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Asia. China Reunified The Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties restored peace to China in between periods of chaos and disorder In 581 the Sui dynasty was established It is known for unifying China under one emperor Sui Yangdi was the second ruler of the dynasty - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
ASIA
China ReunifiedThe Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties restored peace to China
in between periods of chaos and disorder In 581 the Sui dynasty was established
o It is known for unifying China under one emperor
o Sui Yangdi was the second ruler of the dynasty• He was a cruel ruler, and used forced labor to
build the Grand Canal, connecting the Huang He (Yellow River) and Chang Jiang (Yangtze River)
• Sui Yangdi’s oppressive policies led to a rebellion that ended the empire
The Tang dynasty came to power in 618o Tang rulers restored civil service exams for
government positionso The Tang dynasty extended the borders of the
empire to Tibet in the southwest o Emperor Tang Xuanzang and other Tang rulers
were unable to prevent plotting and corruption in the government• Tang rulers hired Uighurs to put down
rebellions but continued unrest led to the fall of the dynasty in 907
In 960 the Song dynasty came to powero The Song ruled during a period of economic
prosperity and cultural achievemento Because of threats from nomadic warriors to the
north, the Song moved their capital farther south to Hangzhou
Chinese Government and EconomyFor 700 years, the Chinese economy grew in size and sophistication During the rule of the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties, the
Chinese government and economy grew in size and complexity
The Song government weakened the power of large landholders and helped poor peasants get their own lando which led to an abundance of food
The economy was still based on agriculture, but technological advances led to development of steel and gunpowder
International and domestic trade also increased and the Silk Road was renewed
Changan became the wealthiest city in the world during the Tang era
Chinese SocietyThe political stability established by
the three dynasties allowed Chinese society to grow in complexity
In the late 1200s, the Italian merchant Marco Polo described Hangzhou as one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the world
The Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, built in 1165 during the Song Dynasty
Chinese society developed into a complex mixture of landowners, free peasants, sharecroppers, and landless laborers
Most significant was the rise of the landed gentryo called the scholar-gentryo became the political and economic elite of
Chinese society Few women had any power
o An exception was Wu Zhao, known as Empress Wu, who ruled for half a century
When a woman was married, her family was expected to give a dowry to the husbando Poor families sold their daughters
The Mongols and ChinaThe Mongols created the world’s largest land empire by
conquering all of China The Mongols under Genghis Khan created the
largest land empire evero Mongols were a pastoral people from the Gobi in
what is present-day Mongolia In 1206 Genghis Khan was elected the ruler of the
Mongolso He immediately devoted his life to conquesto Upon Genghis Khan’s death in 1227, the empire
was divided into khanates
In 1279, Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, conquered the Song dynasty and established the Yuan dynasty in Chinao Kublai Khan established his capital at Khanbalik,
in what is present-day Beijing While the Mongols were successful in ruling China,
they were unsuccessful in attacking Southwest Asia The Mongols were finally unseated by internal
instability, political corruption, and excessive military spendingo In 1368 an uprising by Zhu Yuanzhang led to the
Ming dynasty
Religion and GovernmentBetween the Han and Yuan dynasties, religion’s role in
Chinese government changed Buddhism and Daoism became increasingly popular
during the Tang dynasty Buddhist monasteries acquired thousands of acres
of lands and serfso Buddhists taught that everything in the material
world is an illusion• This was contrary to Confucian teachings of
devotion to family and work Beginning in the Song dynasty, government
officials supported neo-Confucianismo the world is real and satisfaction comes from
participation
A Golden Age in Literature and ArtWith the invention of printing, a golden age of literature
and art emerged in China The golden age of Chinese literature occurred
during the Tang and Ming dynasties The invention of the printing press helped to make
literature more available to people Poetry, as expressed by Tang-era poets
Li Bo and Du Fu, was especially important to Chinese literature
Painting was an important art form during imperial Chinao Influenced by the Daoist vision, landscape painting
reached its height Tang artisans perfected the making of porcelain
Early JapanJapan’s history has been marked by power struggles
between rulers and independent families Early Japanese society was made up of a small
ruling class of aristocrats and a large population of farmers
The people lived in clans in the Yamato Plain near what are now the cities of Ōsaka and Kyōto
Prince Shōtoku Taishi tried to unify the clans of Japano He emulated the Chinese system of government
and established centralized power
In the Nara Period, the emperor began to call himself the “Son of Heaven.”o The aristocrats kept tax revenues for themselveso the centralized national government lost power
and influence During the Heian Period there was little centralized
powero The aristocratic families sought the protection of
samurai• The samurai lived by a warrior code known as
Bushido
Minamoto Yoritomo defeated the rival clans and set up a centralized government under the control of a shogun
Fighting the Mongols put a strain on the political system and the shogunate was overthrown
The collapse of central rule coincided with the rise of daimyoo Noble lordso The noble families constantly warred with each
other• by 1500 Japan was in chaos
Life in Early JapanJapan’s small size and relative isolation have had a major
effect on the development of its economy, religion, and culture
Farming provided the basis of the Japanese economyo although only about 11% of the land was tillable
Trade between regions began to increaseo Japan traded raw materials and manufactured
items in return for silk, porcelain, books, and copper coins
Women were subordinate to meno Aristocratic women were active in society and the
arts
Japanese religion was centered around the worship of spirits and became known as Shinto
Among aristocrats, a sect of Buddhism known as Zen became popular Zen would be adopted by the samurai as well
In early Japan, it was considered beneath men to write fiction Thus, women such as Mursaki Shikibu rose to
prominence
The Emergence of KoreaThe early history of Korea was marked by the presence of
dominating neighbors Korea is a mountainous peninsula Its proximity to China and Japan has greatly
influenced Korean history The Koryo dynasty emulated Chinese political
systemso The Koryo accepted Mongol rule in the thirteenth
century• This led to the fall of the dynasty
In 1392 Yi Sŏng-gye seized power and founded the Yi dynasty
India after the GuptasBuddhism, Hinduism, and Islam all influenced the
development of India The people of India retained a widespread
acceptance of Buddhism for centuries People did not always agree on the teachings of
Buddha and a split occurredo The followers who believed Buddhism was a life
philosophy became known as the school of Theravada
o The followers who believed Buddhism was a religion became known as the school of Mahayana
Buddhism eventually lost influence in India although it was transported abroad with much success
Early in the eighth century Arab armies brought Islam to northwest India
In the tenth century rebellious Turkish slaves founded the Islamic state of Ghazna (Ghaznī)
In 997, Mahmūd of Ghazna attacked Hindu kingdoms to the southeasto Mahmūd’s forces defeated the Rajputs and
extended Muslim power to the new state of the sultanate of Delhi
Mahmud of Ghanziat court
Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) ruled a Mongol state called Samarqando He attacked the capital of Delhi in 1398
• He massacred as many as 100,000 Hindu prisoners at the gates of the city
o His death in 1405 rid India and Asia of a tyrannical ruler• This allowed the Moguls and Portuguese to
gain influence in the region
Timur Lenk
Indian Society and CultureThe ruling class of India was made up of Muslims, but some
members of the Hindu population also prospered. The rich culture of India was reflected in its art, literature, architecture, and technological advances
Muslim rulers in India maintained strict separation between Muslims and Hinduso This relationship led to suspicion and distrust
between the two groups India’s location and traditional trade routes made it
a center for trade between Southwest and East Asia
Between 500 and 1500, religious architecture in India developed from caves to magnificent structures such as Hindu temples and towers
The use of prose in fiction was established in India by the sixth and seventh centurieso much earlier than most civilizationso One of the greatest authors of Sanskrit prose was
Dandin, who penned The Adventures of Ten Princes
The Peruvudaiyar Koyil Temple, the world's first complete granite temple, one of India's most prized architectural sites
The Formation of StatesThe geography of Southeast Asia led to the development of
distinct cultures throughout the region Between 500 and 1500, a number of organized
states developed throughout Southeast Asiao These states were influenced by the unique
geography of Southeast Asia The region is dominated by a mainland that
extends from China to the Malay Peninsula, and an archipelago which includes Indonesia and the Philippines
The area contains a vast array of races, cultures, and religions
The geographical barriers of the region encouraged the development of separate cultures
Vietnam was one of the first states to develop its own identityo Vietnam was heavily influenced by China
• Vietnam warred with its neighbor and eventually copied its system of government
Jayavarman II united the Khmer people and created the kingdom of Angkor (present-day Cambodia) in the ninth centuryo The proximity to enemies, such as the Burmese
kingdom of Pagan and the arrival of the Thai people in 1300, signaled the end of the Angkor Kingdom
The Thai people established their empire on the Chao Phraya Rivero They were influenced by a combination of Hindu
and Buddhist beliefs which became the modern culture of Thailand
The inhabitants of Burma were a pastoral people who grew wealthy and influential from trade in the region
The Malay region was divided between the mainland peninsula and the islands of Indonesiao This kingdom was never unified because of
geographical barrierso The people of the Malay kingdom grew wealthy
from controlling trade passing through the Strait of Malacca
o The Muslim city of Melaka became an important trading post on the peninsula• It was also influential in the spread of Islam in
the region
Life in Southeast AsiaThe growth of the states of Southeast Asia depended
largely on trade and agriculture The states of Southeast Asia can be categorized
into two groups:o agricultural societies and trading societies
Economic and political power in Southeast Asia was held by hereditary aristocratso Farmers, fishermen, artisans, and merchants
comprised the rest of the society
Women in Southeast Asia received more rights than in proximate regions
Hinduism and Buddhism were both popular in Southeast Asiao Theravada Buddhism eventually
became the religion of the masses
Standing Buddha