aspects of a deshumanized novel

8
%HQMDP¯Q -DUQ«V $VSHFWV RI WKH 'HKXPDQL]HG 1RYHO $XWKRUV 3DXO ,OLH 6RXUFH 30/$ 9RO 1R -XQ SS 3XEOLVKHG E\ 0RGHUQ /DQJXDJH $VVRFLDWLRQ 6WDEOH 85/ http://www.jstor.org/stable/460356 . $FFHVVHG Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. . Modern Language Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to PMLA. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.138.73.68 on Thu, 3 Apr 2014 01:05:46 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Upload: melinda-belisario

Post on 10-Apr-2016

213 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

Aspects of a Deshumanized Novel

TRANSCRIPT

%HQMDP¯Q�-DUQ«V��$VSHFWV�RI�WKH�'HKXPDQL]HG�1RYHO$XWKRU�V���3DXO�,OLH6RXUFH��30/$��9RO������1R�����-XQ����������SS���������3XEOLVKHG�E\��0RGHUQ�/DQJXDJH�$VVRFLDWLRQ6WDEOH�85/��http://www.jstor.org/stable/460356 .$FFHVVHG������������������

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

.

Modern Language Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to PMLA.

http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 128.138.73.68 on Thu, 3 Apr 2014 01:05:46 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

%(1-$0,1� -$51(6�� $63(&76� 2)� 7+(� '(+80$1,=('� 129(/�

%\� 3DXO� ,OLH�

257(*$�KDV� PDLQWDLQHG� LQ�KLV�,GHDV� VREUH�OD�

QRYHOD� WKDW� DFWLRQ� LV� QRW� WKH� HVVHQFH� RI�D�QRYHO�� D� SULQFLSOH� ZKLFK� KH� FRUURERUDWHV� E\� WKH�IDFW� WKDW� PRVW� SORWV� DUH� UHDGLO\� IRUJRWWHQ�� )RU�

2UWHJD�� WKH�QRYHOV� HVVHQFH� LV�SXUH� EHLQJ� RU�QRQ��

DFWLRQ�� PDQLIHVWHG� E\�WKH�VWDWH� RI�LWV�FKDUDFWHUV��2QH� RI� WKH� PRVW� FRQVFLHQWLRXV� SUDFWLWLRQHUV� RI�

2UWHJDQ� WKHRU\� ZDV� %HQMDPLQ� -DUQHV�� ZKR� LQ�/RFXUD� \�PXHUWH�GH�QDGLH� �0DGULG�� ������ ZURWH� D�QRYHO� UHYHDOLQJ� KXPDQ� UHDOLW\� VWULSSHG� RI� LWV�YLWDO� FRUH�� DFWLRQ�� SDVVLRQ�� DQG� VHQWLPHQW�� 7KH�

SURFHVV� RI� GHYRLGLQJ� UHDOLW\� RI� LWV� UHDO� FRQWHQW�ZKLOH� OHDYLQJ� D� PHUH� VHPEODQFH� RI�UHDOLW\� DV� WKH�UHPDLQGHU� LV��RI�FRXUVH�� �GHKXPDQL]DWLRQ�� LQ�WKH�

2UWHJDQ� GHILQLWLRQ� RI� WKH� WHUP�� 7ZR� IXUWKHU�

DVSHFWV� RI�-DUQHV� QRYHO"WKH� DEVHQFH� RI�D� SHU"�VRQDOLW\� LQ�KLV�SURWDJRQLVW� DQG� WKH�XVH� RI�D�KLJKO\�DEVWUDFW�� FHUHEUDO� ODQJXDJH"VHUYH� WR�VXSSOHPHQW�WKH�PHDQLQJ� RI��GHKXPDQL]DWLRQ�� DW� OHDVW� DV� IDU�DV� QDUUDWLYH� ILFWLRQ� LV� LQYROYHG�� %XW� /RFXUD� \�PXHUWH�������DOVR� FRPPDQGV� DWWHQWLRQ� EHFDXVH� LWV�DXWKRU� UHDFKHV� RXW� LQWR� DUHDV� RI� FXOWXUDO� DQG�

SKLORVRSKLFDO� VLJQLILFDQFH� LQ� RUGHU� WR� GHWHUPLQH�WKH� FDXVHV� RI� D� FRPSDUDEOH� GHKXPDQL]DWLRQ� LQ�

FRQWHPSRUDU\� OLIH� DW� WKH� VDPH� WLPH� WKDW� KH�

GHSLFWV� WKLV�OLIH�ILFWLRQDOO\�� 0\� SURFHGXUH� LQ�WKLV�

HVVD\� ZLOO�EH� WR�GLVFXVV� ILUVW�-DUQHV� QRWLRQ� RI�WKH�

LQWHUSOD\� EHWZHHQ� WKH�PDVVHV� DQG� WKH�LQGLYLGXDO�

SHUVRQDOLW\�� WKHQ�� LQ� WKH� OLJKW� RI�WKLV�� WKH� DWWL"�WXGHV� XQGHUO\LQJ� KLV� DSSURDFK� WR� WKLV�SDUWLFXODU�QRYHO�� DQG�� ILQDOO\�� WKH� WHFKQLTXHV� LQYROYHG� LQ�WKH�YHUEDOL]DWLRQ� RI�KLV�QRYHO��

,,�

-XDQ� 6DQFKH]� LV� GHSLFWHG� DV� WKH�IUHQ]LHG� SXU��VXHU� RI�KLV� RZQ� HVVHQFH�� 7KH� QRYHO� LV� WKH� VSDFH�LQ� ZKLFK� KH� DFWV� RXW� KLV� DWWHPSW� WR� EHFRPH� D�

�FKDUDFWHU��� IRU�D�SURWDJRQLVW� ZLWKRXW� FKDUDFWHU�LV� QR� �FKDUDFWHU�� DW� DOO�� $V� -XDQ� KLPVHOI� VWDWHV�WKH� TXHVWLRQ�� �6H� WUDWD� GH� DOJR� DQWHULRU� D� PL�

YROXQWDG�� DQWHULRU� DO� 'HVWLQR�� 6H� WUDWD� GH� VHU��

)LMHVH� ELHQ�� MQL�VLTXLHUD� GH� H[LVWLU�� M'H� VHU�� 3RU"�

TXH� D� IXHU]D� GH� SHQVDU� PXFKR� HQ� PL�PLVPR�� KH�GHGXFLGR� TXH�� DXQ� VXSRQLHQGR� TXH� H[LVWD�� QR�VR\���S�� ����� /RFXUD� \� PXHUWH�������PXVW� EH� ORRNHG�

XSRQ� DV� D� �SUH�QRYHO���� D� SUHOLPLQDU\� VWDJH� WKDW�FDQ� VXEVHTXHQWO\� JURZ� LQWR� ZKDW� -DUQHV� FDOOV� D�QRYHOD� SROLJUGILFD�� ,I� LW� LV� DGPLWWHG� WKDW� D� QRYHO�LV� GHYHORSHG� WKURXJK� WKH� FRXSOLQJ� RI� PRWLYD��WLRQV� DQG� DFWLRQV� WKDW� FRQGXFW� SHRSOH� WR� VRPH�HQG� ZKLFK� PD\� ORRVHO\� EH� WHUPHG� D� �GHVWLQ\���

WKHQ� D� VSHFLILF� SHUVRQDOLW\� PXVW� EH� SUHVXSSRVHG�WR�KDYH� JLYHQ� RULJLQ�WR�WKHVH�SXUSRVHV� DQG� GHHGV��%XW� QRW� XQWLO� WKH� SURWDJRQLVW� UHFHLYHV� D� SHUVRQ"�DOLW\� ZLOO�D�JHQXLQH� QRYHO� EH�SRVVLEOH��

)RU�-DUQHV��WZR�IDFWRUV�LQ�FRQWHPSRUDU\� OLYLQJ�JLYH� ULVH� WR� D� PDQ� ZLWKRXW� SHUVRQDO� TXDOLWLHV��2QH� LV� DXWRPDWL]DWLRQ�� D� SURFHGXUH� WKDW� IDFLOL��WDWHV� WKH� H[HFXWLRQ� RI� DQ� DFW� ZLWK� PLQLPDO�UHOLDQFH� RQ�RXWVWDQGLQJ� SHUVRQDO� UHVRXUFHV�� $XWR��PDWLF� DFWLRQ� GHPDQGV� QRQH� RI�WKH� VSHFLDO� HIIRUW�ZKLFK� GLVWLQJXLVKHV� DQ� H[WUDRUGLQDU\� FDSDELO��LW\"PDQLIHVWHG� E\� DQ� DVVHUWLRQ� RI� WKH� XQLTXH�VHOI"IURP� DQ� RUGLQDU\� RQH� SRVVHVVHG� E\� PDQ\���(O� GHVFRQRFLGR� UHPLUD� VX� SDSHOLWR� URMR�� FRPR�HO�GHVFRQRFLGR� GH� D\HU�� (O� ���� HV� HO�DQWHFHVRU� GH�$UWXUR�� $VL� $UWXUR� SXHGH� GHFOLQDU"FRPR� VLHP"�

SUH"VX� WHPRU� GH� SHUGHU� WXUQR�� EDVWD� VHJXLU� ORV�

SDVRV� GHO� KRPEUH� GHVFRQRFLGR�� /H� OLJD� D� HO� XQD�UHODFLRQ� DULWPHWLFD� D� TXH� GHEH� REHGHFHU� FLHJD��PHQWH�� \� HVWD� VHUYLGXPEUH"FRPR� WRGDV"OH�

H[WLUSD� XQ�RMR� VREUDQWH�� OH�ERUUD� XQ�FDPSR� LQXWLO�GH� DWHQFLRQ�� �S�� ����� %\� VWXOWLI\LQJ� LQGLYLGXDO��LVWLF� EHKDYLRU� DQG� GHKXPDQL]LQJ� LQWHUSHUVRQDO�UHODWLRQVKLSV�� RYHUV\VWHPDWL]DWLRQ� UHGXFHV� WKH�

VFRSH� RI�PDQV� WUXO\� LQWLPDWH� VHOI� QRW� RQO\� RQ�WKH� OHYHO� RI�LQGLYLGXDO� FRQGXFW� EXW� RQ� WKH� VRFLDO�OHYHO� DV� ZHOO��

7KH� VHFRQG� FDXVH� RI� WKH� DSSHDUDQFH� RI� WKH�KXPDQ� QRQHQWLW\� LV�WKH�VXSUHPDF\� RI�WKH�PDVVHV��7KH� FROOHFWLYLW\� LPSHULOV� WKH� LQGLYLGXDO� ERWK� E\�GZDUILQJ� KLP� DQG� E\� WDNLQJ� RQ� D� SHUVRQDOLW\�RI� LWV� RZQ� ZKLFK� HYHQWXDOO\� RYHUSRZHUV� DQ\�VLQJOH� ZLOO�� %XW� KH� LV�PRUH� JUDYHO\� PHQDFHG� E\�WKH� IDFW� WKDW� WKH� FURZG� RZHV� LWV� H[LVWHQFH� WR�LQGLYLGXDO� FRPSRQHQWV� ZKR� FHDVH� WR� H[LVW� DV�VXFK� DW� WKH�PRPHQW� WKH�FURZG� FRPHV� LQWR� EHLQJ��/RFXUD� \� PXHUWH�������YLYLGO\� LOOXVWUDWHV� WKH� GH"�VWUXFWLRQ� RI�DQ� LQGLYLGXDO� E\� WKH� QHZVUHHO� VFHQH�LQ� ZKLFK� WZR� PXOWLWXGHV� DUH� SRUWUD\HG�� RQH� RQ�ILOP"D� FRQJORPHUDWH� WKDW�PLOOV�DURXQG� WZR�GHDG�PHQ�� DQG� WKH� RWKHU� LQ� WKH� WKHDWHU"D� QDUFLVVLVW�DXGLHQFH� HQMR\LQJ� WKH� VSHFWDFOH� RI�LWVHOI� RQ� WKH�VFUHHQ�� $V�-XDQ� 6DQFKH]� HPHUJHV� VXGGHQO\� LQ�WKH�ILOP�WR� WDNH� WKH� OHDG�� WKH� FURZG� TXLFNO\� RYHU��ZKHOPV� KLP�� DQG� VLPXOWDQHRXVO\� WKH� DXGLHQFH�

MHHUV� LQ� PRFNHU\� RI� WKH� PDQ� ZKR� WULHG� WR� EH�GLIIHUHQW�IURP� WKH� UHVW�� 7KH� PXOWLWXGH� LQ� WKLV�LQVWDQFH� QXOOLILHV�LQGLYLGXDOLW\� ZKHQ�HLWKHU�DFWLYH�RU� LQ� UHSRVH�� ,Q� RQH� FDVH�� D� WXPXOWXRXV� FURZG�

HQJXOIV�LWV�FRQVWLWXHQW�� DQG� LQ�WKH�RWKHU��WKH�XQL��

IRUPLW\�RI�WKH� PDVVHV� FRQFHDOV� SHUWLQHQW� GLIIHU��

��7KH�WHUP�LV�$]RULQV��&I��6XSHUUHDOLVPR��0DGULG���������

����

This content downloaded from 128.138.73.68 on Thu, 3 Apr 2014 01:05:46 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

���� %HQMDPLQ� -DPHV�

HQFHV� ZKLOH� PDJQLI\LQJ� VLPLODULWLHV� WR� WKH� SRLQW�RI�DSSDUHQW� HTXDOLW\�� -DUQHV�GHVFULEHV� ERWK�W\SHV��WKH� FURZG� LQ�WKH�ILOP�DQG� WKH� DXGLHQFH�� �0XOWL��WXG� H[SUHVLYD� \� PXOWLWXG� HQ� HVWDGR� QDWLYR��0XOWLWXG� DUPRQLFD� \�PXOWLWXG� VLPHWULFD�� UHSDU��WLGD� HQ� ILODV�� GLVHPLQDGD� HQ� SDOFRV�� VLQ� UHDOLGDG�DSHQDV�� /D� VDOD� HVWD� OOHQD� GH� URVWURV� DJUXSDGRV�DO� D]DU�� SRU� FRQWDJLR�� PHGLDQWH� OD� SUHVHQWDFLRQ�HQ� OD� SXHUWD� GH� XQRV� SDSHOLWRV� URMRV� \� D]XOHV��8Q� KLOR� GH� FXULRVLGDG� ORV� IXH� DUUDVWUDQGR� KDFLD�HO� ILOP��1R� WLHQHQ� UHSUHVHQWDFLRQ� DOJXQD�� FRKH��VLRQ� DOJXQD�� (Q� XQ� PRPHQWR� GH� SHOLJUR� VH�GHVWUR]DULDQ� XQRV� D�RWURV�� 8Q�PRPHQWR� GH�SODFHU�OHV� KDFH� VRQUHLU� D� FRPSDV�� �S�� �������

$Q� LQGLYLGXDO� LV�PRVW� JHQXLQHO\� GLVWLQJXLVKHG�IURP�WKH�PDVVHV� E\� KLV� SHUVRQDOLW\�� DQG� LI�-XDQ�6DQFKH]� IDLOV�WR�DFTXLUH� D�XQLTXH� VHW�RI�FKDUDFWHU�WUDLWV�� DW� OHDVW� KH� FHDVHV� WR�EH� LQGHILQDEOH� ZLWKLQ�WKH� FROOHFWLYLW\� E\� YLUWXH� RI�KLV� YHU\� FRQVFLRXV��QHVV� RI�WKH� SUREOHP�� +LV� VROXWLRQ�� KRZHYHU�� XQ��VRXQGO\� HPEUDFHV� WKH� FULWHULRQ� RI� H[WHULRU� GLI��IHUHQWLDWLRQ�� �(V� XQ�PLVWLFR� DPDQWH� GH� OD� SHUVR��QDOLGDG�� 7LHPEOD� DQWH� OD� LGHD� GH� JR]DU� GH� XQD�IRUPD� VXVWDQFLDO� FROHFWLYD�� GH� XQ� VXEFRQVFLHQWH�VROR� FROHFWLYR�� GH� XQ� DOPD� FRPXQ�� ,QWHQWR�FUHDUVH� XQ� URVWUR�� DFHQWXDUVH�� DO� PHQRV�� XQ� GH��IHFWR�� HVWLOL]DUVH� DOJXQD� DEHUUDFLRQ� TXH� SXGLHUD�L]DU� FRPR� EDQGHUD� GH� XQ� FDUDFWHU�� 1DGD� ORJUR���S�� ����� -XDQV� ILUVW�PDUN� RI� GLVWLQFWLRQ� ZDV� D�FKHVW� WDWWRR� XVHG� IRU�EDQN� LGHQWLILFDWLRQ�� EXW� KH�VRRQ� VHQVHG� WKH� QHHG� IRU� D� QRQSK\VLFDO�� LQQHU�TXDOLW\� WKDW� ZRXOG� SURYLGH� KLP� ZLWK� D� SHUVRQ"�DOLW\�� -XDQV� VLWXDWLRQ� UHIOHFWV� WKH� GLVVLPLODULW\�LQKHUHQW� LQ�WKH�LGHD� RI�LQGLYLGXDOLVP� DQG� SHUVRQ"�DOLW\��$V�8QDPXQR� RQFH� REVHUYHG��� WKH�LQGLYLGXDO�RZHV� KLV� FRQGLWLRQ� WR� EHLQJ� VHSDUDWH� IURP� WKH�UHVW��DQG� LQGLYLVLEOH�� EXW� WKLV�GRHV� QRW�DVVXUH� KLV�KDYLQJ� D� SHUVRQDOLW\�� ,QGLYLGXDOLW\� LV� VRPHZKDW�OLNH� D� FRQWDLQHU�� HPSW\� RU�IXOO��ZLWK� OLPLWV� IL[HG�E\�FRQWDFW� ZLWK�WKH�H[WHULRU�ZRUOG�� SHUVRQDOLW\� LV�WKDW� ZKLFK� LV� FRQWDLQHG�� ,W� LV�QRW� VXIILFLHQW�WKDW�-XDQ� 6DQFKH]� EH� VLPSO\� DQ� LQGLYLGXDO� �DOWKRXJK�KH�VWULYHV� IRU�WKLV�WRR��� KH�PXVW� DOVR� DSSURSULDWH�SHUVRQDO� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV��

,Q� FRQWUDVW� WR� WKH� SURWDJRQLVW� LQ� DQJXLVK� EH"�FDXVH� KH� ODFNV� DQ� LGHQWLW\� LV� WKH� SKLORVRSKHU�$UWXUR�� WKH� DQWDJRQLVW� ZLWK� D� VXUIHLW� RI� VHOI��$UWXUR� GHVLUHV� HVFDSH� IURP� KLV� KLJKO\� SHUVRQDO�HJR�� DQG� XWLOL]HV� VH[XDO� ORYH� WRZDUG� WKLV� HQG��5HEHFD�� WKH�JHQHULF�QDPH� IRU�KLV�YHKLFOH� RI�IOLJKW��HUDGLFDWHV� HYHU\� RQH� RI� $UWXURV� XQLTXH� WUDLWV�EHFDXVH� VKH� VHHNV� LQ�KLP� QR� PRUH� WKDQ� WKH� VSH"�FLILF�HURWLFLVP� WKDW� DQ\� DQG� HYHU\�PDQ� HPERGLHV��6KH� LV� QRW� LQWHUHVWHG� LQ� ZKDW� LV� SHFXOLDU� WR�$UWXUR�� RQO\�LQ�KLV�XQLYHUVDO� PDVFXOLQH� TXDOLWLHV��7KH� HURWLF� DFW� LV�VHHQ� DV� D� TXHVW� IRU�D�GHVWUXFWLYH�VHQVXDO� H[SHULHQFH� GXULQJ� ZKLFK� D� VKDUS� VHQVL"�WLYLW\� WR� WKH� SDUWQHUV� VH[XDO� DWWULEXWHV� REOLWHU��

DWHV� WKH� NQRZOHGJH� RI�KLV� SXUHO\� LQWLPDWH� FKDU��DFWHULVWLFV�� %\� PHDQV� RI�$UWXURV� JUDWLILFDWLRQ� DW�

EHLQJ� IRUJRWWHQ�� -DUQHV� VXJJHVWV� WKDW� DQ� DFXWH�DZDUHQHVV� RI� WKH� FRQILQHPHQW� ZKLFK� LV� RQHV�

SHUVRQDOLW\� FDQ� EH� DV� JUHDW� D� VRXUFH� RI�GHVSHUD��WLRQ�DV�WKH�NQRZOHGJH� RI�EHLQJ�DOWRJHWKHU� ZLWKRXW�

SHUVRQDOLW\�� )RU� WKLV�UHDVRQ�� ZKLOH� -XDQ� 6DQFKH]�

ORQJV� IRU� DQ� LGHQWLW\�� $UWXUR� \HDUQV� WR� EH� D�FROOHFWLYH� HQWLW\�� D� 1RERG\� ZKR�� DOWKRXJK� ZLWK"�RXW� VRFLDO� RU� SULYDWH� FRPPLWPHQWV�� LV� QHYHU"�WKHOHVV� SRWHQWLDOO\� DEOH� WR� DVVXPH� DQ� LQILQLW\�RI�KXPDQ� UROHV�� �$UWXUR� HV�XQ�VLEDULWD� GHO�DQRQLPR��/H� GHOHLWD� HO�DPRU�YDULR�� JHQHURVR�� $�FDGD� QRPEUH�

TXH� DKRUD� HYRFDVH� DUGLHQWHPHQWH� 5HEHFD�� VHQ��WLULD�QDFHU� HQ�VL�LQGLYLGXRV� QXHYRV�� SRVLEOHV� YLGDV�

RULJLQDOHV�� TXH� VH� YDQ� SHUGLHQGR�� ODPHQWDEOH��PHQWH�� SRU� HO� PH]TXLQR� \� PRQRWRQR� SODFHU� GH�FRQWLQXDU� VLHQGR� XQR� \� HO� PLVPR�� �S�� �����

+HUH�� WKHQ�� LV� D� FXULRXV� GLIIHUHQFH� EHWZHHQ�

-XDQ� DQG� $UWXUR� LQ� WKHLU� PHWKRG� RI� UHDOL]LQJ�WKH�VHOI��-XDQ� HVVD\V� DQ� LQGLYLGXDOLVWLF� DSSURDFK��VDWLVILHG� LI�KH� DORQH� ZLOO�NQRZ� KLV� LGHQWLW\� LQGH��

SHQGHQWO\� RI�RWKHUV� UHFRJQL]LQJ� LW��+LV� DWWHPSWV�IDLO��$UWXUR�XVHV� D�VRFLDO� VLWXDWLRQ� IRU�WKH�DFTXLVL��WLRQ� RI� D� QHZ� LGHQWLW\�� KH� EHOLHYHV� WKDW� RWKHU�

SHRSOH� DUH� FDSDEOH� RI�LPSRVLQJ� XSRQ� KLP� WKHLU�RZQ� LPDJH� RI�WKLV�SHUVRQDOLW\� ZKLOH� DQQLKLODWLQJ�KLV�RULJLQDO� RQH�� 7KH� HURWLF� VLWXDWLRQ�� WR�EH� VXUH��LV� DQ� H[WUHPH� FDVH�� EXW� HVVHQWLDOO\� �WKH� RWKHUV��KDYH� WKH� SRZHU� WR� FUHDWH� IRU� WKH� LQGLYLGXDO� D�

SHUVRQDOLW\� ZKLFK�ZLOO�EHFRPH� WKH�ODWWHUV� �VRFLDO�VHOI��� 7KH� UHDO� VHOI��FRQVHTXHQWO\�� LV�XQNQRZDEOH��2I�WKH�WKUHH�-XDQV� PHQWLRQHG� E\�8QDPXQR�� WKH�JHQXLQH� -XDQ� LV� KLGGHQ� WR� HYHU\RQH� EXW� KLV�0DNHU�� 7KH� WUDJLF� QRWH� OLHV� LQ� WKH� IDLOXUHV� RI��D�� -XDQ� WR� VHH� WKH� -XDQ� WKDW� RWKHUV� UHFRJQL]H��DQG� �E�� WKH� RWKHUV� WR� VHH� -XDQ� DV� KH� WKLQNV� KH�LV�� %XW� JRLQJ� D� VWHS� IXUWKHU�ZH� GLVFRYHU� WKDW� LI�

-XDQ� LV� WR� OLYH�� KH� FDQQRW� GR� VR� DORQH�� +H� PXVW�HQJDJH� KLPVHOI� ZLWK� SHRSOH�� EHFRPH� D� VRFLDO�EHLQJ�� 7KH� LQGLYLGXDOLVP� RI�WKH�SURWDJRQLVW� -XDQ�6DQFKH]� LV� XVHOHVV� EHFDXVH� KH� ZLOO� PHUHO\� IRUP�D� SULYDWH� LPDJH� RI�KLV� SHUVRQDOLW\� WKDW� KDV� QR�IXQFWLRQ� RU� HYHQ� YDOLGLW\� LQ� VRFLHW\�� ,W� LV� WKH�

��,Q�WKH�FROOHFWLYH�UDQNV�WKHUH�LV�DQ�RFFDVLRQDO�UHYROW�DJDLQVW�VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ��DV�-DUQHV�DGPLWV�ZLWK�JUHDW�LURQ\�LQ�WKH�LO��OXVWUDWLRQ�RI�WKH�IDVW�ZDONHU�RQ�EXV\�VWUHHWV���3HUVLVWH�HQWUH�ODV�PXOWLWXGHV�HO�WLSR�GH�JXHUULOOHUR�GH�OD�FLUFXODFL�Q��TXH��FRQ�JUDYH�SHOLJUR�GH�VXV�KXHVRV��VH�ODQ]D�KHURLFDPHQWH�D�JDQDU�EDWDOODV�GH�YHORFLGDG��<�OD�PDVD�VH�FRPSODFH�HQ�GHVWD��FDU�HVD� VXHUWH�GH�LQGLYLGXRV�H[WHULRUPHQWH�LQG�FLOHV��([��WHULRUPHQWH"SLHQVD�$UWXUR"�� SRUTXH�OD� GRFLOLGDG�HQ�HO�KRPEUH�DSXQWD�HQ�UD]�Q�LQYHUVD�GH�VX�H[FHOHQFLD�SHUVRQDO��3RU�HVR�HO�VDELR�REHGHFH�FRPR�XQ�QLIOR�D�ORV�VLJQRV�GHO�DJHQWH��PLHQWUDV�VH� REVWLQD�HQ�UHEHODUVH�FRQWUD�XQ�SULQFLSLR�GH�(XFOLGHV���SS����������7KH�PHWKRG�DGKHUHV�WR�WKH�SULQFLSOH�WKDW�PDQV�OLIH�LV���������XQ�HVIXHU]R�GHVHVSHUDGR�SRU�DILUPDU�VX�H[LVWHQFLD��SRU�GHMDU�VXUFR�HQ�HOOD���S����������(O� LQGLYLGXDOLVPR�HVSDLLRO���2EUDV�FRPSOHWDV��LLL� �0D"�GULG������������������

This content downloaded from 128.138.73.68 on Thu, 3 Apr 2014 01:05:46 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

3DXO� ,OLH� ����

VRFLDO� VHOI�ZKLFK� LV� LPSRUWDQW�� DQG� $UWXUR�� ZLWK�WKLV� VHFUHW�� PDQDJHV� QRW� RQO\� WR� SUHVHUYH� KLV�VDQLW\� EXW� WR�UHOLHYH� WKH� ERUHGRP� RI�KLV� LUUHYR��FDEOH� SULYDWH� VHOI� E\� HQMR\LQJ� WKH� SHUVRQDOLWLHV�DWWULEXWHG� WR� KLP� E\� RWKHUV�� $V� KH� H[SODLQV� WR�

-XDQ�� UHIHULQJ� WR� WKH� ODWWHUV� WDWWRR�� �1XHVWUD�ILUPD�\�UXEULFD� OD� YDPRV� GHMDQGR� QRVRWURV� HQ� HO�

SHFKR� GH� ORV� GHPDV�� HQ� OD� PHGLGD� HQ� TXH� LQIOXL��PRV� HQ�VX�YLGD�� 1XHVWUD� SHUVRQDOLGDG� HVWD� UHSDU��WLGD� HQWUH� WRGRV� ORV� SHFKRV� TXH� QRV� DPDQ� R� QRV�RGLDQ�� 1DGD� OOHYDPRV� FRQ� QRVRWURV�� VRQ� ORV�GHPDV� TXLHQHV� IDEULFDURQ� \� JXDUGDQ� QXHVWUD�

SHUVRQDOLGDG�� (Q� HO� SXQWR� HQ� TXH� ORV� DPRUHV� R�ORV� RGLRV� GH� WRGRV� FRLQFLGDQ�� HQ� HO�SXQWR� HQ� TXH�HO�SHQVDPLHQWR� GH� WRGRV� DFHUFD� GH� QRVRWURV� FRLQ��FLGD�� HQ� HVH� SXQWR� GH� FUXFH� HVWD� QXHVWUR� YHUGD��GHUR� VHU�� QXHVWUD� YHUGDGHUD� SHUVRQDOLGDG�� �S��������

6LQFH� WKH� VRFLDO� VLWXDWLRQ� PXVW� EH� JLYHQ� ILUVW�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�� LW�LV� DOZD\V� �WKH� RWKHUV�� ZKR� DUH�WDNHQ� LQWR� DFFRXQW� EHIRUH� WKH� VHOI�� 7KH� FROOHF��

WLYLW\� EHJLQV� WR� DVVXPH� PD[LPXP� LPSRUWDQFH�ZKLOH� WKH� LQGLYLGXDO� GHVFHQGV� WR� WKH� SRVLWLRQ� RI�PHPEHU�� +H� JUDGXDOO\� DGMXVWV� WR� WKH�IXOILOOPHQW�RI�WKH� LPDJH� KHOG� RI�KLP� E\� WKH� UHVW�� RI�OLYLQJ�XS� WR� KLV� VRFLDO� VHOI� ZKLOH� GHQ\LQJ� WKH� SULYDWH�RQH�� ,W� WKXV� EHFRPHV� FOHDU� ZK\� WKH� VXEMHFW� RI�WKH� PDVVHV� DQG� WKH� LQGLYLGXDO� ZDV� SDUWLFXODUO\�LQYLWLQJ� WR�-DUQHV� DV� D� QRYHOLVW�� ,W� IRUFHG� KLP� WR�

SUREH� WKH� QRYHOLVWLF� SUREOHPV� RI� FKDUDFWHUL]D��WLRQ� DQG� WKH� VHOHFWLRQ� RI�FKDUDFWHUV�� 7KHVH� GLI��ILFXOWLHV�SHUWDLQ� WR�WKH�IDFW�WKDW� WKH�DXWKRU� PXVW�SRUWUD\� KLV� SHUVRQDJH� E\� SV\FKRORJLFDO� DQG�VRFLDO� VLWXDWLRQV� DQG� \HW� RQO\� NQRZV� KLV� SHUVRQ"�DJH� DV� D� 0DNHU� NQRZV� -XDQV� SHUVRQDOLW\�� +H�GRHV� QRW� DV� \HW� VHH� -XDQ� DV� -XDQ� VHHV� KLPVHOI� RU�DV� RWKHUV� VHH� -XDQ�� 7KHVH� VHFRQG� DQG� WKLUG�-XDQV� ZLOO� EH� HVWDEOLVKHG� RQO\� ZKHQ� WKH� PRQR��ORJV�� GLDORJV�� DQG� DFWLRQ� VFHQHV� DUH� ZULWWHQ�� %XW�WKH�DXWKRU� FDQQRW� ZULWH�VXFK� VFHQHV� XQOHVV� KH�DO"�

UHDG\� NQRZV� WKHVH� RWKHU� WZR� -XDQV�� DQG� \HW� WKH�ODWWHU� GHI\�NQRZOHGJH� XQWLO� WKH\� DUH� DFWXDOL]HG�ZLWKLQ� WKH�QRYHO�� 7KH� UHVXOW� RI�WKLV�SDUDGR[� LV�D�QRYHO� ZKHUHLQ� D� FKDUDFWHU� ZLWK�QR�SHUVRQDOLW\� DW�DOO� DSSHDUV� LQ�RUGHU� WR�DFW� RXW� WKH�SURFHVV� RI�RE��WDLQLQJ� RQH�� $V�,�KDYH� VKRZQ�� WKH�VRFLDO� VLWXDWLRQ�LV�WKH�NH\�WR�WKLV�SUREOHP�� KHQFH� WKH�DSSHDUDQFH�RI� WKH� JURXS�� DORQJ� ZLWK� WKH� LPSOLFDWLRQV� FRQ"�FHUQLQJ� WKH�PDVVHV� WKDW� DFFRPSDQ\� LW��

,,,�

7KH� VHJPHQW� RI�-XDQ� 6DQFKH]� H[LVWHQFH� WKDW�-DUQHV� FKRRVHV� WR� EH� UHSUHVHQWDWLYH� RI�WKH�PDVV�PDQ� LV� VLQJXODUO\� GHYRLG� RI�FRORU� DQG� LQWHQVLW\��-XDQV� LQWHUSHUVRQDO� UHODWLRQVKLSV� DUH� QRW� FKDU��DFWHUL]HG� E\� WKDW� KHLJKWHQHG� GUDPDWLF� LQWHUHVW�ZKLFK� H[HPSOLILHV� WKH� WUDGLWLRQDO� QRYHO�� -DUQ�V�YLHZV� WKH� XQHYHQWIXO� UHDOLW\� RI�WKH�QRQHQWLW\� DV�

GXOO� EHFDXVH� RQH� LQGLYLGXDO� LV� QRW� FRQIURQWHG�

SUREOHPDWLFDOO\� E\� D� VHFRQG�� 7KH� KXPDQ� RUJDQ"�LVP� UHPDLQV� XQFKDOOHQJHG�� PHQWDOLWLHV� GR� QRW�FRQIOLFW��QRU�GR� YDOXHV�� ZLWK� WKHLU�DFFRPSDQ\LQJ�DFWLRQV�� RSSRVH� HDFK� RWKHU�� 0HQV� SDWKV� FURVV��EXW�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� WKHP�VHOGRP� UHDFKHV�WKH� FOLPDFWLF� SURSRUWLRQV� KLWKHUWR� UHTXLVLWH� IRU�ILFWLRQ�� 6XFK� D� FRQGLWLRQ� W\SLILHV�PHGLRFULW\� EH"�FDXVH� WKH� QRQHQWLW\�� FDSDEOH� RI� SDVVLRQ� LQ� LW"�VHOI��IDLOV� WR� SUHFLSLWDWH� WKH� SDVVLRQDO� VLWXDWLRQ���7RGDV� ODV� SDVLRQHV� KDQ� SHUGLGR� VXV� ILORV�� VX�

SROYRUD�� FXDQGR� -XDQ� 6DQFKH]� TXLHUH� MXJDU� FRQ�HOODV� ����� �S�� ������ :KHUHDV� D� VHQVH� RI�WLPHOL��QHVV�DFFRPSDQLHV� WKH�KHUR��-XDQV� GHFLVLRQV� FRPH�WRR� ODWH�� +H� DUULYHV� DIWHU�WKH�SRWHQWLDO� GUDPDWLF�RSSRUWXQLW\� KDV�VOLSSHG� DZD\�� ILQGLQJ�RQO\�JKRVWV�RI�HUVWZKLOH� YLJRURXV� VHQWLPHQWV��

7KH� TXHVWLRQ� QH[W� DULVHV�� ZK\� FRQVWUXFW� D�QRYHO� FRPSRVHG� RI�SRVW�FOLPD[HV"� $QG�KHUH�-DUQHV�IRUPXODWHV� DQ� DSRORJ\� RI� KLV� H[SHULPHQW�� 7KH�PRVW� LPPHGLDWH� UHDVRQ� LV� WR� SRUWUD\� WKH� PDVV�PDQ�� ZKR� LV� QHLWKHU� D� �\RX��� QRU� D� �KH��� QRU�DQ� �,�"IRU� WKHVH� ODWWHU� DUH� DOUHDG\� VSHFLILHG� DV�XQLTXH� DQG� LGHQWLILDEOH�� WKH\� DUH� PDUNHG� DV� XQ��PLVWDNDEOH� LQGLYLGXDOLWLHV�� %XW� -XDQ� 6DQFKH]� LV�DQ\RQH�� ZKLFK� PHDQV� KH� LV� QR� RQH� LQ�SDUWLFXODU��DQG� LI�KH� KDSSHQV� WR� EH� HQGRZHG� ZLWK� D� QDPH��LW� LV� SXUHO\� IRU� WKH� QRYHOLVWLF� FRQYHQLHQFH� RI�EHLQJ� UHFRJQL]HG� LQ�WKH�QDUUDWLYH�� &RQVHTXHQWO\��VLQFH� KH�LV�D� QRQ�KHUR�� ZHUH�KH� WR�EH�REVHUYHG� LQ�D� FOLPDFWLF� VHW� RI� FLUFXPVWDQFHV�� KH� ZRXOG� QRW�RQO\� EHFRPH� DQ� LQGLYLGXDO� VHOI� FRSLQJ� ZLWK� KLV�GUDPD�� EXW� KH� ZRXOG� EH� KHURLF�� DQG� WKXV� RQ�ERWK� DFFRXQWV� WKZDUW� WKH�DXWKRUV� SXUSRVH�� 7KH�VHFRQG� UHDVRQ� IRU�WKLV�NLQG� RI�QRYHO� LQYROYHV� WKH�SULQFLSOH� RI� DUWLVWLF� DXWKHQWLFLW\�� ,I� ZH� DFFHSW�WKH� QRWLRQ� WKDW� SHDN� HPRWLRQDO� LQWHUSOD\� LV�VFDUFH� LQ� HYHU\GD\� OLIH��ZH� PXVW� DOVR� DFNQRZO"�HGJH� D� QRYHOLVW� WR� EH� IDOVH� LI� KH� FRQWULYHV� D�FULWLFDO� VLWXDWLRQ� E\� PDQLSXODWLQJ� WKH� DV\Q��FKURQLF� EHKDYLRU� RI� VHYHUDO� FKDUDFWHUV� VR� WKDW�WKHLU� DFWLRQV� DQG� DWWLWXGHV� ZLOO� WUDQVSLUH� DW� D�VLQJOH� GUDPDWLF� PRPHQW�� )RU� H[DPSOH�� VLQFH�0DWLOGHV� DGXOWHURXV� GHVLUHV� LQ� /RFXUD� \�PXHUWH����� ��DUH� QRW� ORFDWHG� DW� WKH� VDPH� SRLQW� LQ�WLPH�DV� -XDQV� DQJHU�� -DUQHV� DFFRUGLQJO\� UHIUDLQV�IURP�ZULWLQJ�D�UHYHQJH� VFHQH� RQ�WKH�JURXQGV� WKDW�LW� ZRXOG� EH� XQJHQXLQH� DV� ZHOO� DV� OHVV� HIIHFWLYH�WKDQ� LI�WKHUH�KDG� EHHQ� D�FRLQFLGHQFH� RI�DWWLWXGHV���6ROR� XQ� IDOVR� QRYHODGRU� SXHGH� UHFRUWDU� GH� DTXL�\� DOOL� WUR]RV� VLQJXODUHV� GH� YLGD� \� DFRSODUORV"�FRPR� ORV� OLTXLGRV� HQ� XQ� PDWUD]"SDUD� KDFHUORV�KHUYLU� UXLGRVDPHQWH�� HQ� XQ� PRPHQWR� SUHILMDGR������ ��HQ� HVWH� IUDJPHQWR� GH� OD� YLGD� GH� -XDQ� 6DQ"�FKH]�� QR� VH� WXYR� OD� IRUWXQD� GH� KDOODU� D� ORV� SHU"�VRQDMHV� HQ� VX� SXQWR� GH� PDV� DOWD� WHQVLRQ�� �S�������� -DUQHV� GRHV� QRW� GHQ\� WKDW� DEVRUELQJ� HPR"�WLRQDO� GLVWXUEDQFHV� RYHUFRPH� WKH� SV\FKLF� OLYHV�

This content downloaded from 128.138.73.68 on Thu, 3 Apr 2014 01:05:46 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

���� %HQMDPLQ� -DUQHV�

RI�WKH� PDVVHV�� EXW� KH� GRHV� LQVLVW� RQ� WKH� VRFLDO�LQWHUDFWLRQ� RI�WKHVH� PHQWDO� VWUHVVHV�� DQG� RQ� WKH�IDFW�WKDW� WKH\�KDYH� QR� WHPSRUDO� FRQFXUUHQFH��

7KH� WKLUG�PRWLYH� IRU�IDEULFDWLQJ� ZKDW� -DUQHV�LQWHUFKDQJHDEO\� WHUPV�OD� QRYHOD�UHG�DQG� OD� QRYHOD�

SROLJUGILFD� LV� LPSODQWHG� LQ� WKH� ODUJHU� FRQVLGHUD"�WLRQ� RI�WKH�PDVVHV� LQ�JHQHUDO�� )RU� PDQ\� FXOWXUDO�DQG� KLVWRULFDO� UHDVRQV�� VRPH� RI� ZKLFK� ZHUH�HOXFLGDWHG� E\� 2UWHJD�� KXPDQ� FRQJORPHUDWLRQV�KDYH� VXGGHQO\� DSSHDUHG� HYHU\ZKHUH� LQ� WKH�WZHQWLHWK� FHQWXU\� WR�WKH�H[WHQW� RI�LQYDGLQJ� DUHDV�RQFH� VDQFWLILHG� IRU�D� VHOHFW� IHZ��-DUQHV� VHW� DERXW�WR� VKRZ� WKDW� WKLV� IDFW� ZDV� HTXDOO\� WUXH� RI� WKH�QRYHO� LQ� WKH� GHFDGHV� XS� WR� ������ 6HULRXV� ILFWLRQ��XQWLO� WKH� IORZHULQJ� RI�WKH� UHDOLVWLF� QRYHO� LQ� WKH�QLQHWHHQWK� FHQWXU\�� KDG� SRUWUD\HG� LWV� KHURHV�HLWKHU� DV� VRFLDOO\� DSDUW� IURP�WKH� SRSXODFH� RU�DV�

WRZHULQJ� DERYH� WKH� ODWWHU� E\� YLUWXH� RI� VRPH�

SHUVRQDO� H[FHOOHQFH�� :KHQ� WKH� OHYHO� RI� KHURLF�FULWHULD� VXEVHTXHQWO\� GHVFHQGHG� WR� WKH� PDVVHV��DV� LQ� WKH� ZRUNV� RI� 'LFNHQV�� =ROD�� DQG� *DOGRV��WKH� IRFXV� VWLOO� UHPDLQHG� LQGLYLGXDO� DQG� KHQFH�

SHUVRQDO�� VR� WKDW� WKH� QRYHO� FRQWLQXHG� WR� EH� D�

�PRQRJUDSK��� ZLWK� WKH� H[FHSWLRQ� WKDW� WKH�KHUR�ZDV� D�PDQ� ZKR�KDG� HPHUJHG� IURP�WKH�DQRQ\PLW\�RI�WKH�SRSXODU� FODVVHV�� %XW� IRU�-DUQ�V��DWWHPSWLQJ�D� QRYHOL]DWLRQ� RI� 2UWHJDQ� WKHRU\�� WKH� GRPL��QDQFH� RI� WKH� FROOHFWLYLW\� LQ� WKH� FXUUHQW� HSRFK�KDG� LWV� ILFWLRQDO� FRXQWHUSDUW� LQ� WKH� QHJOHFW� RI�

SDUWLFXODU� LQGLYLGXDOV� LQ�SUHIHUHQFH� IRU�D� VXUYH\�RI� WKH� JHQHUDO� JURXS�� 7KH� LGHRORJLFDO� HPERGL"�PHQW� RI�WKLV� SUHIHUHQFH� LQ� ILFWLRQ�LV�� QHHGOHVV� WR�

VD\�� )UHQFK� XQDQLPLVPH�� ZKLOH� WKH� IRUPDO� RU�WHFKQLFDO� IDFHW� RI� WKH� VDPH� WHQGHQF\� LV� UHSUH"�VHQWHG� E\�WKH�GHYLFH� RI�OLWHUDU\� FLQHPDWRJUDSK\��$V� WKH� IDFH� RI�WKH� LQGLYLGXDO� FKDUDFWHU� EHFRPHV�EOXUUHG� LQ� WKH� FURZG�� WKH� FURZG� LWVHOI�EHJLQV� WR�DVVHUW� D� SHUVRQDOLW\� RI� LWV� RZQ�� ZKLFK� FDQ� EH�GHVFULEHG� DV� D� JURXS� �SURILOH��� �(O� PXQGR� YD�ERUUDQGR� GH� VX� WDEOHUR� GH� DMHGUH]� ODV� JUDQGHV�SLH]DV�� \�SUHILHUH�VHJXLU� OD� SDUWLGD� FRQ� ORV�SHRQHV�VRORV�� D� TXLHQHV�� GH� YH]� HQ� FXDQGR�� OHV� HQGRVD�XQD� FDSHUX]D� GH� FDXGLOOR�� (O� QRYHOLVWD� QXHYR�UHEDQD� HO� FXHOOR� D� ORV� DOWRV� IDQWDVPRQHV� \� SUH"�ILHUH�PDQLSXODU� FRQ� ODV� PDVDV�� <D� ORV�SULQFLSDOHV�SHUVRQDMHV� GH� OD� QRYHOD� DFWXDO� WLHQHQ� FLHQ� PLO�FDEH]DV�� $� FDVL� QDGLH� OH� LQWHUHVD� XQ� SUREOHPD�LQGLYLGXDO�� (O� PXQGR� HQWHUR� HVWD� FDQVDGR� GH�

PRQRORJRV�� �SS�� ���������� $QG� HYHQ�ZKHUH�VHSD��UDWH� SHUVRQDJHV� DUH� RVWHQVLEO\� UHSUHVHQWHG� LQ�QRYHOV� OLNH�� IRU�H[DPSOH�� 0RUW� GH� TXHOTXXQ�� WKH�WUXWK�LV�WKDW� QR� GLVWLQFW� LQGLYLGXDOLW\� HYROYHV� DV�D� UHFRJQL]DEOH� VHOI�� DQ� LQGHSHQGHQW�� XQLTXH�SHUVRQ�� 2Q� WKH� FRQWUDU\�� DFWLRQV� DQG� VWDWHV� RI�PLQG� LQ� WKLV� W\SH� RI�ZRUN� JUDYLWDWH� DURXQG� D�FRPPRQ� HYHQW� LQ� VXFK� D� ZD\� WKDW� DQ� H[FHOOHQW�

SV\FKRORJ\� RI�WKH�JURXS� LV�FOHDUO\� RXWOLQHG�� +RZ"�HYHU�� WKHUH� LV�D� GLVWLQFWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� SRUWUD\LQJ� D�

JURXS� ZLWK�LWV�P\ULDGV� RI�IDFHV�� DQG� LQWURGXFLQJ�RQH� PDQ� ZKR� LV� VR� W\SLFDO� WKDW� KLV� IDFH� FDQ� EH�FRQIXVHG� ZLWK� WKRXVDQGV� RI�RWKHUV��

,W� LV� QHFHVVDU\� WR� LQTXLUH� ZK\�� WKHUHIRUH�� LI�

-DUQHV� XQGHUWRRN� D� QRYHO� RI�QRQGUDPDWLF�� RUGL��

QDU\� OLIH��KH� GLG� QRW� ILFWLRQDOL]H� WKH� JURXS� E\�IDVKLRQLQJ� KLV�ZRUN�DIWHU�WKH�PDQQHU� RI�5RPDLQV��LQVWHDG� RI�FUHDWLQJ� D� VLQJOH� -XDQ� 6DQFKH]�� 3DUD��

GR[LFDOO\�� LW�ZRXOG� VHHP� WKDW� -DUQHV� HQGHDYRUHG�WR� DQVZHU� WKLV� TXHVWLRQ� WR� KLPVHOI� E\� ZULWLQJ�/RFXUD� \�PXHUWH������ 7KH� GLIILFXOW\�ZLWK�D�QRYHO�ZKRVH� SURWDJRQLVW� LV� D� FROOHFWLYLW\� LV� WKLV�� LI�WKH�LQWHUHVW� LV� FHQWHUHG� RQ� WKH� SODQH� RI�JHQHUDOLWLHV��WKH�JURXS� ZLOO� VKRZ� WRR� DPRUSKRXV� D� SURIOOH�IRU�

FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ�� DQG� LI� LQWHUHVW� QDUURZV� WR�VHYHUDO� LQGLYLGXDOV�� WKH� QRYHO� EHFRPHV� SHUVRQDO��L]HG�� 6LQFH� -DUQHV� ZLVKHG� WR� FKDUDFWHUL]H� WKH�

PDVVHV�� KH� LQYHQWHG� D� KXPDQ� K\SRWKHVLV� ZKR�

REYLRXVO\� FRXOG� QRW� EH� GHVFULEHG� RU� JLYHQ� DQ\�SHUVRQDO� DWWULEXWHV� EHFDXVH� ZLWK� WKHVH� KH�ZRXOG�KDYH� EHHQ� LQGLYLGXDOL]HG�� -XDQV� VHDUFK� LV� WKH�

FRQVHTXHQFH� RI� D� ZLVK� WR� GLVDVVRFLDWH� KLPVHOI�IURP�WKH�PDVVHV�� RI�ZKLFK�� IRU�WKH� OHQJWK� RI�WKH�

QRYHO�� KH� LV� D� UHOXFWDQW� DQG� XQXVXDO� PHPEHU��

-XDQ� LV� DQ� XQLYHUVDO� DPEXODQWH�� ZLWK� D� IDFH� DQG�

GHVWLQ\� WKDW� LPDJH� WKRVH� RI�FRXQWOHVV� RWKHU�PHQ���/D� PDVD� WLHQH� WDPELHQ� VXV� SHUILOHV�� DXQTXH�LQQXPHUDEOHV�� ([LJH� XQ� SRGHU� PDV� UREXVWR� GH�VHOHFFLRQ� \�DUTXLWHFWXUD�� 4XLHQ� SRVHD� HVWD� YLUWXG�FUHDUD� HO�QXHYR� SHUVRQDMH�� &UHDUD� OD� QRYHOD� UHG��

�SS�� ����������$V� ,� VXJJHVWHG� SUHYLRXVO\�� -DUQHV� WRRN� RQO\�

WKH� LQLWLDO� VWHS� WRZDUG� D� QRYHOD� UHG� LQ� WKDW� KH�GHYLVHG� WKH� QHZ� W\SH� RI� FKDUDFWHU� WR� EH� SRU��WUD\HG�� ,W� LV� TXLWH� OLNHO\�� LQ�IDFW�� WKDW� WKLV� WKHR��UHWLFDO� QRYHO� FRXOG� QRW� KDYH� EHHQ� GHYHORSHG�IXUWKHU� WKDQ� WKH� LQFLSLHQW� VWDJH� RI� /RFXUD� \�PXHUWH�������EHFDXVH� D�VLWXDWLRQ� ZRXOG� KDYH� DULVHQ�ZKHUHLQ� WKH� LQWHUDFWLRQV� RI�VHYHUDO� FKDUDFWHUV� RI�WKH�W\SH�-XDQ� 6DQFKH]� ZRXOG� WHQG� WR�FDQFHO� HDFK�RWKHU� RXW�� RU� PHUHO\� GXSOLFDWH� WKH� H[LVWHQFH� RI�WKH�SURWRW\SH� -XDQ� 6DQFKH]�� 7KDW� LV��DV� PRGHUQ�OLIH�SURJUHVVHV� WR�D�PRUH�XQLIRUP�VHW�RI�DFWLYLWLHV��D� JLYHQ� HQWLW\� WDNHV� RQ� PRUH� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� LQ�FRPPRQ� ZLWK� RWKHU� HQWLWLHV�� DQG� XQGHUJRHV� D�

SURSRUWLRQDO� UHGXFWLRQ� LQ�KLV� QXPEHU� RI�XQLTXH�WUDLWV�� -XDQ� 6DQFKH]� LV�WKH�ILFWLRQDO� H[DJJHUDWLRQ�RI�RQH� PDQ� EHVWRZHG� ZLWK� D� FROOHFWLYH� SV\FKH��)URP� WKH� VWDQGSRLQW� RI� �ILFWLRQDEOH�� PDWHULDO��PRUHRYHU�� WKH�SRVVLELOLW\� RI�KHURLVP� GHFUHDVHV� DV�WKH� LQGLYLGXDO� LV� IXUWKHU� VXEPHUJHG� LQWR� WKH�PDVVHV�� DQG� VLQFH� WKH�PRGHUQ� DJH� DSSHDUV� WR� EH�

IRVWHULQJ� XQLIRUPLW\�� WKH� KHURLF�� DV� D� VSHFLHV� RI�WKH� RXWVWDQGLQJ�� GLVDSSHDUV�� ,Q� WKH� ZRUGV� RI�$UWXUR�� �(O� PXQGR� YD� DGRSWDQGR� SRVWXUDV�LQWHOLJHQWHV�� HV� GHFLU�� YD� VXSULPLHQGR� ODV� SRV"�WXUDV�� 3URQWR� QR� TXHGDUDQ� KHURHV� PRQXPHQWD��OL]DEOHV�� /D� YLGD� PRGHUQD� HVWD� UHGXFLHQGR� HO�

This content downloaded from 128.138.73.68 on Thu, 3 Apr 2014 01:05:46 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

3DXO� ,OLH� ����

URVWUR� GHO� PXQGR� D� HVTXHPDV� VLPSOLFLVLPRV�� D�

JHRPHWULDV� FROHFWLYDV�� GRQGH� QR�FDEHQ� SURIXQGDV�FRQWUDGLFFLRQHV� LQGLYLGXDOHV�"L9D� D� H[WLQJXLUVH�OD�SHUVRQDOLGDG"� >DVNV� -XDQ@"9DQ� D�UHGXFLUVH� ORV�

WLSRV� RULJLQDOHV�� 6H� OOHJDUD� TXL]D� D�XQD� HVWDQGDUL��]DFLRQ� GHO�KRPEUH�� �SS�� ���������� 7R� SRSXODWH� D�QRYHOD� UHG� ZLWK� VHYHUDO� VXFK� SHUVRQDJHV� ZRXOG�DPRXQW� WR�D�GHVFULSWLRQ� RI�RQH�PDQ�SDQWRPLPLQJ�EHIRUH�PDQ\�NLQGV� RI�PLUURUV��7KH� QRYHOLVW� PLJKW�KDYH� FKDUDFWHUV� RI�YDULRXV� KHLJKWV� DQG� ZHLJKWV�PRYLQJ� LQ� RQH� RU� DQRWKHU� GLUHFWLRQ� GHSHQGLQJ�XSRQ� WKH�GHJUHH� RI�FRQFDYLW\� RU�FRQYH[LW\� RI�WKH�PLUURUV��EXW� WKH�HQWLUH�RSHUDWLRQ� ZRXOG� EH� HVVHQ��

WLDOO\� WKH� VWRU\� RI�-XDQ� 6DQFKH]� LQ�PXOWLSOLFDWH��

,9�

:LWK�UHVSHFW� WR�WKH�H[SUHVVLYH� PRGHV� RI�-DUQH9�QRYHOD� SROLJUGILFD�� LW� ZRXOG� EH� FRQVLVWHQW� LI� D�FRUUHODWLRQ� ZHUH� GLVFRYHUHG� EHWZHHQ� WKH� QDWXUH�RI� KLV� YHUEDOL]DWLRQ� DQG� WKH� NLQG� RI� H[LVWHQFH�HQGXUHG� E\� D� -XDQ� 6DQFKH]�� 7KH� IDFW� LV� WKDW�

-DUQHV� UDWLRQDOH� RI�H[SUHVVLRQ� LV� IRXQGHG� XSRQ�RQH� RI�WKH� PRVW� ZLGHO\� LQGLFDWHG� FDXVHV� RI�WKH�VWDQGDUGL]HG� OLIH�WR� EH� QRYHOL]HG�� WKH� PDFKLQH��7KH� PDFKLQH� V\PEROL]HV�� E\�LWV�XQLIRUP�LQKXPDQ�

SURGXFWLRQ�� WKH� ODFN� RI�GLVWLQFWLRQ� ZKLFK� LV� DOVR�IRXQG� LQ� WKH� FRPSRQHQWV� RI� WKH� KXPDQ� FURZG�WKDW� FRQWUROV� LW�� ,W� LV� TXLWH� DSSURSULDWH�� WKHUH"�IRUH��WKDW� -DUQHV� VKRXOG� SHUFHLYH� TXDOLWLHV� LQ�WKH�PDFKLQH� ZKLFK�� ZKHQ� WUDQVPXWHG� LQWR� D� OLWHUDU\�PHGLXP�� DVVLVW� LQ�DUWLFXODWLQJ� KLV�YLVLRQ� RI�PRG"�HUQ�VRFLHW\��

7KH� G\QDPLFV� RI� D� PHFKDQL]HG� LQVWUXPHQW�KDYH� WKH� IROORZLQJ� DWWULEXWHV�� HLWKHU� KDUPRQ\�RU�UK\WKP�� LPSHUVRQDO� RSHUDWLRQ�� DQG� SUHFLVLRQ��ZKLFK� LV�PRVW� UHDGLO\� H[SUHVVHG� LQ�PDWKHPDWLFDO�

ODQJXDJH�� 6LPLODUO\�� -DUQHV� QRYHOLVWLF� SLFWXUH� RI�H[LVWHQFH� LV� FUHDWHG� E\� LQWHOOHFWXDO� FRQFHSWV� DQG�VHQVRULDO� DSSUHKHQVLRQV� ZKLFK� DUH� VR� SKUDVHG� DV�WR� EH� OLQJXLVWLF� FRXQWHUSDUWV� RI�WKH� PHFKDQLVWLF�

TXDOLWLHV� MXVW� HQXPHUDWHG�� 7KH� QRYHOV� VW\OH��OH[LFRQ�� DQG� LPDJHU\� UHYHDO� D� KLJKO\� UDWLRQDO��REMHFWLYH�� DQG� VXSHUILFLDO� FRQFHSW� RI�WKH� ZRUOG��5DWKHU� WKDQ� DQ� LQVLJKW�� WKH\�IRUPXODWH� D� SUHFLVH�YLVLRQ� LQ�ZKLFK� �WKLQJV�� DUH�DVVHVVHG� DV� H[WHUQDO��LWLHV�ZLWKRXW� SULRU�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ� RI�WKHLU�SXUSRVH�RU�WKHLU� HVVHQFH�� DQG� LQGHHG�� ZKHUH� WKH� LPSOLFD��WLRQ� LV�WKDW� HVVHQFH� LV�DVFHUWDLQDEOH� E\�H[WHULRUV��7KLV� IDFW� LV�PRVW� DSSDUHQW� LQ� WKH� VHQVRULDO� DOOX��VLRQV�� .QRZOHGJH� RI�WKH� ZRUOG� LV� QRW� RQO\� PRUH�GLUHFW� WKURXJK� WKH� VHQVHV� WKDQ� WKURXJK� LQWHO"�OHFWXDO� PHDQV"VLQFH� VHQVDWLRQV�� XQOLNH� LGHDV�� GR�QRW� UHTXLUH� IRU� DSSUHKHQVLRQ� WKH� LQWHUPHGLDU\�VWUXFWXUH� RI� ODQJXDJH"EXW� VXFK� NQRZOHGJH� LV�DOVR� PRUH� UHFRQFLODEOH� WR� WKH� FDSDELOLWLHV� UHSUH"�VHQWHG� E\� WKH� DUHD� FDOOHG� WHFKQLFV�� $� FORVH�

DQDORJ\� FDQ� EH� QRWLFHG� EHWZHHQ� WKH� RSHUDWLRQDO�SURFHGXUHV� RI�PDFKLQHV�� ZKLFK� FRQVLVW� RI�GLUHFW�

SK\VLFDO� FRQWDFW�� DQG� KXPDQ� VHQVDWLRQ�� &XUL��

RXVO\� HQRXJK�� LQ� DQ� DJH� ZKHUH� VXUIDFH� FRQWDFW�LV� LPSRUWDQW� LQ�PDFKLQHU\�� WKH� OLYLQJ� LQGLYLGXDO�KDV� EHFRPH� OHVV� DZDUH� RI�WKH�ULFKQHVV� RIIHUHG�E\�D� WDFWLOH� H[SORUDWLRQ� RI�KLV� HQYLURQV��

2FXUUH� KXQGLUVH� HQ� OD� HQWUDQD� GH� XQ� REMHWR� VLQ�KDEHU�SDVHDGR� ORV�RMRV�\�ODV�PDQRV��YROXSWXRVDPHQWH��SRU�UHJLRQHV�LQH[SORUDGDV�GH�OD�SLHO��6H� FRQWHQWD� FRQ�YHU�SDVDU� SRU� HOOD� ODV� HILPHUDV�FDUDYDQDV� GHO� FRORU��WDQ�HQHPLJR�GHO�GLEXMR�� GHO�ILUPH�UHOLHYH��6ROR� YH�HQ�HOOD� OR� TXH� DSHQDV� H[LVWH��GHMDQGR� OR� GXUDGHUR�� VX�SXUD�H[WHQVLRQ��VX�IUDJLO�PDWHULDO�HQFDMDGD� HQ�ORV�FRP��SDUWLPLHQWRV�GHO�DLUH��

$SHQDV� YLVOXPEUD� VXV� GHOHLWHV�� VXV� DPRUHV�� FX\R�LGLRPD�XQLYHUVDO�SRVHH� GLDOHFWRV� HQFDQWDGRUHV� TXH� VH�OODPDQ� SRURVLGDG�� HODVWLFLGDG�� EODQGXUD� ������WDQ� VDO��SLFDGRV� GH� VXJHVWLRQHV� HOHFWULFDV�� PDJQHWLFDV�� OX��PLQRVDV��YLEUDWLOHV���S������

7KH� PDFKLQH� ZRUOG� LV� FRQFUHWH�� DQG� EHVW� GH"�VFULEHG� E\� UHVLVWDQFHV� RI� PDWHULDOV�� ZKLOH� WKH�VDOLHQW� SURSHUWLHV� RI� WKH� VXEVWDQFHV� GHDOW� ZLWK�FRQFHUQ� WH[WXUHV�� ,W� LV� E\� WKHVH� TXDOLWLHV� WKDW�PDWHULDOV� DUH� JHQXLQHO\� NQRZDEOH�� 7KH� SRLQW� LV�QRW� WKDW� -DUQHV� KDV� GLVFRYHUHG� D� QHZ� VHQVLELOLW\�"IRU� P\� WHUPLQRORJ\� LV� EDVLFDOO\� VFXOSWXUDO"�EXW� WKDW� KH� KDV� HQGHDYRUHG� WR� VSHFLI\� WKH� HOH"�PHQWV� RI� KLV� QRYHOLVWLF� VHWWLQJ� E\� UHIHUHQFHV�W\SLFDO� RI� WHFKQRORJLFDO� DFWLYLW\� LQ� RUGHU� WR�EULGJH� ZLWKLQ� D� VLQJOH� QRYHO� WKH� WZR� UHDOPV� RI�

SHUFHSWLRQ� DQG� VHWWLQJ��7KXV�� WKH�VHQVH� RI�WRXFK� WDNHV� SUHFHGHQFH� RYHU�

RWKHU� ZD\V� RI� SHUFHLYLQJ�� FRQWDFW� EHWZHHQ� H[��WHULRUV�� ZKHWKHU� RI� PDFKLQH� DQG� PDWHULDO� RU�FKDUDFWHU� DQG� ILFWLRQDO� HQYLURQPHQW�� LV� GHHPHG�WKH�PRVW� OXFLG� PHWKRG� RI�FODULI\LQJ�UHDOLW\�� 2QH�RI� WKH� ILUVW�VWDWHPHQWV� WR� EH� PDGH� DERXW� WKH�ZURUOG� FRQFHUQV� LWV� FRPSRVLWLRQ�� HYHU\ZKHUH��WKLQJV�� SUHVHQW� WKHPVHOYHV� DV� SK\VLFDO� UHDOLWLHV�WR�EH� WRXFKHG�� 7KH� VXSHUILFLDO� EHFRPHV� WKH�PRVW�SURIRXQG� OHYHO� IRU�WKH�IXOO�FRQVFLRXVQHVV� RI�PDW"�WHU�E\� PDQ�� DQG� SXUH� VHQVDWLRQ� HQDEOHV� KLP� WR�

SDUWDNH� IUHHO\�RI��OD� ULFD� HSLGHUPLV� GHO� PXQGR��

�S�� ����� 0RUHRYHU�� WDFWLOH� FRJQLWLRQ� KDV� DQ� H["�WHQVLRQ� ZKLFK� LV�HVWKHWLF�� LQ�WKDW� VHQVLEOH� EHDXW\�LV� �VNLQ� GHHS��� �$UWXUR� DFDULFLD� ODV� PDQ]DQDV��UHVEDODQ� VXV� GHGRV� SRU� OD� IULD� VXSHUILFLH�� UHFKL��QDQGR� XQ� SRFR�� FRPR� HQ� ODV� ERODV� GH� EURQFH� GH�OD� HVFDOHUD�� $O� FRQWDFWR� VH� DSDJD� WRGD� JXOD��SRUTXH� \D� HO� KHODGR� URFH� HV� HO� PD[LPR� GHOHLWH�TXH� SXGLHVH� SURYRFDU� OD� SRVHVLRQ�� (Q� OD� FXUYD�

SLHO� PHWDOLFD� SDUHFH� WHUPLQDU� OD� LUUDGLDFLRQ� GH�VX� EHOOH]D�� �S�� ������ 7KH� UHDOP� RI� VXEVWDQFHV�LQWHUHVWV� -DUQHV� EHFDXVH� KH� ZLVKHV� WR� JUDVS� WKH�EHDXW\� RI�SDOSDEOH� WKLQJV��7KLV� �HVWKHWLF� VWHUHRJ��QRVLV��� DV� ,� ZLOO� FDOO� LW�� LJQRUHV� DEVWUDFWLRQ� LQ�IDYRU� RI� WKH� SOHDVDQW� SK\VLRORJLFDO� HIIHFWV� RI�PDWWHU� RQ� WKH� VHQVHV�� ,Q� WKH� PLGVW� RI�VHQVRULDO�SOHQLWXGH�� WKH� LQGLYLGXDO� GHULYHV� VDWLVIDFWLRQ�

This content downloaded from 128.138.73.68 on Thu, 3 Apr 2014 01:05:46 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

���� %HQMDPLQ� -DUQLV�

IURP�KDYLQJ� �NQRZQ�� DQ� REMHFW� DV� LW� FDQ� RQO\�EH�NQRZQ� ZKHQ� DSSURDFKHG� DV� VXEVWDQFH�� VXSHU��ILFLDOO\��LQ� WKH� EHVW� PHDQLQJ� RI�WKH� ZRUG��

1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJ� WKH�HPSKDVLV� RQ�WRXFK��UHFRJ"�QLWLRQ� PXVW� DOVR� EH� JLYHQ� WR� WKH� LPSRUWDQFH� RI�FKURPDWLF�� DXGLWRU\�� DQG� ROIDFWRU\� DSSHDOV��7KHUH� DUH� YDULRXV� SKDVHV� WKURXJK� ZKLFK� WKH�REVHUYHU� SDVVHV� LQ�KLV�GHVLUH� WR�SRVVHVV� WKH�REMHFW�RI�EHDXW\��

$EUH�OD�IUXWD�WUHV�KRUL]RQWHV��FDGD� XQR� FRQ�SHFX��OLDUHV�GHOHLWHV��HO�GHO�FRORU��HO�GHO�DURPD��HO�GHO�FRQWDFWR��6RQ�ORV�RMRV� HVSLDV�YLYDFHV� GH�OD�YROXSWXRVLGDG�� GH�OD�TXH� VXHOHQ�FRQVXPLU�OD�SRUFLRQ�PDV�ULFD��GHMDQGR�D�ORV�RWURV�VHQWLGRV�HO�GHVSRMR�� 7UD]D� HO�DURPD� DQFKRV�FLU��FXORV� VXWLOHV� TXH�� VHJXQ� VH� DSULHWDQ�� YDQ� ILQDPHQWH�HVFODYL]DQGR� OD�DYLGH]��

<��SRU�ILQ��HO�PLVPR�FRQWRUQR�GH�ODV�FRVDV��VX�IRUPD�SOHQD�� VX�SLHO��DEUH�HO�XOWLPR�KRUL]RQWH��OD� RQGD�PDV�FHUFDQD� TXH� FDGD� VHU� SURYRFD� DO� VXPHUJLUVH�HQ� HO�HVSDFLR�� RQGD� TXH� VH�FRQIXQGH�FRQ�HO�SHUILO��GRQGH�VH�VDFLD� R�QDXIUDJD�GHILQLWLYDPHQWH�HO�GHVHR�� �SS�� ����������

,W� LV� QRW� GLIILFXOW�WR� VHH� ZK\� WRXFK� LV� YLHZHG� DV�WKH� PRVW� SURPLQHQW� RI�PDQV� VHQVHV�� IRU�ZKDW"�HYHU� PD\� EH� VDLG� RI�D� WKLQJ� ZLWK� UHJDUG� WR� LWV�FRORU�� RGRU�� WDVWH�� RU� VRXQG�� LW� LV� SRVVLEOH� IRU�WKDW� WKLQJ� WR� H[LVW� ZLWKRXW� SRVVHVVLQJ� DQ\� RI�WKHVH� TXDOLWLHV�� 7KH� PRVW� EDVLF� UHDOLW\� RI� WKH�REMHFW� LV� LWV� PDWHULDO� H[LVWHQFH�� WKH� IDFW� WKDW� LW�LV� E\�EHLQJ� D�PDVV� WKDW� ILOOV�D� YRLG� DQG� WKDW� FDQ�EH� WRXFKHG�� 7R� HPSOR\� D� WDFWLOH� VHQVLELOLW\� LQ�WKH� QRYHO� LV� WR� GHVFULEH� WKH� PHWKRG� E\� ZKLFK�KXPDQ� EHLQJV� FRUURERUDWH� PDWHULDO� H[LVWHQFH��

3URFHHGLQJ� WR� WKH� ODQJXDJH� E\� ZKLFK� -DUQHV�VW\OL]HV� WKH� SHUFHSWLRQV� RI�KLV� QRYHOLVWLF� ZRUOG��ZH� ILQG� DQ� LPSHUVRQDO� SUHFLVLRQ� RI� H[SUHVVLRQ��+HUHWRIRUH� P\� SRLQWV� RI� UHIHUHQFH� KDYH� EHHQ�PDFKLQHV�� DQG� E\�QR� FRLQFLGHQFH�� DOOXVLRQ� WR�WKH�ERGLHV� RI�IHPLQLQH� SHUVRQDJHV� DUH�PDGH� LQ�WHUPV�RI�PDFKLQHV�� D� ZRPDQ� LV� D� �PDTXLQD� GH� FDUQH���S�� ������ RU� �HVWD� HQFDQWDGRUD� IDEULFD�� �S�� �����D� GDQFHU� LV� D� �IDEULFD� YROXSWXRVD�� �S�� ����� DQG�-XDQ� 6DQFKH]� PRWKHU� LV� ����� XQD� HVSOHQGLGD�PDTXLQD� GRQGH� WLUDU� GRFHQDV� GH� HMHPSODUHV� GH�KRPEUHV�� 8Q� DSDUDWR� GH� UHSURGXFLU� ����� �S�������� 7KH� GRPDLQ� RI� FRQFHSWXDO� ODQJXDJH� DQG�LPDJHU\� H[KLELWV� QRQKXPDQ� DSSHOODWLRQV� IRU�SHRSOH�� QRXQ� VXEVWLWXWHV� WKDW� UHGXFH� WKH�KXPDQ�HOHPHQW� WR� DQ� LPSHUVRQDO�� VWDEOH�� DQG� SUHGLFW��DEOH� SODQH�� 7KLV� LQWHQWLRQ� LV� DOVR� HYLGHQW� LQ�RWKHU� PHWDSKRULFDO� H[SUHVVLRQV�� LQFOXGLQJ� FDVHV�ZKHUH� RQH� ZRPDQ� LV� GHVFULEHG� DFFRUGLQJ� WR� �OD�SUHFLRVD� JHRPHWULD� GH� ODV� SLHUQDV�� �S�� ����� DQG�5HEHFDV� ILJXUH� LV� UHFRQVWUXFWHG� DUFKLWHFWRQL��FDOO\�� �&XUYDGD�� MXQWR� D� XQD� VLOOD�� FRQVWUX\H� HO�DUFR� GHO� SODFHU�� 6X� FXHUSR� HV� XQD� UDPD� HQ� WHQ"�VLRQ� GH� OD� TXH� FXHOJDQ� ORV� GRV� PHQXGRV� FRQRV��WDQ� VDEURVRV�� �S�� ����� (IIRUWV� DW� WKLV� NLQG� RI�

UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ� DUH� GHVLJQHG� WR� GHKXPDQL]H� WKH�

SHUVRQDJH� E\� DVFULELQJ�� WKURXJK� WKH�ZRUG� �JHR��PHWULD��� D� FRPSOHWHO\� ORJLFDO� V\VWHP� WR� OHJ�PRWLRQ�� DQG� E\� WUDQVIRUPLQJ� WKH� ERG\� LQWR� D�SDWWHUQ� RI� YROXPHV� DQG� SODQHV� LQ� WHQVLOH� UHOD"�

WLRQVKLS� ZLWK� HDFK� RWKHU�� 7KH� LGHRORJLFDO� LQWHQ"�WLRQ� EHKLQG� -DUQHV� ODQJXDJH� LV� WR� UHPRYH� WKH�SHUVRQDO� DQG� XQSUHGLFWDEOH� SRUWLRQ� RI�KLV� FKDU"�DFWHUV� TXDOLWLHV� VR� WKDW� WKH� IRUPHU� FDQ� EH� SLF��WXUHG� DV� FRQVLVWHQW�� DQLPDWH�� EXW� PDFKLQH�OLNH�RUJDQLVPV�� +LV� SXUH� JUDSKLF� UDWLRQDOLVP� GHOLQH��DWHV� WKHP� LQ� LPSHUVRQDO�� ORJLFDO� DWWLWXGHV� EH"�FDXVH� DV�SHRSOH� ZKR�DUH�QR�RQH� LQ�SDUWLFXODU� WKH\�ODFN� WUDLWV� WKDW� SURPSW� VSRQWDQHRXV� EHKDYLRU��

,� ZLVK� WR�DYRLG� WKH�PLVOHDGLQJ� VXJJHVWLRQ� WKDW�-DUQHV� SRUWUD\V� D� HDVW� RI�DXWRPDWRQV�� ,� VKRXOG�LQVWHDG� SRLQW� RXW� WKDW� KLV�XQLQGLYLGXDOL]HG� FKDU"�DFWHUV� DUH�VHW�LQWR�PRWLRQ� LQ�GHVFULSWLYH� SDVVDJHV�PDUNHG� E\�KHDY\� XVDJH� RI�PDWKHPDWLFDO� YRFDE��XODU\�� DQG� WKDW�LW�LV�WKLV�WHUPLQRORJ\�� UDWKHU�WKDQ�WKH� SHUVRQV� WKHPVHOYHV�� ZKLFK� FRQYH\V� WKH�PHFKDQLFDO�� GHKXPDQL]HG� DFFXUDF\�� $W�WLPHV� WKH�WHFKQLTXH� LV�VXLWHG� WR�WKH� VXEMHFW�� DV� LQ�WKH� FDVH�RI�WKH� FDIH� GDQFHU�� �8Q� YLHQWUH� UHGRQGR� JLUD� HQ�WRUQR� GH� VX� HMH�� TXH� DKRUD� HV� HO� HMH� GH� WRGR� HO�FDEDUHW�� DKX\HQWR� ODV� QXEHV�� \�XQD� OXQD� URVDGD�GHVFULEH� OHQWDPHQWH� JORWRQDV� HVSLUDOHV�� (Q� HO�FHQWUR� ULH� XQ� SULPRURVR� KR\XHOR�� ERFD� SLQWDGD�GH�JUDQD�� TXH� GH�SURQWR� VH�SLHUGH� HQWUH�HO�FHILXGR�DOXYLRQ� GH� VRPEUDV�� �S�� ����� +HUH�� JHRPHWULF�H[DFWLWXGH� UHPRYHV� PXFK"EXW� QRW� DOO"RI� WKH�VHQVXDOLW\� ZKLFK� DQ� DFFRXQW� RI� D� GDQFH� PLJKW�RUGLQDULO\� GLVSOD\�� EXW� WKHUH� LV�QR� TXHVWLRQ� WKDW�-DUQHV� FKRLFH� RI� ODQJXDJH� LV� MXVWLILDEOH� LI� ZH�EHDU� LQ� PLQG� WKDW� GDQFH� PRYHPHQWV� DUH� QRW�RQO\� UK\WKPLFDO� EXW� DOVR� HQFRPSDVV� D� K\SR"�WKHWLFDO� FHQWHU� ORFDWHG� LQ� WKH� GDQFHU�� $� JODQFH�DW� WKH� ZRUGV� LQ� WKH� OH[LFRQ� VXIINHV� WR� DOHUW� XV�WR� WKH� PDQ\� UHIHUHQFHV� WR� FLUFOHV� DQG� FLUFXODU�HIIHFWV��*HRPHWULFDO� FRQFHSWV� HOVHZKHUH� DOVR� VHUYH�WKH�GRXEOH� SXUSRVH� RI�HQKDQFLQJ� WKH�LPDJH� RI�WKH�ZRPDQV� YROXSWXRXVQHVV� E\�DOOXVLRQV� WR�VSKHUHV��DUFV�� DQG� FXUYHV�� DQG� RI�FKHFNLQJ� WKH� HPRWLRQDO�WHQRU� RI� WKH� GHVFULSWLRQ� E\� D� VWULFWO\� LQWHOOHF��WXDOL]HG� YRFDEXODU\��

%XW� WKH� PDWKHPDWLFDO� VHUYHV� LQ� D� GLPHQVLRQ�DGGLWLRQDO� WR� WKH� LPDJLVWLF� RQH�� 7KLV� GLPHQVLRQ�LV� VSDFH�� ZKLFK�� DV� IDU�DV� WKH�QRYHO� LV�FRQFHUQHG��LV� LPPHGLDWHO\� DVVRFLDWHG� ZLWK� QDUUDWLYH� DFWLRQ��$OWKRXJK� -DUQHV� DUWLILFLDOO\� SODQWV� WKH� SUREOHP�E\� IROORZLQJ� D� VSHFXODWLYH� VWDWHPHQW� ZLWK� D�FRQWULYHG� LOOXVWUDWLRQ�� KH� QHYHUWKHOHVV� VXSSOLHV� D�FOXH� WR� WKH� UROH� RI�JHRPHWULF� FRQFHSWLRQ� LQ� WKH�QRYHOV� DFWLRQ�� 7KH� VFHQH� LV� D� FDIH� ZKHUH� -XDQ�DQG� $UWXUR�DUH�VHDWHG�� WKH�ODWWHU�VWDULQJ�YDFDQWO\�DW�D�ZRPDQ� LQ�WKH�EDFNJURXQG�� �8Q� SXQWR� HV�WRGR�\�HV�QDGD�� (O� JHRPHWUD� QR� SXHGH� DWUDSDUOR�� \�VH�OR� LQYGQWD� HQ� HO� FUXFH� GH� GRV� FDPLQRV�� (V� XQ�

This content downloaded from 128.138.73.68 on Thu, 3 Apr 2014 01:05:46 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

3DXO� ,OLH� ����

DWRPR� GH� OD� OLQHD�� HV� OD� ODUYD� GH� XQ� SROLHGUR��6LQ�JR]DU� GH�QLQJXQD� GLPHQVLRQ� SXHGH� HQJHQGUDU�ODV� WUHV�� (VWH� SXQWR� TXH� H[DPLQD� $UWXUR� HVWD�GHVFULELHQGR� XQD� OLQHD� UHFWD�� 6H� DJUDQGD�� VH�

HQVDQFKD�� DQXOD� OD� GLVWDQFLD� GH� VX� PHVD� D� OD� GH�

$UWXUR�� XQDV� PDQRV� VH� SRVDQ� HQ� ORV� KRPEURV� GH�

-XDQ� 6DQFKH]�� OH� WDSDQ� ORV� RMRV� ����� �SS�� ����

����� -DUQHV� LV�DWWHPSWLQJ� WKH� DQDO\VLV� RI�PRWLRQ�LQ� WHUPV� RI� WKH� ORFDWLRQV� RI�JHRPHWULFDO� ERGLHV�LQ�VSDFH�� 7R� XVH� ILFWLRQDO� FDWHJRULHV� OLNH� �DFWLRQ��DQG� �FKDUDFWHU�� ZRXOG� EH�OHVV�SUHFLVH� WKDQ� WHUPV�VXFK� DV� �OLQH�� DQG� �VROLG��� WKH� ODWWHU� XVDJHV�IXUWKHU�DVVLVW� WKH� JHQHUDO� LPSHWXV� WRZDUG� D� GH��KXPDQL]HG� QRYHO�� ,Q� WKLV� FDVH�� WKH� ZRPDQ� LV� DW�ILUVW�QRW� SDUW� RI�WKH� VFHQH�� DQG� KHU� DSDUWQHVV� LV�VR� FRPSOHWH� WKDW� LW�ZRXOG� EH� HTXLYDOHQW� WR�EHLQJ�VWDWLRQHG� DW� D� SRVLWLRQ� RI�LQILQLWH�GLVWDQFH� IURP�$UWXURV� WDEOH�� :KHQ� KH� ORRNV� DW� KHU�� WKHUHIRUH��VKH�FDQ� EH�FDOOHG� D� �SRLQW��� ZLWKRXW� DQ\�YROXPH��7KLV� LV� DOVR� UHSUHVHQWDWLYH� RI�WKH� SHUVRQDJH� TXD�LGHD�� VWLOO� SDUW� RI� WKH� DXWKRUV� WKRXJKWV� DQG�

DZDLWLQJ� GHILQLWH� VKDSH� LQ� WKH� QRYHO�� DOWKRXJK�WKLV�SHUVRQDJH� HQMR\V� QR�GLPHQVLRQ� DV�\HW��SRWHQ��WLDOO\� VKH� FDQ� GHYHORS� WKUHH��

$V� WKH� ZRPDQ� UHGXFHV� WKH� VSDFH� EHWZHHQ� WKH�PHQ� DQG� KHU�� VKH� LQWURGXFHV� WKH� SUREOHP� RI�PRWLRQ�� 7KH� PRYHPHQW� RI�D� ILJXUH�DORQJ� D� VSH"�FLILF�SDWK� LV� WUDFHDEOH� RQO\� LQ� WHUPV� RI�ZKDW� LV�ORFDWHG� DURXQG� LW��,Q� DQ�DEVROXWH�� XQIUDPHG� YRLG��D� PRYLQJ� REMHFW� LV� DV� LI� VWDWLRQDU\�� VLQFH� WKH�

H\H� KDV� QR� ZD\� RI� JDXJLQJ� LWV� PRWLRQ�� :KHQ�WKH� DIRUHPHQWLRQHG� ZRPDQ�� E\�WKLV� WLPH� QDPHG�

�5XWK��� OHDYHV� WKH� FDIH� ZLWK� -XDQ�� WKHLU� GLUHF"�WLRQ�LV�WKXV�GHVFULEHG�� �(Q� OD�FDOOH�� -XDQ� 6DQFKH]�

\� 5XWK� YDQ� TXHEUDQGR� VX� SURSLD� GLUHFFLRQ��WUD]DQ� ILJXUDV� GH� LQILQLWRV� ODGRV� TXH� WLHQHQ� SRU�YHUWLFHV� ORV�IDUROHV�� ORV� VHUHQRV�� ORV� WD[LV�� �S�� �����)URP� WKLV�� WZR� IDFWV� EHFRPH� HYLGHQW�� )LUVW�� WKH�

SDWK� WKDW� H[WHQGV� EHIRUH� WKH�FRXSOH� LV�GHVWUR\HG�DV� WKH\�ZDON�� VLQFH� LWV�RULJLQDO� OHQJWK� GLPLQLVKHV�DQG� WKH�SHUVSHFWLYH� IURP�ZKLFK� LW�ZDV� ILUVW�VHHQ�

FKDQJHV�� :LWK� UHJDUG� WR� QDUUDWLYH� DFWLRQ�� WKLV�

SKHQRPHQRQ� LV�QHYHU� DSSDUHQW� LQ�WKH�WUDGLWLRQDO�QRYHO� VLQFH� RQH� GRHV� QRW�QRUPDOO\� WKLQN�LQ�WHUPV�RI�SXUH� VSDWLDO� WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV� EXW� RI�JHVWXUHV��VHWWLQJV�� DQG� SRVLWLRQV� LQVWHDG�� 7KH� VHFRQG� IDFW�LV� WKDW� WKH� QXPEHU� RI� SRLQWV� DORQJ� WKH� SDWK�WUDYHOHG� LV� LQQXPHUDEOH�� ,Q� RWKHU� ZRUGV�� D�

W\SLFDO� QDUUDWLYH� VHQWHQFH� OLNH� �+H� ZDONHG� DORQJ�WKH�VWUHHW��� LV�FRPSOHWHO\� LQVXIILFLHQW�IRU�LPSDUW��LQJ�WKH�PDWKHPDWLFDOO\� LPSRUWDQW� QRWLRQ� WKDW�DQ�

LQILQLW\� RI� UHODWLRQVKLSV� LV� HVWDEOLVKHG� EHWZHHQ�

REMHFWV� RQ� WKH� VWUHHW� DQG� WKH� PRYLQJ� ERG\��UHODWLRQVKLSV� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� WKH� LQILQLWH�QXP"�EHU�RI�SRVLWLRQV� RFFXSLHG� E\� WKLV�ERG\� DORQJ� WKH�

ZD\��7KH� UHVXOW� RI�-DUQHV� JUDSKLF� WKHRU\� LV� D� GH"�

VFULSWLRQ� RI� D� ZRPDQ� PRYLQJ� DORQJ� D� SRUWLFR��

GLVDSSHDULQJ� DQG� UHDSSHDULQJ� DJDLQ� DQG� DJDLQ�EHQHDWK� WKH� DUFKHV� DQG� EHLQJ� RXWOLQHG� EHWZHHQ�WKH� FROXPQV�� $V� WKH� ILJXUH� UHFHGHV� LQWR� WKH�

GLVWDQFH�� HDFK� DUUHVWHG� JOLPSVH� RI� KHU� GLIIHUV�IURP�LWV� SUHGHFHVVRU��

<D� DO�TXLQWR�DUFR��GH�OD�WRWDO�HVWUXFWXUD�VH�KDQ�SHU��GLGR� GHOLFLRVRV� IUDJPHQWRV��$O� VHSWLPR� DUFR�� DXQ� VH�GLYLVD�HO�JXLILR�SLFDUHVFR�GH�ORV�RMRV��HO�JDUDEDWR� URVD�GH� OD� PDQR� TXH� WUD]D� HQ� HO� DLUH�XQD� IUDVH�GH� DGLRV�LPSURQXQFLDGD��

3RU�ILQ��GH�DTXHOOD� YLEUDQWH�VXFHVLRQ�GH� LPDJHQHV��VROR�TXHGD� HO�OXPLQRVR�UHVLGXR�GH�XQ�SDQXHOR� SHUGLGR�SRFR�D�SRFR�HQ�OD�FURPDWLFD�UHG��KDVWD�SRGHU�VHU�FRQ��IXQGLGR�FRQ� RWUR�FXDOTXLHUD�� FRPR� HQ� ORV� DQGHQHV��3HUR�$UWXUR�VLJXH�SDODGHDQGR� DOJXQ�WLHPSR�HO�SRVWUHU�VRUER�� HO� PDV� VDEURVR�� GH� DTXHOOD� FRSD� HPRFLRQDO�EHELGD�HQ�SURJUHVLRQ�DULWPHWLFD�GHVFHQGHQWH���S������

7KH� HIIHFW�LV� D� VHJPHQWDWLRQ� RI�WKH� WRWDOLW\� RI�D�PRYHPHQW�� ,QVWHDG� RI�D� FRPSOHWH� DFWLRQ�� VXFFHV��VLYH� VWDJHV� RI�ORFDWLRQV� DUH�PDGH� WR�FRPSRVH� WKH�

HQWLUHW\�� VR� WKDW� WKH� UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ� LV� GLYHUWHG�IURP� WUDGLWLRQDO� QDUUDWLRQ� WR� DQ� H[SHULPHQW� LQ�VROLG� JHRPHWU\� VNHWFKLQJ�� 7KLV� PHWKRG� LV� ZLWK"�RXW� GRXEW� WKH� PRUH� DFFXUDWH� LI�WKH� VWDQGDUG� LV�WR�EH�DFWLRQ� FRQVLGHUHG� DV� D�VSDWLDO� SKHQRPHQRQ��

9�

,W� LV�KDUGO\� QHFHVVDU\� WR�SRLQW� WR�WKH�SRVLWLYLVW�VSLULW� LQ� VFLHQFH� DQG� SKLORVRSK\�� WKH� FROOHFWLYLVW�WKHRULHV� LQ� WKH� VRFLDO� VFLHQFHV�� DQG� WKH� H[SHUL��PHQWDO� DGYDQFHV� LQ� WKH� SODVWLF� DUWV� DV� FRQFXU��UHQW� LQWHOOHFWXDO� WHQGHQFLHV� ZKLFK� KHOS� WR� H["�

SODLQ� WKH�IRUPXODWLRQ� RI�-DUQHV� QRYHOLVWLF� WKHRU\��7KH� FXOWXUDO� FOLPDWH� RI� WKH� ILUVW�WKUHH� GHFDGHV�RI�WKLV� FHQWXU\� FRQVLVWHG� LQ�JUHDW� PHDVXUH� RI�DQ�HYDVLRQ� RI� FRQFUHWH� KXPDQ� UHDOLW\� RQ� WKH� RQH�

KDQG�� DQG� D� ZLWKGUDZDO� IURP� EROG� LQGLYLGXDO��LVWLF� DSSURDFKHV� WR� OLIH�RQ� WKH� RWKHU�� &KDUDFWHU��

L]LQJ� WKH�IRUPHU�ZHUH� JUHDW� SURJUHVV� LQ�WKH�SXUH�VFLHQFHV� DQG� ZLGHVSUHDG� DEVWUDFWLRQ� LQ� WKH� DUWV��HYLGHQFHV� RI�WKH� ODWWHU� ZHUH� QHZ� QDWLRQDOLVW� DQG�

JURXS� VSLULWV�� DQG� WKH� SRSXODULW\� RI� VRFLDOLVW�HFRQRPLF� DQG� SROLWLFDO� LGHRORJLHV�� ,W�FRPHV�� WKHUH"�

IRUH��DV� QR�VXUSULVH� WKDW� D�QRYHO� VXFK� DV� /RFXUD� \�PXHUWH����� ��ZDV� ZULWWHQ�ZKHQ� LW�ZDV�� ,Q� WKH�OLJKW�RI�UHFHQW� ILFWLRQ��KRZHYHU�� LW�LV�DOWRJHWKHU� FXULRXV�WKDW� WKLV� NLQG� RI�QRYHO� VKRXOG� KDYH� EHFRPH� D�

SUHFXUVRU� RI� WKH� QHRUHDOLVP� QRZ� FXOWLYDWHG� LQ�)UDQFH�� 7KH� PRVW� VXFFHVVIXO� RI� WKHVH� ZULWHUV��$ODLQ� 5REEH�*ULOOHW�� KDV� FRPH� UHPDUNDEO\� FORVH�WR�-DUQHV� WHFKQLTXH�� SDUWLFXODUO\� LQ�/D� -DORXVLH��DOWKRXJK� KH� FDUULHV� JHRPHWULFDO� H[SUHVVLRQ� WR� DQ�H[WUHPH� QHYHU� DQWLFLSDWHG� E\�WKH� 6SDQLDUG�� 7KH�

SURFHVV� RI�GHKXPDQL]LQJ� WKH�QRYHO�� LW�ZRXOG� DS"�SHDU�� LV� VWLOO� YLJRURXVO\� SHUSHWXDWHG��

8QLYHUVLW\� RI� 0LFKLJDQ�$QQ� $UERU�

This content downloaded from 128.138.73.68 on Thu, 3 Apr 2014 01:05:46 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions