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Aspirin lab report TA: Dr. Dehghan 3/17/2016 Erik Maradiaga

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Page 1: Aspirin!lab!report! TA:!Dr.!Dehghan! 3/17/2016! ErikMaradiaga!€¦ · The!purpose!of!this!experiment!is!to!synthesize!acetylsalicylic!fromsalicylic! acidinordertoseetheprocessofesterification.Phosphor

               

 

Aspirin  lab  report  

TA:  Dr.  Dehghan  

3/17/2016  

Erik  Maradiaga  

 

 

                                               

Page 2: Aspirin!lab!report! TA:!Dr.!Dehghan! 3/17/2016! ErikMaradiaga!€¦ · The!purpose!of!this!experiment!is!to!synthesize!acetylsalicylic!fromsalicylic! acidinordertoseetheprocessofesterification.Phosphor

Introduction:      

Aspirin  is  an  important  drug  in  that  it  has  helped  many  individuals  who  are  

experiencing  pain.    Aspirin,  or  acetylsalicylic  acid,  is  derived  from  salicylic  acid  that  

was  used  by  the  Native  American.  However,  salicylic  acid  is  problematic  in  that  it  

causes  stomach  irritation.  As  a  result,  acetylsalicylic  acid  was  synthesized  in  order  

to  overcome  this  problem  in  the  late  1800s.    

  The  process  of  converting  salicylic  acid  to  acetylsalicylic  undergoes  a  process  

call  esterification.    In  other  words,  esterification  is  the  transformation  of  alcohols  

into  esters  (Shan,  2014).  Salicylic  acid  contains  an  alcohol  and  carboxylic  acid  

functional  group  and  is  converted  to  acetylsalicylic  by  converting  the  alcohol  group  

into  an  ester  functional  group.  This  reaction  is  an  equilibrium  process  and  is  shown  

by  the  double  arrow  in  the  chemical  reaction.  As  a  result,  Le  Chatelier  principle  can  

be  applied  to  this  process.  Le  Chatelier  principle  states  that  when  stress  is  added  to  

an  equilibrium  process,  then  the  system  will  react  in  a  way  in  that  the  effect  of  the  

stress  will  be  minimized  (Last,  1997).  For  instance,  if  you  have  too  much  

concentration  of  the  reactants,  then  the  chemical  reaction  will  shift  and  make  more  

products  in  order  to  keep  it  at  equilibrium.  Thus,  the  chemical  reaction  will  favor  

either  the  products  or  the  reactants  depending  on  what  is  being  added  to  the  

reaction.  In  this  case,  if  there  is  more  acetic  anhydride  being  added  to  this  reaction,  

then  the  chemical  reaction  will  shift  toward  the  products  and  make  more  

acetylsalicylic  acid.  Likewise,  if  there  is  more  acetic  acid  being  added,  then  the  

chemical  reaction  will  shift  and  make  more  salicylic  acid.    

However,  there  are  many  other  ways  in  order  to  catalyze  an  esterification  

reaction.  As  an  illustration,  an  aldehyde  can  be  converted  to  an  ester  by  using  N-­‐  

heterocyclic  carbine  (NHC).  This  mechanism  differ  in  that  carbine  undergoes  a  

nucleophilic  addition  to  an  aldehyde  and  forms  an  alcohol.  Next,  an  oxidant  oxidized  

the  alcohol  to  form  an  acyl  carbine,  which  is  known  as  Breslow  intermediate.  Last,  

nucleophilic  substitution  by  alcohol  occurs  in  order  to  get  an  ester  (Shan,  2014).  

This  is  different  from  the  aspirin  reaction  since  an  aldehyde  is  the  reactant  instead  

of  an  alcohol.    

Page 3: Aspirin!lab!report! TA:!Dr.!Dehghan! 3/17/2016! ErikMaradiaga!€¦ · The!purpose!of!this!experiment!is!to!synthesize!acetylsalicylic!fromsalicylic! acidinordertoseetheprocessofesterification.Phosphor

The  purpose  of  this  experiment  is  to  synthesize  acetylsalicylic  from  salicylic  

acid  in  order  to  see  the  process  of  esterification.  Phosphoric  acid,  a  strong  acid,  was  

used  in  order  to  speed  up  the  reaction  since  it  is  a  catalyst,  and  this  reaction  is  slow  

without  the  catalyst.  Likewise,  the  reaction  is  also  heated  up  to  70-­‐80  degrees  

Celsius  in  order  to  speed  up  the  reaction  and  help  it  reach  equilibrium  faster.  Also,  

acetic  anhydride  was  used  as  the  reagent  rather  than  acetic  acid  since  one  of  the  

products  of  the  reaction  is  acetic  acid,  so  this  reaction  would  not  be  as  effective  

because  it  is  an  equilibrium  process.  On  the  other  hand,  recrystallization  and  

purification  was  also  done  in  order  to  compare  the  compounds  in  a  TLC  plate.  Water  

was  added  in  order  to  recrystallize  the  product  but  also  to  eliminate  some  of  the  

excess  acetic  acid  from  the  reaction.  In  order  to  get  the  crude  product  to  

recrystallize,  the  product  was  added  to  hot  water/  ethanol  mixture.  For  instance,  

since  the  crude  product  still  has  some  acetic  acid  present  in  the  solution,  the  hot  

water/  ethanol  mixture  will  react  with  the  acetic  acid  in  order  to  purify  the  aspirin  

more.  Overall,  the  three  main  products  that  was  analyze  was  salicylic  acid,  crude  

acetylsalicylic  acid,  and  the  recrystallized  acetylsalicylic  acid.  

 

Results:  

 

Figure  1:  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 4: Aspirin!lab!report! TA:!Dr.!Dehghan! 3/17/2016! ErikMaradiaga!€¦ · The!purpose!of!this!experiment!is!to!synthesize!acetylsalicylic!fromsalicylic! acidinordertoseetheprocessofesterification.Phosphor

 

Figure  2:  Reaction  mechanism  for  salicylic  acid  to  acetylsalicylic  acid  

 

 Figure  2  shows  the  mechanism  of  reaction  for  the  conversion  of  salicylic  acid  to  acetylsalicylic  acid.  It  also  shows  how  phosphoric  acid  is  used  in  the  first  step  as  a  catalyst  and  donates  a  proton  to  acetic  anhydride.  It  also  shows  the  intermediate  in  this  reaction  and  how  the  electrons  are  moving  throughout  each  step.    Figure  3:  TLC  Plate  

 Figure  2  shows  the  results  after  TLC.  In  the  bottom,  it  compares  salicylic  acid  to  the  crude  aspirin  and  recrystallized  aspirin.  The  solvent  traveled  4.1  cm  from  the  spots.  Also,  salicylic  acid  traveled  about  2.0  cm  away  from  the  spot,  and  the  crude  aspirin  and  recrystallized  aspirin  traveled  about  2.4  cm  and  2.5  cm  respectively.      Table  1:  Calculated  masses  of  synthesized  products    

Page 5: Aspirin!lab!report! TA:!Dr.!Dehghan! 3/17/2016! ErikMaradiaga!€¦ · The!purpose!of!this!experiment!is!to!synthesize!acetylsalicylic!fromsalicylic! acidinordertoseetheprocessofesterification.Phosphor

Mass  of  Salicylic  Acid       2.002  g  

Mass  of  Aspirin  and  Filter  Paper     3.513  g    

Mass  of  Filter  Paper     .110  g    

Mass  of  Aspirin  Synthesized     1.693  g  

 Table  1  shows  the  masses  that  were  weighed  throughout  the  experiment.  The  calculated  mass  of  the  aspirin  that  was  synthesized  was  about  3.403  grams  while  2.002  grams  of  salicylic  acid  was  used.    Table  2:  Calculated  Rf  Values    Salicylic  Acid   .49  

Crude  Aspirin   .59  

Recrystallized  Aspirin   .61  

 Table  2  shows  the  calculated  Rf  values  for  each  compound  after  TLC  was  performed.  Salicylic  acid  has  a  Rf  value  of  .49  and  crude  aspirin  has  an  Rf  value  of  .59.  Similarly,  Recrystallized  aspirin  has  an  Rf  value  of  61.  Based  on  these  results,  it  can  be  illustrated  how  crude  aspirin  and  recrystallized  aspirin  have  close  Rf  values.    Equations:  Rf=  Distance  Spot  traveled/  Distance  Solvent  Traveled  Recrystallized  Aspirin:  2.5/4.1  Rf=  .61    Limiting  reagent:  Mass=  density*volume  Density  of  acetic  anhydride:  1.08  g/mL  Volume  of  acetic  anhydride=  5  mL  Molar  mass  of  salicylic  acid=  132.12  g/mol  Molar  mass  of  acetic  anhydride=  102.09  g/mol  Mass  of  acetic  anhydride=  1.08  g/mL  *  5  mL=  5.4  g  acetic  anhydride    5.4  g  acetic  anhydride/  102.09  g/mol  =  .05289  mol  acetic  anhydride    2.002  g  salicylic  acid/  132.12  g/mol=  .01449  mol  salicylic  acid    Percent  Yield:    Mass  of  aspirin=  180  g/mol  (Actual  Yield/  Theoretical  Yield)  *  100%  1.693  g/  2.611  g*  100%=  64%    Discussion:    

Page 6: Aspirin!lab!report! TA:!Dr.!Dehghan! 3/17/2016! ErikMaradiaga!€¦ · The!purpose!of!this!experiment!is!to!synthesize!acetylsalicylic!fromsalicylic! acidinordertoseetheprocessofesterification.Phosphor

 

Figure  2  shows  the  mechanism  in  detail  as  to  how  salicylic  acid  is  converted  

to  acetylsalicylic.  First,  the  acetic  anhydride  is  protonated  and  gets  a  proton  from  

the  phosphoric  acid.  As  a  result,  the  oxygen  that  received  the  hydrogen  has  a  +1  

formal  charge.  Afterward,  the  alcohol  on  salicylic  acid  acts  as  a  nucleophile  and  

attacks  the  carbonyl  carbon  on  acetic  anhydride  because  there  is  a  partial  positive  

charge  on  the  carbon  due  to  the  electronegativity  of  oxygen.  Therefore,  the  bond  

that  is  formed  between  these  two  compounds  form  an  intermediate  where  there  is  a  

+1  formal  charge  on  the  alcohol  of  the  salicylic  acid.  However,  an  acetate  anion  

deprotonates  the  alcohol  that  is  part  of  the  salicylic  acid  and  also  protonates  the  

alcohol  that  is  part  of  the  acetic  anhydride.  That  is,  the  electrons  that  is  part  of  the  

hydrogen  bond  breaks  and  forms  a  double  bond  with  the  carbon  that  is  bonded  to  it.  

Since  carbon  is  not  stable  when  it  has  5  bonds,  the  oxygen  that  has  a  +1  formal  

charge  receives  the  electrons  and  leaves  in  order  to  form  acetic  acid.  Overall,  the  end  

result  of  this  reactions  forms  acetylsalicylic  acid  and  acetic  acid.    

Table  2  shows  the  Rf  values  after  TLC  was  performed.  It  shows  how  the  Rf  

values  for  salicylic  acid,  crude  aspirin,  and  recrystallized  aspirin  is  .49,  .59,  and  .61  

respectively.  This  matches  the  experiment’s  expectation  because  it  shows  how  the  

reaction  was  successful.  The  mobile  phase  is  appropriate  since  one  compound  is  

more  polar  than  the  other,  thus  will  have  an  effect  in  the  separation  of  compounds  

from  the  stationary  phase.  That  is,  since  acetylsalicylic  is  less  polar  than  salicylic  

acid  because  it  does  not  contain  the  hydrogen  bonding  from  the  alcohol  group,  it  

will  traveled  farther  in  the  TLC  plate.  Salicylic  acid  is  polar  and  will  react  with  the  

TLC  plate  since  polar  likes  polar,  causing  it  not  to  travel  farther.  However,  figure  3  

also  show  that  the  purification  may  have  not  been  successful  due  to  the  presence  of  

salicylic  acid.  In  other  words,  salicylic  acid  is  still  present  because  this  reaction  is  

reversible  and  the  temperature  of  the  reaction  cannot  be  controlled.  As  a  result,  the  

TLC  plate  still  shows  some  salicylic  acid  present  after  purification  was  done.  

One  experimental  error  that  may  have  affected  the  results  is  that  the  

ethanol/water  was  boiling  when  the  crude  aspirin  was  added  to  the  warm  bath.  As  a  

result,  this  may  have  affected  the  recrystallization  process  of  the  crude  aspirin  and  

Page 7: Aspirin!lab!report! TA:!Dr.!Dehghan! 3/17/2016! ErikMaradiaga!€¦ · The!purpose!of!this!experiment!is!to!synthesize!acetylsalicylic!fromsalicylic! acidinordertoseetheprocessofesterification.Phosphor

might  have  an  effect  in  the  percent  yield.  One  way  to  improve  this  part  of  the  

procedure  is  to  indicate  a  temperature  that  the  warm  water  should  be  at.  Another  

experimental  error  that  occurred  was  that  temperature  could  have  been  controlled  

better  for  this  experiment.  In  other  words,  if  temperature  was  controlled,  then  there  

should  not  have  been  salicylic  acid  present  in  the  recrystallized  aspirin  TLC  plate.  As  

a  result,  the  TLC  plate  could  be  misleading  and  show  that  the  recrystallization  

process  was  successful  when  it  really  was  not.  Overall,  temperature  could  have  been  

better  monitor  throughout  the  whole  experiment  since  this  is  an  equilibrium  

process.  

 References:      Last,  Arthur.  A  Colorful  Demonstration  of  Le  Chatelier’s  Principle.  Journal  of  College  Science  Teaching.  1997.  27.2:  143-­‐145.      Shan,  Tang.  Direct  Oxidative  Esterification  of  Alcohols.  Dalton  Transactions.  2014.  43:  13460-­‐13470.