asb 222 -spring 2012 exam #2 review_studentversion

ASB 222 Buried Cities and Lost Tribes Exam #2 PreparationDr. Kostalena Michelaki Spring 2012

Exam #2

- will take place on Tuesday, March 6th 2012 from 4:30-5:30 pm

- will be administered through the Blackboard website for this course

- will be found in Course Information, inside the Exams folder

- will last 60 minutes (you will also have 5 min. grace)

- will focus on material covered in class from Tuesday, September 27th until (and including) Tuesday, October 25th, including power point presentations, textbook readings and videos.

- Will include 2 components for a total of 100 pointso True/False questions 1 point each 20 points totalo Multiple choice questions 2 points each 80 points total

MAKE SURE you read carefully the Blackboard Test Survival Guide, located under Course Information for tips about what to expect in a Blackboard

administered exam and how to avoid technical errors during the test.

In the unlikely event that your computer crashes, you can re-start the exam.

Note that, since the exam is completely randomized, you CANNOT continue the same exam. If you log off, or your computer crashes, you will have to start the exam from the very beginning!!!! Thus, make sure you start your exam at 4:30, so that if you have technical problems you can re-take the exam within the 2 hour window (4:30-6:30) that the exam will be available on Blackboard.

You can go back and change the answer to a question you have already answered.

You can consult your notes and readings, but you CANNOT talk to anyone from inside or outside your class about the exam!!!

You CANNOT take the exam multiple times in the hopes of improving your score! We shall only accept the last version of your exam as registered on

Blackboard!!!

Firefox, Safari and Internet Explorer are the browsers supported by Blackboard.

1


Where to find us during the exam:

Dr. Michelaki (480-965-6170 and [email protected]), Sophie Kelly ([email protected])and Laura Swantek ([email protected]) will be at their offices and on e-mail during the entire hour (4:30-5:30) in case you encounter problems.

Wendy Cegielski will be at the computer room in ECG G224. The room can accommodate 50 students who do not have access to a functioning computer, or who lack internet access.

IF you know that you will need to use ECG G224, PLEASE e-mail Laura Swantek asap!

To prepare for this exam

1) Think of major aspects of human life (e.g. what is the environment like? What raw materials are people using? What tools or ornaments do they make with those materials? What do they eat? How do they get their food? What do their houses look like? What do their settlements look like? How do they relate to each other (are they all equal or are there differences among them?)? How do they bury their dead? etc. etc.)

2) Follow these aspects through time (e.g. how does the climate change as we move from the Pleistocene to the Holocene? What happens at the transition from the Holocene to the Pleistocene? How do the plants and animals people eat change through time? How do subsistence strategies change? etc. etc.)

3) Follow these aspects through space (e.g. How does the Neolithic way of life (settlements, technology, plants and animals etc.) in SW Asia relate to that of Europe. What are the similarities and what are the differences? How does the Neolithic of central Europe relate to that of the Mediterranean? etc. etc.)

4) Think of the key sites that have provided us with the data to understand how major aspects of human life changed through time and space (e.g. How does the site of Starr Carr give us evidence of diversification of resources during the European Mesolithic?)

5) Do not forget the big concepts (e.g. What is agriculture? How do we categorize cultures? What does complexity refer to? What theories have been proposed about how agriculture originated? etc. etc.)

2

mailto:[email protected]




Upper Palaeolithic in Europe- Pleistocene

Environment

Geologic Age

Habitation focus

Subsistence and Subsistence Strategy

Population

Mobility

Regionalism

Tools- How do they change over time?

Raw Materials

Trade/Exchange

Non-utilitarian objects

Art-art themes-art interpretationHow do they change over time?BurialsHow do they change

3


over time?

Key Sites

Social Organization

SettlementsHow do they change over time?

Foragers vs Collectors

Foragers

Collectors

Cultural Typologies

Band

Economic organization:

Social organization:

Political organization:

Site sizes:

Tribes Economic organization:



Site sizes:

4


Chiefdoms




Site sizes:

States




Site sizes:

Measures of complexity

1.

2.

3.

Neanderthals

Areas Neanderthals occupy

5


Environment

Tools (compared to Homo sapiens)

Social Organization

Population

Physical characteristics

Middle Stone Age Africa

First Tools

Major modern human developmentsHomo habilis

a) Physical changes

b) Movementc) Tools

Homo erectusa) Physical

changesb) Tools

Homo heidelbergensisa) Physical

changesb) Movement

Homo sapiensa) Movement

6


b) TechnologyModern Human Behavior:What make Homo sapiens modern?What is the Human Revolution?Earliest Material Evidence for Complex CognitionWhen and where did Modern Human behavior arise?Key Site (Types of evidence there and why important)

Mesolithic in Europe(re-organization – diversification – intensification)

Environment

Where are Mesolithic sites to be found today?

If originally in areas not covered by ice:If originally in areas under ice sheets:

Habitation focus

Subsistence strategy

Population

Mobility

7


Regionalism

Cultural regions

Tools

Trade/exchange

Storage

Scandinavian Mesolithic -

an excellent example of Mesolithic adaptations

Maglemose (7,500-5,700):

Kongemose (5,700-4,600):

Erteböle (4,600-3,200):

Starr Carr – Europe (Mesolithic)(Diversification – environmental impacts)

Location

Seasonality

Architecture

Animals

Environmental impact

Vedbeck – Denmark (Mesolithic(differentiation)

8


Time period

Differentiation

Burials

Mother-child burial

‘Nuclear family’ burial

Epipalaeolithic in the Near East (SW Asia)(Kebaran: 13,000-11,000 BCNatufian: 10,000-8,500 BC)

KEBARAN (foragers)

Location

Ecological setting

Mobility

Subsistence strategies

Technology

11,000 BC

Environment

9


Plants

Subsistence

NATUFIAN (Complex h/g; collectors)

Population

Settlements

Storage

Social differentiation

Economy

Key Site

Ain Mallaha (11,000-9,000 BC)(Differentiation)

Settlement

Location

Architecture

Population

10


Tools

Burials

Social differentiation

What is Domestication and Agriculture?

Domestication

Agriculture

How did agriculture originate?

Theories

Oasis theory:

Hilly Flanks Theory:

Demographic Theories:

Evolution and Intentionality Theory:

Feasting Hypothesis:Where did agriculture originate?

How do domesticated plants and animals differ from their wild counterparts?

Plants Seed size:

11


Thickness of seed coat:

Seed dispersal mechanisms:

Geographical dispersal:

Animals

Animal size:

Population characteristics:

Osteological characteristics:

Geographical distribution:

Consequences of Agriculture

Mobility

Longevity of settlements

Population

Birth spacing

Diet

Material culture- weight- fragility

Burials and cemeteries

12


Property

Specialization

Diversification vs IntensificationSocial organization (differentiation)

Conflict

Health

Environmental Impact

Neolithic in SW AsiaLoss of mobility and diversification – Gain of intensification and differentiation

(Early Aceramic: 9,600-8,800 BCLate Aceramic: 8,000-6,900 BC

Ceramic: 6,900-6,000 BC)

ACERAMIC

Why did agriculture originate in SW Asia?

Climate:

Topography:

Vegetation:

Fauna:

Settlement size

13


Settlement duration

Population

Ecological setting

Tools

Economy

Burials

Houses

Key sites

Abu Hureyra – N. Syria, edge of Euphrates river valley – first domestication of rye

Ecological setting

Settlement

Population

Architecture


Pathologies

14


Effects of Younger Dryas

Catal Höyük - Konya Plain, Anatolia, Turkey: Bull cult/rituals7,300-6,200: End of Aceramic and most of Ceramic Neolithic

Ecological setting

Size

Population

Architecture


Trade

Art/Cult/Ritual

Burials

Ain Ghazal (the spring of the gazelle) - Jordan (outskirts of Amman):Loss of diversification, environmental degradation, statues

Later Aceramic and beginning of the Ceramic Neolithic

Ecological setting

Economy

Architecture

15


Art and cult

Burials

Environmental degradation

CERAMIC

Material culture

Settlements

Settlement duration

Architecture

Pathologies

Levant

Settlement size

Settlement duration

Architecture

Why?

Spread of Agriculture to Europe

16


Data

Interpretations(+ and -)

Possible models

First appearance of agriculture in Europe

Adoption routes

Was agriculture adopted immediately and without question?Where did agriculturalists move in?Hunter-gatherer / Farmer relationsVillager / Villager relations

Franchthi Cave – S. Greece – From Middle Palaeolithic (35,000) to Final Neolithic (3,000)Can observe introduction of agriculture and ‘filtering’ of SW ‘ Neolithic package’

Settlement

Economy

Social organization

17


Trade/exchange

Lepenski Vir – Iron Gates of Danube – Mesolithic (7,000) to Neolithic (4,800)Hunter-gatherers in the midst of established farmers + piscine sculptures

Settlement

Architecture

Economy

Burials

Ritual

BALKANS (Greece, former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, parts of Hungary) –People of the clay

First stage (7th mill): small farming communitiesLater stage (6th-5th mill): large tells + some Mesolithic communities (e.g. Lepenski Vir!)

Settlement

Architecture

Figurines

Pottery

WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN – CARDIAL WAREPeople of the shell

First appearance of domesticates

18


Settlements

Pottery

Key site

CENTRAL EUROPE – LINEARBANDKERAMIK (LBK)People of the loess

When do LBK cultural traits develop?What are the cultural traits that archaeologists associate with the LBK?Where do LBK cultural traits first appear?How quickly do LBK cultural traits spread across Europe?Where are LBK sites typically located? Are LBK settlements situated in areas where hunters and gatherers were?What characterizes LBK subsistence?What are LBK burial practices?

What do LBK houses look like? What influenced house size?What were the occupation spans of LBK settlements?What were the three different types of LBK settlements? What did

19


these settlements look like?What do SR isotope analyses suggest about the interactions among farming groups and foraging groups?What does the Talheim Death Pit and the site of Schletz suggest about relationships among H-G and farmers?When and how does LBK culture disappear? What cultures arise?

THE SECONDARY PRODUCTS REVOLTION (5th - 4th millenium BC)

How did people use animals in the Early Neolithic?How does animal management change in the late Neolithic?Where does the ability to digest lactose first arise? How is this related to changes in the use of animals?What archaeological evidence is there for the consumption of milk and cheese?What archaeological evidence is there for use of animals as beasts of burden?

EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN NEOLITHIC EUROPE

What evidence is there for social ranking during the Neolithic in

20


Europe?Why was the appearance of social ranking important? Was status achieved or ascribed? How do archaeologists know?When do the first metals appear? What are they?When and where does copper technology arise? What was made of copper? What types of forms did it copy?When does the use of gold first appear? What was made of gold?How was shell used as a status item in the Neolithic?How does the rarity and difficulty of obtaining a material increase its value? How does the technical expertise required to work with a material increase its value? How does rarity and skill contribute to the production of status items during the Neolithic?

OTZI: THE ICEMAN (end of 4th millennium BC)

Why was Otzi’s body preserved so well?What was Otzi wearing? What materials were his garments made from?

21


What does Otzi’s last meal tell us about when he may have died?What evidence is there for foul play as a cause for Otzi’s death?

ATLANTIC EUROPE

What is the Neolithic Transition? When does it occur in Atlantic Europe? Does this transition occur at the same time in all places?What major changes occurred to subsistence?What forms do monumental stones come in? How are they arranged?What are different types of megalithic tombs?What were megalithic tombs used for?What types of astronomical properties do some henges and monuments have?What was Stonehenge used for? How might it have been part of a “sacred landscape?”

WHO OWNS THE PAST? (Video)What does N.A.G.P.R.A stand for?What are some reasons (religious, social) why Native Americans do not want burials

22


disturbed?Why have people disturbed Native American burials in the past?How have Native Americans sought to change the way that people treat Native American graves?How has NAGPRA become a political issue?Why do Native Americans lay claim to, and are interested in the preservation of, burials of people who lived hundreds or thousands of years ago?

23

asb 222 -spring 2012 exam #2 review_studentversion

Documents

lost tribes dr

sw asia

social organization

homo sapiens

economic organization

material increase

computer crashes

megalithic tombs