asian water development outlook 2013: measuring water security in asia and the pacific

7/29/2019 Asian Water Development Outlook 2013: Measuring Water Security in Asia and the Pacific

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Asian Water

DevelopmentOutlook 2013Measuring Water Security in Asia and the Pacific


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Asian Water

DevelopmentOutlook 2013Measuring Water Security in Asia and the Pacific


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2013 Asian Development Bank

All rights reserved. Published in 2013.Printed in the Philippines.

ISBN: 978-92-9092-988-8 (Print), 978-92-9092-989-5 (PDF)Publication Stock No.: BKK135522-3

Cataloging-In-Publication Data

Asian Development Bank

Asian Water Development Outlook 2013: Measuring water security in Asia and the Pacifc.Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2013.

1. Water security index. 2. Water governance. I. Asian Development Bank.

Te views expressed in this publication are those o the authors and do not necessarily reect the views and policies o the AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB) or its Board o Governors or the governments they represent, or the views and policies o the Asia-PacifcWater Forum (APWF).

ADB and APWF do not guarantee the accuracy o the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility or anyconsequence o their use.

By making any designation o or reerence to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term country in this document,ADB and APWF do not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status o any territory or area.

ADB and APWF encourage printing or copying inormation exclusively or personal and noncommercial use with properacknowledgment o ADB and APWF. Users are restricted rom reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works or commercialpurposes without the express written consent o ADB.

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Contents

Foreword by the Asian Development Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

Foreword by the Asia-Pacifc Water Forum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Foreword by the Global Water Partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

About the Asian Water Development Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Part I: aking Stock: An Objective Framework or Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Part II: aking the Pulse: Measures o Water Security and Policy Levers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Key Dimension 1: Household Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Key Dimension 2: Economic Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Key Dimension 3: Urban Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Key Dimension 4: Environmental Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Key Dimension 5: Resilience to Water-Related Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Part III: aking the Lead: Key Messages to Increase Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Appendixes

Measuring Progress toward Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Supplementary DVD with Background Papers, Cases, and Resources


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Tables

1. Asian Water Development Outlook Framework or Assessing National Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2. Description o National Water Security Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3. Policy Levers to Increase Household Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4. Policy Levers to Increase Economic Water Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

5. Policy Levers to Increase Urban Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

6. Environmental Water Security by Subregion (population-weighted). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

7. Distribution o River Health Index Determinants (% o catchment area impacted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

8. Environmental Water Security in Selected Basins and Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

9. Policy Levers to Increase Environmental Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

10. Risk or Water-Related Disasters by Subregion (population-weighted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

11. Policy Levers to Increase Water-Related Disaster Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72


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Figures

1. Water Security Framework o Five Interdependent Key Dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2. National Water Security in Asia and the Pacifc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3. Regional Water Security Index by Subregion (population-weighted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4. National Water Security and Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5. Household Water Security by Subregion (population-weighted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6. Access to Improved Water SupplyPiped and Non-Piped (%).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

7. Access to Improved Sanitation (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

8. Household Water Security and Per Capita Gross Domestic Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

9. Economic Water Security Index by Subregion (population-weighted) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

10. Economic Water Security and Per Capita Gross Domestic Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

11. Urban Water Security by Subregion (population-weighted). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

12. Water-Sensitive Cities Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

13. Urban Water SecurityProgress toward Water-Sensitive Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

14. Urban Water Security and Per Capita Gross Domestic Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

15. Resilience to Water-related Disasters by Subregion (population-weighted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

16. National Water-Related Disaster Resilience Index Relative to Per Capita Gross Domestic Product. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

17. Water-Related Disaster Resilience Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

18. Water-Related Hazard Relative to Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

19. Water-Related Disaster Fatalities Relative to National Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

20. Estimated Mean Annual Water-Related Disaster Damages ($ per person) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73


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Boxes

1. Key Dimension 1Household Water Security Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2. Going Beyond Basic Water Services to Building Resilience and Supporting Incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3. Key Dimension 2Productive Economy Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

4. Tailand Enorces Water Quality Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

5. Key Dimension 3Urban Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

6. Key Dimension 4River Basin Health Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

7. Peoples Republic o China: A Case Study o River Health Index.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

8. Key Dimension 5Resilience to Water-Related Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

9. 2011 Flooding in Tailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

10. Local Disaster Preparedness in Chitral District, Pakistan, and Eastern Nepal Plains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

11. Pulling Policy Levers through Regional Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87


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Infographics

1. Key Dimension 1: Household Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2. Key Dimension 2: Economic Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3. Key Dimension 3: Urban Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

4. Key Dimension 4: Environmental Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

5. Key Dimension 5: Resilience to Water-Related Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67


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Foreword by the Asian Development BankTis second edition o theAsian Water Development Outlook (AWDO) provides the frst quantita-tive and comprehensive view o water security in the countries o Asia and the Pacifc. By ocusing

on critical water issuesAsian Water Development Outlook 2013 (AWDO 2013) provides fnanceand planning leaders with recommendations on policy actionsto improve water governance and guidance on investments toincrease their countrys water security.

Research to prepare this second edition started soon aerthe 2007 inaugural Asia-Pacifc Water Summit in Beppu, Japan,when government leaders and ministers had discussed issues oWater Security: Leadership and Commitment. Tose discus-sions were inormed by the frst edition o the AWDO, producedor the occasion by a small group o experts commissionedby the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Asia-PacifcWater Forum (APWF). For this second edition ADB and APWF

involved a wider team o researchers and practitioners across theregion, including several o APWFs regional knowledge hubs.en knowledge centers contributed to work on this 2nd editionand were guided by advisers rom across the region and ADBsta. Tis approach has allowed the team o experts to workindependently, within a common ramework, on innovativeapproaches to measuring and thinking about water security inthe region.

In addition to its important fndings and recommendations, this report demonstrates that an inclu-sive approach or measuring water security is possible. Te frstAWDO sensitized the regions leadersto the importance o water security and the need to improve water governance. Tis edition providesleaders with a quantitative tool or assessment o water security in the region, with specifc recommen-

dations or action. Te indicators used to measure the various key dimensions o water security in thissecond edition will be urther refned through continued consultation and regional collaboration.

Preparation o the third edition o theAWDO has already started with assistance by the Asia-Pacifc Center or Water Security, which was established in Beijing in 2011 by singhua Universityand Peking University in collaboration with ADB. Te center will ocus on the wateroodenergysecurity nexus through a regional program or research and development.

ADBs Water Financing Program and Water Operational Plan 20112020 supports improvedwater security by investment in inrastructure and services, capacity development, knowledgesharing, and regional cooperation.

I thank the team o experts or completing this report. May it inspire leaders throughout Asia

and the Pacifc in their drive to increase water security.

Bindu N. Lohani

Vice-President or Knowledge Management and Sustainable Development

Asian Development Bank

Bindu N. Lohani


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Foreword by the Asia-Pacific Water ForumTeAsian Water Development Outlook 2013 (AWDO 2013) provides leaders in Asia and the Pacifcwith inormation on their national water security situation. Tis new inormation should inorm

and inspire them to lead their countries in developing a national water agendaone that integratesthe needs o various sectors and prioritizes the investments andpolicies that will advance their country along the path to greaterwater security.

Te report highlights two realities that need urgent attentionand priority action across the region. First, there is alarminginequality in access to improved water services or households othe rich and poor in urban and rural areas. Second, 80% o Asiasrivers are in poor health. Te reports messages are thereoreimportant not only to those charged with the tasks o waterservices and resource management, but crucially also to leaderso national planning and fnancial management. We cannot

claim to live in a civilized society i our people do not haveaccess to sae drinking water or to basic sanitation.

Water security, together with ood security and energysecurity, is ultimately about human security. Unless we increasewater security, we may jeopardize the regions development gainsand our currently improving living conditions. While the scaleand complexity o this multidimensional challenge are huge, solutions are within reach. Tey canbe realized through well designed policies and smart investments sustained by eective watergovernance.

Governments should assert their leadership role in guiding solutions or water security,including building stronger coalitions with the private sector and civil society. Government

corporatesociety partnerships oen result in more innovative solutions better suited to tackle thechallengesespecially i supported by timely inormation and knowledge, which is whereAWDO2013 makes an important contribution.

In both its content and its process o preparation,AWDO 2013 puts into practice theapproaches and principles that the Asia-Pacifc Water Forum promotes or regional leaders. Itemphasizes leadership and governance, which are critical to providing momentum and directionor sustainable development.

Strong support by the Asian Development Bank and other lead organizations o the Asia-Pacifc Water Forum has made this work possible. I commend the report to our regions leaders. Itshould guide their decisions and actions to address the burning issues o water insecurity and tobuild more water-secure and resilient communities, cities, and economies.

ommy Koh

Chair, Governing Council

Asia-Pacifc Water Forum

Tommy Koh


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Foreword by the Global Water PartnershipWater security in Asia and the Pacifc is under threat rom many sources: population growth,urbanization, increasing water pollution, the over-abstraction o groundwater, water-related disas-

ters, and climate change. Current planning and management have proven insucient to addressthe challenges o meeting societys diverse needs or water.Improving agricultural water productivity, achieving energyobjectives, satisying growing industrial water requirements,and protecting water quality and vitally important naturalecosystems are challenges we still ace. Te social, economic,and political consequences o water shortages are real, as are theeects o water-related disasters exacerbated by climate change.

TeAsian Water Development Outlook 2013 (AWDO 2013)isthe product o an immense amount o work. It provides a robust,pragmatic, and readily understood ramework to assess watersecurity. Te care with which water security in Asia and the

Pacifc is analyzed to develop a composite index is commend-able. With its ocus on outcomesa uture we wantthe rame-work supports eective decision-making through the analysiso each key dimension o the water security challenge. Tebasic message is one o urgency, and the recommended policylevers help to elaborate action agendas or water security in eachcountry, river basin, and city.

Te Global Water Partnerships vision is or a water-secure world where the dimensions owater security are addressed together through the process o integrated water resources manage-ment. Te goal is to increase water security by balancing societal requirements with the avail-ability o natural water resources. Tis requires long-term engagement o governments withprivate and civil society partners to address usage and wastage, retention and pollution, and

balancing todays needs with those o uture generations. Hence, understanding the connectivitybetween the multiple dimensions o water security is a critical step in eective policy design,policy implementation, and consensus building. Political will, as well as political skill, needs

visionary and strong leadership to bring opposing interests into balance, to inorm policy makingwith scientifc understanding, and to negotiate decisions that are socially accepted.

AWDO 2013 oers countries a helpul ramework or collecting and processing data inways that enable them to track their progress toward national water security. Te challengesto increased water security are rooted in political, economic, social, and environmental issueswhich are becoming more entwined and cannot be solved unless a broader set o stakeholders areinvolved in long-term collaboration.

Mohamed Ait-Kadi

Chair, echnical Committee

Global Water Partnership

Mohamed Ait-Kadi


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About theAsian WaterDevelopment Outlook

How theAsian Water Development Outlook Started

Water security is both an increasing concern and an imperative critical need or sustainable devel-opment in Asia and the Pacifc. Increasingly requent oods and droughts, uncontrolled releaseso pollutants to rivers and lakes, and high levels o political dialogue about climate change impactshave brought water issues to the notice o the public across the region. Expanding populations needmore water or drinking, hygiene, and ood production. Expanding economies require an increasedenergy supply, which in turn relies on access to more water. Most o the industries that are drivingeconomic growth across the region require reliable supplies o reshwater in some part o theirprocess. At the same time, as communities become wealthier, the demand or protection o ecosys-

tems increases. Competing demands on water resources or these dierent uses make integratedwater resources management essential to enable provision o secure water services.

TeAsian Water Development Outlook (AWDO) was created by the Asia-Pacifc Water Forum(APWF) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to highlight important water management issues.Te frst edition oAWDO1 was published in 2007 to inorm leaders meeting at the frst Asia-PacifcWater Summit in Beppu, Japan.2 Te inaugural edition underlined the need to address water securitywith a broader perspective than traditional sector-ocused approaches.AWDO 2007highlightedgovernance as a common actor that has constrained eorts to increase water security in Asia andthe Pacifc.3 Te 2007 report was well received by leaders, practitioners, and the media and is avail-able in our languages. In response to the two key messages oAWDO 2007and the Beppu summit,APWF and ADB set out to prepare a second edition oAWDO to answer the implicit challengeacing the leaders at the Beppu summit: that we cannot manage what we do not measure.

Prepared or leaders and policy makers o fnance and planning departments as well as or waterpractitioners and researchers,AWDO 2013 introduces a comprehensive assessment ramework or watersecurity as a oundation or the creation o a water-secure uture or the people o Asia and the Pacifc.

Mobilizing Regional Knowledge

AWDO 2013 draws on the expertise o ten o the leading water knowledge organizations in Asiaand the Pacifc, with additional guidance rom specialists drawn rom all fve subregions (pleasesee Acknowledgments).4 Working as a team, these organizations have used their geographic andintellectual diversity to create a shared vision o water security and to develop a practical meth-odology to measure the regions progress toward that vision. Te team included several regionalknowledge hubs, established at the request o the regions leaders at the 2007 Beppu summit. Te

knowledge hubs are intended to help the region navigate toward a secure water uture.5

1 ADB. 2007.Asian Water Development Outlook 2007. Manila.

2 Asia-Pacific Water Forum. 2007. First Asia-Pacific Water Summit: Message from Beppu. Beppu, Japan.

3 AWDO 2007also included a proposal for a methodology to measure the regions performance in providing water supply through theIndex of Drinking Water Adequacy.

4 The five subregions are Central and West Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific.

5 The Asia-Pacific Water Forums Knowledge Hubs initiative includes 17 hubs to address important topics for water security. Each hub connectsand serves a network of clients and partners in its specific knowledge domain. Such knowledge networking is helping local leaders adapt bettersolutions and inform national leaders at subsequent water summits about progress and priorities. See http://www.apwf-knowledgehubs.net.


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Tis edition oAWDO presents the fndings o empirical studies used to assess the state o watersecurity in Asia and the Pacifc. TeAWDO 2013 indicators characterize the complex role o waterin human, social, economic, and environmental evolution. Although there may be an appearance ooversimplifcation o some o the issues in the defnition o the indexes used, this simplifcation is areection o the present availability o reliable data on which to base assessments.

Te indexes presented here are the last word in measuring water security, and individual keydimensions and composite indicators may be urther refned in the preparation o uture editionsoAWDO. Nonetheless, the present indexes are an important initial achievementthe frst stepstoward creating an objective ramework to quantiy national and regional water security.

A Vision and Framework for Water Security

Te quantitative measurement o water security introduced byAWDO 2013 lays a oundation ormeasurement o progress toward a water-secure uture or the people o Asia and the Pacifc. Tecountry-based fndings, rankings, and key messages in the report indicate directions and priori-ties or increased investment, improved governance, and expanded capacity building.AWDO alsoprovides a baseline or the analysis o trends and the impact o policies and reorms that can be

monitored and reported to stakeholders through uture editions oAWDO.

In developing the analytical ramework, the team craed a shared vision o water security:

Societies can enjoy water security when they successully manage their water resources andservices to

1. satisy household water and sanitation needs in all communities;

2. support productive economies in agriculture, industry, and energy;

3. develop vibrant, livable cities and towns;

4. restore healthy rivers and ecosystems; and

5. build resilient communities that can adapt to change.

Tis shared vision provided the basis or a new, more comprehensive defnition o watersecurity. By measuring water security in fve dimensions,AWDO provides leaders with new waysto look at their countries strengths and weaknesses in water resource management and servicedelivery.AWDO 2013 includes groundbreaking research undertaken to develop new tools toquantiy water security in the region. By explicitly recognizing the tensions that now exist betweenalternate uses o water, theAWDO indicators provide leaders with tools to more confdently andappropriately allocate resources to achieve greater water security.

Taking the Lead

Creating improvements in water security will not happen without committed leadership bypoliticians, water sector proessionals, and leaders o civil society. Te data and tools presentedinAWDO 2013 provide a basis or measuring the eect o actions to drive increases in watersecurity or individuals, economies, environments, and nations. Coordinated action requires ashared vision, motivated actors, and creation o momentum ueled by knowledge and determina-tion to achieve a secure water uture in Asia and the Pacifc. Leaders and civil society will have totake deliberate steps to address areas o poor perormance; otherwise, water security will not beincreased.AWDO 2013 indicates the areas in which leaders can initiate action to put their coun-tries on a path to greater water security. TeAWDO indicators can help leaders choose actions


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that will bring about a more water-secure uture or all in Asia and the Pacifc. Because o thecritical role o governance, water security has become as much a choice as a goal. 6

Continuing the Story

Te drive to increase water security in Asia and the Pacifc will continue beyond the publicationoAWDO 2013. In 2011, the Asia-Pacifc Center or Water Security was established by singhuaUniversity and Peking University, in partnership with ADB. Te center will take a leading rolein urther refnement o theAWDO tools and techniques to enable more detailed measurementso water security in the uture. In this way, the work oAWDO will be transormed rom a teamproject into an ongoing regional program. Te work o the Asia-Pacifc Center or Water Securitywill strengthen collaboration among governments, leaders o civil society, water sector proes-sionals, and research partners. ogether, these partners will generate new inormation and knowl-edge sharing, research, and capacity development, and will support the development o leadershipor water security. Work has already begun to downscale the indicators to support more detailedanalysis o water security in river basins and administrative regions.

Numbers can never tell the entire story, or at least not very airly. Te assessments o water

security presented inAWDO 2013 must be recognized as a frst snapshot, which does not yetmeasure or show progress and trends.AWDO 2013 does provide a new baseline or leaders toassess progress toward water security. For all the worrisome stories o water insecurity in theregion, there also are inspiring stories o leadership, response, and innovationand not just in theadvanced economies but also in the towns and basins in developing economies across the region.

Supported by collaborative initiatives, subsequent editions oAWDO will include analysis othe impact o policy and governance decisions on the status o water security.

Reading theAsian Water Development Outlook 2013

AWDO 2013 is presented in three parts. Part I introduces the fve key dimensions o water security

and presents the combination o indicators or assessment o national water security. Te assess-ments or individual countries are aggregated to provide regional snapshots, with overviews owhat the fndings mean, identiying regional issues and hot spots where urgent action is requiredto improve water security.

Part II applies the indicators to demonstrate how countries in Asia and the Pacifc measureup against theAWDO vision o water security, discusses what is at stake, and introduces policylevers that may be used to increase security in each key dimension. It summarizes the backgroundpapers and analyses that underpin this edition oAWDO.7

Part III presents a summary o policy and strategic actions to increase water security, synthe-sized as key messages to assist political, water sector, and civil society leaders guide actions onwater security nationally, in river basins, and in communities.

6 Water governance may be defined as the range of political, social, economic, and administrative systems that are in place to regulatethe development and management of water resources and the provision of water services at different levels of society. See http://waterwiki.net/index.php/Q%26A:_Water_Governance#Most_widely_used_definition.

7 Background papers and additional case studies are available on theAWDO 2013 supplementary DVD, and the printed edition isavailable on the APWF website at http://www.apwf.org.


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Part I

Taking Stock: An Objective

Framework for Water Security

Part ITaking Stock: An Objective

Framework for Water Security


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2 Asian Water Development Outlook 2013

Enjoying a public fountain: Countries around Asia and the Pacific are working to develop vibrant, livable citiesand towns.


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3Part I: Taking Stock: An Objective Framework for Water Security

The Stage and Agenda

At the inaugural Asia-Pacifc Water Summit, held inBeppu, Japan, in December 2007, regional leaders ofnance, planning, and the water sector gathered to

discuss the state o the regions water security and the role ogovernance. In theirMessage rom Beppu, the leaders recognized

frst and oremost that access to sae drinking water and sanita-tion is a basic human right (ootnote 2). Second, they agreedto substantially increase the allocation o resources to improvewater governance, seeking greater eciency, transparency, andequity. Tird, leaders called on the Asia-Pacifc Water Forumto establish regional knowledge hubs to research and advise onimportant water security issues. Te intent is to encourage widerknowledge sharing and to connect local leaders with inormationthat will help them develop better solutions.

Te world has changed since Beppu. Some countries have succeeded in

moving water up the national development agenda and have made progresswith reorms and investments. Aer yphoon Ketsana devastated parts oMetro Manila in 2009, the Philippines president signed into law the Philip-pine Climate Change Act o 2009, which is one o the most comprehensiveand integrated pieces o legislation in the region so ar. When eectivelyimplemented, the law will improve communities resilience to water-relatedhazards. In 2011, the Peoples Republic o China (PRC) Number OneDecree, an annual policy paper that details the central governments policypriorities, committed to doubling annual investment in the water sector,reaching CNY4 trillion ($608 billion) by 2020.8 Tese signifcant invest-ments will ocus on addressing the countrys growing water scarcity, degra-dation o water resources and water quality, and increased exposure to oodhazards. In 2012, the PRC set perormance targets or industry, irrigation,

and water quality, supported by institutional measures to drive increasedwater security as an essential base or a sustainable economy.9

8 Central Communist Party Committee and State Council. 2011. Decision on Speeding up the Reformand Development in the Water Sector. Beijing.

9 Central Communist Party Committee and State Council. 2012. Regulation on Implementing the Strict-est Water Resources Management System. Beijing.A

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Global and regional events sinceBeppu have brought the importanceo water into the public eye. First, theeect o the global fnancial crisison capital markets has constrained

investment in water security in manycountries in the region. Second, recur-ring spikes in ood prices related tooods and droughts have exposed the

vulnerability o national ood security.And third, a number o extremeweather events have caused oods anddroughts that have been catastrophic.Te lives lost, damages, and directeconomic losses have put a strainon employment, social services, andinrastructure.

What has not changed sinceBeppu in 2007 is the need or bettergovernance. As the frst edition o

AWDO (2007) stated, I some o theAsian DMCs [developing membercountries] ace a water crisis in theuture, it will not be because o phys-ical scarcity o water, but because oinadequate or inappropriate watergovernance ... Major and undamental changes in water governance practices are needed in nearlyall the Asian DMCs.(ootnote 1).

Water scarcity is a historical and geographic reality or some countries, especially in the dry

season; however, it also can be an outcome o awed policies and management systems. It isincreasingly evident that water governance remains as relevant today as ever. Good managemento both natural and human-induced water problems will contribute to achieving economic, social,and environmental progress and security.

Te indicators or each o the fve dimensions o water security help governments and civilsociety assess progress toward national water security.10 By measuring national water securityas an aggregate o the indicators (Figure 1), the interdependent nature o water uses is explicitlyrecognized. Tis interdependence means that increasing water security in one dimension mayaect security in another dimension while simultaneously increasing or decreasing the indicatedoverall national water security.

Water Security in Five DimensionsAWDO measures water security in fve key dimensions (able 1) because a single ocus on anyone o these is insucient to guide decisions or assess outcomes in the water sector. Te AWDO

vision o water security is designed to represent the multiple dimensions o water in peoples livesand livelihoods, with poverty reduction and governance as crosscutting perspectives in each o thefve dimensions.

10 Further details about the composition of each of these indexes are provided in Part II of this report, in the appendixes, and in thebackground reports on theAWDO 2013 supplementary DVD.

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FIGURE 1

Water Security Framework of Five Interdependent Key Dimensions

National

WaterSecurity

Household Water Security

UrbanWaterSecurity

EconomicWater

Security

EnvironmentalWaterSecurity

Resilience toWater-Related

Disasters

Key Dimension 1:Household Water Security

Te oundation and cornerstone o water security is what happens at the household level.Providing all people with reliable, sae water and sanitation services should be the top priority oAsias leaders. Household water security is an essential oundation or eorts to eradicate povertyand support economic development.

Key Dimension 2:Economic Water Security

Water grows our ood, powers our industry, and cools our energy-generating plants. Te use owater in these sectors must no longer be seen in isolation rom each other. Debate about the wateroodenergy nexus has begun to raise general awareness about the critical interaction among wateruses to support economic activities. Economic water security measures the productive use o waterto sustain economic growth in the ood production, industry, and energy sectors o the economy.


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Key Dimension 3:Urban Water Security

In Asia and the Pacifc, about 43% o the population currently lives in urban areas; however,the urban proportion has risen by 29% over the past 20 years, more rapidly than in any otherregion.11 Aer a century o transormation rom agrarian rural societies to urban centers, and thecreation o the worlds largest number o megacities, Asias cities have become important driverso the economy. Te urban water security indicators measure the creation o better water manage-ment and services to support vibrant and livable water-sensitive cities.

Key Dimension 4:Environmental Water Security

Asias environment and precious natural resources have suered greatly rom decades oneglect as governments across the region prioritized rapid economic growth over environmentalobjectives. Asias leaders are now starting to green their economies as a broader ocus on sustain-able development and inclusive growth gains ground. Te environmental water security indicatorassesses the health o rivers and measures progress on restoring rivers and ecosystems to health ona national and regional scale. Te sustainability o development and improved lives depends onthese natural resources.

Key Dimension 5:

Resilience to Water-Related DisastersTe regions growing prosperity has involved unprecedented changes in economic activity,

urbanization, diets, trade, culture, and communication. It has also brought increasing levels ouncertainty and risk rom climate variability and change. Te resilience o communities in Asiaand the Pacifc to these changes, and especially to water-related disaster risks, is assessed with theindicator o resilience to water-related disasters. Te building o resilient communities that canadapt to change and are able to reduce risk rom natural disasters related to water must be acceler-ated to minimize the impact o uture disasters.

11 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. 2011. Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2011.Bangkok. Available at http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2011/I-People/Urbanization.asp.


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National Water Security

Te overall national water security o each country is assessed as the composite result o the fvekey dimensions, measured on a scale o 15. Te pentagram o water security (Figure 1) illustratesthat the dimensions o water security are related and interdependent, and should not be treated inisolation o each other.

Te interdependence o the actors that determine water security in each dimension meansthat increases in water security will be achieved by governments that break the traditional sectorsilos to fnd the ways and means to manage the linkages, synergies, and trade-os among thedimensions. Tis is the process known as integrated water resources management, which was

adopted by world leaders in Johannesburg in 2002 at the Summit on Sustainable Development,and which was rearmed at the Rio+20 Summit in 2012.

Te meanings o the fve stages o water security assessment are summarized in able 2. AtNational Water Security Index (NWSI = 1 or Stage 1), the national water situation is hazardousand there is a large gap between the current state and the acceptable levels o water security. AtNWSI Stage 5, the country may be considered a model or its management o water servicesand water resources, and the country is as water-secure as possible under current circum-stances. No countries in Asia and the Pacifc were ound to have reached stage 5 by 2012.12

12 The following countries have achieved the respective National Water Security Index (NWSI) values: NWSI = 1: Afghanistan,

TABLE 1

Asian Water Development Outlook Framework for AssessingNational Water Security

Key Dimension Index What the index measuresNational Water

Security

National water security How ar countries have progressed toward

national water security. The index combines the

fve dimensions o water security, measured by

key dimensions 1 to 5 (see Appendix 1).

Key

Dimension 1

Household water

security

To what extent countries are satisying their household

water and sanitation needs and improving hygiene or

public health. The household water security index is

a composite o three subindexes (see Appendix 2).

Key

Dimension 2

Economic water

security

The productive use o water to sustain economic growth

in ood production, industry, and energy. The index is

a composite o three subindexes (see Appendix 3).

KeyDimension 3

Urban water security Progress toward better urban water servicesand management to develop vibrant, livable

cities and towns. The index is a composite

o three subindexes (see Appendix 4).

Key

Dimension 4

Environmental

water security

How well river basins are being developed and

managed to sustain ecosystem services. The

index is determined by spatial analysis o our

subindexes o river health (see Appendix 5).

Key

Dimension 5

Resilience

to water-related

disasters

The capacity to cope with and recover rom the

impacts o water-related disasters. The index is a

composite o three subindexes (see Appendix 6).

Note: Full definitions of the derivation of the indicators and data are provided on theAWDO 2013 supplementary DVD.


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Appendix 1 presents the summaryo assessments o each key dimension,and the estimated national water secu-rity stages are summarized in Figure 2.Te underlying causes o 37 o the 49countries being assessed as remaining atNational Water Security Stage 1 or Stage 2are discussed in more detail in Part II.

Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Kiribati, Nauru, Pakistan, and Tuvalu. NWSI = 2: Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Peoples Republic of China,Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Georgia, Indonesia, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Maldives,Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka,Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, and Viet Nam. NWSI = 3: Armenia; Brunei Darussalam; HongKong, China; Japan; Kazakhstan; Malaysia; Republic of Korea; Singapore; Taipei,China; and Tajikistan. NWSI = 4: Australia and NewZealand. NWSI = 5: None.

TABLE 2

Description of National Water Security Stages

National Water

Security Index

National Water

Security Stage Description

5 Model Sustainable local agencies and services; sustainedsources o public fnancing or water andenvironmental protection and management;sustainable levels o public water consumption; andgovernment demonstrating new models o watergovernance, supporting advanced technology,supporting research and development, andinitiating or leading international partnerships.

4 Eective Water security initiatives built into key national,urban, basin, and rural development master plans;high priority on national development agenda;public investment reaching appropriate levels;eective regulation; and public awareness andbehavioral change are a government priority.

3 Capable Continuous capacity building; improving rates o publicinvestment; stronger regulation and enorcement;national development agenda prioritizing waterand environment; and ocus shiting towardimproving local technical and fnancial capacity.

2 Engaged Legislation and policy supported by governmentcapacity-building programs; institutional arrangementsimproving; and levels o public investment increasing(although these rates may still be inadequate).

1 Hazardous Some legislation and policy on water andenvironment, and inadequate levels o publicinvestment, regulations, and enorcement.

Note: These descriptions relate the water security stage with various governance factors that are likely to be true ofcountries at the indicated stage.

FIGURE 2

National Water Security in Asiaand the Pacific

National Water Securit Index

Number

ofcountries

0

10

20

30

8

29

10

20

1 2 3 4 5


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Vision, Reality, andHot Spots

Detailed data or each country is given in the

appendixes, and uller descriptions o the develop-ment o the indicators are given in the backgroundpapers on theAWDO 2013 supplementary DVD.

Te countries and regions13 with low indexvalues or water security are described as hotspots, where additional eorts and well-targetedinvestments are required to improve water secu-rity. Countries in regions with low levels o watersecurity may be expected to be disproportionallyaected by the potential eects o climate changeand other stresses on water management. Te eecto climate change on livelihoods and economies

in these regions could become disastrous unlesstargeted measures are taken to improve the specifcwater security dimensions that leave countriesespecially vulnerable.

At a regional scale (Figure 3), the Water SecurityIndex confrms South Asia (Water Security Index= 1.6) as a hot spot where populations and econo-mies are being adversely impacted by poor watersecurity. South Asia is less secure than all otherregions in terms o its household water security(including sanitation), urban water security, envi-ronmental water security, and resilience to water-

related disasters. South Asia is slightly more securein its economic water security than Central andWest Asia. Central and West Asia is second lowest-ranked or overall regional water security.

Advanced economies are the most water-secure in the region, as indicated by their highernational water security scores. However, the GreatEast Japan Earthquake and tsunami in March2011 and ooding in Tailand in late 2011 havedemonstrated that countries are vulnerable towater-related hazards regardless o their economicdevelopment. Tese events also brought into sharp

ocus the increased connection between economies

13 Central and West Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, andUzbekistan. East Asia: Peoples Republic of China, Mongolia, andTaipei,China. Pacific: Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia,Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea,Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan,and Sri Lanka. Southeast Asia: Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PeoplesDemocratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, andViet Nam. Advanced economies: Australia; Brunei Darussalam; HongKong, China; Japan; New Zealand; Republic of Korea; and Singapore.

Centraland

WestAsia

Household water security

Economic water security

Urban water security

Environmental water security

Resilience to waterrelated disasters

Water Security Index

2.3

3.0

1.6

1.9

2.0

2.2

East

Asia







Pacific







South

Asia




Environmental water securityResilience to water

related disasters


Southeast

Asia







Advanced

Economies

Household water securityEconomic water security





3.0

4.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.6

1.5

3.5

1.8

3.5

1.8

2.4

1.0

3.1

1.0

1.01.8

1.6

2.4

3.3

1.6

2.4

1.9

2.3

5.03.6

2.9

2.3

2.9

3.3

FIGURE 3

Regional Water Security Index by Subregion(population-weighted)

Note: The subregional index values are population-weighted averagesof the values for individual countries. The composite National WaterSecurity Index values are the simple averages of the five key dimensionindex values. To ensure that every country is represented in the index,expert opinions were given in place of missing data.


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and production chains and the vulnerability o supply chains to disruption by natural events. Asa result o increased regional integration, the economic water security o one country can havesignifcant impacts that extend well beyond its own borders.

For each country, the assessment o water security in each key dimension indicates sectorswhere the allocation o resources or capacity building and ocused investments could accel-erate the movement toward a secure water uture. Te indexes also indicate where urthereort and investments are required to achieve the vision o a water-secure society that willsupport inclusive social and economic development. InAWDO 2007, the importance o goodgovernance in determining the extent o water security was raised. Combining assessments onational water security with World Bank statistics on governance shows that, with some excep-tions, the better the governance assessment the higher the water security assessment (Figure 4).

TeAWDO water security ramework provides the essential oundation or leaders tokick-start transormational changes in management o the water sector. Tese changes will beessential to drive improvement in how the regions industrial, agricultural, and household usersthink about and use the precious resource, water. Without clear and committed leadership toguide these changes the ull potential to increase water security or all o Asia and the Pacifcs

multiplicity o water users may be lost. Where leaders make the choice to commit to action,the analysis made possible byAWDO 2013 will provide the means to measure the impacts o

Afghanistan

Armenia

Australia

Azerbaijan

Bangladesh

Bhutan

Brunei Darussalam

Cambodia

Cook IslandsFederated States of Micronesia

Fiji

Georgia

Hong Kong,China

India

Indonesia

Japan

Kazakhstan

KiribatiKiribati

Kyrgyz Republic

Lao PDR

Malaysia

Maldives

Marshall Islands

MongoliaMyanmar

Nauru

Nepal

New Zealand

Niue

Pakistan

Palau

Papua NewGuinea

PRCPhilippines

Republic of Korea

Samoa

Singapore

Solomon Islands

SriLanka

Taipei,China

Tajikistan

Thailand

Timor-LesteTonga

Turkmenistan

Tuvalu

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Viet Nam

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

NationalWaterSecurityIndicator

0.0 0.50.25 1.01.00.75

Governance Index

FIGURE 4

National Water Security and Governance

Lao PDR = Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, PRC = Peoples Republic of China.

Source: World Bank. Worldwide Governance Indicators. http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp2013.


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those choices. What is clear is that the progress made so ar in the individual water use sectorsis no guarantee or a water-secure uture or many o the people and economies in Asia and thePacifc. Weaknesses in one key dimension can threaten the progress made in another.AWDOwill help in determining how to keep the balance between water uses and assess potential trade-os between competing demands.


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Part II

Taking the Pulse: Measures of WaterSecurity and Policy Levers

Part IITaking the Pulse: Measures of

Water Security and Policy Levers


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Waiting for water in Bangladesh: Providing reliable and safe water is an essential foundationfor eradicating poverty.


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15Part II: Taking the Pulse: Measures of Water Security and Policy Levers

heAsian Water Development Outlook 2013 (AWDO2013) provides political leaders, decision makers,and water sector proessionals with a comprehensive

assessment o water security in Asia and the Pacifc. Te frstedition oAWDO, in 2007, brought together a collection oacts, data, and experiences to provide a comparative over-view o water and sanitation in the countries o Asia and the

Pacifc.14 Tis 2013 edition oAWDO again brings togethera wide array o data on the region and presents new tools orassessing water security that build on the fndings oAWDO2007. Tis is the frst step toward a systematic approach toquantiying national, basin, and city water security, bringingtogether a wide array o data to assess progress toward watersecurity using standardized indexes.15

Te ollowing sections present assessments o water security or 49countries in Asia and the Pacifc.16

A summary o national water security estimates is given in Appendix 1,

with urther details o the assessment o each dimension o water securitygiven in Appendixes 2 to 6. Te implications o low water security arediscussed, and policy options enabling leaders to increase water securityare oered.

14 AWDO 2007introduced an index of drinking water adequacy, developed by Bhanoji Rao and de-scribed in ADB. 2007.Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in Asia: Indicators and Implications.Discussion paper on theAsian Water Development Outlook DVD. Manila.

15 Detailed descriptions of theAWDOvision and analysis of water security in each of five key dimen-sions are provided on theAWDO 2013 supplementary DVD attached to this report. Backgroundpapers present the underlying assumptions and derivation of the selected indicators.AWDO 2013papers and data are also available on ADBs water website at http://www.adb.org/water.

16 Analysis is presented for each country when sufficiently reliable data are available in the publicdomain. Where data were not available, expert opinion was used to estimate index values.

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Key Dimension 1:Household Water Security

To satisfy household water supply and sanitation needs in all communitiesAsia and the Pacifc is an early achiever o the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) o

halving the proportion o people without access to sae drinking water (MDG arget 10).17Unortunately, this commendable achievement has been obtained with extremely uneven resultsamong countries and with a urther widening o the divide between rich and poor and betweenurban and rural populations. Furthermore, the target makes no distinction between secure pipedaccess to households and other orms o improved water supply. And fnally, the sanitation target

17 United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO). 2012. Progress on Drinking Water and Sanita-tion2012 Update. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. New York.

An Acehnese woman bathes her baby. There is a widening gap between the rich and poorin urban areas in Asia when it comes to access to secure, clean water.

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has not been achieved. Te household water security index measures the achievement o a higherstandard o services, including piped water supply, access to improved sanitation, and hygiene(Box 1). Te estimated household water security in 49 countries in Asia and the Pacifc is summa-rized in Appendix 2.

BOX 1

Key Dimension 1Household Water Security Index

Key Dimension 1 provides an assessment of the extent to which countries are satis-fying their household water and sanitation needs and improving hygiene for publichealth in all communities. The household water security index is a composite of threesubindexes:

access to piped water supply (%),

access to improved sanitation (%), and

hygiene (age-standardized disability-adjusted life years per 100,000 people forthe incidence of diarrhea).

See Appendix 2 for more detail.

This index was developed for theAsian Water Development Outlookby the UnitedNations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.

How Does Asia and the Pacific Measure Up?

Access to water supply. Between 1990 and 2010, 18% more households in the region gainedaccess to an improved supply o water (piped and non-piped). Tis achievement translates into

an additional 1.7 billion people gaining access to sae water, confrming, in broad terms, that Asiahas achieved the MDG water supply target. However, this achievement masks the wide variationin service provision among and within subregions. According to the MDG fgures, the proportiono the regions population with access to improved drinking water sources has increased rom 74%to 91%. Progress has been made in all subregions except the Pacifc, where access remains lowin both relative and absolute terms, at 54%. Te Pacifc subregion has not yet been successul inreducing the proportion o people without access to sae drinking water.

Clean hands inMyanmar: Morethan 900 millionpeople in Asiagained accessto piped watersupply between1990 and 2010.

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Access to piped water supply. Using the morestringent target o access to sae piped water supply,the data show a signifcantly dierent story. Althoughmore than 900 million people gained access to pipedwater supply between 1990 and 2010, this still means

that more than 65% o the regions population doesnot have what should be considered a secure house-hold water supply. In the Pacifc islands, the situationis even less encouraging, with only an average 21%o the population having a piped water supply. Asshown in Figure 5, throughout Asia and the Pacifc,the number o people with a tap in the house lagssignifcantly behind the overall MDG fgures orimproved water supply.

Access to sanitation. Sanitation coverage in Asiaand the Pacifc remains a bigger and still unulflledchallenge. MDG arget 10to reduce by hal the

proportion o people without access to improvedsanitationwill not be met in the region by 2015.Although the percentage o people with access toimproved sanitation acilities rose rom 36% in 1990to 58% in 2010, 1.74 billion people in Asia and thePacifc continue to live without access to improvedsanitation. More than 792 million people still suerthe indignity o practicing open deecation, andmore than 631 million o these people live in ruralSouth Asia (ootnote 17). By 2010, only around58% o people had access to improved sanitation,and it is unlikely that sanitation coverage will reach62% by 2015, the coverage required to achieve the

MDG target. Tere are some bright spots, withSoutheast Asia making rapid progress, expandingcoverage by 23% between 1990 and 2010, and EastAsia expanding coverage by 35% in the same period.However, although South Asia has increased accessto improved sanitation by 16%, only about 38% othe population was covered in 2010.

South Asia is a hot spot where urgent eorts arenecessary to reverse the stark and alarming inequityo access that persists, particularly in rural areas. It isestimated that 90%96% o the rural rich have accessto sanitation, whereas only 2%4% o the rural poor

have access. Disappointingly, there has been littleprogress on improving access to sanitation in thePacifc islands (50%).

Hygiene. Diarrheal diseases are caused mainlyby the ingestion o pathogens in water.18 About 88%

18 Poor water quality, inadequate treatment, inadequate sanitation, andpoor hygiene are the perfect public health storm, creating a pathwayfor transmission of pathogens through surface and groundwaterinto food and drinking water, and through contact with human andanimal excreta.

Central and West Asia

East Asia

Pacific

South Asia

Southeast Asia

Advanced Economies

77%

64%

50%

38%

69%

100%

Access to sanitation (%)


East Asia

Pacific

South Asia

Southeast Asia

Advanced Economies

1,448

412

418

1,006

849

70

Hygiene (DALYs per 100,000 people)

1.0


East Asia

Pacific

South AsiaSoutheast Asia

Advanced Economies

2.3

3.0

1.5

2.4

5.0

Index


East Asia

Pacific

South Asia

Southeast Asia

Advanced Economies

Access to water supply (%)77%

40%

91%68%

54%21%

91%23%

88%30%

100%

96%

PipedTotal

FIGURE 5

Household Water Security by Subregion(population-weighted)

Note: Data for the following countries were not available, becausethey are not included in the UN monitoring system for the MillenniumDevelopment Goals, and therefore are not reflected in their respectivesubregions: Brunei Darussalam (Southeast Asia); Taipei,China and HongKong, China(East Asia); and Turkmenistan (Central and West Asia).

Source: Based on data sources reported in the AWDO 2013 backgroundpaper Water Security Key Dimension 1: Satisfying Household Needs forWater and Sanitation, available on the AWDO 2013 supplementary DVD.


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o all diarrhea cases worldwide have beenattributed to lack o adequate access to waterand sanitation.19

o measure the health impact o improvedaccess to water supply and sanitation services,

AWDO 2013 assesses hygiene status using theage-standardized disability-adjusted lie years(DALYs) index, which measures the diarrhealincidence per 100,000 people.20

Te hygiene status o people in Central andWest Asia and in South Asia is substantially lowerthan in the other regions, where the monitoredDALYs are considerably above 1,000 per 100,000people (Figure 5).

Te inequality calamity. In Asia andthe Pacifc, the correlation between incomeand access is unequivocalthe wealthy havebetter access than the poor to water supply(Figure 6) and sanitation (Figure 7). In addi-tion, the disparity is growing, especially in theburgeoning smaller cities across the region. Temost striking inequality is in access to sanitationin smaller cities. Dierences between richer andpoorer communities amount to 96% in Nepaland 92% in Cambodia, India, and Pakistan.Municipal authorities in rapidly urbanizingtowns and small cities oen do not have thecapacity to meet the demand or housing,

leading to a prolieration o slums without, or atbest with very poor, public services.

Analysis or theAWDO 2013 householdwater security index (Appendix 2) confrmedwide disparities in access, indicating that theregion still has substantial investments to makebeore these critical services are universallyavailable. Surveys undertaken orAWDO 2013in our countries revealed urther issues oconcern behind the MDG fgures or watersupply and sanitation. Tese surveys showedthat the percentage o acilities in operating

condition is lower than the headline statisticso installed acilities recorded in governmentfgures. Tis suggests that, although the MDGshave prompted great ocus on provision oservices, the published MDG fgures may be

19 A. Pruss-Ustun, R. Bos, F. Gore, J. Bartram. 2008. Safer Water,Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interven-tions to Protect and Promote Health. Geneva: WHO.

20 WHO. Metrics: Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY).http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_daly/en/.

Poorest

Poorer

Middle

Richer

Richest

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Poorest

Poorer

Middle

Richer

Richest

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Rural

Urban

UnimprovedImproved

Source: United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization(WHO). 2012. Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation2012 Update.WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.New York.

FIGURE 6

Access to Improved Water SupplyPiped andNon-Piped (%)

Poorest

Poorer

Middle

Richer

Richest

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Poorest

Poorer

Middle

Richer

Richest

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Rural

Urban

UnimprovedImproved

Source: United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization(WHO). 2012. Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation2012 Update.WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.New York.

FIGURE 7

Access to Improved Sanitation (%)


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21Key Dimension 1

Household Water SecurityTo satisfy household water supply and sanitation needs in all communities

Household water security is essential to eradicate poverty.The poorest households in Asia have been let behind, according to results o theAWDO 2013 household water security index.The richest households have benefted most rom investments to increase access to sae drinking water and sanitation.

VisionSocieties can enjoy

household water

security when they

successfully manage their

water resources and services

to satisfy household water and

sanitation needs in all communities.

Household Water Securityby Subregion (population-weighted)

Asia andthe Pacific

More than 60% ohouseholds livewithout sae, pipedwater supply and

improved sanitation.

South Asia andthe PacificThese are hot spots with

lowest coveragein piped water supply andimproved sanitation.

Inequity in accessis highest in South Asia.

World

Government leaders are

working toward the

2015 target toreduce by hal

the proportion o people without sae

drinking water and improved sanitation.

1.0


East Asia

Pacific

South Asia

South East Asia

Advanced Economies

2.3

3.0

1.5

2.45.

Index

ChallengesWithout increased investment and maintenance of facilities

modest gains over the past 15 years will be lost.Failure to overcome the inertia in sanitationinvestments will cancel out the benefits from increased acces

to safe drinking water.

The region needs $59 billion in investments or watesupply and $71 billion for improved sanitation.

Actions to be TakenIntegrate financing for water and sanitation into national

accounts and planning. Each dollar invested in waterand sanitation is likely to return $5$46 in reduced healtcare costs and increased economic productivity.

Give agencies and service providers the autonomy andresources (financial and technical) to succeed, withaccountability.

Double the current rates o investment insanitation. Just $25 per person will finance basic access tosafe drinking water and improved sanitation and hygiene.


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presenting a more optimistic picture than reality. Te service reliability o improved water supplyand sanitation acilities likewise is lower than the headlines suggest. For example, the data oraccess to piped water supply do not include any indication o whether the service is provided 24hours per day, 7 days per week, or the service continues to be intermittent. Te data also do notindicate whether water is adequately treated and potable at the point o delivery.

Since the frst edition oAWDO in 2007, ood, energy, and economic crises have orced newthinking about the value o drinking water supply and sanitation. More than just a basic need,water and sanitation services are now recognized as a human right by the United Nations anda crucial element in the emergence and survival o small household businesses. Tese servicesalso are essential keys to protecting households during water-related disasters and extremeweather events that otherwise would put personal investments and public health at risk. Newresearch shows that householdsespecially the poorestneed water or more than just personalconsumption and hygiene. Where they have access to reliable water supply and sanitation services,households put water supplies to productive use in backyard industries, in livelihood actions, andas a strategy or increasing resilience to disasters (Box 2). Countries with greater household watersecurity also tend to have higher per capita gross domestic product (Figure 8).

BOX 2

Going Beyond Basic Water Services to Building Resilience andSupporting Incomes

A combination of diversified income and additional water reserves comingfrom multiple sources improves household resilience to disasters such as drought,floods, and earthquakes. Diversified income is a key feature of householdadaptive capacity in its own right because funds can be used as needed torespond to damage to household or community facilities. For instance, if a well iscontaminated by pollutants entering groundwater through flooding, a backyardrainwater harvesting tank can prove to be a reliable source of drinking water

(assuming it is well placed and reinforced).

Although multiple-use systems provide additional benefits, it can be difficult to inte-grate these services into infrastructure plans in large urban settlements. Infrastructuredesigned for multiple use is likely to be more expensive. However, public financing maybe viable where these services are introduced in small, incremental phases. Householdsand communities that already have diversified coping strategies may be willing toinvest in these programs, particularly where projects provide increased reliability ofservice (van Koppen et al. 2009).

Pilot projects in rural and peri-urban towns in India, Nepal, and Thailand havedemonstrated that creative household strategies to alleviate household insecuritymay complement official water and sanitation strategies, provided the appropriateinstitutional, technical, and financial mechanisms are in place. National governmentscan create incentives for local governments, nongovernment organizations, anddevelopment banks to collaborate and integrate these strategies into developmentplanning, and/or can incorporate them into national poverty reduction strategies,using the Millennium Development Goals to measure success.

Source: B. van Koppen, S. Smits, P. Moriarty, F. Penning de Vries, M. Mikhail, and E. Boelee. 2009.Climbingthe Water Ladder: Multiple-Use Water Services for Poverty Reduction. The Hague: IRC International Water andSanitation Centre and International Water Management Institute.


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What Is at Stake

Access to sae, reliable water supplies and eective sanitation are vital services to improve thelives and livelihoods o the people o Asia and the Pacifc. Without progressive fnancing andmore resilient water supply and wastewater disposal systems, the modest gains in access to theseservices achieved over the past 15 years may be lost. Failure to overcome the persistent inertia thatdelays the provision o improved sanitation will erode the pro-health, pro-poor benefts achievedby increased access to sae drinking water.

Te United Nations Economic and Social Commission or Asia and the Pacifc investigated thesustainability o community systems in our countries and ound that a reversal o the achievementsto date is a real threat. Public utilities responsible or providing water and sanitation services tocommunities in India and the Philippines were ound to lack capacity in all aspects o sustainability,

including eective unctioning, fnancing, and demand responsiveness. Tis is worrisome becausethese governments are increasing investment to meet the MDGs without committing the necessaryinvestment to building the capacity to adequately maintain existing systems. Without better ocusedprograms to ensure that water services reachand continue to reachall communities, poorlydesigned investments may reinorce existing inequities and exacerbate social injustice.

Pulling the Policy Levers

Governments have a range o policy levers that can be applied to bring accelerated reorm tohousehold water supply and sanitation services. Tese policy options are summarized in ourstrategic groups in able 3.

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

Househ

oldWaterSecurityIndicator

100 1,000 10,000 100,000

Per Capita Gross Domestic Product (2009 $)

FIGURE 8

Household Water Security and Per Capita Gross Domestic Product

Source: For gross domestic product data, World Bank. World Development Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD


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As a frst priority, governments should integrate fnancing or water and sanitation into nationalaccounts and fnancial planning. According to the 2010 UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment

o Sanitation and Drinking-Water(GLAAS)21

survey on fnancial expenditures and institutions, Asiaand the Pacifc requires about $59 billion in urther investments or water supply, and a urther $71billion is required to provide access at the minimum standard or improved sanitation.22 Provisiono piped water supply will increase the fnancial resources required. Current rates o investment arear too low to oer any hope o achieving household water security, yet as little as $25 per person will

21 WHO. 2010. UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water. Geneva.

22 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN ESCAP). 2010. Financing an Inclusive and GreenFuture: A Supportive Financial System and Green Growth for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Asia and the Pacific. Available at http://www.ESCAP.org/66/theme_study2010.asp.

TABLE 3

Policy Levers to Increase Household Water Security

Strategy Supporting Policies

Financing Integrate fnancing or water supply and sanitationinto national budget and accounts systems.

Internalize connection costs into the tari or oer

long-term installment programs.

Explore microfnance or aordable water connections,

sanitation acilities, and livelihood generation.

Package water supply, sanitation, and wastewater treatment

investments together, as benefts increased by a actor o three

compared to separate investments in each service alone.

Authorize appropriate user ees, with targeted subsidies or the poor.

Management Simple, transparent, independent regulation to engage the privatesector, including small and medium-sized enterprises.

Promote demand-side management through water-saving

household technologies, industry regulations, and large-scale

recycle and reuse technologies. Minimize non-revenue water to

potentially increase availability, reserves, and resilience o systems and

services in times o shortage and to reduce energy demands.

Recognize multiple-use systems to deliver benefts to water

users, including improved livelihoods, disaster resilience,

and ecosystem protection in peri-urban areas.

Promote increased decentralization and fnancial, technical,

and management autonomy or service providers.

Expand use o perormance management systems, including

benchmarking the perormance o utilities.

Social Prioritize demand-driven, community-managed systems or rural water supply.Promote community-led total sanitation programs.

Support zero open deecation programs.

Technology Available technology is adequate or supply and demand over the next 20 years.

As an intermediate step, support community-managed sources

and services, which need some government support, because

they are especially vulnerable to contamination, damage rom

natural disasters, and the eects o climate change.


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fnance basic access to sae water, improved hygiene, and sanitation.23 Tere is evidence that eachdollar invested in the MDG water and sanitation target can provide a return o $5$46 in reducedhealth costs and increased economic productivity.24

Second, governments should improve water governance by providing the relevant agencies andservice providers with the necessary autonomy and fnancial and technical resources. In addi-tion, the successul lessons rom decentralization, civil society participation, support or smalloperators, and overall cultural recognition and social awareness programs that have accelerated

progress in access to sanitation must be replicated. However, such reorms will ail i they are notbacked up with appropriate pricing policies, fnancial and technical support, and the resourcesnecessary to implement local government plans.25Publicprivate partnership arrangements canhelp fnance the improvement o old and malunctioning systems and can be instrumental inovercoming inecient bureaucratic institutions. Appropriately regulated small service providers

23 WaterAid UK. Statistics. http://www.wateraid.org/uk/what_we_do/statistics/default.asp.

24 G. Hutton, L. Haller, and J. Bartram. 2007. Global Cost-Benefit Analysis of Water Supply and Sanitation interventions. Journal ofWater Health 5(4):481502.

25 UN ESCAP. 2009. Institutional Changes for Sanitation. Bangkok.

Collecting household water in India: Though great strides have been made, more than 65% of Asia and the Pacificspopulation does not have a secure household water supply.

AFP


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Building eco-friendly toilets in the Philippines: An estimated 1.74 billion people in Asia andthe Pacific continue to live without access to improved sanitation.

STEVENG

RIFFITHS


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can eciently serve their customers, which oen include the poorest, while covering operatingcosts and generating reasonable returns on investment.

Tird, governments should acilitate a doubling o the current rates o investment in improvingsanitation. Governments tend to place higher priority on investments to improve access towater supply than on improved sanitation; however, where possible, investments in water supplyshould be linked with provisions or sanitation and wastewater treatment. Water inrastructureis also more eco-ecient when water supply is oered in conjunction with sanitation services.26Although up-ront investment requirements are lower or stand-alone water supply than or sani-tation, the return on investments in combined water supply and sanitation are three times higherthan investments made in either o the services independently.27

26 UN ESCAP. 2009 Emerging and Persistent Issues in Water Resources Management. Note by the Secretariat, CED paper: E/ESCAP/CED/(2)/5, 16 September. Bangkok. Available at http://www.unescap.org/esd/CED-2/documents/CED2_5E.pdf.

27 United States Agency for International Development. Urban Sanitation and Wastewater Treatment. http://www.makingcitieswork.org.


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29

Key Dimension 2:Economic Water Security

To support productive economies in agriculture, industry, and energy

Just as the reliable supply o good-quality water is vital or members o individual households,water is a critical input or industry, agriculture, energy production, and the tourism and service

sectors. Tese sectors provide employment and contribute to everyones socioeconomic develop-ment and quality o lie.

Asia and the Pacifc covers about 40% o the earths land area and is home to about 60% othe worlds population. Te region aces the paradox o needing to boost ood, industrial, andenergy production with a decreasing per capita availability o water. Te region has a relativelylow ecological carrying capacity, partly because the natural resources needed or production arelimited and partly because o the persistent use o environmentally debilitating modes o produc-tion in the region, including overextraction and/or pollution o basic resources. As a result, coun-tries in Asia and the Pacifc have some o the highest proportions o degraded land in the world,

vast and expanding arid areas, and the lowest per capita availability o water and arable land. Yet,throughout Asia and the Pacifc, the consumption o renewable water resources is increasing.

Factory beside the river: Water is a critical input for industry, agriculture, energy production,and the tourism and service sectors.

AFP


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AWDO 2013 assesses water security in the agriculture, industry, and energy sectors using sector-specifc indicators summarized in Box 3.28 Appendix 3 shows estimates o

asian water development outlook 2013: measuring water security in asia and the pacific

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