assembled annotations - columbia university

THE GREEN NEW DEAL

Assembled AnnotationsIV

116TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. RES. 109

Recognizing the duty of the Federal Government to create a Green New Deal.

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

FEBRUARY 7, 2019 Ms. OCASIO-CORTEZ (for herself, Mr. HASTINGS, Ms. TLAIB, Mr. SERRANO,

Mrs. CAROLYN B. MALONEY of New York, Mr. VARGAS, Mr. ESPAILLAT, Mr. LYNCH, Ms. VELAZQUEZ, Mr. BLUMENAUER, Mr. BRENDAN F. BOYLE of Pennsylvania, Mr. CASTRO of Texas, Ms. CLARKE of New York, Ms. JAYAPAL, Mr. KHANNA, Mr. TED LIEU of California, Ms. PRESSLEY, Mr. WELCH, Mr. ENGEL, Mr. NEGUSE, Mr. NADLER, Mr. MCGOVERN, Mr. POCAN, Mr. TAKANO, Ms. NORTON, Mr. RASKIN, Mr. CONNOLLY, Mr. LOWENTHAL, Ms. MATSUI, Mr. THOMPSON of California, Mr. LEVIN of California, Ms. PINGREE, Mr. QUIGLEY, Mr. HUFFMAN, Mrs. WATSON COLEMAN, Mr. GARCIA of Illinois, Mr. HIGGINS of New York, Ms. HAALAND, Ms. MENG, Mr. CARBAJAL, Mr. CICILLINE, Mr. COHEN, Ms. CLARK of Massachusetts, Ms. JUDY CHU of California, Ms. MUCARSEL-POWELL, Mr. MOULTON, Mr. GRIJALVA, Mr. MEEKS, Mr. SABLAN, Ms. LEE of California, Ms. BONAMICI, Mr. SEAN PATRICK MALONEY of New York, Ms. SCHAKOWSKY, Ms. DELAURO, Mr. LEVIN of Michigan, Ms. MCCOLLUM, Mr. DESAULNIER, Mr. COURTNEY, Mr. LARSON of Connecticut, Ms. ESCOBAR, Mr. SCHIFF, Mr. KEATING, Mr. DEFAZIO, Ms. ESHOO, Mrs. TRAHAN, Mr. GOMEZ, Mr. KENNEDY, and Ms. WATERS) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and in addition to the Commit-tees on Science, Space, and Technology, Education and Labor, Transpor-tation and Infrastructure, Agriculture, Natural Resources, Foreign Af-fairs, Financial Services, the Judiciary, Ways and Means, and Oversight and Reform, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the juris-diction of the committee concerned

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The Green New Deal Assembled Annotations

Published by the Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture at Columbia University, with graduate research assistance by Thomas Henderson Beck, Claire Elizabeth Cancilla, Maya Zeleka Ephrem, Zoe Kauder Nalebuff, and Anays Mical Gonzalez Sanchez

Design by Partner & Partners

Typeset in Eagle and Public Sans

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November 2019

This annotated version of H. Res. 109 accompanies “The Green New Deal: A Public Assembly” at the Queens Museum in New York, held on November 17th, 2019. Gathering a wide array of advocates, organizers, and elected officials to explore the Green New Deal’s relationship to society, policy, and the built environ-ment, this event has been organized by the Queens Museum, the Architecture Lobby, the American Institute of Architects New York, Francisco Casablanca, Gabriel Hernández Solano, and Columbia University’s Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture.

Climate change is a crisis of unevenly experienced and systemic injustices that ask hard questions of scholars, elected officials, professionals, and community members alike. The Green New Deal (GND)—most famously as drafted in US H. Res. 109 and S. Res. 59, but echoed by activists and politicians around the world—addresses these questions head-on, linking equity, environment, and the economy to structural transformations necessitated by the climate crisis. “The Green New Deal: A Public Assembly” models a democratic discussion that can be repeated across the country, to debate and test the ambitions and chal-lenges of the GND by thinking systemically and across scales.

At the Buell Center, “The Green New Deal: A Public Assembly” forms part of the project “Power: Infrastructure in America,” within which the Center has organized a series of research, curricular, and programming initiatives that consider the social, technical, and political contours of the ambitious—but still largely undefined—proposal. For more information, see power.buellcenter.columbia.edu.

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CONVENING PARTNERS

The Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture Columbia University’s Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture was founded in 1982. Its mission is to advance the interdisciplinary study of American architecture, urbanism, and landscape. A separately endowed entity within the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, it sponsors research projects, work-shops, public programs, publications, and awards. In recent years, the Center has convened issue-oriented conversations around matters of public concern, such as housing, that are addressed to overlapping constituencies including academics, stu-dents, professionals, and members of the general public. For more information, see buellcenter.columbia.edu.

The Queens Museum The Queens Museum is dedicated to pre-senting the highest quality visual arts and educational programming for people in the New York metropolitan area, and particu-larly for the residents of Queens, a uniquely diverse, ethnic, cultural, and international community. The Museum fulfills its mission by designing and providing art exhibitions, public programs and educational experi-ences that promote the appreciation and enjoyment of art, support the creative efforts of artists, and enhance the quality of life through interpreting, collecting, and exhibiting art, architecture, and design. For more information, see queensmuseum.org.

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ORGANIZING PARTNERS

Francisco J. Casablanca Francisco J. Casablanca is a Puerto Rican architect and activist and the creator of the page “¿Quién nos representa?,” which seeks to visualize the political map of Puerto Rico to provide political account-ability. ‘Casa,’ as known by his friends, uses his knowledge of architecture, urban, sus-tainable, and environmental design to col-laborate with policy makers, civil servants, academics, and community organizers to create a new vision for the future. Currently, he works as a Lead Lighting Designer and has an architectural background with an MSc in Sustainable & Environmental Design from the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London.

Gabriel Hernández Solano Gabriel Hernández Solano is Chilean-Canadian designer, activist, and street photographer based in NYC. He is currently an Associate at MASS Design Group, a design firm focusing on impact-driven projects and community-based develop-ment in the realms of healthcare, housing, native communities, food justice, and mass incarceration. Prior to MASS, Gabriel worked at Bjarke Ingels Group for 5 years and received his Master of Architecture at the University of Calgary. His thesis explored the reactivation of abandoned buildings by the African migrant commu-nity in Barcelona’s former industrial district of Poblenou. Gabriel is currently focusing his organizing efforts around the Green New Deal.

The American Institute of Architects, New York Founded in 1857, AIA New York is the oldest and largest chapter of the American Institute of Architects. The Chapter’s members include nearly 6,000 practicing architects, allied professionals, students, and public members interested in architec-ture and design. AIA New York is dedicated to three goals: design excellence, public outreach, and professional develop-ment. The Chapter organizes an array of initiatives, programs, and exhibitions that explore topics vital to the architecture profession, including housing, planning, historic preservation, and urban design. For more information, see aiany.org.

The Architecture Lobby Founded in NYC in 2013, The Architecture Lobby is an organization of workers in the architecture industry and allied disciplines advocating for the value of architecture in the general public and for architectural work within the discipline. The Lobby has a national presence in the U.S. with over a dozen active chapters; in 2019, the first international chapter was formed in Victoria, Australia. The Architecture Lobby believes that the work architects do—aes-thetic, technical, social, organizational, environmental, administrative, fidu-ciary—needs structural change to be more rewarding and more socially relevant. The Lobby believes as long as the discipline of architecture tolerates abusive practices—in its workplaces, in its schools, and on the building site—it cannot insist on its role in and for the public good. For more informa-tion, see architecture-lobby.org.

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The black text in these pages

is a reproduction of the official

resolution—anything in green

is our addition.

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RESOLUTION Recognizing the duty of the Federal Government to create

a Green New Deal.

Whereas the October 2018 report entitled ‘‘Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 oC’’ by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the November 2018 Fourth National Climate Assessment report found that—

(1) human activity is the dominant cause of ob-served climate change over the past century;

(2) a changing climate is causing sea levels to rise and an increase in wildfires, severe storms, droughts, and other extreme weather events that threaten human life, healthy communities, and critical infrastructure;

(3) global warming at or above 2 degrees Celsius be-yond preindustrialized levels will cause—

(A) mass migration from the regions most af-fected by climate change;

(B) more than $500,000,000,000 in lost annual economic output in the United States by the year 2100;

(C) wildfires that, by 2050, will annually burn at least twice as much forest area in the western United States than was typically burned by wildfires in the years preceding 2019;

(D) a loss of more than 99 percent of all coral reefs on Earth;

(E) more than 350,000,000 more people to be exposed globally to deadly heat stress by 2050; and

(F) a risk of damage to $1,000,000,000,000 of public infrastructure and coastal real estate in the United States; and


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Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 1Costs of Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge to Coastal Property, 2000–2100Source: National Climate Assessment

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

210020802060204020202000

Costs without adaption

Costs with adaptionTrill

ions

of D

olla

rs

$$$

$$

$$$$

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Fig. 2Federally Declared Disasters in the United States Since 1953Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency

ChemicalTerroristTsunami

Human CauseDam/Levee Break

VolcanoMud/LandslideFishing Losses

Toxic SubstancesFreezing

Coastal StormOther

EarthquakeDroughtTyphoon

Severe Ice StormSnow

TornadoHurricane

FloodSevere Storm

Fire 1054 923 786 341 164 162 62 55 46 29 26 24 18 8 6 6 543321

“Preindustrialized”—before certain machines were introduced to produce goods on a large scale, understood by the IPCC to have been between 1850–1900

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Fig. 3

Fig. 4

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Fig. 3Projected number of climate migrants in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America under three scenarios, by 2050Source: World Bank

Pessimistic More Inclusive Development

More Climate-Friendly

20

40

60

80

100

120

14095th percentile confidence intervals

Num

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f mig

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s (m

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This can include transport (bridges, roads, airports, rail transport), water (water supply, water resource management, flood management, proper sewage and drainage systems, coastal restoration infrastructure), power and energy (power grid, power stations, wind turbines, windmills, solar panels), telecommunications (telephone network, broadband network, WiFi services), political (governmental institutions like courts of law, regulatory bodies), public security services (police force, defense), educational (public schools and universities, public training institutes), health (public hospitals, subsidized health check-ups), recreational (public parks and gardens, beaches, historical sites, natural reserves)

Source: Corporate Finance Institute

Fig. 4Fires in California, January – November Source: Statista

244,226 Acres Burned

2016 4,621 Fires

2017 6,469 Fires

2018 5,641 Fires



Note that between 2016 and 2018 the number of fires

only increased by 1,000 but acres burned increased

by almost 350%

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(4) global temperatures must be kept below 1.5 de-grees Celsius above preindustrialized levels to avoid the most severe impacts of a changing climate, which will re-quire—

(A) global reductions in greenhouse gas emis-sions from human sources of 40 to 60 percent from 2010 levels by 2030; and

(B) net-zero global emissions by 2050;

Whereas, because the United States has historically been re-sponsible for a disproportionate amount of greenhouse gas emissions, having emitted 20 percent of global green-house gas emissions through 2014, and has a high tech-nological capacity, the United States must take a leading role in reducing emissions through economic trans-formation;

Whereas the United States is currently experiencing several related crises, with—

(1) life expectancy declining while basic needs, such as clean air, clean water, healthy food, and adequate health care, housing, transportation, and education, are inaccessible to a significant portion of the United States population;

(2) a 4-decade trend of wage stagnation, deindustrialization, and antilabor policies that has led to—

(A) hourly wages overall stagnating since the 1970s despite increased worker productivity;

(B) the third-worst level of socioeconomic mo-bility in the developed world before the Great Reces-sion;

(C) the erosion of the earning and bargaining power of workers in the United States; and


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Centered numbers like this are the page numbers of the original

text—they have been moved to the margins on all other pages.

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USA Japan China UK India

1980 20.53 8.02 1.47 10.29 0.45

1990 20.28 9.28 2.06 10.51 0.71

2000 21.28 9.9 2.61 9.62 0.98

2010 18.47 9.42 6.25 8.09 1.38

2017 16.24 9.45 6.98 5.81 1.84

Fig. 5Per Capita Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Billion TonsSource: ourworldindata.org

Fig. 5

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$0

$5

$10

$15

$20

$25

201420041994198419741964

Fig. 6Average Hourly Wages in the US Adjusted for Inflation, 1964–2014Source: Pew Research Center

Fig. 6

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(D) inadequate resources for public sector workers to confront the challenges of climate change at local, State, and Federal levels; and (3) the greatest income inequality since the 1920s,

with— (A) the top 1 percent of earners accruing 91

percent of gains in the first few years of economic recovery after the Great Recession;

(B) a large racial wealth divide amounting to a difference of 20 times more wealth between the aver-age white family and the average black family; and

(C) a gender earnings gap that results in women earning approximately 80 percent as much as men, at the median;

Whereas climate change, pollution, and environmental de-struction have exacerbated systemic racial, regional, so-cial, environmental, and economic injustices (referred to in this preamble as ‘‘systemic injustices’’) by dispropor-tionately affecting indigenous peoples, communities of color, migrant communities, deindustrialized commu-nities, depopulated rural communities, the poor, low-in-come workers, women, the elderly, the unhoused, people with disabilities, and youth (referred to in this preamble as ‘‘frontline and vulnerable communities’’);

Whereas, climate change constitutes a direct threat to the na-tional security of the United States—

(1) by impacting the economic, environmental, and social stability of countries and communities around the world; and

(2) by acting as a threat multiplier;

Whereas the Federal Government-led mobilizations during World War II and the New Deal created the greatest


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Fig. 8

Fig. 7

2016200419951983

Fig. 8Average Family Wealth by Race Source: Pew Research Center

Blac

k

His

pani

c

Whi

teFig. 7Usual Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers in 2018 Dollars, 2000–2018Source: Pew Research Center

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

2018201620142012201020082006200420022000

90th percentile90th percentile


MedianMedian


4

$1,000,000

$600,000

$200,000

$0


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By “systemic injustices” the authors mean [...]

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middle class that the United States has ever seen, but many members of frontline and vulnerable communities were excluded from many of the economic and societal benefits of those mobilizations; and

Whereas the House of Representatives recognizes that a new national, social, industrial, and economic mobilization on a scale not seen since World War II and the New Deal era is a historic opportunity—

(1) to create millions of good, high-wage jobs in the United States;

(2) to provide unprecedented levels of prosperity and economic security for all people of the United States; and

(3) to counteract systemic injustices: Now, therefore, be it

Resolved, That it is the sense of the House of Rep-1

resentatives that— 2

(1) it is the duty of the Federal Government to 3

create a Green New Deal— 4

(A) to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas 5

emissions through a fair and just transition for 6

all communities and workers; 7

(B) to create millions of good, high-wage 8

jobs and ensure prosperity and economic secu-9

rity for all people of the United States; 10

(C) to invest in the infrastructure and in-11

dustry of the United States to sustainably meet 12

the challenges of the 21st century; 13


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(D) to secure for all people of the United 1

States for generations to come— 2

(i) clean air and water; 3

(ii) climate and community resiliency; 4

(iii) healthy food; 5

(iv) access to nature; and 6

(v) a sustainable environment; and 7

(E) to promote justice and equity by stop-8

ping current, preventing future, and repairing 9

historic oppression of indigenous peoples, com-10

munities of color, migrant communities, 11

deindustrialized communities, depopulated rural 12

communities, the poor, low-income workers, 13

women, the elderly, the unhoused, people with 14

disabilities, and youth (referred to in this reso-15

lution as ‘‘frontline and vulnerable commu-16

nities’’); 17

(2) the goals described in subparagraphs (A) 18

through (E) of paragraph (1) (referred to in this 19

resolution as the ‘‘Green New Deal goals’’) should 20

be accomplished through a 10-year national mobili-21

zation (referred to in this resolution as the ‘‘Green 22

New Deal mobilization’’) that will require the fol-23

lowing goals and projects— 24


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“Net-Zero” greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions describes a ‘neutral’ amount of GHG emissions supported by a combination of their slowed (but poten-tially not stopped) generation and carbon removal technologies, many of which have yet to be developed at the necessary scale. For buildings, net-positive energy remains the long-term goal. “Net-Positive” energy is when a system creates more energy from renewable energy sources than it imports from external, non-renewable sources.

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What counts as a sustainable environment?

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Fig. 9Total 20-Year Water Infrastructure Need by Project Type (in billions of January 2011 dollars)Source: Environmental Protection Agency

$247.5 Transmission

and Distribution

$72.5 Treatment

$20.5 Source

$4.2 Other

$39.5 Storage

Fig. 9

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(A) building resiliency against climate 1

change-related disasters, such as extreme 2

weather, including by leveraging funding and 3

providing investments for community-defined 4

projects and strategies; 5

(B) repairing and upgrading the infra-6

structure in the United States, including— 7

(i) by eliminating pollution and green-8

house gas emissions as much as techno-9

logically feasible; 10

(ii) by guaranteeing universal access 11

to clean water; 12

(iii) by reducing the risks posed by cli-13

mate impacts; and 14

(iv) by ensuring that any infrastruc-15

ture bill considered by Congress addresses 16

climate change; 17

(C) meeting 100 percent of the power de-18

mand in the United States through clean, re-19

newable, and zero-emission energy sources, in-20

cluding— 21

(i) by dramatically expanding and up-22

grading renewable power sources; and 23

(ii) by deploying new capacity; 24


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Fig. 9

How can the Green New Deal justly eliminate the use of fossil fuels?

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to clean water; 12





climate change; 17




cluding— 21





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to clean water; 12





climate change; 17




cluding— 21





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to clean water; 12





climate change; 17




cluding— 21





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(D) building or upgrading to energy-effi-1

cient, distributed, and ‘‘smart’’ power grids, 2

and ensuring affordable access to electricity; 3

(E) upgrading all existing buildings in the 4

United States and building new buildings to 5

achieve maximum energy efficiency, water effi-6

ciency, safety, affordability, comfort, and dura-7

bility, including through electrification; 8

(F) spurring massive growth in clean man-9

ufacturing in the United States and removing 10

pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from 11

manufacturing and industry as much as is tech-12

nologically feasible, including by expanding re-13

newable energy manufacturing and investing in 14

existing manufacturing and industry; 15

(G) working collaboratively with farmers 16

and ranchers in the United States to remove 17


the agricultural sector as much as is techno-19

logically feasible, including— 20

(i) by supporting family farming; 21

(ii) by investing in sustainable farm-22

ing and land use practices that increase 23

soil health; and 24


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Fig. 10Sources of US Electricity Generation, 2018Source: US Energy Information Administration

Fig. 10

35% Natural Gas

27% Coal

19% Nuclear

17% Renewables

1% Petroleum

Fig. 11Household Income Spent on Utilities, 2018Source: US Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Consumption and Efficiency Statistics

Fig. 11

Households making less than $30,000

Households making more than $150,000

9%

4.7%

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soil health; and 24


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soil health; and 24


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Fig. 12Number of Farms, 2017 Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture

Fig. 14Land Operated, 2017Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture

Figs. 12, 13, 14

Fig. 13Value of Production, 2017 Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture

Small family farms Midsize family farms Large family farms Nonfamily farms

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(iii) by building a more sustainable 1

food system that ensures universal access 2

to healthy food; 3

(H) overhauling transportation systems in 4

the United States to remove pollution and 5

greenhouse gas emissions from the transpor-6

tation sector as much as is technologically fea-7

sible, including through investment in— 8

(i) zero-emission vehicle infrastructure 9

and manufacturing; 10

(ii) clean, affordable, and accessible 11

public transit; and 12

(iii) high-speed rail; 13

(I) mitigating and managing the long-term 14

adverse health, economic, and other effects of 15

pollution and climate change, including by pro-16

viding funding for community-defined projects 17

and strategies; 18

(J) removing greenhouse gases from the 19

atmosphere and reducing pollution by restoring 20

natural ecosystems through proven low-tech so-21

lutions that increase soil carbon storage, such 22

as land preservation and afforestation; 23

(K) restoring and protecting threatened, 24

endangered, and fragile ecosystems through lo-25


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Fig. 15Car Ownership Globally, 2006–2015Source: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers

1,300

975

Passenger

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Commercial

650

325

0

Fig. 15

Thou

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to healthy food; 3















and strategies; 18









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cally appropriate and science-based projects 1

that enhance biodiversity and support climate 2

resiliency; 3

(L) cleaning up existing hazardous waste 4

and abandoned sites, ensuring economic devel-5

opment and sustainability on those sites; 6

(M) identifying other emission and pollu-7

tion sources and creating solutions to remove 8

them; and 9

(N) promoting the international exchange 10

of technology, expertise, products, funding, and 11

services, with the aim of making the United 12

States the international leader on climate ac-13

tion, and to help other countries achieve a 14

Green New Deal; 15

(3) a Green New Deal must be developed 16

through transparent and inclusive consultation, col-17

laboration, and partnership with frontline and vul-18

nerable communities, labor unions, worker coopera-19

tives, civil society groups, academia, and businesses; 20

and 21

(4) to achieve the Green New Deal goals and 22

mobilization, a Green New Deal will require the fol-23



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This applies not only to places with visible problems like coal plants and contaminated drinking water but also to places with less visible ones, such as longer term nuclear or pipeline site cleanup.

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9

How can the Green New Deal meaningfully avoid green gentrification?

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to healthy food; 3















and strategies; 18









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resiliency; 3






them; and 9






Green New Deal; 15






and 21





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resiliency; 3






them; and 9






Green New Deal; 15






and 21





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Fig. 16

Fig. 16C40 Affiliated CitiesSource: C40

Around the world, C40 Cities connects 94 of the world’s cit-ies to take bold climate action, leading the way towards a healthier and more sustainable future. Representing 700+ million citizens and one quarter of the global economy, mayors of the C40 cities are committed to delivering on the most ambitious goals of the Paris Agreement at the local level, as well as to cleaning the air we breathe.

22

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(A) providing and leveraging, in a way that 1

ensures that the public receives appropriate 2

ownership stakes and returns on investment, 3

adequate capital (including through community 4

grants, public banks, and other public financ-5

ing), technical expertise, supporting policies, 6

and other forms of assistance to communities, 7

organizations, Federal, State, and local govern-8

ment agencies, and businesses working on the 9

Green New Deal mobilization; 10

(B) ensuring that the Federal Government 11

takes into account the complete environmental 12

and social costs and impacts of emissions 13

through— 14

(i) existing laws; 15

(ii) new policies and programs; and 16

(iii) ensuring that frontline and vul-17

nerable communities shall not be adversely 18

affected; 19

(C) providing resources, training, and 20

high-quality education, including higher edu-21

cation, to all people of the United States, with 22

a focus on frontline and vulnerable commu-23

nities, so that all people of the United States 24


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resiliency; 3






them; and 9






Green New Deal; 15






and 21





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resiliency; 3






them; and 9






Green New Deal; 15






and 21





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through— 14





affected; 19







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resiliency; 3






them; and 9






Green New Deal; 15






and 21





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resiliency; 3






them; and 9






Green New Deal; 15






and 21





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through— 14





affected; 19







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may be full and equal participants in the Green 1

New Deal mobilization; 2

(D) making public investments in the re-3

search and development of new clean and re-4

newable energy technologies and industries; 5

(E) directing investments to spur economic 6

development, deepen and diversify industry and 7

business in local and regional economies, and 8

build wealth and community ownership, while 9

prioritizing high-quality job creation and eco-10

nomic, social, and environmental benefits in 11

frontline and vulnerable communities, and 12

deindustrialized communities, that may other-13

wise struggle with the transition away from 14

greenhouse gas intensive industries; 15

(F) ensuring the use of democratic and 16

participatory processes that are inclusive of and 17

led by frontline and vulnerable communities and 18

workers to plan, implement, and administer the 19

Green New Deal mobilization at the local level; 20

(G) ensuring that the Green New Deal mo-21

bilization creates high-quality union jobs that 22

pay prevailing wages, hires local workers, offers 23

training and advancement opportunities, and 24


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12

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guarantees wage and benefit parity for workers 1

affected by the transition; 2

(H) guaranteeing a job with a family-sus-3

taining wage, adequate family and medical 4

leave, paid vacations, and retirement security to 5

all people of the United States; 6

(I) strengthening and protecting the right 7

of all workers to organize, unionize, and collec-8

tively bargain free of coercion, intimidation, and 9

harassment; 10

(J) strengthening and enforcing labor, 11

workplace health and safety, antidiscrimination, 12

and wage and hour standards across all employ-13

ers, industries, and sectors; 14

(K) enacting and enforcing trade rules, 15

procurement standards, and border adjustments 16

with strong labor and environmental protec-17

tions— 18

(i) to stop the transfer of jobs and 19

pollution overseas; and 20

(ii) to grow domestic manufacturing 21

in the United States; 22

(L) ensuring that public lands, waters, and 23

oceans are protected and that eminent domain 24

is not abused; 25


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Fig. 18

12

Fig. 17

Fig. 17Perception of Climate Change Risk in the United StatesSource: “Geographic variation in opinions on climate change at state and local scales in the USA.” Nature Climate Change.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

NY Congressional District 14

Staten Island

Queens

Manhattan

Brooklyn

The Bronx

New York City Metro Area

New York

Texas

Kansas

Florida

California

United States40.0% 57.9%

47.1% 64.5%41.1% 58.3%

34.6% 51.9%41.8% 57.5%

44.7% 64.4%

46.4% 64.8%

56.5% 71.9%49.8% 67.6%

48.0% 68.9%52.4% 70.0%

44.7% 63.5%

53.6% 71.0%

% of respondents who believe global warming will harm them personally

% of respondents who believe global warming will harm people in the United States

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harassment; 10








tions— 18







is not abused; 25


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harassment; 10








tions— 18







is not abused; 25


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10%

15%

20%

Fig. 18Rate of Union Membership among US Workers, 1984–2016Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

13

’84 ’88 ’92 ’86 ’00 ’84 ’08 ’12 ’16

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harassment; 10








tions— 18







is not abused; 25


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harassment; 10








tions— 18







is not abused; 25


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(M) obtaining the free, prior, and informed 1

consent of indigenous peoples for all decisions 2

that affect indigenous peoples and their tradi-3

tional territories, honoring all treaties and 4

agreements with indigenous peoples, and pro-5

tecting and enforcing the sovereignty and land 6

rights of indigenous peoples; 7

(N) ensuring a commercial environment 8

where every businessperson is free from unfair 9

competition and domination by domestic or 10

international monopolies; and 11

(O) providing all people of the United 12

States with— 13

(i) high-quality health care; 14

(ii) affordable, safe, and adequate 15

housing; 16

(iii) economic security; and 17

(iv) clean water, clean air, healthy and 18

affordable food, and access to nature. 19

Æ


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power of the state to take private property for public use

Fig. 19

13

14

27

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harassment; 10








tions— 18







is not abused; 25


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harassment; 10








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is not abused; 25


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Fig. 19Indigenous LandSource: Native Land Digital (native-land.ca)

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States with— 13



housing; 16




Æ


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States with— 13



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How can the Green New Deal equitably include frontline communities, workers, and non-US citizens?

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