0N in the direction OA. Find the direction and magnitude of F. (2 marks) (Hint use Pythagoras)
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Vector Problems 2 Question 4
The graph shows a part completed vector diagram. You task is to find out the vector R by mathematical analysis. The vectors A & B are shown in both coordinate and bearing formats. Show working for both a mathematical method (2 marks) and drawn out scaled method. (2 marks) Hint: this is not as hard as it might initially look!
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Vector Problems 2 Question 4 - stage 1
Finding the components of vectors for vector addition involves forming a right triangle from each vector and using the standard triangle trigonometry. The vector sum can be found by combining these components and converting to polar form.
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Vector Problems 2 Question 4 – stage 2
After finding the components for the vectors A and B, and combining them to find the components of the resultant vector R, the result can be put in polar form by
6) Forces of 60.0N and F Newton’s act at point O. Find the magnitude and direction of F if the resultant force is of magnitude 30.0N along OX (2 marks)
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Vector Problems 2 - Question 7
Forces of 60.0N and F Newton’s act at point O. Find the magnitude and direction of F if the resultant force is of magnitude 30.0N along OX (2 marks)
SinC
c
SinA
a
c2 = a2 + b2 - 2abCosC
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Using the Sine or Cosine Rule
30N In this problem we can solve it with other methods of trigonometry. Make a triangle of vectors where we are trying to find length c and angle A;
120
c = F
b = 30N
a = 60N
A
Cosine Rule c2 = a2 + b2 - 2abCosC c2 = 60N2 + 30N2 – 2x60Nx30N xCos120 c2 = 4500N2 +1800N2 c2 = 6300N c = 79.4N c = F = 79.4N
Sine Rule Use reciprocal version of above SinC / c = SinA / a (60N x Sin 120) / 79.4N) = SinA Sin-1 (60N x Sin 120) / 79.4N) =A A = 40.876 = 41
SinC
c
SinA
a
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7) Simultaneous Equations (A*+)
If this problem is to be solved mathematically we must establish two formulae. One in the vertical and one in the horizontal; 30N
The key is knowing that the resultant force is 30N at 0º. Hence; Resolving Horizontally; 30N = FCos + 60NCos(360-120) 30N = FCos + 60N x -0.5 30N = FCos - 30N 60N = FCos Eq 1 Resolving Vertically; 0 = FSin + 60NSin(360-120) 0 = FSin + 60NSin(240) 0 = FSin + 60N x 3/2 0 = FSin -51.96N 51.96N = FSin Eq 2
So by dividing Eq 2 by Eq 1 FSin / FCos = 51.95N / 60N tan = 0.866 = 40.89 F = 60N / cos = 79.4N Or F = 51.96N / sin = 78.96N
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Wires Example - Correct
Vertically
1.20N = T1cos30+ T2cos60
1.20N = 0.866T1+ 0.5T2 Eq 1
Horizontally
T1sin30 = T2sin60
0.5T1= 0.866T2
T1= 1.732T2 Eq 2
Sub 2 into 1;
1.20N = 0.866T1+ 0.5T2
1.20N = 0.866 x 1.732T2 +0.5T2
1.20N = 1.99T2
T2 = 0.60N
&
T1= 1.732T2
T1= 1.732 x 0.6N
T1= 1.04N
So by turning it on its side we can use the same formulae (which is confusing but correct)
Left side right side
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WRONG!
Vertically
1.20N = T1sin30+ T2sin60
1.20N = 0.5T1+ 0.866T2 Eq 1
Horizontally
T1cos30 = T2cos60
0.866T1= 0.5T2
T1= 0.577T2 Eq 2
Sub 2 into 1;
1.20N = 0.866T1+ 0.5T2
1.20N = 0.866 x 0.577T2 +0.5T2
1.20N = 1T2
T2 = 1.2N
&
T1= 0.577T2
T1= 0.577x1.2N
T1= 0.69N
Mr Powell 2009 Index
Vertically
1.20N = T1sin60+ T2sin30
1.20N = 0.866T1+ 0.5T2 Eq 1
Horizontally
T1cos60 = T2cos30
0.5T1= 0.866T2
T1= 1.732T2 Eq 2
Sub 2 into 1;
1.20N = 0.866T1+ 0.5T2
1.20N = 0.866 x 1.732T2 +0.5T2
1.20N = 1.99T2
T2 = 0.60N
&
T1= 1.732T2
T1= 1.732 x 0.6N
T1= 1.04N
If we take the outside angle instead of the inner angle we can do this and use the triangle;
(90-)
Alternative Can do by using (90- ) as angle;
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7.2 Balanced Forces
1. Why do we have to consider the direction in which a force acts?
2. When do two (or more) forces have no overall effect on a point object?
3. What is the parallelogram of forces? Equilibrium of a point object Testing three forces in equilibrium Practical - Coplanar forces
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Real Setup…
T F
w=mg
X Y
mgF sin
This simple experiment tests the idea that the vertical component of a resultant force “F” can be balanced by vertical “mg” force. So changing “mg” changes F and thus we can use the example as y = mx+c
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Example Practical Results…
y = 0.4905x + 9E-15 R² = 1
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
We
igh
t A
dd
ed
(N
)
Force on meter (N)
Weight +/-0.01N
Force on Newton meter +/-0.2N
mass +/-1g Weight +/-
0.01N Angle +/-1
deg
4.0 200 1.96 24 5.0 250 2.45 24 6.0 300 2.94 24 7.0 350 3.43 24 8.0 400 3.92 24 9.0 450 4.41 26
10.0 500 4.91 27 ave 24.71
Sin (ave) 0.42
In terms of forces Hyp = F opp = mg Hence... opp/hyp = adj
mg/F=sin(theta)
Fsin(theta) = mg F = x m = sin(theta) y = mg
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Example 1 (with numbers)
A father pulls a child of weight 60.0N back with a force of 50.0N. a) What is the tension in each rope? b) What is the angle from vertical that the child is held at?
Answers… a) (60.02 +50.02)0.5 = 78.1N each rope 78.1N /2 = 39.1N b) tan = 50/60 = 0.833 = 39.8
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Example 2 (with numbers)
A block of weight = 30.0N sits on a slope and is held by frictional forces of 10.0N a) What is the support force? b) What is the angle from vertical that the slope is at?
Answers… a) 10.02 +S2 = 30.02 (30.02 – 10.02)½ = S =28.3 b) tan = F/S = 10/28.3 = 0.353 = = 19.5
Hint: Draw your triangle 1,2,3….. W, S, F to make a similar triangle
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Practical Extension...
Assemble the equipment shown below. Use some weights of different types and measure the angles shown.
The basic system will adjust in angle to whatever masses you add.
The tension in each string must equal the force exerted by W1 or W2. This enables the problem to be solved by resolving
Try it practically so get a range of angles & weights then prove the equilibrium.
http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/equilibrium.htm
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Example 1...
Using the following figures the problem is very simple...
W1 = 5N W2 = 3N W3 = 6N 1 = 150 2 = 124
F1 F2 F1sin
F1cos
F2sin
F2cos
1. If you think that F1 & F2 must resolve and their components in H & V directions must balance with the weights to make the point P be in equilibrium.
2. Define the problem as shown below with two new angles and triangles. Make sure you use the correct angles!
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Example 1...
Using the following figures the problem is very simple...
W1 = 5N W2 = 3N W3 = 6N 1 = 150 2 = 124 =60 = 34
F1 F2 F1sin
F1cos
F2sin
F2cos
5.25.2
coscos
0
667.133.4
sinsin
0
21
3321
FF
H
FWFF
V
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Plenary Question
A 2kg chicken rests on point C on clothes line ACB as shown. What is the minimum breaking strength of the line to ensure the bird does not break the line?
F1 F2
F1sin30
F1cos 30
F2sin45
F2cos45
30 45
NFF
NFF
NFF
V
402
202
2
2
2045sin30sin
0
21
21
21
3
2
2
2
2
3
45cos30cos
0
21
21
21
FF
FF
FF
H
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Plenary Question
A 2kg chicken rests as point C on clothes line ACB as shown. What is the minimum breaking strength of the line to ensure the bird does not break the line?
NFF 40221 3
221 FF
NF
NFF
NFF
FF
NFF
68.12732.2
64.34
2
4033
4023
2
3
2
402
2
22
22
21
21
NNF
FF
35.103
268.12
3
2
1
21
F1=10.35N F2= 12.68N
F1sin30
F1cos 30
F2sin45
F2cos45
30 45
So we have now worked out both the tensions in the line that are there from the weight of the chicken. This means that the line must be of a strength equal or better than F2 = 12.68N
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Resolution of Forces – ICT Link Self Check
http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/forceresol.htm
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7.3 Principle of Moments
1. Under what conditions does a force produce a turning effect?
2. How can the turning effect of a given force be increased?
3. What is required to balance a force that produces a turning effect?
4. Why is the centre of mass an important idea?
Turning effects, The principle of moments, Centre of mass, Centre of mass tests, Calculating the weight of a metre rule (A03 ISA Practice)
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Centres of mass and gravity
The centre of gravity of an object is a point where the entire weight of the object seems to act.
An alternative definition is that the centre of mass or centre of gravity of an object is the point through which a single force has no turning effect on the body.
In a uniform gravitational field the centre of mass is in the same place as the centre of gravity.
The centre of mass of an object is a point where the entire mass of the object seems to be concentrated.
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Equilibrium
A body persists in equilibrium if no net force or moment acts on it. Forces and moments are balanced.
Newton’s first law states that a body persists in its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
Bodies in equilibrium are therefore bodies that are at rest or moving at constant velocity (uniform motion).
F1
F1
F2 F2
equilibrium
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The principle of moments
The principle of moments states that (for a body in equilibrium):
total clockwise moments =
total anticlockwise moments
4 N 6 N
5 m d
4 × 5 = 6d
This principle can be used in calculations:
What is d?
20 = 6d
d = 20 / 6
d = 3.3 m
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Human forearm
60 N
20 N
4 cm
16 cm
35 cm
F Taking moments about the elbow joint:
4F = (16 × 20) + (35 × 60)
4F = 2420
F = 605 N
The principle of moments can be used to find out the force, F, that the biceps need to apply to the forearm in order to carry a certain weight. When the weight is held static, the system is in equilibrium.
60 N
schematic diagram
weight of arm = 20 N
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0.2 m
3 N
The uniform metre rule shown is in equilibrium, with its centre of gravity marked by the arrow ‘weight’. Find the weight of the metre rule.
0.3 m 0.5 m
W
total anticlockwise moments = total clockwise moments
3 × 0.2 = weight × 0.3
weight = 0.6 / 0.3
weight = 2 N
Finding the weight of a metre rule
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Example Results + errors!
For a wooden ruler a density is quoted at 750kgm-3 d1 = (0.2 +/- 0.001)m +/- 0.5% d2 = (0.2 +/- 0.001)m +/- 0.5% m = (96+/1)g = (0.096 +/- 0.001)kg +/- 0.1% Thickness = (0.0061 +/- 0.00001)m +/- 0.16% Width = (0.028 +/- 0.00001)m +/- 0.04% Length = (1 +/- 0.001)m +/- 0.1%
m1x d1 = m2 x d2
Error in calculated mass = 1.1%
Density = m/v
Error in density = 1.1%+ 0.16% + 0.04% + 0.1% = 1.4%
Value for our ruler density...
(562 +/- 8) kgm-3
So this must be a different wood!
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7.4 More on Moments
1. What can we say about the support force on a pivoted body?
2. When a body in equilibrium is supported at two places, how much force is exerted on each support?
3. What is meant by a couple? Support forces - Single support problems - Two support problems - Couple Problems
ISA preparation: practical task – practice in recording measurements and plotting a graph written task Section A and B – opportunities to discuss reliability and to analyse data and errors
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Practical Investigating the bridge crane Aims 1. To use simple measurements of distance and to apply the principle of moments to a
model bridge crane. 2. To relate practical measurements to straight line graph theory. 3. To consider measurement errors and how to reduce them. You require the following equipment: 1. two metre rulers 2. two spring balances calibrated in Newton's 3. a set square 4. slotted masses of weight that can be measured using a balance 5. thread 6. scissors 7. two stands and clamps 8. graph paper Safety Ensure the practical arrangement is stable and will not topple over.
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Setup Advice....
Ensure that the spring balances are vertical and that the ruler is horizontal each time before you make their measurements. You may need to use a set square and a second metre ruler to do this. Use straight line graph theory and the general equation;
y = mx + c Theory.... Taking moments about the point where spring balance S2 supports the bar gives:
S1D = Wd2 + 0.5W0D
S1 = (W/D) d2 + 0.5W0
Y = S1 , x = d2 , m = W/D c = 0.5Wo
D
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Setup Advice....
Ensure that the spring balances are vertical and that the ruler is horizontal each time before they make their measurements. You may need to use a set square and a second metre ruler to do this. Use straight line graph theory and the general equation;
y = mx + c It is recommended that you carry out calculations in SI units in order to avoid confusion.
Results The weight W should be equal to the gradient of the line D. The weight W0 should be equal to 2 the y-intercept.
W = (6N +/- 1.8) N Wo = (1.4 +/- 0.42)N
S1D = Wd2 + 0.5W0D S1 = Wd2/D + 0.5W0 Y = S1 , x = d2 , m = W/D c = 0.5Wo
D
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Answers to Questions 1 (a) Use the second metre ruler to measure the vertical height (above the bench) of the horizontal ruler at each end. Use the set square against the bench (assumed horizontal) to check the second metre ruler is vertical. Adjust the clamps holding the horizontal ruler if necessary and recheck it is horizontal. Use the set square to check the spring balances are vertical. (b) The spread of the points about the line of best fit gives an indication of reliability. If the points are spread too much about the line of best fit, the results unreliable and the measurements should be repeated. 2) (a) Ensuring the ruler is horizontal and the spring balances are vertical each time the support forces S1 and S2 are to be measured. Precision of Newton meter. (b) Repeat each measurement at least twice for each position of the weight and calculate the mean value of each support force. Use more precise instrument with better scale. 3) (a) The spring balance does not read zero when it is unloaded. (b) The gradient would be the same. The y-intercept would be different.
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Couples and torques
A couple is a pair of forces acting on a body that are of equal magnitude and opposite direction, acting parallel to one another, but not along the same line.
The torque of a couple is the rotation force or moment produced.
Forces acting in this way produce a turning force or moment.
F
F
The forces on this beam are a couple, producing a moment or torque, which will cause the beam to rotate.
d
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The torque of a couple
torque of a couple = force × perpendicular distance between
lines of action of the forces
F
F
P
d
x d – x
A point P is chosen arbitrarily. Take moments about P.
total moment = Fx + F(d – x)
= Fx + Fd – Fx
= Fd
There is a formula specifically for finding the torque of a couple.
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Couples Extras...
If two forces act about a hinge in opposite directions, there is an obvious turning
effect called a couple. The resulting linear force from a couple is zero.
The couple is given by the simple formula:
G = 2 Fs
This strange looking symbol, G, is “gamma”, a Greek capital letter „G‟. Couples
are measured in Newton metres (Nm)
The turning effect is often called the torque. It is a common measurement made
on motors and engines, alongside the power. Racing engines may be quite
powerful but not have a large amount of torque. This is why it would not make
sense for a racing car to be hitched to a caravan, any more so than trying to win a
Formula 1 race in a 4 x 4.
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Summary Question…
Without a book or any notes in front of you.
1) Express in formula form, in a diagram and numerically and with text (if possible) the principles of “equilibrium” that you have just covered in terms of forces and moments for
A) One support problem B) Couple C) A two support problem
Pass this to another student and ask them what they think then hand in your work at the end for checking by your teacher….
NB: You will need to make up your own weights and distances
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7.5 Stability
1. What is the difference between stable and unstable equilibrium?
2. When is a tilted object going to topple over?
3. Why is a vehicle more stable, the lower its centre of mass?
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Equilibrium…
Stable Equilibrium – if an object is displaced it will return to that point Unstable Equilibrium – if it is displaced slightly it will not return to that point
Toppling…
If centre of mass goes over the pivot point an object will topple…
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Moments
If we consider moments about the pivot point…. d = perpendicular distance from line of action of force F = force applied W = weight (acting through middle of base) b = base of object Clockwise Moment = Fd Anticlockwise Moment = W* b/2 Hence we have three scenarios for the relation of balance or unbalance…
F
d W
b 1. Fd < Wb/2 2. Fd = Wb/2 3. Fd > Wb/2
NB: try it out and see how it feels with a block
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Moments
Imagine that this box had a base = 1.4m and the force was applied at distance = 1.8m. The weight of the box was 800N what is the force needed to tilt the box to equilibrium? This scenario means that… Fd = Wb/2 F = Wb/2d F = (800N * 1.4m) / (2* 1.8m) F = 311N
F
d W
b
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Forces Triangles...
Resolving Forces Parallel to Slope
F = W x sin Resolving Perpendicular to Slope
Sx + Sy = W x cos
hyp x sin = opp
hyp x cos = adj
Use page 103 Q3 for practice
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Example.. The lorry has a wheelbase of 1.8m and
centres of mass unloaded of 0.8m from the ground. What is the maximum angle it can drive at before toppling over….
d = 0.8m b/2 = 1.8/2m = 0.9 Hence opp/adj = tan tan-1 (0.9 / 0.8) = 48.3
Resolving on a Slope... (Harder A-B)
• When trying to work out the angle at which a lorry will start to topple we can use the idea of Resolving Forces Parallel to Slope
• However, it is hard to see to better to rotate then turn into a balance problem
Left = Right Up = down Now we can simply say that Friction = Wsin (opp) - Eq1 Sx + Sy = Wcos (adj) - Eq 2 Now divide Eq1 by q2 to F/s = tan
W
F = b/2
d
Page 103 Worked Example
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7.6 Equilibrium Rules
1. What condition must apply to the forces on an object in equilibrium?
2. What condition must apply to the turning effects of the forces?
3. How can we apply these conditions to predict the forces acting on a body in equilibrium?
Free body force diagrams The triangle of forces The conditions for equilibrium of a body
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Scale Diagrams….
Another useful tool in AS is to draw a scale diagram with ruler and compass. Then we can use the idea of a closed triangle to show equilibrium and resolve
an unknown force. Just try it out with two vectors and an angle. Then work out the third force by using simple trigonometry. The actual line
length should match your calculations
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Summary Questions….
a) Moments about “X” balance….. 200N x 0.5 = Wo x 2m Wo = 50N b) Support Forces must match the
total weight down… Sx = W0 + W = 50N + 200N = 250N
5m
0.5m 0.5m
W= 200N
W0= ?
Basic
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Summary Questions….
a) Moments about “X”
The moment is F x d = 1.2m x 1500N = 1800Nm b) Hence, extra force is 1800N (as applied from 1m away!) 1.2m x 1500N = 1800N x ?
W= 1500N
Basic
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Summary Questions….
1. Split the problem into two triangles working out the angle from vertical for each
2. Label up sides with adj1 = adj2 Resolve Left = Right
T1sin40 = T2 sin 30 Resolve vertical direction….
2.8N = T1cos40 + T2cos30
Now solve with simultaneous equations T1 = 1.493N = 1.5N T 2 = 1.911N = 1.9N
40 30
opp1 opp2
hyp2 hyp1 adj
Medium Physics/ Harder Maths
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Summary Questions….
a) Weight acts down which makes it more complex!
• But if you turn problem to flat then work out
the component of W acting in line with T to balance…
• So green triangle you need to work out the Hyp using as same angle as slope
Angle of Beam to Horizontal opp = sin x hyp -> Sin-1(6m/10m) = 36.9 Up = Down (moments from “X”) T x 10m = 10m/2 x 15,000N cos (36.9) = 6000N
T
W = 15kN
W = 15kN
Harder Physics/ Harder Maths
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Summary Questions….
Angle slope = 36.9 b) Summing forces in the…. x direction on the base of the girder… Sx (support force) = T*sin(36.9) Sx = T*sin(36.9) = 6000*sin(36.9) = 3602N = 3.6kN
Y-direction… Sy + 6000*cos(36.87) = 15,000 Sy = 15000 - 6000*cos(36.9) = 10202N = 10.2kN Resolve Resultant for Support Force…
R = (3.6kN2 + 10.2kN2) ½ = 10.8kN
T=6000N
3.6kN
10.2kN
Harder Challenge/ Harder Maths
Tsin
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Quick Test what does each one represent... 1. A point on an object where the entire weight of the object seems to act. In a uniform
gravitational field, it is in the same place as the centre of mass.
2. A point on an object where the entire mass of the object seems to be concentrated. In a uniform gravitational field, it is in the same place as the centre of gravity.
3. A pair of forces acting on a body that are of equal magnitude and opposite direction, acting parallel to one another, but not along the same line.
4. The state a body is in if no net force or moment acts on the body.
5. The point about which a lever turns. Also called the pivot.
6. The turning effect of a force or forces. Can also be called the torque (symbol τ). It is calculated by multiplying the force by the perpendicular distance between the pivot and the line of action of the force. The units of moment are newton metres (Nm).
7. The point about which a lever turns. Also called the fulcrum.
8. The principle stating that the sum of the clockwise moments are equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments acting on a body.
9. The turning effect of a force or forces, given the symbol τ. Can also be called the moment. It is calculated by multiplying the force by the perpendicular distance between the pivot and the line of action of the force. The units of torque are newton metres (Nm).
10. The rotation force or moment produced by a couple. It can be calculated by multiplying the force by the perpendicular distance between the lines of action of the forces. Its units are newton metres (Nm).
11. The force created by the gravitational attraction on a mass. Its units are newtons (N).
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Quick Test Answers... 1. centre of gravity – A point on an object where the entire weight of the object
seems to act. In a uniform gravitational field, it is in the same place as the centre of mass.
2. centre of mass – A point on an object where the entire mass of the object seems to be concentrated. In a uniform gravitational field, it is in the same place as the centre of gravity.
3. couple – A pair of forces acting on a body that are of equal magnitude and opposite direction, acting parallel to one another, but not along the same line.
4. equilibrium – The state a body is in if no net force or moment acts on the body. 5. fulcrum – The point about which a lever turns. Also called the pivot. 6. moment – The turning effect of a force or forces. Can also be called the torque
(symbol τ). It is calculated by multiplying the force by the perpendicular distance between the pivot and the line of action of the force. The units of moment are newton metres (Nm).
7. pivot – The point about which a lever turns. Also called the fulcrum. 8. principle of moments – The principle stating that the sum of the clockwise
moments are equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments acting on a body. 9. torque – The turning effect of a force or forces, given the symbol τ. Can also be
called the moment. It is calculated by multiplying the force by the perpendicular distance between the pivot and the line of action of the force. The units of torque are newton metres (Nm).
10. torque of a couple – The rotation force or moment produced by a couple. It can be calculated by multiplying the force by the perpendicular distance between the lines of action of the forces. Its units are newton metres (Nm).
11. weight – The force created by the gravitational attraction on a mass. Its units are newtons (N).
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Exam Question ...Jan 07 Spec A Q5
5 (a) Define the moment of a force. (b) The diagram shows the force, F, acting on a bicycle pedal. (i) The moment of the force about O is 46Nm in the position shown. Calculate the value of the force, F. (2 marks) (ii) Force, F, is constant in magnitude and direction while the pedal is moving downwards. State and explain how the moment of F changes as the pedal moves through 80°, from the position shown. (2 marks)
Mr Powell 2009 Index
Exam Question ...Jan 07 Spec A Q5
5 (a) Define the moment of a force. (b) The diagram shows the force, F, acting on a bicycle pedal. (i) The moment of the force about O is 46Nm in the position shown. Calculate the value of the force, F. (2 marks) (ii) Force, F, is constant in magnitude and direction while the pedal is moving downwards. State and explain how the moment of F changes as the pedal moves through 80°, from the position shown. (2 marks)
Mr Powell 2009 Index
Exam Question ...Jan 07 Spec A Q5
5b)…. (i) The moment of the force about O is 46Nm in the position shown. Calculate the value of the force, F. (2 marks) (ii) Force, F, is constant in magnitude and direction while the pedal is moving downwards. State and explain how the moment of F changes as the pedal moves through 80°, from the position shown. (2 marks)
46Nm
240N