ASIA-PACIFIC RESEARCH CENTER

CENTER OVERVIEW 2004

Perspectiveon the new Asia

ASIA-PACIFIC RESEARCH CENTER

CENTER OVERVIEW 2004

Perspectiveon the new Asia

The Asia-Pacific Research Center (APARC) is aunique Stanford University institution focusedon the interdisciplinary study of contemporaryAsia. APARC’s mission is to:

• Produce and publish outstanding Asia-Pacific–focused research;

• Educate students, scholars, and corporate and governmental affiliates;

• Promote constructive interaction to influence U.S. policy toward the Asia-Pacific, and guide Asian nations on key foreign relations, government, political economy, technology, and social issues.

Perspective on the New Asia

Cover Photo: The Shanghai World Financial Center, currently under construction by Japan’s Mori BuildingCompany, will be the world’s tallest building when complete. Housing high-quality offices, a five-star hotel,executive membership club, shops, and restaurants, this immense, elegant structure will serve as a powerfulsymbol of development and economic prosperity in the new Asia.

2 DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE

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17 PROGRAMS

29 OUTREACH

35 PEOPLE

38 SUPPORTING APARC

39 FRIENDS AND AFFILIATES

40 FINANCIAL INFORMATION

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technology to public schools in poor interior regions.As if this were not enough, I also hosted a banquet forten Stanford students who were working as summerinterns in Chinese offices and firms in a program runby Stanford’s Center for East Asian Studies. The three-week seminar that I taught was just the opening wedgeof Stanford’s new permanent presence in China—our overseas campus at Beijing Universityopened its doors for the fall quarter shortly after our departure and welcomed its first class ofthirty-five students.

Just as China is entering a new era, so is our engagement with it as educators and scholars. AtAPARC, this requires a renewed commitment to the kind of deep and direct involvement in Asiathat we have always emphasized. Keeping this commitment strong is a continuing challenge. Weare reminded of this by the departure last year of a longtime valuable member of the APARCfaculty. Professor Lawrence Lau, Kwoh-Ting Li Professor in the department of economics, leftStanford in July to take up his new post as vice chancellor (or president) of the Chinese Universityof Hong Kong. While Larry’s exciting new position enhances our strong academic ties with China,it leaves a major gap in our ability to analyze the world’s most dynamic economic region.

Larry’s departure is just one instance of the continuing challenge of keeping APARC strong. Weare linked to Stanford through our faculty, and our strength is directly tied to the university as awhole. And our faculty on East Asia in particular is, to put it politely, in transition. Departures,retirements, and mortality have sapped the strength of a once outstanding faculty to a worryingdegree, and, in my judgment, the university has been slow to recognize the dangers. It is clear to allof us that APARC must ensure that Stanford does not let this opportunity to rebuild slip away.

And we are working on it. Thomas Rohlen, emeritus professor and longtime member of APARC,last year arranged to endow a professorship on contemporary Japanese politics. Gi-Wook Shinhas raised funds for a new chair on contemporary Korean studies. These are examples of thekey role that APARC and our parent, the Stanford Institute for International Studies, need to playin the university as a whole. As Stanford gears up for an ambitious campaign in support ofinternational studies, we will need to do our part ensure that APARC—and Stanford—continuesto be a vital place to study the changes sweeping contemporary Asia.

I returned to campus at the end of September after seven weeks in China. This was my longeststay in that country since I joined the Stanford faculty in 1997, following two years’ residencein Hong Kong. I have visited China almost annually since my first trip there in 1980. One alwaysreturns with a profound sense of how rapidly the country is changing. So I expected change whenI left for China in midsummer.

I still was not fully prepared for what I encountered. Change has accelerated. The increasedaffluence, even of the major cities of Beijing and Shanghai, was striking. Investment in publicinfrastructure is evident—neighborhoods and streets that were shabby and poorly lit only fiveyears ago are bright and even stylish today. Shanghai’s Nanjing Road and Beijing’s WangfujingStreet now rival Hong Kong’s Central District, and the entire length of Beijing’s Chang’an Avenueexudes the feeling of a leading world city.

Perhaps the most impressive change of all was on college campuses, where I lived for almostthe entire stay. The physical infrastructure of campuses has improved remarkably. New officebuildings and libraries have been constructed, dormitories have been upgraded, meal servicesimproved, excellent bookstores are everywhere. On Beijing University’s campus, my friends inthe School of International Politics were moving into a beautiful new complex during the firstweek of classes. My colleagues in Qinghua University’s sociology department had just movedinto their new three-story building when I gave a public lecture there—an apt symbol of therecent rebirth of the social sciences at China’s MIT. Faculty colleagues who long suffered incramped, dim, and poorly heated apartments virtually all reported that they had been moved intonew quarters in recent years. Some of them drove me around in recently purchased cars.

But the students impressed me most of all. They were curious, bright, and serious, as Chineseuniversity students have been for many years. For the first time I felt that the students at China’sleading universities were not really all that different from our students at Stanford. They askedserious questions—questions that betrayed a level of sophistication and knowledge about theoutside world that I have not detected in earlier trips. And their English-language ability wastruly astounding—even students majoring in scientific subjects. I am afraid that they have alreadycaught up with my Hong Kong students of some years ago—and perhaps have surpassed them.All of this adds up to the realization that people in China’s leading cities are already firmly a partof our own world.

We are also becoming part of theirs. My main mission in China this summer was to teach athree-week seminar for Stanford students at Beijing University. This was a remarkable experiencefor faculty and students alike. While in Beijing I also encountered two separate Stanford studentgroups who had organized programs on their own at Beijing University and Qinghua University—one focusing on U.S.-China relations, and the other an engineering project to bring computer Andrew G. Walder, Director

“We will need to do our part to ensure that APARC—and Stanford—continues to

be a vital place to study the changes sweeping contemporary Asia.”

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RECONSIDERING THE CHINESE

CULTURAL REVOLUTION

In recent years, a large volume of documentarymaterials from the 1960s has become availableto scholars of the Chinese Cultural Revolution.Andrew Walder has examined these materialsin order to explore previously unknown aspectsof this tumultuous era, and to reconsider reign-ing scholarly interpretations of what occurredand why.

One product of this research is a databasebuilt from information in roughly 2,000 ruralcounty annals published in China since the late1980s. These sources provide new informationabout the magnitude and timing of politicalevents nationwide from 1966 to 1971. Prelim-inary analyses yield an estimate of roughly onemillion dead and 25 million persecuted in ruralChina alone. Most of these casualties did notoccur during the period of armed factional con-

flict and local civil war. Instead, they occurredafter political order was reestablished by thelocal military-civilian regimes that also orches-trated massive purge campaigns.

A second focus of this research is an exami-nation of student Red Guard newspapers andwall posters from the city of Beijing during 1966and 1967. These sources permit reexaminationof the social interpretations of Red Guardpolitics that have dominated scholarship on thesubject. One recent product is a paper thatreconsiders the role of a famous “conservative”Red Guard leader from a high official family,long thought to be an opponent of more radi-cal students from less privileged backgrounds.In fact, this student leader harbored stronggrievances against his party superiors, and sup-ported a thorough purge. Moreover, his factionalopponents were led by students from familybackgrounds identical to his own. The casestudy undermines the distinction between “con-

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In a recent APARC address, former secretary of state George Shultz observed that

“Somehow when we in the United States say the word ‘Asia,’ there is almost an unspoken

assumption that the similarities among the countries are great. Nothing could be further

from the truth.” APARC’s interdisciplinary research brings this region—in all its variety

and vitality—into focus.

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market economy has not led to defection fromthe party or from rural office-holding.

A second paper directly addressed the idea—widespread in scholarly work and in recenttransition reports published by the World Bank—that the economic advantages of elite insidersin transitional economies decline as marketreform and privatization increase. In fact, thefate of former communist elites depends on twoseparate processes: the speed with which com-munist political hierarchies are dismantled, andthe constraints on asset appropriation in thecourse of reform. China has maintained itspolitical hierarchies even as it has erected strongbarriers to asset appropriation. Accordingly,China’s elites have fared differently than those inother regions. In central Europe and the Baltics,rapid democratization and the collapse of com-munist parties, combined with legal restrictionson asset appropriation, have created consider-able turnover of political elites and preventedthe emergence of a new business class with rootsin the old system. In Russia, by contrast, rapidpolitical change and unregulated privatizationgenerated a new business oligarchy with rootsin the former system. In regimes created whenregional communist parties withdrew from

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servative” and “radical” factions central to pastinterpretations of the Cultural Revolution. Italso subverts the claim that “conservative” fac-tions were not only loyal to the party apparatus,but also from privileged families that opposedradicals from less privileged backgrounds.

The project aims to develop analyses of col-lective action in which participants are notassumed to have fixed identities and interests,and in which the need to avoid loss—ratherthan gain advantage — drives their actions.These ideas run counter to the mainstream ofsociological thinking about such topics over thepast three decades. They may have broader appli-cability to the emergence of ethnic warfare andother forms of civil strife in collapsing states.

A NEW LOOK AT SOCIAL

STRATIFICATION AND ELITE

OPPORTUNITY IN CHINA

Andrew Walder continues to analyze data froma large, nationally representative survey of 6,400Chinese households, conducted jointly in 1997with sociologists at the University of California,Los Angeles, and Chinese People’s University.The first of its kind in China, the survey col-

lected detailed information on occupations,income, and housing conditions for families, aswell as complete career and educational historiesfor respondents and less detailed histories forspouses, parents, and grandparents.

Thus far, the project has yielded two papers.The first looked at the impact of kinship ties tolocal party leaders in generating householdincome in rural China over the past two decades.These ties had a significant net impact on incomeonly in the poorest rural regions that offeredlimited opportunities outside of agriculture. Inrural regions, where wage labor and privatehousehold enterprise were widespread, the closerelatives of local cadres had no income advan-tages at all. The net income advantages of villagecadres, however, were large in all regions exceptfor the poorest, and they grew as the local econ-omy developed. One unexpected finding wasthat cadre advantages are largest in the mostprivatized and commercialized rural regions.This is because cadre households participatein private business at the highest rates in theseregions. The link between increased cadreincomes and the privatization process leads toa situation the reverse of what many haveexpected—cadres’ newfound prosperity in the

multinational federations and rapidly privatizedtheir economies (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan), old regime elites extract largeincomes from their offices or appropriate stateassets for private business.

In China and Vietnam, where communistparties remain in power while sharply restrict-ing the pace of privatization, the old elites remainin power and can draw larger incomes fromoffice, but their ability to appropriate assets forprivate business undertakings is curtailed. So far,China and Vietnam have not generated a newprivate business oligarchy out of the old polit-ical elite. But this also means that these market-oriented Asian regimes have yet to undergo thepolitical and economic transformations alreadycompleted in many postcommunist states. Howthese future transitions are handled will affectthe fate of China’s elites and will likely influ-ence the country’s future economic growth.

OVERCOMING FISCAL PROBLEMS IN

CHINA’S TOWNSHIPS

Many township governments across China arein debt. They are unable to pay their bills andcannot secure loans because of poor credit.

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research design is the desire to capture theregional and sectoral variation inherent in thereform process. The project also attempts toidentify the different phases and strategies ofreform over time.

Preliminary findings point in two directions.First, it appears that China is making headwayin reforming the state socialist system. Moreand more state-owned factories have been pri-vatized, some being sold to domestic investors,others to foreigners. Following the Westernmodel— sometimes with the help of foreignbrokerage houses — increasing numbers ofcompanies are being listed on domestic or foreignstock exchanges. Formerly state-run firms haveestablished boards of directors and supervisorsas part of their corporate governance. Increasinglyfocused on the bottom line, firms are stream-lining and cutting costs. SOEs are handing offnonproductive social-service sectors to localgovernmental authorities. Most telling, the “ironrice bowl” is being broken. More workers arebeing laid off, bankruptcy law has finally beenallowed to take effect, and factories are closing.However, while change is taking place, thestate remains the controlling shareholder inthe majority of firms.

The second direction shows that market-conforming institutions have been tempered byconcerns about rising unemployment, decreasinggovernment revenues, and mounting enterpriseand bank debt. China’s post-state-socialist lead-ership is instituting an ambitious program ofcorporate restructuring, but politics has skewedthe privatization process. Most intriguing is thestate’s concern about state workers displaced inthe course of privatization. These issues affectnot only the speed and the nature of reform,but also decisions about which enterprises maybe declared bankrupt or privatized. Follow-upresearch suggests that while concerns aboutworkers and political stability remain important,new methods and institutions are cutting thecord between the state and its workers, and

reducing or eliminating the state’s share in manySOEs. Some localities have already completedthis second phase of corporate restructuring.

FOR INDONESIA, 2004 WAS A

“YEAR OF VOTING PEACEFULLY”

In May 1996, the future of Indonesia’s long-stable model of economically successful author-itarian rule seemed secure. Who would haveguessed that only a month later the regime’sefforts to repress opposition would trigger riotsin Jakarta? Who could have known in May1997 that two months later the Thai bahtwould fall—heralding a financial crisis thatwould shrink the Indonesian economy by 13percent in 1998—or that in May 1998 retiredGeneral Suharto, who had managed for thirtyyears to combine political autocracy with eco-nomic growth, would be forced to resign?

In the ensuing transition, a constitution oncethought sacred was revamped, the military’spolitical role was curtailed, state power wasdecentralized, and four presidential successionshave taken place. A country recently feared tobe on the verge of breaking up, succumbing toIslamism, or reverting to strongman rule has beenlauded by Time as the most democratic in Asia.“Indonesia has proved the pessimists wrong,”wrote the Washington Post in September 2004.

Not quite. Observers who expected violencein Indonesia after Suharto were proven right. Inthe wake of the general’s fall, several thousandIndonesians died in multiple incidents aroundthe country. For some analysts, these outbreakswere Suharto’s ugly legacy. His authoritariansystem had stifled the peaceful airing of differ-ences that democracy would have allowed.Behind the violence lay the machinations ofbackers of the old regime, who wanted to turnthe clock back in their favor. This top-downexplanation preserved the innocence of ordinaryIndonesians while faulting rapacious elitesin Jakarta.

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Wages are owed to local leaders and regularoffice staff alike. Jean Oi, in collaboration withscholars from China, is examining the causesand consequences of these fiscal problems inChina’s townships. The fiscal crisis has spawneda situation where poor and even not-so-poortownships have to look out for their own sur-vival. They are no longer capable, regardless ofwhether they are willing, of providing publicgoods and services. The quality of townshipgovernance—what it can provide to its citizens—is constrained by sources of economic rev-enues. There is variation in the resources andwealth of townships and villages across China’scountryside—variation which is mirrored bothin the services provided in these different local-ities and in the quality of governance. Sometownships and villages are serving their peasantswell. However, a large number currently offernothing in terms of public goods or, even worse,are trying to squeeze more funds from thepeasants however they can.

Township government is now at a crossroads.There has been discussion of abolishing town-ships as a level of government, but this is unlikelyto occur immediately. In the meantime, andcertainly if the township is preserved as a level

of government, the institutional disjuncturesthat are the legacy of China’s piecemeal reformsmust be resolved. Township governance must bebased on a stable economic base. Governmentaland economic reforms must be in sync to bringabout effective township governance. The roleand resources of townships must be redefinedto fit China’s new political economy. For now,as some township officials readily admit, “theymanage everything, but manage nothing well.”

BREAKING CHINA’S

“IRON RICE BOWL”

Jean Oi leads this ongoing project, which exam-ines restructuring and governance reform inChina’s state-owned enterprises (SOEs). In col-laboration with Thomas Heller of the StanfordLaw School and scholars from China, Oi hascollected survey and qualitative data on cor-porate restructuring and governance reform overthe last decade. The project assesses the eco-nomic and political consequences of that reform,identifies the stakeholders, delineates the newcorporate forms that have emerged, analyzeshow they function, and observes the problemsthat they encounter and create. Implicit in the

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percent of total stock holdings. Foreign portfo-lio investors in Japan have expanded from 10percent to nearly 20 percent, and currently rep-resent the most active segment in daily transac-tions on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Thepresence of such foreign investors means thatJapanese corporations must be more responsivethan in the past to quarterly earnings and bot-tom-line profitability.

Lifetime employment and seniority pay andpromotion—two of Japan’s “crown jewels” ofindustrial organization—are no longer standardpractices. Labor has become more mobile, andemployees leave corporations more freely thanin the past. Faced with slack demand and severecost pressures, Japanese corporations havemoved lower-end manufacturing offshore andhave cut fixed costs at home, including excessemployees.

Nissan, hovering on the brink of collapse,has become the symbol of Japanese corporatereform. Carlos Ghosn, the “gaijin” (foreign)president of Nissan, has orchestrated a revolu-tionary transformation. He has divested Nissanof various subsidiaries, sold its equity holdingsin subcontractors and dealers, streamlined thenetwork of parts suppliers, and overhauledNissan’s organizational structure.

In contrast to the export-oriented sectors, thepace of change in Japan’s domestic markets hasbeen slower and less sweeping. Yet even theprotected sectors of the domestic economy, suchas financial services and retail distribution, havehad to change in order to survive.

Even in the political sector, the last bastion ofinertia, there have been noteworthy improve-ments. Owing to a series of scandals and inef-fectual public policies, the power of the Ministryof Finance has waned. The electoral system hasbeen transformed, and the Liberal DemocraticParty, which used to dominate the Parliament,has been forced to enter into coalition govern-ments. Slowly, Japan’s administrative andpolitical systems have moved toward greater

transparency and accountability, though thecountry still has a long way to go.

Japan faces the daunting challenge of havingto finance the massive fiscal burdens that itsrapidly aging population will place on its healthcare, pension, and social security programs.Whether the country can meet the challenge isunclear. Whatever happens, there is no doubtthat Japan has changed, in many significantways. It would be misleading to call the periodsince 1991 a “lost decade and a half.”

RETHINKING HISTORICAL INJUSTICE

IN NORTHEAST ASIA

APARC’s newest research on Korea, led by Gi-Wook Shin, focuses on the Korean experienceof reconciliation and cooperation in NortheastAsia. If the twentieth century is remembered as acentury of war, Asia is central to that story. InNortheast Asia, where issues of historical injus-tice have generated a vicious circle of accusationand defense, overcoming historical animositiesis one of the most important issues facing theregion. Phenomenal economic growth anddemocratization point to a greater integrationof Northeast Asian nations, yet wounds from

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Other observers disagreed. Far from incubating violence, the ancien régime hadsuccessfully repressed it. Under Suharto, rapidand uneven economic growth combined withextreme ethnic and religious diversity to generatetensions that would have erupted in bloodshedwithout a firm hand at the center to keep themin check. Sudden democratization was likelifting the lid off a boiling pot. This bottom-up account featured the explosive potentialof the resentments and grievances dividingordinary Indonesians.

In 2004, Southeast Asia Forum directorDonald Emmerson chose to compare these largearguments in a very small space at a possiblydangerous time. He knew that adjacent villagesof Sosol and Tahane on the remote island ofHalmahera had come to blows in 1999, trig-gering tit-for-tat reprisals that had brought thearea close to anarchy. What he wanted to knowwas whether, in July 2004, Indonesia’s first-everdirect presidential election would trigger renewedviolence between these communities, whoseethnic and religious differences had only becomemore pronounced following the earlier clashes.And if violence did flare, would it be for top-down reasons of authoritarian manipulation

and incitement from Jakarta, or bottom-upcombustion sparked by open political competi-tion on the ground?

What Emmerson encountered belied bothimages. Nefarious elites in Jakarta did not pitthe two villages against each other. Nor hadthey done so in 1999. Jakarta’s responsibilityfor that earlier violence had reflected insensi-tivity, not instigation. Nor was anyone in 2004trying to reinstate autocratic rule. But neitherdid animosities boil up and overflow. InHalmahera, as elsewhere in Indonesia, theelections of 2004 were remarkably peaceful.Sosol voted for one candidate. Tahane went foranother. But no one escalated this differenceinto mayhem. What might have been another“Year of Living Dangerously” turned out to bea “Year of Voting Peacefully.”

Political violence will not soon disappear. Butit has abated. It is time for observers to reviseoutdated depictions of democracy in Indonesiaas either flimsy on the one hand or downrightincendiary on the other.

CHANGE AMID STAGNATION:

JAPAN’S POLITICAL ECONOMY

Daniel Okimoto continues his research into theunderlying causes of Japan’s economic stagna-tion. Since 1991, when a bloated speculativebubble finally burst, Japan has been mired in adeep economic slump. The economy has expe-rienced fifteen years of steep asset deflation, amassive overhang of nonperforming loans,historic rates of corporate bankruptcies, spiral-ing fiscal deficits, and low levels of growth ineconomic output. Today, on the surface, it appearsthat nothing has changed. Old institutions andpractices appear to be deeply entrenched andresistant to reform.

Beneath the surface, however, fundamentalchanges have taken place in important areas.Intercorporate shareholding, for example, hasshrunk from over 40 percent to roughly 30

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traditional allies’ relationship has turned espe-cially negative since South Korea’s engagementpolicy clashed with the Bush administration’shardline approach to the DPRK problem.Further, South Korea’s news media weresharply divided in accordance with their ideo-logical leanings, and South Korean liberalnewspapers’ critical views of the United Stateswere noted and reported in the U.S. news media.The project will continue into the 2004–05academic year.

THE ROOTS AND LEGACIES

OF KOREAN ETHNIC NATIONALISM

In 2003–04, Gi-Wook Shin’s project on theorigins and politics of ethnic nationalism inmodern Korea came to a close. Among itsfindings, this study demonstrated that commonblood and ancestry are defining features ofSouth Koreans’ national identity. In addition,the vast majority of South Koreans considerNorth Koreans to be fellow members of theKorean ethnic nation. These indicators of ethnichomogeneity help explain not only attitudesabout unification, but also views of NorthKoreans as innocent victims of the communist

regime, the belief that national division isonly temporary, and the determination thatunification must be achieved to restore tem-porarily lost ethnic unity. Shin’s completedbook on this research is currently under reviewat Stanford University Press.

INSIGHT INTO CRUCIAL ISSUES

FACING SOUTH ASIA

Long considered immutable, whether in theirhostility toward each other or in their statisteconomies, India and Pakistan have come along way since India began its 1991 reforms.India is now considered one of the world’smost exciting growth areas; as it has grown,scholars are interested in how its economy willprogress and how its economic and securityinterests will accommodate globalization.Pakistan faces some similar issues as it mod-ernizes, including the cross-border problemand religious violence. At the same time, it must manage the transition from army-controlled politics to a more stable politicalstructure.

Over the years, APARC scholars, prominentlyRafiq Dossani and Henry Rowen, have worked

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past wrongs committed in times of colonialism,war, and dictatorship are not fully healed.

In South Korea in particular, the successfuldemocratization movement and the growth ofcivil society have increased efforts to unearthand redress crimes of the past. These include,externally, military atrocities and abuses com-mitted by Japan, including Korean comfortwomen and forced labor during World War II;and internally, the exploitation of military com-fort women by Koreans, the massacre of civiliansby their own government before and during theKorean War, and atrocities committed by Koreansoldiers during the Vietnam War. South Korea isone of the few nations to confront both inter-nal and external injustices.

The reconciliation project team is currentlyconsidering several questions that cut acrossdisciplinary and national boundaries. How doesregional integration affect reconciliation, andvice versa? Can Northeast Asia effect regionalreconciliation on its own? Does the UnitedStates have a role to play? In May 2004, theproject convened a conference (detailed else-where in this report) to discuss these issues;the papers presented will be published as anedited volume.

THE U.S.– SOUTH KOREA ALLIANCE

IN THE NEWS

In collaboration with Korea’s Hallym Universityand with sponsorship from the KoreanInternational Trade Association, Gi-WookShin continues to engage in a comparative studyof the news media’s accounts of the U.S.–SouthKorea alliance.

As many security experts agree, this alliancestands as one of the most successful political-military relationships forged out of the ColdWar era. Does the alliance still flourish—or isit faltering? What impact does the news haveon the public’s attitudes toward issues relatedto the U.S.-ROK alliance? Does the newsabout the U.S.-ROK alliance influence investorconfidence in South Korea?

To answer these questions, project researchersare examining all major Korea-related articlespublished in three authoritative U.S. newspapersbetween 1992 and 2004. Three South Koreannewspapers, representing a wide spectrum ofideological leanings, are also being consultedfor comparison. To date, the project team’sfindings provide empirical evidence that theU.S.-ROK alliance may be in turmoil. Preliminarywork indicates that news coverage of the two

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UNDERSTANDING INNOVATION

AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE

NEW ASIA

The Stanford Project on Regions of Innovationand Entrepreneurship (SPRIE), in collaborationwith its more than seventy research affiliates inseven countries, continues to describe and ana-lyze rising high technology regions across Asia.SPRIE-affiliated research teams completed datacollection and analysis on Silicon Valley, Hsinchu(Taiwan), Zhongguancun (PRC), Singapore, theTeheran and Taedok Valleys (Korea), Bangalore(India), and Fukuoka (Japan). Their findingswill be published in 2005 in a book edited bySPRIE leaders Henry Rowen, William Miller,and Marguerite Gong Hancock. Results docu-ment that regions across Asia have significantlyincreased their capacity and, more importantly,their capability for higher value-added activities.

On the innovation front, for example, asmeasured by U.S. patents granted, Japan,Taiwan, and South Korea now account for morethan one-quarter of all patents awarded eachyear. Moreover, their growth rates have beenrapid. Between 1980 and 2003, South Koreawent from 0 to 2 percent of the total, Taiwanfrom 0 to 3 percent, and Japan from 12 to 21percent. More than just a large number, citationdata show these patents’ utility, as both Taiwanand Singapore leapfrogged the United States inthe overall number of citations. China is thenext wave. With more than 130 foreign R&D

centers located in Beijing alone, and approxi-mately 400 companies with research centersacross China, business leaders have stakedrecent investments on the promise of fruitfulinnovation there.

Indications of burgeoning entrepreneurshipare plentiful in Taiwan, Korea, India, andChina. In Seoul’s Teheran Valley, there weremore than two thousand start-ups by the end of2002, with 69 percent involved in IT industries.Between 1988 and 2003, high tech ventures in

Zhongguancun (in Beijing) grew from 527 tomore than 12,000. Beyond the sheer numbers—which are staggering—the quality of manynew-generation companies is world-class. Inunder four years, for example, SemiconductorManufacturing International Corporation(SMIC), founded in 2000 and headquarteredin Shanghai’s Zhangjiang High-Tech Park,has emerged as the largest foundry in China.SMIC boasts five manufacturing sites, overfour thousand employees, and $365 million inrevenue (2003). The company completed itsIPO in March 2004 in Hong Kong and on theNASDAQ, raising more than $1 billion. SMICrepresents a new breed of companies in Asia:located in one region, but positioned from thebeginning to be global powerhouses.

This rise in Asia’s high tech regions—both asproducers and consumers of high technologygoods and services—has brought about a par-adigm change. Gone are the days when SiliconValley, or the United States, was the hub of thehigh technology universe. From R&D to man-ufacturing to marketing, key activities aremigrating to—and within—Asia. Motivationsreach beyond the well-known lures of lowercosts: the quest is for higher value-added pro-ductivity, growing markets, and deep pools oftalent. Companies and regions across Asia nowparticipate in complex, globally integrated valuechains in which national borders are greatlyreduced in significance. High technology activi-ties will become increasingly concentrated inspecialized regional clusters, as well as morehighly distributed in global networks.

As the dynamics of each region unfold,emerging areas of comparative advantage aredifficult to predict. Cooperative—and possiblycompetitive—relationships will evolve. In2004–05, SPRIE will continue to study Asia’srising high technology leaders, with a focus ongreater China, in a new three-year initiativewith research partners in the United States,Taiwan, Singapore, and mainland China.

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on some of these reforms, proposing optionsgrounded in research and working closely withpolicymakers to carry them out. In 2003–04,research focused on electric power, businessprocesses offshoring (BPO), telecommunications,and security policy. Papers on power-sectorreforms were published in Energy Policy andEnergy Economics. One provided options forrestructuring distribution that took advantageof India’s federal structure, particularly thepossible role of cooperatives. The other lookedat how to phase in price reforms in the ruralsector. Papers on BPO were published inInformation Technologies and InternationalDevelopment and YaleGlobal.

A project on rural access to communicationand information technologies was launched incollaboration with the National InformaticsCenter, the research arm of the IndianMinistry of Communications and InformationTechnology. The project will examine rural usewithin a services, transportation technology,and financial viability framework. A furtherproject on Pakistan’s reforms in telecommu-nications was begun in collaboration withthe country’s regulatory body, the PakistanTelecom Authority.

In the field of South Asian security policy,Rowen and Dossani have edited an upcomingbook entitled The Prospects for Peace inSouth Asia, which Stanford University Presswill publish in 2005. It examines the difficult,often violent, and potentially catastrophicrivalry between India and Pakistan. The book,which contains chapters on such key topicsas Islamic extremism, Hindu nationalism, therole of Jammu and Kashmir in the IndianUnion, and coercive diplomacy in a nuclearenvironment, provides a framework for evalu-ating the prospects for peace on the Asiansubcontinent and discusses alternative rolesthat the United States can play in resolvingthe dispute.

In addition to these ongoing research initia-tives, Dossani serves as the principal advisorto the India program of the Asia TechnologyInitiative (ATI), a student initiative that placessummer interns at Asian companies. ATIcurrently operates in Bangalore, Mumbai,Shanghai, and Tokyo.

KOREAN STUDIES PROGRAM (KSP)

In 2001, the KSP was formally established atAPARC with the appointment of Gi-Wook Shin,as associate professor of sociology and SIIS

senior fellow. The KSP offers courses on Korea,hosts biweekly Korean luncheon seminars,sponsors workshops and conferences, conductsresearch projects, and sponsors Korean scholars,bureaucrats, and business people to spend timeat APARC as visiting scholars. The KSP alsoworks with the Center for East Asian Studies(CEAS), which offers a master’s degree in EastAsian studies with a specialty in Korea.

In fall 2003, the KSP hired Chiho Sawadaand Hong Kal to serve two-year appointmentsas postdoctoral research fellows. They collab-orate with Shin on Korea-related projects andteaching as part of the KSP. In addition, jointlywith CEAS, the KSP has initiated a Korea intern-ship program and overseas seminars held in

Seoul for undergraduates. The KSP continues toengage in various collaborative projects, manyof which have policy implications. Further, theKSP is home to the Journal of Korean Studies,with Shin as co-editor and Sawada as associateeditor. The inaugural issue will be publishedin January 2005.

Under a new program that features “distin-guished practitioners,” the KSP has begun tobring high-profile individuals with extensiveKorea experience to Stanford. In 2003–04,Chang Seong Woo, a former minister of budgetand planning in the South Korean government,participated in this program, and taught acourse on the Korean economy during hisStanford stay.

The KSP will welcome several new membersin 2004–05. Philip Yun and John Feffer arethe program’s inaugural Pantech Fellows; theirappointments are made possible by a generousgrant from the Pantech Group. Yun and Feffer

17 programs

Programs

APARC supports diverse programs to bring together scholars, business leaders, policy-

makers, students, and the public. Whether the focus is on a particular region, a specific

topic, or a given audience, the Center’s mission to advance understanding of contemporary

Asia informs all program activities.

19 programs

CORPORATE AFFILIATES PROGRAM

Established in 1982, APARC’s Visiting FellowsProgram is a vital and dynamic part of Centerlife. Its 200-plus alumni now occupy distin-guished positions in the government and privatesectors of Japan, China, Korea, and India. Theprogram introduces Asia-based fellows toAmerican life and institutions, including theeconomy, society, culture, politics, and law.

Visiting fellows audit classes at Stanford,participate in APARC’s varied outreach and socialevents, improve their English skills, and gainexposure to important Bay Area businesses andbusiness people. As part of the 2003–04 curricu-lum, fellows visited Oracle, Sun Microsystems,Cisco Systems, TiVo, Receptor Biologix, andthe Rutherford Winery. Site visits included tripsto the office of the mayor of San Francisco, thePalo Alto Police Department, Palo Alto Utilities,the FBI, Gunn High School, and Angel Island.

Monthly seminars—on topics ranging fromU.S. patent law to Japanese immigration—givefellows a close look at APARC faculty research,and that of others working at Stanford and inthe Bay Area. These seminars lay the ground-work for each visiting fellow’s own research

programs 18

will conduct research related to both Northand South Korea. In addition to practicing lawin both Korea and the United States, Yun hasheld high-level positions at the State Departmentand worked closely with former secretary ofdefense William Perry. Feffer is an accom-plished writer and editor whose most recentpublication is North Korea/South Korea:U.S. Policy at a Time of Crisis. In the comingyear, Soyoung Kwon, a North Korea expert,will also conduct research at APARC as aShorenstein Fellow.

The KSP distinguishes itself from otherKorean studies programs in the United Statesby focusing on multidisciplinary, collaborativeresearch on policy-relevant topics. Specifically,the KSP seeks to promote interdisciplinaryresearch by using the tools and insights of botharea studies and the social science disciplines.Research projects currently in progress at theKSP include a study of U.S. media coverage ofKorea, and South Korean media coverage of theUnited States from 1992 to 2004; an analysisof globalization in Korea; and investigationsinto historical injustice, reconciliation, andcooperation. These projects are detailed else-where in this report.

Selected KSP Events, 2003–2004

Private Conference:The United States and South Korea:Reinvigorating the Partnership Co-sponsored with the Korea EconomicInstitute and the Korea Institute forInternational Economic Policy

Forms of Non-Elite Identities in Pre-Modern Korea John Duncan, Professor, East Asian Languagesand Culture, University of California, Los Angeles

North Korea As Seen from WashingtonKarin Lee, Senior Associate, East Asia PolicyEducation Project

Transnational Flows of Korean Pop Culture—The American CaseJung-Sun Park, Assistant Professor, Asian American and Pacific Studies,California State University, Dominguez Hills

Globalization, Sports, Competitions, and National IdentityJae-On Kim, Professor, Sociology, University of Iowa

The Interplay of National and Global Forcesin Colonial KoreaMichael Robinson, Professor, East AsianLanguages and Culture, Indiana University

The Dilemma of Korean ConservatismKang Jung-In, Professor, Sogang University, Korea

Moral Clarity or Political Calculation? The U.S. Approach to Human Rights inNorth KoreaJohn Feffer, Author, North Korea/SouthKorea: U.S. Policy at a Time of Crisis

Who’s Buying Frugality Now? South Korean Consumer Nationalism before and after 1997Laura Nelson, Assistant Professor,Anthropology, California State University,Hayward

Visiting Fellows, 2003–2004

Takehiro FujikiTokyo Electric Power Company

Shinichiro GokoElectric Power Development Company, Ltd.,Japan

Mitsutomo KonnoJapan Patent Office

Teruhisa KuritaMinistry of Finance, Japan

Xiangyun LiuPeople’s Bank of China

Shojiro MatsuokaKommy Corporation, Japan

Ikuzo MatsushitaShizuoka Prefectural Government, Japan

Byong Keun ParkSamsung Corporation, ROK

Vinay RanadeReliance Industries, Ltd., India

Atsushi SatoAsahi Shimbun, Japan

Puo-Suz “Paul” ShihMinistry of Foreign Affairs, Taiwan

Takashi ShimotoriSumitomo Corporation of America

Taizo ShiozakiImpress Corporation, Japan

Guofeng SunPeople’s Bank of China

Hirohisa TakataDevelopment Bank of Japan

Kenji TashiroKumamoto Prefectural Government, Japan

Fumiaki TonokiMinistry of Economy, Trade and Industry(METI), Japan

Yoshinori UedaKansai Electric Power Company, Japan

Ruisheng YongPetroChina Company, Ltd.

21 programs

the chance to introduce material on SoutheastAsian Muslim thought and practice, and thushelp to diversify European and Americanperceptions based on knowledge of Islam inthe Middle East and North Africa.

During the year SEAF hosted a full roster ofAmerican, Filipino, Malaysian, Singaporean, andThai speakers, including talks by two visitingscholars in residence at Stanford, Erik Kuhonta(McGill University) and Patricia Martinez(University of Malaya). SEAF’s director spokeand traveled widely, including talks at Cornell,the University of California, Berkeley, and theUniversity of British Columbia, among othervenues. He also wrote papers, taught and advisedstudents, and appeared in American, European,and Asian news media, including American,British, and Indonesian radio and television.Notable among his writings were two essaysrelated to SEAF’s larger focus in 2003–04:“Situating Southeast Asian Studies: Realm,Guild, and Home” in Southeast Asian Studies:Pacific Perspectives, and “What Do the Blind-sided See? Reapproaching Regionalism inSoutheast Asia” in the Pacific Review.

In March 2004 the recommendations of theNational Commission on U.S.-Indonesian

programs 20

project, the program’s academic cornerstone.Designing and executing an individual project—which is written and formally presented toAPARC faculty and scholars—allows visitingfellows to use Stanford’s resources and theirown skills to further their personal interests,deepen their companies’ knowledge of targettopics, or both.

In 2003–04, APARC decided to showcase thework of visiting fellows by publishing one ormore of their papers in the Center’s workingpapers series. In this inaugural year, APARCfaculty selected the paper of Vinay Ranade, ofReliance Industries, Ltd., which focuses onearly-stage technology valuation in thebiotechnology industry.

THE SOUTHEAST ASIA FORUM (SEAF)

Alongside its regular activities — research,teaching, outreach, and policy analysis—SEAFmade a special effort in 2003–04 not only tostudy the region but also to explore strikingand controversial differences in how scholarsfrom different disciplines and countries approachSoutheast Asian topics.

This was the theme of a unique internationalworkshop that SEAF convened in June 2004 on“Southeast Asia in Political Science: Theory,Region, and Qualitative Analysis.” Specialistsfrom more than a dozen universities in Australia,Europe, Southeast Asia, and the United Statesgathered at Stanford to review the “state ofthe art” of studying Southeast Asian politics.Paper-givers summarized the main findings ofSoutheast Asianists on the region’s states andregimes, parties and elections, ethnicity andreligion, mass mobilization, political economy,and civil society, among other subjects. Theseconclusions were also examined in the light ofthe charge leveled by some quantitativelyinclined political scientists that area studies areanecdotal and atheoretical. While acknowledgingthat critique, many participants defended the

contextual perspectives and typically qualitativemethods of area scholars (including historicalknowledge and linguistic skills) as necessarycorrectives to the sometimes overgeneralizedfindings of political scientists using abstractmodels and large-N datasets. The workshop wasalso innovative in bringing together mainlyyounger scholars whose future careers will shape“Southeast Asia in political science.” Plans areunder way to edit the workshop papers and sub-mit them to a university press for publication.

Another initiative to compare ways ofapproaching shared subjects grew out of aseries of conversations SEAF director DonaldEmmerson held in 2002 with French scholarsworking on the Muslim world, including MuslimSoutheast Asia. Emmerson found intriguingdifferences in French and American scholarlyperceptions of Islam with respect to varioussocial, political, and policy issues. In 2003, heproposed to Stanford’s newly established France-Stanford Center for Interdisciplinary Studies thatFrench and American experts on Islam gather atStanford to compare their approaches. The result-ing conference, “French and U.S. Approachesto Understanding Islam,” was held in September2004. Particularly helpful in a SEAF context was

Selected SEAF Events, 2003–2004

Sovereignty of Suu Kyi? ASEAN’s Burma Dilemma Erik Kuhonta, 2003–04 Shorenstein Fellow

Mutiny and Democracy, Risking CivilianRule in the PhilippinesAngelo Reyes, Former Secretary of NationalDefense, Philippines

Four Different Octobers: Democracy,Terrorism, Islamism, and Regionalism inSoutheast AsiaSurin Putsuwan, Member of Parliament(Democrat Party), Thailand

Getting Closer? Southeast Asia and the Middle East?Fred von der Mehden, Professor Emeritus,Political Science, Rice University

Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Future ofAmerica’s Military Alliances in the PacificSheldon Simon, Professor, Political Scienceand Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona StateUniversity

One Size Doesn’t Fit All: Why WesternDemocracy Won’t Work in East AsiaDaniel A. Bell, 2003–04 Fellow, Center forAdvanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences,Stanford

Power, Rights, and Desire: The “Islamic State”in Muslim Southeast AsiaPatricia Martinez, Fulbright Visiting Scholar

Walking the Tightrope: Civil Society and theSingapore StateSuzaina Kadir, Assistant Professor, PoliticalScience, National University of Singapore

Malaysia after Mahathir: The Recent (March 21) Election and What It MeansElizabeth Wong, Secretary General, NationalHuman Rights Society (Hakam), Malaysia

Stardust and Reckoning: The End of the Ageof American InnocenceKishore Mahbubani, Representative ofSingapore to the United Nations

Multiracialism and Meritocracy in Singapore:Conventional Wisdom ReconsideredEugene K.B. Tan, Fellow, SPILS, Stanford Law School

23 programsprograms 22

Relations, which SEAF co-sponsored, were airedat a congressional hearing on American poli-cies toward Asia. In August, the U.S. governmentannounced a five-year $468 million aid pro-gram for Indonesia, including $157 millionearmarked for helping Indonesia to improveits schools—a priority that the Commissionhad featured in its 2003 report.

THE SHORENSTEIN FORUM

In 2003–04, under the leadership of directorMichael Armacost, the Shorenstein Forum’ssignature events were the annual MichelOksenberg Lecture and the ShorensteinJournalism Award. Former secretary of stateGeorge Shultz delivered the former in October2003, in a lively address that considered Asia’srapidly changing demography, economics,security, and governance. His remarks weresubsequently published in Hoover Digest. Thelatter event, held in February 2004 and as usualpresented jointly with the Joan ShorensteinCenter on the Press, Politics, and Public Policyat Harvard University, honored DonaldOberdorfer, journalist-in-residence at the PaulNitze School of Advanced International Studies,

Johns Hopkins University. Oberdorfer, formerdiplomatic correspondent for the WashingtonPost, spoke about “The United States and NorthKorea: Danger Ahead.” He also participatedin a program devoted to “Challenges FacingContemporary Journalism” along with DonaldEmmerson, Orville Schell, dean of the UCBerkeley Graduate School of Journalism, andDaniel Sneider, of the San Jose Mercury News.

The Forum sponsored two major conferencesduring the year. One brought well-known aca-demics and practitioners together in January2004 to consider the future of the U.S.-Japanand U.S.-Korea alliances in the light of the waron terrorism, the changing contours of U.S. rela-tions with the major powers, the nuclear crisison the Korean peninsula, and changing domesticpolitical dynamics underpinning defense coop-eration in the Pacific. Admiral Thomas Fargo,commander-in-chief of the U.S. Forces in thePacific, served as keynote speaker; his remarksare detailed elsewhere in this report. In June,APARC published the papers presented at theconference in a volume entitled The Future ofAmerica’s Alliances in Northeast Asia.

Another conference, conceived and organizedby APARC’s Daniel Okimoto and held in

Selected Shorenstein Forum Events (continued)

THE SHORENSTEIN JOURNALISM

AWARD LECTURE

The United States and North Korea: Danger Ahead Donald Oberdorfer, Journalist-in-Residence,Paul H. Nitze School of AdvancedInternational Studies, Johns HopkinsUniversity, Washington, D.C.

Politics of the Japanese Financial Crisis in the 1990s: Blame Avoidance and Passingthe BuckHarukata Takenaka, 2003–04 Shorenstein Fellow

Cross-Strait Relations: New Challenges or New OpportunitiesWu Xinbo, Professor, Center for AmericanStudies, Fudan University, China

The Development of Cross-Strait EconomicRelations after Taiwan’s Presidential ElectionVincent Siew, former Premier of Taiwan

Panel on the Taiwan Elections—Policy Perspective

• Vincent Siew, former Premier of Taiwan• Ming-min Peng, Senior Advisor to

President Shui-bian Chen• Ramon Myers, Senior Fellow,

Hoover Institution• Michael Armacost, Shorenstein

Distinguished Fellow, APARC

The Coming of a New Generation ofPoliticians: Perspectives on the RecentKorean Election

• Gi-Wook Shin, Director, Korean Studies Program, APARC

• Daniel Sneider, Foreign Affairs Columnist, San Jose Mercury News

• Seokki Hong, Visiting Scholar, APARC; Korean International Trade Organization

• Michael Armacost, Shorenstein Distinguished Fellow, APARC

Taiwan’s Election and the Agenda AheadDouglas H. Paal, Director, American Institute,Taiwan

Selected Shorenstein Forum Events,2003–2004

NORTH KOREA SERIES

The North Korean Nuclear Crisis:Perspectives from the Three Allies

• Wonsoo Kim, Visiting Scholar, APARC• Kenji Hiramatsu, Fellow, Weatherhead

Center for International Affairs, Harvard University

• Philip Yun, Vice President and Chairman,H&Q Asia Pacific

Multilateral Collaboration in Korea: A View from RussiaEvgeny Bazhanov, Vice President, The Diplomatic Academy, Russian Foreign Ministry, Moscow

The North Korean Nuclear Crisis: The China DimensionJ. Stapleton Roy, former U.S. Ambassadorto the PRC

The Michel Oksenberg LectureGeorge P. Shultz, 60th Secretary of State;Thomas W. and Susan B. Ford DistinguishedFellow, Hoover Institution

25 programsprograms 24

The Shorenstein Forum sponsored a numberof other programs during the year. One, co-hosted with the Japan Society and the JapanFoundation for Global Partnership, was devotedto “Redefining the U.S.-Japan Alliance,” andfeatured former secretary of defense WilliamPerry; Yoichi Funabashi, diplomatic correspon-dent for Asahi Shimbun; and Michael Armacost.Another event featured Harukata Takenaka, aShorenstein Fellow at APARC, who explored thepolitics of the Japanese financial crisis in the1990s. Finally, in April 2004, a distinguishedpanel of speakers, featuring APARC’s Gi-WookShin and Daniel Sneider, examined the implica-tions of the South Korean presidential election.

THE REISCHAUER SCHOLARS

PROGRAM

The Reischauer Scholars Program (RSP) is adistance-learning program for high school juniorsand seniors sponsored by the United States–Japan Foundation (USJF) and the StanfordProgram on International and Cross-CulturalEducation (SPICE). From February to June 2004,twenty scholars and four alternates participatedin an Internet-mediated course, taught by SPICE

program coordinator Waka Takahashi Brown,that provided them with an overview of Japanesehistory, literature, religion, art, politics/economics, education, and contemporary society.Ambassadors Howard Baker and Ryozo Kato,top scholars including Daniel Okimoto andMichael Armacost from APARC, and youngprofessionals from universities across theUnited States provided lectures on CD-ROMto students, and engaged them in dialoguevia Internet “virtual classrooms.” Studentscompleted reading materials, assignments, anda final research project that has been printedin journal format. SPICE and the USJF awardedcertificates of completion as well as three unitsof Stanford University Continuing Studies creditto all twenty-four students. The ReischauerScholars represented private, public, andhome schools in seventeen states. A numberof students traveled to Japan in summer 2004.Stanford, Harvard, the University of Chicago,and Tufts are some of the institutions RSPalumni are currently attending. These studentshave entered the United States’ top collegesand universities with a rare degree of expertiseabout Japan that will have an impact on theirchoice of study and future career.

April 2004, concentrated on Japan’s politicaleconomy. Speakers included some of Japan’sleading economists; the Honorable EisukeSakikibara—former vice minister of financeand widely known in international circles as“Mr. Yen” for his leading role on internationalfinancial issues—gave the keynote address.

During 2003–04, the Forum devoted con-siderable attention to two critical sources ofpolitical tension in Asia: the North Koreannuclear crisis and cross-strait issues betweenTaiwan and the People’s Republic of China. Withrespect to North Korea, the Forum sought toexpose the campus community to the perspec-tives of all key participants in the Six-PartyTalks. Speakers included Wonsoo Kim (SouthKorean Foreign Ministry), Kenji Hiramatsu(Japanese Foreign Ministry), Evgeny Bazhanov(Diplomatic Academy at Russia’s ForeignMinistry); and former U.S. ambassador toChina the Honorable J. Stapleton Roy. Speakersaddressing cross-strait issues in the course of theyear included Wu Xinbo, professor at FudanUniversity; the Honorable Vincent Siew, formerpremier of Taiwan; and Douglas Paal, directorof the American Institute in Taiwan, whoseprovocative talk was standing-room only.

“As a Reischauer Scholar, I not only interacted with leading scholars and diplomats,

but also explored my own personal interests in Japanese art, religion, and history

through independent research. This is a rare opportunity for high school students,

and I feel greatly enriched by the experience.” Jason Ferguson, Dallas, Texas

“The Reischauer Program is what learning and school should really be like! I was so

excited to get to work with enthusiastic, interested students, professors who really

know what they’re talking about, and an environment where we can ask as many

questions and take as many scenic detours as we like.” Wren Patton, Eugene, Oregon

Three new lectures are being added to thecurriculum, now in its second year. APARC’sGi-Wook Shin and Daniel Okimoto will lectureon the Japanese colonial legacy in Korea andJapanese economics, respectively. Catherine Lewisfrom Mills College will lecture on Japaneseelementary education. President George Packardand program officer David Janes of the USJFhope that the RSP will serve as the flagshipprogram about Japan and U.S.-Japan relationsfor top high school students to become futureleaders in the U.S.-Japan relationship and life-long learners on the subject of Japan.

THE STANFORD PROJECT ON

INNOVATION AND

ENTREPRENEURSHIP (SPRIE)

Over the past year, SPRIE expanded its workon innovation and entrepreneurship in SiliconValley and Asia’s emerging high technologyregions. It also undertook a new initiativefocusing on Greater China.

SPRIE leaders have continued research onSilicon Valley, extending work begun with TheSilicon Valley Edge (Stanford University Press,2000). Recent activities include reexamining the

27 programs

development, and flows of technology andbusiness leaders.

More than one-half of the GCN’s targeted$1.5 million budget has already been donatedor pledged, thanks in large part to the initiative’score research partner, the Industrial TechnologyResearch Institute (ITRI) in Hsinchu, Taiwan.To advance this work, SPRIE has also builtpartnerships with premier research and policy-making institutions in greater China, and isguided by a distinguished advisory board ofgovernment, university, and business leaders.

SPRIE tackled the first point of its GCNagenda in September 2004, gathering scholarsand government leaders from Silicon Valley,Hsinchu, and Beijing for a two-day workshopon university-industry linkages. Among thepoints for discussion: How do linkages amonguniversities, research institutes, and industryfacilitate and accelerate technology innovationand commercialization? Why do some univer-sities generate more start-ups? How do modelsand best practices vary among leading U.S.,Taiwanese, and Chinese institutions? Co-sponsored with ITRI and Beijing’s TsinghuaUniversity, the workshop’s proceedings areavailable at http://sprie.stanford.edu.

programs 26

region’s model and sustainability in a period oftransition, and analyzing bellwether trends fromventure capital financing to the “next wave” oftechnology. Project researchers have also col-lected data on other factors affecting the Valley’srole in the global economy, notably offshoringhigher-value-added activities to Asia. In July2004, SPRIE co-hosted an event to release a studyon this subject, The Future of Bay Area Jobs:The Impact of Offshoring and Other Key Trends.The study was conducted by A.T. Kearney, andits findings are detailed elsewhere in this report.

In 2004, SPRIE launched the three-yearGreater China Networks (GCN) researchprogram. Its goal is twofold. First, the GCNseeks to advance understanding of the systemsof innovation and entrepreneurship that drivegreater China’s ascendance in high technology.Second, it will study the nature and impacts ofthe region’s integration into the global knowl-edge economy. The research agenda includes afocus on activities or institutions that underpinsystems of innovation and entrepreneurship,especially for the new generation of ascendinghigh tech regions in greater China. These includeuniversity-industry linkages, globalization ofR&D, venture capital, new-firm formation and

Selected SPRIE Events, 2003–2004

OFFSHORING AND OUTSOURCING

FROM SILICON VALLEY

Lift and Shift: The Globalization of ServicesOutsourcingRafiq Dossani, Senior Research Scholar,APARC

Right Sourcing on “Right” ShoresAnita Manwani, Vice President and General Manager, Global Sourcing, Agilent Technologies

Outsourcing: Challenges and OpportunitiesGeorge M. Scalise, President, SemiconductorIndustry Association

Outsourcing the Technical SupportFunction—A Way to Retain and Grow YourCustomersSomshankar Das, President and CEO, E4E, Inc.

Global Shared ServicesSanjay Singh, Director, Business Operationsand Business Process Delivery, Hewlett Packard

Outsourcing and Offshoring: OnePractitioner’s Perspective Eric Benhamou, Chairman of the Board,3Com Corporation, Palm Inc., andPalmSource

How the New Wave of 21st CenturyGlobalization Is Transforming How IntelOperatesSandra Morris, Vice President and CIO, Intel

How Global Economic Restructuring IsChanging the Future of Silicon ValleyEmploymentDoug Henton, President, Collaborative Economics

From Cost to Quality and Innovation—TheProcess of “Offshoring”Dan Scheinman, Senior Vice President,Corporate Development, Cisco Systems

Selected SPRIE Events (continued)

GREATER CHINA

Challenges for the Taiwan IT Industry inTransitionChintay Shih, Special Advisor and formerPresident, Industrial Technology ResearchInstitute, Taiwan

Reorganizing Taiwan’s R&D System toPromote an Innovation-Based EconomyJung-Chiou Hwang, Director General,Department of Industrial Technology,Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan

Workshop: U.S-China Trade Relations:Perspectives on the China SemiconductorVAT Case, Chinese Wireless LAN EncryptionStandard, and IP Protection

29 outreach

FEATURED EVENTS

Rethinking Historical Injustice in Northeast Asia: The Korean Experience in Regional PerspectiveThis conference, hosted by the Korean StudiesProgram in May 2004, sought to understandissues of historical injustice and reconciliationin Northeast Asia from Korean perspectives.

Among the distinctive features of the con-ference was the attention to Korean experiencein its regional and transnational dimensions.The conference participants—activists andscholars from diverse disciplines—providedcomparative and interdisciplinary perspectiveson dealing with past wrongs, struggles forreparations, and politics of memories in thecontexts of Japan and China. Participants dis-cussed American POW forced laborers duringWorld War II, violence during the ChineseCultural Revolution, discourse about NorthKorea at state and popular levels in Japan, and

the politics of representation in war memorialsin Korea and Japan.

Through multidimensional discussionsacross disciplinary and national boundaries,the conference raised several questions forfurther examination:• If reconciliation is an interactive process,

how does deepening cultural and economic integration in the region affect historical reconciliation, and vice versa?

• Can we devise Northeast Asian approaches to historical injustice and reconciliation?

• What is the U.S. role in regional reconcilia-tion? Can it proceed without U.S. support?By linking internal, external, and regional

aspects of historical injustice, this conferenceaimed to move beyond state-oriented approachesand binary categories in order to advance tothe next stage: a transnational, cross-culturalprocess of reconciliation.

The papers presented will be published asan edited volume.

Outreach

APARC organizes seminar series, conferences, and workshops to foster discussion of

regional challenges. Center faculty and researchers publish extensively in academic

journals, through scholarly and trade presses, and frequently are asked to comment in

the media on events and issues affecting the region. Collectively, these activities ensure

that the Center’s unique interdisciplinary work reaches the widest possible audience.

31 outreachoutreach 30

technology, talent, and capital. At the sametime, important centers of technology and inno-vation have emerged in other regions (notablyTaiwan, China, Korea, Singapore, and Israel),and Silicon Valley companies are spreadingtheir operations across these regions, integratingtheir functions into larger global supply chains.The implications of this transformation areyet to be understood.

In November 2003, the Global KnowledgeNetwork organized a panel that addressed theValley’s emerging knowledge networks andthe future of IT. William F. Miller, SPRIE co-director, served as keynote speaker. SimonCao, founder of Arasor and Avanex, andAjay Shah, founder of SMART ModularTechnologies and former CEO of Solectron’sTechnology Solutions Business Unit, joinedhim on the panel. Following this successfulevent, the Network undertook a variety offollow-up activities, including data collectionand research, conferences, symposiums, andevents to convene the region’s ethnic andentrepreneurial associations.

FEATURED PUBLICATIONS

The Future of America’s Alliances inNortheast Asia In January 2004, APARC convened a conferencethat addressed recent changes in the nature ofAmerica’s alliances in Northeast Asia. Chairedby Michael Armacost and Daniel Okimoto, theconference proceedings were published as anAPARC book in June 2004, with the BrookingsInstitution as distribution partner. The book’sfifteen chapters consider, from a variety ofperspectives, the policy challenge that Americanow faces with respect to its partnershipswith Japan and South Korea: to move frommanaging them to redefining their terms. Thebook’s contributors note that a shared U.S.-ROKanalysis of the North Korean challenge—anda common strategy for combating it—is an

urgent priority. Without it, the U.S.-ROKalliance will never achieve the relevance thatmarks America’s relationship with Japan.The book is available from APARC and theBrookings Institution.

The Journal of Korean StudiesAPARC’s Korean Studies Program, in collabo-ration with Rowman & Littlefield, is proud toannounce the continuation of the Journal ofKorean Studies, beginning with volume 9 inJanuary 2005. Between 1979 and 1992, theJournal of Korean Studies became a leadingacademic forum for the publication of innova-tive, in-depth research on Korea. Now underthe editorial guidance of Gi-Wook Shin andJohn Duncan of the University of California,Los Angeles, this journal will continue itsdedication to quality articles, in all disciplines,on a broad range of topics concerning Korea,both historical and contemporary.

The editorial office is housed within theKorean Studies Program at APARC, and itseditorial board includes eminent academics inthe United States, Korea, and France.

The Future of Bay Area Jobs: The Impact ofOffshoring and Other Key TrendsIn July 2004, together with Joint Venture: SiliconValley Network and the Bay Area EconomicForum, SPRIE co-hosted an event for business,community, and education leaders to release astudy on offshoring and its impact on Bay Areajobs. The study found the Bay Area is losingground to other U.S. and overseas regions in three areas: mass production, back-officeoperations, and product and process enhance-ment. The study also identified the Bay Area’skey strengths, which include entrepreneurship,research in advanced technologies, cross-disciplinary research, and global integratedmanagement. These strengths make the regiona leader in job creation in early stages of thebusiness lifecycle, but the weaknesses lead to

Commander of the U.S Pacific CommandSpeaks at APARC

In January 2004, APARC was privileged towelcome Admiral Thomas Fargo, commanderof the U.S. Pacific Command, the largest unifiedcommand in the United States military. Intro-duced by Ambassador Michael Armacost andformer secretary of defense William Perry,Admiral Fargo addressed a large audience on“The Future of America’s Alliances in NortheastAsia.” The admiral, whose remarks were offthe record, spoke warmly about the importance,flexibility, and increasing strength of U.S.alliances in the Asia Pacific. He observed thatthese alliances, in their various forms, remain thecornerstone of the U.S. military posture in theAsia Pacific, and noted in particular America’slong-standing relationship with Japan. The U.S.-ROK alliance, too, has matured considerablyin recent years, and the impressive ROK militaryhas made enormous contributions to regionaland global security in recent years.

Conflict on the Korean peninsula, the admiralnoted, can be considered the Asia Pacific’s mostpressing security challenge. In addressing thatchallenge, the U.S. Pacific Command seeksto ensure that ongoing diplomatic initiatives,

including the Six-Party Talks, are backed byviable military capabilities. Admiral Fargostressed that U.S. forces are stationed in theAsia Pacific not to provoke, but to deter con-flict. They are positioned where they are mostrelevant, and may best support a given allianceat a given time, but likewise pose the fewestproblems to the host countries.

The admiral also spoke of the complexityand promise of America’s relationship with thePRC. A successful PRC is very much in the U.S.interest, he observed, and a constructive andprogressive relationship that further promotespeaceful exchange will benefit both partiesand allow the alliance to deepen and adapt tochanging times.

The Silicon Valley Global KnowledgeNetwork Kicks OffThis new initiative is rooted in one of the mostsignificant economic trends of the past decade:globalization. Today, 34 percent of the SiliconValley workforce is foreign-born, and morethan half of these immigrant professionals areinvolved with start-up companies. The Valley’sestablished companies are changing theirbusiness models, drawing on global pools of

33 outreachoutreach 32

APPOINTMENTS, INVITED

PRESENTATIONS, AND TESTIMONY

Michael Armacost, co-chair (with Ambassador J.Stapleton Roy) of “America’s Role in Asia” project,sponsored by the Asia Foundation.

Rafiq Dossani, “Services Offshoring to India: India’sPosition in the Supply Chain,” Carnegie Endowmentfor International Peace, October 2004.

Rafiq Dossani, “Powerhouse Economies 2050,”Asian American Manufacturers Association,October 2004.

Rafiq Dossani, “Effects of Offshoring on theDeveloping World—Case Study of India,” HarvardLaw School, October 2004.

Rafiq Dossani, keynote speech: “India’s IT Future,”Confederation of Indian Industry, Bangalore, India,March 2004.

Rafiq Dossani, “Business Process Outsourcing inIndia,” U.S.-India Business Council, WashingtonDC, July 2003.

Marguerite Gong Hancock, “Silicon Valley and Asia’sHigh Tech Regions,” Asia-Pacific Innovation andEntrepreneurship Conference, Epoch Foundation,Taiwan, October 2003.

Jean Oi, “Fiscal Crisis in China’s Townships,”“Grassroots Political Reform” conference, FairbankCenter for East Asian Research, Harvard University,October 2004.

Jean Oi, “Hollowing Out of Township Government,”public lecture at Township Study Workshop,Rural Development Research Center, State Council,Beijing, June 2004.

Jean Oi, “Rural Discontent in China,” Capitol HillBreakfast Briefing, Washington, DC, November 2003.

Jean Oi, “State Responses to Rural Discontent inChina,” paper presentation for panel “Crisis in theHinterland: Rural Discontent in China,” WoodrowWilson Center, Washington DC, November 2003.

Daniel I. Okimoto, “JASA & KASA: Twin Pillars ofAsia’s Security Architecture,” delivered as part of alecture series in Seoul under the auspices of the U.S.Department of State, September 2003.

APARC Founder Honored for Advancing U.S.-Japan Relations

Daniel Okimoto was awarded the Japanese

Foreign Minister’s Commendation in 2004,

which is given to 158 individuals and organi-

zations in Japan and the United States who

have contributed to enhancing the U.S.-Japan

relationship. Okimoto received the award based

on his research on Japan’s political economy,

foreign policy, the U.S.-Japan relationship,

and increasing the understanding of Japan in

the United States. He has hosted a series of

exchanges among legislators from the United

States and Japan to build understanding

between the two countries and was interviewed

on the subject of U.S.-Japan relations on the

Charlie Rose Show in March 2004. Okimoto

has also written about the Japanese American

experience in his autobiography, American in

Disguise, available from APARC.

job growth outside the region later on. As aresult, the study says, the Bay Area will continueto incubate and develop new businesses, whichhas historically been the core growth enginefor the local job market. The study can bedownloaded from APARC’s website.

BOOKS AND REPORTS

Rafiq Dossani and Henry S. Rowen, The Prospectsfor Peace in South Asia, Stanford: Stanford UniversityPress, forthcoming 2005.

Marguerite Gong Hancock (Index Advisor), 2004Index of Silicon Valley, Joint Venture: Silicon ValleyNetwork (2004).

ARTICLES AND BOOK CHAPTERS

Michael Armacost, “Japan: Tilting Closer toWashington,” in Richard J. Ellings and Aaron L.Friedberg, eds., Strategic Asia: Fragility and Crisis2003–2004, Seattle, WA: National Bureau ofResearch, 2003.

Rafiq Dossani, “Power Distribution Sector Reformin India,” Energy Policy 32, 2004.

Rafiq Dossani and Martin Kenney, “Lift and Shift:Moving the Back Office to India,” InformationTechnologies and International Development 1(2),2004.

Rafiq Dossani and Martin Kenney, “Moving TataConsultancy Services into the Global Top 10,” Journalof Strategic Management Education 1(2), 2004.

Rafiq Dossani and V. Ranganathan, “Farmers’Willingness to Pay for Power: Conceptual Issues,Survey Results, and Implications for PricingReform in India,” Energy Economics 26, 2004.

Donald K. Emmerson, “What Do the BlindsidedSee? Impacts of Crises on Approaches to Regionalismin Southeast Asia,” Pacific Review, forthcomingMarch 2005.

Donald K. Emmerson, “Indonesia’s ApproachingElections: A Year of Voting Dangerously?” Journalof Democracy, January 2004.

Donald K. Emmerson, “Situating Southeast AsianStudies: Realm, Guild, and Home,” in Anthony Reid,ed., Southeast Asian Studies: Pacific Perspectives,Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University Press, 2003.

Marguerite Gong Hancock, Jen-Chang Chou, andMing Gu, “SMIC: New Star in the Global Semicon-ductor Industry,” APARC, forthcoming 2005.

Jean C. Oi, “Guojia shehuizhuyi zhihou: Zhongguoqiye gaizhide zhengzhi yueshu” (After State Socialism:Political Constraints on Corporate Restructuring inChina), Ershiyi Shiji (Twenty-First Century), August2004.

Jean C. Oi, “Old Problems for New Leaders:Institutional Disjunctions in Rural China,” in Yun-hanChu, Chih-cheng Lo, and Ramon Myers, eds.,The New Chinese Leadership: Challenges andOpportunities after the 16th Party Congress,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Jean C. Oi, “Realms of Freedom in Post-Mao China,”in William Kirby, ed., Realms of Freedom in ModernChina, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.

Daniel I. Okimoto, “Nikokukan no Rikai o yoriFukameru tame ni,” (Toward a Better MutualUnderstanding between the Two Countries), inGaiko Foorumu, September 2004.

Daniel I. Okimoto, “Bridging U.S.-Japan Relations,”Forum on Foreign Affairs, August 2004.

Henry S. Rowen, “Kim Jong-Il Must Go,” PolicyReview, October/November 2003.

Andrew G. Walder, “The Transformation ofContemporary China Studies, 1977–2002,” in DavidL. Szanton, ed., The Politics of Knowledge: AreaStudies and the Disciplines, Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press, 2004.

Andrew G. Walder, “Tan Lifu: A ‘Reactionary’ RedGuard in Historical Perspective,” China Quarterly,December 2004.

Andrew G. Walder, “The Party Elite and China’sTrajectory of Change,” China: An InternationalJournal 2, September 2004.

Andrew G. Walder, “Elite Opportunity inTransitional Economies,” American SociologicalReview, December 2003.

Daniel I. Okimoto, Nikkei Shimbun GlobalManagement Forum, October 2003.

Henry S. Rowen, appointed by President Bush tothe Commission on the Intelligence Capabilitiesof the United States Regarding Weapons of MassDestruction, February 2004.

Henry S. Rowen, “University-Industry Linkages:The Stanford Experience,” Asia-Pacific EconomicCooperation (APEC) conference, Beijing, February2004.

Andrew G. Walder, “Political Origins of Red GuardFactions,” International Forum on the NationalHistory of the PRC, Institute of Contemporary China,Beijing, September 2004.

Andrew G. Walder, “Elite Opportunity in TransitionalEconomies,” public lecture, Qinghua University,Beijing, September 2004.

Andrew G. Walder, “Reflections on Higher Educationin China and Hong Kong,” 8th Shizuoka Asia-Pacific Forum, Shizuoka, Japan, December 2003.

35 people

APARC DIRECTORS

Andrew WalderDirector, APARC; Professor,Sociology; Senior Fellow, SIIS

Michael H. ArmacostDirector, The ShorensteinForum (2003–04); ShorensteinDistinguished Fellow

Shiho Harada BarbirAssociate Director, APARC

FACULTY

Donald K. EmmersonDirector, Southeast Asia Forum,APARC; Senior Fellow, SIIS

Lawrence J. Lau (1988–2004)Kwoh-Ting Li Professor ofEconomic Development,Economics; Senior Fellow,Stanford Institute for EconomicPolicy Research; Senior Fellow,by courtesy, SIIS

Jean OiWilliam Haas Professor ofChinese Politics; Professor,Political Science; Director,Center for East Asian Studies

Daniel I. OkimotoDirector Emeritus, APARC;Professor, Political Science;Senior Fellow, SIIS

Henry S. RowenDirector Emeritus, APARC;Edward B. Rust Professor ofPublic Management, Emeritus,Graduate School of Business;Senior Fellow Emeritus, HooverInstitution; Senior Fellow, SIIS

Gi-Wook ShinDirector, Korean StudiesProgram, APARC; AssociateProfessor, Sociology; SeniorFellow, SIIS

AFFILIATED FACULTY

Masahiko AokiProfessor, Economics; HenriH. and Tamoye TakahashiProfessor of Japanese Studies;Senior Fellow, by courtesy,Stanford Institute for EconomicPolicy Research

William BarnettProfessor of StrategicManagement andOrganizational Behavior,Graduate School of Business

Melissa BrownAssistant Professor,Anthropological Sciences

Larry DiamondSenior Fellow, HooverInstitution

Peter DuusWilliam H. Bonsall Professorof History and Senior Fellow,by courtesy, Hoover Institution;Professor, History

In keeping with the Center’s mission, APARC faculty represent a diverse mix of

disciplines, giving depth and dimension to the study of contemporary Asia. Visiting

scholars and staff bring a variety of experiences and skills to support the Center’s

research and outreach activities.

People

37 people

Hong KalKorean Studies Fellow

Erik KuhontaShorenstein Fellow (2003–04)

Yumiko NishimuraAssociate Director, ComparativeHealth Care Policy ResearchProject (1991–2004)

Yukio NoguchiVisiting Professor

Chiho SawadaKorean Studies Fellow

Harukata TakenakaShorenstein Fellow (2003–04)

VISITING SCHOLARS

Jen-Chang ChouFormerly with Science Division,Taipei Economic and CulturalOffice

Jian GaoCenter for Entrepreneurship,Qinghua University

Carsten HolzSocial Science Division, HongKong University of Scienceand Technology

Seokki HongSenior Advisor and Founder,Pol and Poll, Ltd., ROK

Jason HsuIndustrial Technology ResearchInstitute

Minyoung KimHankuk University of ForeignStudies

Wonsoo KimMinistry of Foreign Affairsand Trade, ROK

Yoon Suk KimMinistry of Planning andBudget, ROK

Wahn-Hee LeeKorean Broadcasting System

Patricia MartinezVisiting Fulbright Scholar;Asia-Europe Institute, Universityof Malaysia

Seung-Kwon RohCentral InvestigationDepartment, Supreme PublicProsecutor’s Office, Seoul,Republic of Korea

Chintay ShihSPRIE Distinguished VisitingScholar; formerly withIndustrial Technology ResearchInstitute of Taiwan

Yi-Ling WeiIndustrial Technology ResearchInstitute of Taiwan

Zhang WeiCenter for Entrepreneurship,Qinghua University

people 36

Walter FalconDirector, Center for Environ-mental Science and Policy

Helen C. Farnsworth Professor of InternationalAgricultural Policy, Emeritus;Senior Fellow, SIIS

Alan GarberDirector, CHP/PCOR; Henry J.Kaiser Jr. Professor, Stanford;Professor, Medicine; Professor,by courtesy, Economics andHealth Research and Policy;Senior Fellow, SIIS

Mark GranovetterJoan Butler Ford Professor,School of Humanities andSciences; Professor, Sociology

Toshihiko HayashiChairman, Stanford JapanCenter; Professor of Economics,University of the Air, Japan

Thomas HellerLewis Talbot and NadineHearn Shelton Professor ofInternational Legal Studies,Stanford Law School; SeniorFellow, SIIS

Nicholas HopeDeputy Director, Center forResearch on EconomicDevelopment and PolicyReform, Stanford Institute forEconomic Policy Research

Ken-Ichi ImaiSenior Fellow Emeritus, StanfordJapan Center–Research; SeniorFellow Emeritus, SIIS

Stephen KrasnerDirector, Center on Democracy,Development and the Rule of Law; Graham H. StuartProfessor of InternationalRelations; Senior Fellow, bycourtesy, Stanford Institutefor Economic Policy Researchand Hoover Institution; SeniorFellow, SIIS

John LewisProfessor Emeritus, Center forInternational Security andCooperation; William HaasProfessor of Chinese Politics,Emeritus; Senior Fellow, SIIS

Isabel MaresAssistant Professor, PoliticalScience

Michael MaySenior Fellow, Center forInternational Security andCooperation; Professor(Research), Engineering–Economic Systems andOperations Research, Emeritus

Ronald McKinnonEberle Professor of Economics;Senior Fellow, by courtesy,Stanford Institute forEconomic Policy Research

John McMillanJonathan B. Lovelace Professor,Graduate School of Business;Senior Fellow, StanfordInstitute for Economic PolicyResearch

H. Lyman MillerResearch Fellow, HooverInstitution

William F. MillerProfessor Emeritus, APARC;Herbert Hoover Professor ofPublic and Private Management,Graduate School of Business;Professor, Computer Science;Senior Fellow Emeritus, SIIS

Ramon MyersSenior Fellow and Curator of the East Asian Archives,Hoover Institution

William PerryMichael and Barbara BerberianProfessor, SIIS and Engineering;Co-director, Preventive DefenseProject, Center for InternationalSecurity and Cooperation;Senior Fellow, SIIS

RESEARCH PERSONNEL

Rafiq DossaniSenior Research Scholar, APARC

Marguerite Gong HancockAssociate Director, SPRIE

Kwan Koo YunDepartment of Economics,State University of New York,Albany

STAFF

Macy ChanAssistant to Donald Emmerson,Jean Oi, and Daniel Okimoto

Ok Kyung Choi Faculty Assistant (2001–2003)

Jasmin HaKorean Studies ProgramCoordinator

Neeley MainProgram Coordinator

Claire McCrae Faculty Assistant (1999–2004)

Yumi OnoyamaManager of Corporate Relations

Rowena RosarioAssistant to Rafiq Dossani,Marguerite Gong Hancock,and Henry Rowen

Huma ShaikhHR and Finance Administrator

Victoria TomkinsonPublications Manager andWebmaster

Debbie WarrenAssistant to the Directors andMichael Armacost

“What attracted me to the Korean Studies program at APARC is its excellent capacity

for providing both academic and professional resources in Korea-related fields. It

has been a great experience for me as an art historian to engage with intellectual

and political issues of contemporary Korea from interdisciplinary and comparative

perspectives.” Hong Kal, Korean Studies Fellow

“I’ve loved being at APARC, among supportive faculty members, kind and capable

administrators, and talented visiting scholars. And I’ve been allowed to do so much.

I’ve worked on a book about educational policy in imperial Japan and colonial

Korea, written an article on contemporary pop culture and Korean-Japanese relations,

and assisted in a colloquium on globalizing Asian cultures. I couldn’t ask for a more

stimulating community.” Chiho Sawada, Korean Studies Fellow

39 Friends and Affiliatessupport 38

APARC’s mission to promote deeper understanding of the Asia-Pacific region has never

been more critical. As the region faces new challenges, new research directions and

policy emerge, offering new opportunities for APARC affiliates and increased need for

their commitments. APARC seeks gifts and grants, as well as corporate sponsorships,

to support its research, training, and outreach goals.

APARC offers a variety of opportunities for individuals, corporations, and govern-

ment and nonprofit organizations. We welcome support from all sources for research

efforts, fellowships, or ongoing projects. The Center runs an active Corporate Affiliates

Program, which is available for companies interested in expanding their networks of

connections with Asian counterparts or in early access to APARC’s varied research. All

APARC affiliates enter into continuing relationships with the Center which support the

research infrastructure and other activities of mutual interest.

Gifts to APARC are tax-deductible under applicable rules. APARC and its parent

organization, the Stanford Institute for International Studies, are part of Stanford

University’s tax-exempt status as a Section 501(c) (3) public charity.

Supporting APARC

APARC’s work would not be possible without the financial support of our many generous

friends and affiliates. APARC gratefully acknowledges the following donors for their

support in 2003–04. Listed below are individuals, corporations, foundations, and

institutions whose contributions were received and recorded between September 1, 2003,

and August 31, 2004.

APARC Friends and Affiliates

INDIVIDUALS

Asim Abdullah

Zia Chishti

Anil and Jyoti Godhwani

Walter H. Shorenstein

Martha Suzuki

Tomoye N. Takahashi

CORPORATIONS

Asahi Shimbun Company

The Development Bank of Japan

Hyundai Motor Company

Kansai Electric Power

Nihon Sozo Kyoiku Kenkyuujo(Nissoken)

The Pantech Group

People’s Bank of China

PetroChina Company Ltd.

Reliance Industries Ltd.

Samsung Electronics

Sumitomo Corporation

Tokyo Electric Power

FOUNDATIONS

Alfred P. Sloan Foundation

American India Foundation

Friends of Stanford UniversityFoundation

The Indus Entrepreneurs (TiE)

INSTITUTIONS

Industrial Technology ResearchInstitute (ITRI)

Japan Patent Office

Kumamoto PrefecturalGovernment, Japan

Ministry of Economy, Trade, andIndustry (METI), Japan

Ministry of Finance, Japan

Shizuoka PrefecturalGovernment, Japan

U.S. Army War College

financial information 40

Financial Information

fy 2003 –2004

CENTER REVENUES BY SOURCE

% $ in thousands

5% university fund $117,935

37% endowment payout $955,912

8% grant $196,195

24% income $610,435

26% gift $664,306

100% total: $2,544,783

EXPENSES

% $ in thousands

35% research/administrative staff salaries $927,099

15% staff benefits $370,175

7% student support $172,521

10% postdoctoral and visiting scholars $246,994

12% conferences, workshops, travel $309,144

6% research materials acquisition, $149,241other research expenses

6% operations $149,538

4% computer, telecommunications $100,375

5% indirect costs $118,519

100% total: $2,543,606

ASIA-PACIFIC

RESEARCH CENTER

Stanford University

Encina Hall

Stanford, CA 94305-6055

Phone: 650-723-9741

Fax: 650-723-6530

http://aparc.stanford.edu