aspects of how tracers compounds can contribute to ... · tor bjørnstad ([email protected])...

Aspects of how TracersCompounds can Contribute

to Optimize EOR/IOR Processes

Tor Bjørnstad ([email protected])Institute for Energy Technology (IFE)

Kjeller, NORWAY

FORCE seminarMEOR – from theory to field implementation

Stavanger, 18- Nov. 2014

The Nat iona l Norweg ian IOR Cent reThe Nat iona l Norweg ian IOR Cent re

Outline:

General on EOR/IOR Norwegian IOR Centre Tracer technology PITT (interwell SOR measurem.) SWCTT (near-well SOR measurem.) New developments

2


Traditional oilrecovery steps

3


Given an oil deposit....

What to do aboutit?

4


Primary oil recovery

A method of oil recovery whereby the oil flows from the well by its own pressure or is pumped out. This method recovers at best about 30% of the oil in the reservoir.

5

23.04.2019Tor Bjørnstad

6

A “dipper collects heavy oilA “dipper collects heavy oil


Secondary oil recovery

Method of oil recovery whereby the well is flooded with high‐pressure water or gas, such as methane, to push the oil out. Recovers additio‐nally about 20‐30% of the oil in the reservoir.well after primary recovery.

7


Method of oil recovery in which the oil is heated by various methods, or adding a polymer or deter‐gent to scrub it out. Typically recovers only an additional 10% of the oil in the well after pri‐mary and second‐ary recovery.

Tertiary oil recovery8


We called this tertiaryrecovery level for

Enhanced Oil Recovery:EOR

9


The concept of Improved Oil Recovery,IOR, was introduced including EOR but

also a number of other topics and aspects like:

Improved reservoir description New well strategy and drilling technology Smart well completion methods Improved understanding of flow assurance Economy, i.e. sound economic processes Environmental considerations Even Sosial and sociological aspects etc.

10


Modern strategy is to consider EOR/IOR

from day 1 in the field development

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The National Norwegian IOR CentreThe aim: Contribute to maximizing oil recovery on the

Norwegian Continental Shelf Research and development for field implementation Environmentally friendly technologies

User partners (so far):


Tracers for reservoircharacterization

13


Reservoir compartment studies

Sealingfault?

Open fault?

Fracture/high-permeabilitystreak?

Fluid flow directions?

14


Water expelling oil –should be traced15


Non-radioactive polyfluorinated interwell water tracers

H

F

COOHH

HH

H

F

COOHH

H H

F

H

COOHF

H H

H

H

COOHF

F H

H

H

COOHH

F F

H

F

COOHH

H F

H

F

COOHF

F F

H FCOOH

HH H

16


Non-radioactive gas tracers

Perfluorinatedcyclic hydro-carbons with coordinated light hydrocarbon (methyl) groups are excellent gas tracers

PMCP PMCH

CARBON

FLUORINE

1,2,4-PTMCH

PDCB

1,3-PDMCH

17


Injection wellInjection well

Stratified reservoirStratified reservoir

Tracing of injection fluids

Tracing of injection fluids

18

Production wellProduction well


PITT

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PITT principle

Exploits the delay of water/oil or gas/oil partitioningtracers compared to nonpartitioning (passive) tracersbetween injection well and production well

Works by injecting partitioning and passive tracerssimultaneously

Water or gas contactable average residual oilsaturation in swept volume can be estimated by:

So = (Tp –Tnp)/[Tp + Tnp(K – 1)]

20


K-value (partition coefficient)

Non-partitioning tracer exist only in water

Partitioning tracer distri-butes in water and oil

Water moves, oil is (close to) stagnant in EOR cases

K = (CTr)o/(CTr)w

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Phase partitioning22

Aqueous “feed” solution

Organic solvant

Phaseseparation


Passive and partitioning tracer flow in a flooding pore of formation rock

FORMATION ROCK

RESIDUAL OIL

The partitioning tracer becomes delayed withrespect to the passive water tracer.

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0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

Rel

ativ

e re

spo

ns

to p

eak

con

cen

trat

ion

Eluted amount (g)

WTP-1

WTP-2

WTP-3

WTP-4

WTP-5

WTP-6

HTO

Silica‐packedcolumnpreparedwithresidual oil

T = 40 CP = 170 barSOR = 15.7 %

Eluted volume

Con

c. n

orm

aliz

ed to

pea

k va

lue

Partitioning tracer – Lab Experiments24


First PITT: Leduc D-2A Pool Outline

25

AlbertaCANADA

Edmonton

Calgary

Pilot expansion

Pilot Area

Pilot injector

Observation well

Pilot producer

63.5 m38.0 m


First PITT: Tracer production curves

Cumulative water production (m3)0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

1500

1000

500

0

Passive tracer: Tritiated methanol

Partitioning tracer:Tritiated butanol

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Trac

er c

once

ntra

tion

(dpm

/g) Passive tracer: Tritiated methanol

Partitioning tracer:Tritiated butanol

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Passive tracer: Tritiated methanol

Partitioning tracer:Tritiated butanolPartitioning tracer:Tritiated butanol

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PITT SOR results27

Method

IWTTSWTT 1 (spm)SWTT 2 (dpm)SWTT 3 (mbm)Sponge coring

ResultsSOR %35 ± 140 ± 335 ± 335 ± 333


PITT operation in the Lagrave field

Tracer injection in LAV-7 16.02.2011

PITT injection

Tracer Type KAmount

[kg]

T1 Partitioning 2.1 5






2-FBA Passive 0 5

1 km

Temperature ~ 80o C

Ref.: SPE 164059

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Estimation of So by scaling x-axis

Scaling x-axis of the partitioning tracer : x' = x / (1+)

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RTD analysis of PITTs

Must first correct for re-injection & extrapolate to infinity

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LAV-1 results

Results are consistent

Tracer

IFE-WTP8 0.6 1.9 24

Average saturation measured on cores:

25 %

IFE-WTP7 0.75 2.4 24

IFE-WTP3 0.50 1.5 25

IFE-WTP2 0.50 1.5 25

IFE-WTP1 0.70 2.1 25

IFE-WTP4 0.80 2.9 22

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SWCTT

32


SWCTT principle

Chemical reaction

Hydrolysis reaction

+ +

Ester Water Alcohol Acid

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SWCTT stage 1: Injection

Partitioning and reactingtracer: Ester

Cover tracer: Passive

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SWCTT stage 2: Shut-in with hydrolysis

Formed alcohol water tracer

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SWCTT stage 3: Back-production

To analysis

SOR Distance (in time/volume) between remainingester and produced alcohol tracers.

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00

Unreacted EsterTracer

Volume Produced (bbls)

Material Balance Tracer

Product AlcoholTracer

1400

1600

1800

2000

0 500 1000 1500 20000

50

100

150

200

250

300C

once

ntra

tion

Trac

ers

(ppm

)

Con

cent

ratio

n Tr

acer

s (p

pm)

Single Well Chemical Tracer Test Production Curve

600

800

1000

1200

200

400

)1(12

12

KVVVVSOR

V1

V2

37

The National IOR Centre of Norway

Single Well Chemical Tracer Test


New developments

39


IOR centerTask 5: Tracer technology:Main work packages:

Further development of PITT technology: New phase-partitioning tracers Lab. studies on stability Field pilots

Further development of SWTT technology: New concepts including esters and other water-reacting

compounds Miniaturization of field process (two steps)

Introduction of «smart» nanoparticle tracers for both PITT and SWTT

Improved modeling and interpretation methods

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New SWCTT development: Tracer volume reduction

Mini-SWCTT= Trp/1000

Micro-SWCTT= Trp/100000

Present daytracer amountRelative value

= Trp

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Particle coreemission

Particle core and functional layer

emission

Particle core and multifunctional layer emission

Fluorescent and Radioactive Nano-Particles for both IWPTT, RITT

SWPTT and SWRTT

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Fluorescense of rare earth metals43

Fluorescence spectra ofselected rare earths

Fluorescence colorsof selected rare earths


Fluorescens decay-time of variousEu-complexes

Time (ms)

Inte

nsit

y(r

el.)

1.0 2.0 3.0Brichart, 2014

Eu3+

44


Measuring reservoir pH with «smart» tracers

Retention of varioustracers in reservoirsat residual saturation

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Examples of possible tracer compoundsfor pH measurement

Name

2-Chlorophenol

2,6-DiChlorophenol

2-fluorophenol

4-fluorophenol

2,6-Difluorophenol

4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol

H

H

OHCl

H H

Cl

H

OHCl

H H

H

H

OHF

H H

H

F

OHH

H H

F

H

OHF

H H

H

C

OHH

H HF F

F

46


Complex well inflow monitoring47


Tracers in polymer rods-placed in the sandscreen

Sand screen

”Smart” tracer matrix

48


…showing the polymer matrix49


ICD- and tracer-based mass inflow monitoring

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Mass inflow

Tracer inflow

Sealingrock

Packer Productiontubing ICD

Oil-bearingformation

Tracer Container (in pressurecontact with theformation)

Tracer inflowresistance


Basis of the patent51


Basis of the patent cont.

= = 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄

52


Basis of the patent cont. One observes that k, ctrac and are known (measured

in the lab). The total production volume per time unit Vtop is also known (measured at the platform). Thus, ctop may be determined by collecting fluid samples followed by tracer analysis. Thus, p can be calculatedaccurately.

Knowing p and the flow resistance characteristics ofthe ICD, the production flow entering the tube at theproduction zone where the tracer release device is installed can be calculated.

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Great Simple Formulas

K = ma (Newton)E = mc2 (Einstein)

= m2c2

Efficiency = manpower x method xco-operation x co-ordination

= (m2c2)xf(x,y,..)IOR =

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