asme joint efficiency
TRANSCRIPT
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The meaning of Joint Efficiency
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ASME UW-3 and UW-12
Weld Category
Weld Type
We Must Understand the Meanings of These Terms
Joint Efficiency
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Pressure EnvelopeHowever Parts Must be Welded Together
Location of any Weld is its Category
A B D
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Weld Categories
Category = Location
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Categories in a Cylinderical Shell
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Categories in a Head
Any Weld Within a Head is Category A
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Categories in a Head
Any Weld Within a Head is Category A
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Difference Between Hemisphere Head and Ellipse / Torispherical Head
Hemisphere Ellipse / Torisphere
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Hemisphere - Special Requirements
Ii is not Permitted to Have a Straight Flange on a
Hemispherical Head
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Nozzle Installed in a Chamber
This is a Category D Weld
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Category C Weld
Flange Weld
TubesheetWeld
Flat Head Weld
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Weld Type = Joint Geometry
Is the Method of Welding and Marking the Joint
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Type 1
Welded From Both Sides
Welded From One Side With Removable
Backing
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Type 2
Backing That Remains in Place
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Type 3
Welded From One Side Only
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Type 4
Double Fillet Welded
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Type 5
Single Fillet With Plug Welds
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Type 6
Single Fillet Weld
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Category = Location
Type = Geometry
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Area A
Definition of Stress: S
Force F
Stress =Force
AreaS =
F
A
Metal Bar
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Simple Stress Calculation
W
H
F
H = 10 mm
W = 15 mm
F = 6 000 N
= = 40 N/mm 26 000 N
15 x 10 mm 2S =
F
A
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CALCULATING FORCE
STRESS =FORCE
AREA
CHANGING THE FORMULA AROUND TO FIND FORCE
FORCE = STRESS x AREA
STRESS IS THE SAME AS PRESSURE
FORCE = STRESS x AREA
FORCE = PRESSURE x AREA
AND
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DEFINITION OF JOINT EFFICIENCY E
A CHAIN IS AS STRONG AS ITS WEAKEST LINK !
BREAKS
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Note the Similarity
The Weld Can Also be the Weakest Link
How Much Faith to we Have in a Weak Link, or the Weld. This is a Matter of Confidence
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DEFINITION OF JOINT EFFICIENCY E
QUESTION: HOW CONFIDENT ARE WE IN THE QUALITY OF THE WELD ?
IF THE WELD IS WEAKER THAN PARENT METAL WE NOW INTRODUCE JOINT
EFFICIENCY E
E =STRENGTH OF THE WELD
STRENGTH OF PARENT METAL
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E =STRENGTH OF THE WELD
STRENGTH OF PARENT METAL
JOINT EFFICIENCY E
IF WELD IS AS GOOD AS PARENT METAL
E = 1.00
IF WELD IS WEAKER THAN PARENT METAL
E = < 1.00
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JOINT EFFICIENCY E
QUESTION: HOW DO WE DETERMINE THE QUALITY OF THE WELD
BY USING RADIOGRAPHY
FOR A TYPE 1 WELD
FULL RADIOGRAPHY OF JOINT E = 1.00
SPOT RADIOGRAPHY OF JOINT E = 0.85
NO RADIOGRAPHY OF JOINT E = 0.70
TAKEN FROM TABLE UW-12
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JOINT EFFICIENCY ‘E’ IS DETERMINED BY TWO THINGS:
1 WELD TYPE
2 DEGREE OF RADIOGRAPHY
THE FULL DETAILS ARE FOUND IN
TABLE UW-12 OF ASME
LET US LOOK AT TABLE UW-12………….
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Degree of Radiography Type
Joint Category (a) Full (b) Spot (c) None
1 A,B,C, & D 1.00 0.85 0.70
2 A,B,C, & D 0.90 0.80 0.65
3 A,B, & C N/A N/A 0.60
Etc.....................
TABLE UW-12
THE ABOVE TABLE IS ABBREVIATED
THE TABLE IN THE CODE CONTAINS A LOT OF IMPORTANT INFORMATION - MUST BE CONSULTED
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Degree of RadiographyType
JointCategory (a) Full (b) Spot (c) None
1 A,B,C, & D 1.00 0.85 0.70
2 A,B,C, & D 0.90 0.80 0.65
3 A,B, & C N/A N/A 0.60
Etc.....................
LET US LOOK AT AN EXAMPLE
LET US HAVE A TYPE 2 JOINT
SUBJECT TO SPOT RADIOGRAPHY
WHAT IS THE JOINT EFFICIENCY E ?
E = 0,80
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LET US LOOK AT FULL RADIOGRAPHY
Degree of RadiographyType
JointCategory (a) Full (b) Spot (c) None
1 A,B,C, & D 1.00 0.85 0.70
2 A,B,C, & D 0.90 0.80 0.65
SUPPOSE THIS JOINT IS SUBJECT TO FULL RADIOGRAPHY
TYPE 1
IS JOINT EFFICIENCY E = 1,00 ?
WE DO NOT KNOW AT THIS STAGE - WHY ?
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LET US LOOK AT FULL RADIOGRAPHY
TYPE 1
UW-11(A)(5)(B) SAYS:
“...CATEGORY B OR C BUTT WELDS …. SHALL AS A MINIMUM , MEET THE REQUIREMENTS FOR SPOT RADIOGRAPHY………..”
TO GET CREDIT FOR FULL RADIOGRAPY OF A CATEGORY A WELD:
CATEGORY B WELDS MUST BE AT LEAST SPOT
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CONSIDER THIS RADIOGRAPHY SETUP
TYPE 1
UW-11(A)(5)(B) SAYS:
“...CATEGORY B OR C BUTT WELDS …. SHALL AS A MINIMUM , MEET THE REQUIREMENTS FOR SPOT RADIOGRAPHY………..”
SPOTNO XRAY
DO WE GET CREDIT FOR FULL RADIOGRAPHY OF THIS JOINT ?
MEANS BOTH WELDS
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LET US LOOK AT FULL RADIOGRAPHY
TYPE 1
SPOTNO XRAY
DO WE GET CREDIT FOR FULL RADIOGRAPHY OF THIS JOINT ?
THEREFORE, WE ONLY GET CREDIT FOR SPOT RADIOGRAPHY
THEREFORE……….
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LET US LOOK AT FULL RADIOGRAPHY
TYPE 1
SPOTNO XRAY
DO WE GET CREDIT FOR FULL RADIOGRAPHY OF THIS JOINT ?
Degree of RadiographyType
JointCategory (a) Full (b) Spot (c) None
1 A,B,C, & D 1.00 0.85 0.70
2 A,B,C, & D 0.90 0.80 0.65
NO, WE ONLY GET CREDIT FOR SPOT RADIOGRAPHY
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NOWCONSIDER THIS ARRANGEMENT
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
SPOT SPOT SPOTSPOTNONE
E =E =
E =
E =
0,850,85
1,0
1,0
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REMEMBER UW-11(a)(5)(b)
TO GET CREDIT FOR E = 1,00 FOR CATEGORY A WELDS
MAKE SURE ALL CATEGORY B WELDS EITHER SIDE OF THE CATEGORY A WELD ARE SPOT RADIOGRPHED
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CONSIDER THE WELD IN THIS HEAD
UW-11(a)(5)(b) IS NOT SATISFIED FOR THE HEAD WHICH HAS A CATEGORY A WELD
THUS FOR THE HEAD WELD: E = 0,85
NONE FULL
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CONSIDER A SEAMLESS COMPONENT
THE SHELL AND HEADS ARE SEAMLESS - WHAT IS THE JOINT EFFICIENCY FOR THE SHELL ?
NO CATEGORY A WELD
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CONSIDER A SEAMLESS COMPONENT
NO CATEGORY A WELD
UW-12(d) SAYS:“SEAMLESS VESSEL SECTIONS OR HEADS SHALL BE CONSIDERED EQUIVALENT TO WELDED PARTS IN WHICH ALL CATEGORY A WELDS ARE TYPE 1…..WHEN THE SPOT RADIOGRAPHY OF UW-11(a)(5)(b) REQUIREMENTS ARE MET……”
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CONSIDER A SEAMLESS COMPONENT
NO CATEGORY A WELD
SPOT NONE
E =
E =
E =1,0 0,850,85
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CONSIDER A SEAMLESS COMPONENT
NO CATEGORY A WELDS
YOU WILL MEET MANY SEAMLESS COMPONENTS
SMALL SEAMLESS PRESSED OR SPUN HEADS
CYLINDRICAL SHELLS FROM SEAMLESS PIPE
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WHEN RADIOGRAPHY IS MANDATORY
IF A VESSEL IS TO CONTAIN A LETHAL SUBSTANCE:
UW-2 SAYS: “… ALL BUTT WELDED JOINTS SHALL BE FULLY RADIOGRAPHE, EXCEPT UNDER PROVISION OS UW-2(a)(2) AND UW-2(a)(3) BELOW AND UW-4(a)(4)….”
THIS IS A BIT COMPLICATED, BUT BASICALLY LMEANS THAT ALL THE MAIN CATEGORY A AND BWELDS MUST BE FULLY RADIOGRAPHED.
BUT CATEGORY B AND C WELDS IN NOZZLE AND COMMUNCATING CHAMBERS THAT ARE NOT LARGER THAN 10 INCH NOMINAL PIPE SIZE AND DO NOT EXCEED 1-1/8” THICK ARE EXEMPT
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CONCLUSIONS
STRESS =FORCE
AREAS =
F
A( )
FORCE = STRESS x AREA
FORCE = PRESSURE x AREA
JOINT EFFICIENCY ‘E’ DETERMINED BY
1 WELD TYPE
2 DEGREE OF RADIOGRAPHY
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CONCLUSIONS
E =STRENGTH OF THE WELD
STRENGTH OF PARENT METAL
DEGREE OF CONFIDENCE IN WELD QUALITY
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END OF THIS PRESENTATION