ass sn jun 2010 saiful nizam

8/13/2019 Ass Sn Jun 2010 Saiful Nizam

1/13

MOHD SAIFUL NIZAM BIN A.RAHMAN HBSC 1203

810528016153 TEACHING SCIENCE FOR LOWER PRIMARY 1

810528016153002

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1

1. IntroductionBiology is a component of science, according to Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

dictionary (30 June 2010 at 07:05 ), Biology is anatural science concerned with the study of

life and livingorganisms,including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution,

distribution, and taxonomy.

This means teaching and learning biology should apply scientific method, scientific

method, scientific attitudes and noble values which all three components were related

between each other. These three components have been use by scientists to do research,

teaching or studying biology.

As teachers' implementation of these three components is important to make sure

students really understand the biology and to achieve the aims of the Malaysian Biology

Curriculum For Secondary School to: provide students with the knowledge and skills in

science and technology and enable them to solve problems and make decisions in everyday

life based on scientific attitudes and noble values. Ministry of Education Malaysia (2005).

To achieve this aim teachers and students need to understand and recognize all three

components and their importance in the field of biology. Each component should not be

ignored and it has a particular reason why it is important in the field of biology. Each

component has a definition and interests that differ for understood and applied by students

and teachers. Figure below shows the connection for each component :

Figure 1

Scientific method

Scientific skills Scientific attitudes

and noble values
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science


2/13



810528016153002

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2

Source of :HBSC 1203: Teaching Science For Lower Primary Semester: May 2010 Course

Assignment.

2. Scientific MethodThe set of rules used to guide science, based on the idea that scientific "laws" be

continuously tested, and replaced if found inadequate.CHANDRA x ray observatory cxc

operated for NASA by SAO glossary (2010)

Scientific method is the way scientists learn and study the world around them. It can be used

to study anything from a leaf to a dog to the entire universe. Readers Biology 4Kids.com

(2010).

Systematic methods used in scientific investigations of the natural world, which include

designing controlled experiments, gathering data, and developing and testing hypotheses.

Thomson Nelson Education glossary (2010)

From the above statement of the scientific method is a discipline used by scientists to

get answers about anything related to humans, animals, objects and the universe. Thisscientific method shall be based on research that has right process and measurable evidence

or empirical data. Moreover, scientific method also involves the science process skills such as

basic and integrated skills to prove the results with measurable evidence or empirical data. If

any evidence obtained without the science process skills, rules, discipline and evidence or

empirical data then it is a result that can be questioning or not scientific.

2.1 The Importance of Scientific Method

2.1.1 As a proof of a scientific fact is valid

All scientific facts are presented by the scientists must have undergone research and

have tested various hypotheses based on evidence and data that can be measured. Through

experiments and investigations are made to produce a scientific fact, scientists certainly

practice scientific method to proof their findings as a scientific fact.

Two of the most fundamental tools in the scientific toolbox are data and concepts. So basic

is the distinction between the two, that nearly all publications confine data and interpretations


3/13



810528016153002

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3

to separate sections. Clearly, interpretations depend on data; less obviously, all data

collection involves concept-based assumptions.Richard D. Jarrard Dept. of Geology and

Geophysics, University of Utah (2001).

2.1.2 Scientific literate

As teachers we play an important role to introduce science to students. We are the

first person literate science to them. The important thing is that we introduce as much as

possible knowledge of science to them. They should know as much about scientific fact, how

to interpreting data, and how to run experiments with the correct procedure using empirical

data by mastering the science process skills and scientific attitudes and noble values.

Scientific Methods is about the techniques and processes of science and the experience of

being a scientist. Richard D. Jarrard (2001).

2.1.3 To achieve the aim of the biology curriculum for secondary school in Malaysia.

The aims of the biology curriculum for secondary school are to provide students with the

knowledge and skills in science and technology and enable them to solve problems and make

decisions in everyday life based on scientific attitudes and noble values. Ministry of

Education Malaysia (2005).

The aim that has been introduced by the Ministry of Education Malaysia require

student to mastering skills in science and able to make decisions in everyday life based on

scientific attitudes and noble values. To achieve this aim it is no doubt that scientific method

need to be implemented to students. Scientific method have a connection with scientific

skills and scientific attitudes and noble values, without this three component it is difficult to

achieve the aim.


4/13



810528016153002

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4

2.2 Scientific Skills

A process involves some steps or a series ofoperations undergone by scientists during their

investigation. They are observation. Problemidentification, communication, formulating

hypothesis, experimenting and classification.Opong (1981)

The processes are the activities performed by scientists. Abdullabi (1982)

Scientific skills encompass science process skills and manipulative skills. Ministry of

Education Malaysia (2005).

From the above definition of scientific skills, it is obvious that scientific skills is the

process, activities or steps taken by scientists during conduct their investigation. Scientific

skills have two component it is science process skills (SPS) and manipulative skills. The SPS

enable pupils to formulate their questions and find out the answer systematically.

Manipulative skills refer to pupils psychomotor skills when performed an investigation. Both

of this skills are used together during an investigation.

The SPS are a necessary tool to produce and use scientific information, to perform scientific

research, and to solve problems. These skills can be gained by students through certain

science education activities. (Harlen, 1999; Huppert, Lomask & Lazarorcitz, 2002).

Manipulative skills in scientific investigation are psychomotor

skills that enable students to:

use and handle science apparatus and laboratory substancescorrectly,

handle specimens correctly and carefully,

draw specimens, apparatus and laboratory substancesaccurately,

clean science apparatus correctly, and store science apparatus and laboratory substances correctly

and safely.

Ministry of Education Malaysia (2005).


5/13



810528016153002

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5

SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

SKILL DESCRIPTION

Observing Determining the properties of an object or event by using the senses

Classifying Grouping objects or events according to their properties

Measuring/Using

Numbers

Skills include:

Describing quantitatively using appropriate units ofmeasurement

Estimating Recording quantitative data Space or time relationships

CommunicatingUsing written and spoken words, graphs, tables, diagrams, and other

information presentations, including those that are technology based

InferringDrawing a conclusion about a specific event based on observations

and data; may include cause and effect relationships

PredictingAnticipating consequences of a new or changed situation using past

experiences and observation

Collecting, Recording,

and Interpreting Data

Manipulating data, either collected by self or by others, in order to

make meaningful information and then finding patterns in that

information that lead to making inferences, predictions and

hypotheses

Identifying and

Controlling Variables

Identifying the variables in a situation; selecting variables to be

manipulated and held constant

Defining OperationallyDefining terms within the context of one's own experiences; stating

a definition in terms of "what you do" and "what you observe"

Making Hypotheses Proposing an explanation based on observations

Experimenting Investigating, manipulating materials, and testing hypotheses todetermine a result

Making and Using

Models

Representing the "real world" using a physical or mental model in

order to understand the larger process or phenomenon

Figure 2

Source of :Developing Science Skills

http://www.eduplace.com/science/profdev/articles/valentino2.html.


6/13



810528016153002

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6

From figure 2, SPS can be divide into two category :

a) Basic- Involve analysis and empirical procedures that are used in scientific practicalwork and in everyday life.

Observing Classifying Measuring/Using Numbers Communicating Inferring Predicting

b) Integrated- Complex process that combine two or more basic science process skills.Are necessary for carrying out experiments.

Collecting, Recording, and Interpreting Data

Defining Operationally Making Hypotheses Experimenting

2.2.1 The Importance of Scientific Skills

2.2.2 Develop Thinking Skills

Both SPS and manipulative skills are good to helps in developing student skills in

handling data/information and guide student to solve problem systematically, not only that, it

also develop student thinking skills. This can be realized during practical sessions with

student or normal classroom teaching, student will integrate knowledge, attitudes and skills to

solve problems. Each step in practical or investigation involves student to think in higher

order thinking skills. When they use science skills to solve problems, indirectly they use

thinking skills in critically and creatively.

2.2.3 Scientific skills as a habit

To make scientific skills as habit, teacher and parent nurture this scientific skills to

their student in early stage. The matter is important to ensure student can face and find

problem solution properly according to procedure like those done by scientist. When student

use this scientific skills in their daily live when facing a problem this will encourage student

curiosity and develop their interest about the world.

2.2.4 Understanding nature

Science closely related to natures, with student mastered science skills, student cansolve the problem related natures. Scientific skills are used to preserve and resuscitate nature.


7/13



810528016153002

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7

2.2.5 This will produce a good relationship between human and nature. Scientist will

responsible for what they had done to society and environment. They will think about moral

value and social ethics before they done the research. If this happen, human will appreciate

nature not to pollute nature.

3. Scientific Attitudes and Noble valuesIt is the possession of the skills and attitudes necessary for the usage of the scientific

process and the possession of the knowledge acquired through the process that make a

person a scientist.Opong (1981:12).

Science learning experiences can be used as a means to inculcate scientific and noble values

in pupils. Ministry of Education Malaysia (2005).

Investigation in science must be done taking into consideration the moral values. Dr

Nagalingam Karuppiah (2006).

Attitudes and nobles values are social ethic which refers to someone involved in

science. This attitudes and nobles values must be inculcate to each student. Attitudes and

nobles values are important because student must be aware of the consequence of the

investigation to themselves, society and nature. They should be able to distinguish between

good scientific study and bad scientific study which not follows attitudes and nobles values

and many of this bad scientific study were done to destroy human, animal and environment.

With this scientific attitudes and nobles values student will be responsible for every action

that they taken. These attitudes and values encompass:

Having an interest and curiosity towards the environment. Being honest and accurate in recording and validating data. Being diligent and persevering. Being responsible about the safety of oneself, others, and

the environment.

Realising that science is a means to understand nature. Appreciating and practising clean and healthy living


8/13



810528016153002

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8

Appreciating the balance of nature. Being respectful and well-mannered. Appreciating the contribution of science and technology. Being thankful to God. Having critical and analytical thinking. Source of : Being flexible and open-minded. Being kind-hearted and caring. Being objective. Being systematic. Being cooperative. Being fair and just. Daring to try. Thinking rationally. Being confident and independent.

The inculcation of scientific attitudes and noble values generally

occurs through the following stages:

Being aware of the importance and the need for scientificattitudes and noble values.

Giving emphasis to these attitudes and values. Practising and internalising these scientific attitudes and

noble values.

When planning teaching and learning activities,

Source of : Ministry of Education Malaysia (2005).


9/13



810528016153002

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9

3.1 The Importance of Scientific Attitudes and Noble values

3.1.1 To produce scientist which obey scientific values and noble values

Nowadays undeniable science development and technology staying in the peak level,

yet most technology produce adverse impact to mankind, animal and environment. This all

occurring because scientist which introduce new technology has no sense of responsibility for

what that they had invented whether it good or bad to society. For example weapon. High

technology weapon may result mass murder or destroying civilization, this is what happen to

Iraq and Afghanistan.

With Scientific Attitudes and Noble values scientist were trained to respect human

right, animal and nature. They will not break the social ethics, or pollute the environment for

personal interest and dare to speak the truth. With this highly scientific attitudes and nobles

value human will live peaceful in this world.


10/13



810528016153002

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10

4. The advantages and drawbacks of genetic engineeringGenetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the alteration of anorganisms

genetic material in a way that does not occur undernatural conditions. These alterations use

techniques that introduceheritable material prepared outside the organism either directly into

the host or into a cell that is thenfused orhybridised with the host. Any organism that is

generated using these techniques is considered to be agenetically engineered or genetically

modified organism.

Source from wikipedia

From this definition we can conclude that genetic engineering can change physical

structure of organism. For example, from this technology, scientist are able to change the

features of fruit to make it taste better than before. Like durian and paddy. In one side,

especially to the big agricultural company its good but in other side it may cause loss of

economical income especially to the smallholder.

4.1 The advantages of Genetic engineering.

Undeniable that genetic engineering give many benefit to various field in agriculture,

medical and consumerism. In the field of agriculture the genetic engineering can improve the

quality of the taste and mineral certain food. Pick up from the article (USFDA) United states

food and drugs Administration; Plant that that undergo genetic engineering in the beginning

produced so that exist change on the content constituent namely from nutrient quality aspect

and composition that can be repaired or further improved compared to organic crops plants.

For example, there are mineral and antioxidant increase of contents such as carotenoid,

flavanoid, Vitamin A, C and E in this type of plant. This material help to reduce rateoxidation process by delay the damage that due to chemical reaction. This mean vegetables

and fruits that generated through genetic engineering process, going to stand for a long time

when in market compare to the vegetables or fruits through crop process organically.

Bovonie Growth Hormone is a hormone that produce in the cow body to stimulate the growth

and milk production of a cow. Today this Bovonie hormone can be produce by the bacteria

that was develop by genetic engineering. This cow which eat this hormone proven that it can

help to increase the output of milk.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisms


11/13



810528016153002

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11

In the field of medical, genetic engineering produce vaccine or antibody to prevent

our body from disease. With genetic engineering also human can replace their body parts

which disappeared cause of accident, for example skin tissue or cell can be cultured to

replace the skin which burn for fire or accident victims Apart from that, application of

cloning technology and tissue culture which produce neutron cell to replace brain nerve that

damaged for the Parkinson patient. The modification of genetic code of horse and cow to

make it almost identical with human genetic code can help to extract insulin and other useless

hormone in body to prevent imbalance hormone disease. In cloning technology scientist can

produce new organ for human to prevent organ damage problem.

4.2 The drawback of genetic engineering

Various negative issues which arose from the genetic engineering, for example, Stalin

the USSR leader once have order their scientist to make a human clone mixed up with human

and ape genetic hopefully produce a species of half human and half animal to make as a

labour and soldier for his country. This show that, this kind of genetic engineering is beyond

noble value and human rights. Cloning for human also produce negative impact, human

without parent will be born in this world, of course they will grow with imbalanced emotion.

For the big company involved in agriculture and medical, this kind of engineering will

give big economical income but for the smallholder and small company that cannot invest in

genetic engineering due to the its large capital, they will suffer from economical income. So

this agriculture and medical will be monopolised by the big company which have no

responsibility to society, only gain to economical profit.

In ethical and religious view, the cloning of human are prohibited it is because with

cloning technology human was born not with its natural way, and this also will also give

social impact to the society.


12/13



810528016153002

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12

5. My opinion regarding any issue related to genetic engineering.For me, genetic engineering must count in religious, social ethic and noble value.

Without this three component, many negative impact will occur due to the genetic

engineering. To gain economical profit, big company and scientist must count to the society

from their product due to the genetic engineering in their research and development. Scientist

must comply the noble value to use the science method to in genetic engineering. They must

make a decision whether to involve or not in good or bad genetic engineering. With this

noble value in genetic engineering all product from this engineering will benefit human

without any bad effect.


13/13



810528016153002

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13

Refrence

Hilal Aktamis & Omer Ergin. (2008). The effect of scientific process skills. Ankara :

2008 HKIEdAPFSLT.

Curiculum Development Centre. (2005). Integrated Curriculum for Secondary Schools

Curriculum Specifications Biology Form 4. Putrajaya : Ministry Of Education.

http://www.tranungkite.net/v7

http://www.eduplace.com/science/profdev/articles/valentino2.html

http://www.wikipedia.org/

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/studies_scimethod.html
http://www.ied.edu.hk/apfslthttp://www.tranungkite.net/v7http://www.eduplace.com/science/profdev/articles/valentino2.htmlhttp://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.biology4kids.com/files/studies_scimethod.htmlhttp://www.biology4kids.com/files/studies_scimethod.htmlhttp://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.eduplace.com/science/profdev/articles/valentino2.htmlhttp://www.tranungkite.net/v7http://www.ied.edu.hk/apfslt

ass sn jun 2010 saiful nizam

Documents