Asia Migrations, 1300-1750Conquests of western Europeans and central Asians show remarkable similaritiesOccur at the same timeTraveled equally vast distancesWere ruthless in conquestSought to impose their own culture on others

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750Differences in western European and central Asian conquestsDefeated Asians did not suffer diseases that swept away populations in the AmericasAsians had limits on their ability to impose cultureAsian empires in decline by 18th century

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1700Rise of Ottomans paralleled rise of SpainTurks rely on gazis, sufis and janissariesMove into Europe by early 1500sSuleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566) reached gates of ViennaPopulation grew from 12-13 million in 1520 to 60-70 million in 1600

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750India: The Mughal Empire, 1526-1707Mughals begin invasion of India in 1526Are a combination of Mongols & TurksMajor success under Akbar (r. 1556-1605), Indias greatest rulerRuthless, he massacred entire population of 30,00- at Chitor in 1568Based taxes on thorough survey of resources

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750India: The Mughal Empire [cont.]Tempered conquest of India with conciliation of Hindu populationProclaimed personal religion of Din-I-Ilahi that combined Islam, Hinduism and ParsiBecame respected emperor of all HindustanAurangzeb (r. 1658-1707) squandered the achievements and ended reign with Mughals in weakened position

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750Safavid Persia, 1400-1700Mongols & Turks devastated and repopulated Persia in 13th centuryTimur the Lame (r. 1336-1405) extended Mongol rule from Turkey through N. IndiaCalled Safavid, followers of Shaykh Safi al-DinShah Abbas (1588-16290 brought in western technology to try to hold on to power

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750China: Ming & Manchu DynastiesMongol (Yuan) dynasty, 1271-1368Followed by Ming who try to accommodate Mongols to the northInvasions in 1644 bring Qing dynasty (Manchurians) to power (last until 1911)Qing expand Chinese bordersPopulation sustained by crops from Americas

Global Population Growth and MovementPopulation growth is result & cause of social changeEuropean population tripled, 1000-1700Slave trade reduced African populationNative American population decimatedEuropeans flood outside world, 1820-1930. European growth is fastest in history

Cities and DemographicsDelhi/ShahjahanabadEach Mughal emperor build own capital cityAkbars grandson rebuilt Delhi as Shahjahanabad; population reached 2 millionReligious, military and administrative centerHad the appearance of nomadic court with tents of stone

Cities and DemographicsIsfahan (Iran)Became capital in 1598Had 2 1/2 mile walkway & large public squareMajor center for craftsmanshipShah Abbas opposed Ottomans and tolerated European religious groupsPowerful neighbors insured that empire was militarized

Cities and DemographicsConstantinople (Istanbul)Had been capital of much-reduced Byzantine Empire and became capital of Ottoman EmpireA conurbation three major segmentsBraudel calls Istanbul the prototype of later European capitals Became economic backwater with shift of trade to the Atlantic

Cities and DemographicsLondonLondon grew as these other cities declined (approximately 1700)Londons growth promoted national marketStimulated agricultural productionDeveloped use of coalCreated new commercial instrumentsIncreased productivity and purchasing power

Cities and DemographicsLondon [cont.]High immigration and death rates kept English population growth lowLondons growth stimulated new ideas about economics and its importanceLondon avoided the parasitism that often plagued imperial capitals

Migration and DemographyDemography helps explain patterns in historyGrowth of New EuropesRe-evaluation of slave tradeComparison of Mongol-Turkic and European patternsCompared political and trade oriented capitals Migration issues continue today

Abolition of Slavery and the Slave TradeFear of Haiti-style revolts leads British to abolish slavery, 1807U. S. abolished international slave trade in 1808 but retains slavery until Civil WarSlavery abolished in Puerto Rico, 1876, in Cuba, 1886, & in Brazil, 1888