UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

BABANDEDE MOHAMMED ASHIRU

FK 2007 95

ASSESMENT OF CONCRETE STRENGTH BY COMBINED NONDESTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR NORMAL AND HIGH PERFORMANCE

CONCRETE (UPV AND REBOUND HAMMER.)

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

i

ASSESMENT OF CONCRETE STRENGTH BY COMBINED NONDESTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR NORMAL AND HIGH PERFORMANCE

CONCRETE (UPV AND REBOUND HAMMER.)

By

Babandede Mohammad Ashiru

GS 16788

MS STRUCTURE -C

Submitted to the Department of Structural and Construction Engineering in partial

fulfillment of the requirement of Master of Engineering

April 2007

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

ii

DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to my family, my beloved wife Salamatu Mohammad and my kids

Adnan and Ihsaan Mohammad.

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

iii

Abstract of Masters Project Report presented to the Department of Civil Engineering of

Universiti Putra Malaysia in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Master of Engineering.

ASSESMENT OF CONCRETE STRENGTH BY COMBINED NON

DESTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR NORMAL AND HIGH PERFORMANCE

CONCRETE

By

BABANDEDE MOHAMMED ASHIRU

April 2007

Supervisor: Associate Professor Ir Mohd Saleh Jafaar, PhD

Faculty: Engineering.

This Study deals with Non Destructive Testing (NDT) for both Normal and High

Performance Concrete (HPC).

An experimental study was carried out, involving both destructive and non

destructive methods applied to different concrete mixes, with compressive

strength of 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 MPa. The cubes use were 100mm x 100mm x

100mm. Model were choose from the literature and the strength Prediction Model

for the HPC using UPV, Normal Concrete using UPV , generalized strength

Prediction Model for Normal and HPC using Sclerometer and lastly combined

generalized model were validated by the data obtained from the present study.

Data were plotted in order to estimate the percentage of error that was given by

the model. The results show Strength prediction model using Sclerometer test is a

generalized model. Strength prediction model using UPV method could not be

generalized and therefore, two different models were used for normal and high

performance concrete. The combined NDT model that is combined of

Sclerometer and UPV method gave a power model and implied generalized.

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

iv

PENILAIAN KEKUATAN KONKRIT DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KAEDAH

YANG TIDAK MEROSAKKAN UNTUK NORMAL KONKRIT DAN HPC

Oleh

BABANDEDE MOHAMMED ASHIRU

April 2007

Penyelia: Profesor Madya Ir Mohd Saleh Jafaar, PhD

Fakulti: Kejuruteraan

Kajian ini berkaitan dengan ujian tanpa musnah bagi kedua – dua normal dan konkrit

prestasi tinggi (HPC)

Satu kajian eksperimen telah dijalankan , ia melibatkan kedua – dua cara musnah dan

tanpa musnah dikenakan pada campuran konkrit berlainan campuran kekuatan dengan

mampatan 30,40, 50, 60, dan 70MPa .kiub yang digunakan ádalah 100mm x 100mm

x100mm . Model bagi HPC dengan menggunakan UPV,konkrit normal dengan UPV

ringkasan ,kuasa jangkaan model bagi normal dan HPC manggunakan sclerometer dan

akhiruya gabugan ringkasan model ádalah.validate dengan data diperolehi danpada kajian

ini.

Data kemudian diplotken untuk mengira peratus ralat daripoda model.keputasan

menunjukkan bahawa madel jangkaan kuasa menggunakan ujian sclerometer ádalah statu

model ringkasan. Model jankaan kuasa menggunakan UPV tidak dap of dirinkasakan dan

idu dua model berlainan digunakan untuk konkrit normal den prestosi tinggi- model

kombinasi iaito cara sclerometer dan UPV memberi model kuasa dan menunjukkan

ringkasan.

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Alhamdulillah! Alhamdulillah!! Alhamdulillah!!! I give glory to Almighty Allah (SWT)

for sparing my life to see the successful completion of my programme, it started like it

will never finish, but by His special grace it has finally come to an end.

My special gratitude goes to my untiring supervisor, Associate Professor Ir Mohd Saleh

Jaafar for his candid gesture and unalloyed assistance, guidance and constructive

criticism towards the completion of this thesis.

To my beloved wife Salamatu Mohd Ashiru and Kids Ihsaan and ummi, thanks for your

patience and moral support during my period of absence. My collegues in lubel Nig Ltd,

Abuja Nigeria. Staff of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University Putra

Malaysia.

My very good friends, Sahaad, Samaila Bawa and Family, Abdulsalam Abubakar, Salisu

Garba, Dr Abdulkarim Mohd and Family, Sagir Sayyadi Ringim, Mansir Aminu (UTM),

Staley Unuoha, Yinka Chris.

Finally my special thanks goes to my Father Alhaji Mohammad Babandede and also my

Brothers Mohammad Babandede Snr and jnr and their family, and the entire Babandede’s

Family, to my Mum for her support and prayers.

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

vi

APPROVAL SHEET

This Project Report attached titled “ASSESMENT OF CONCRETE STRENGTH BY

COMBINED NON DESTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR NORMAL AND HIGH

PERFORMANCE CONCRETE Submitted by BABANDEDE MOHAMMED ASHIRU in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Structural Engineering and

Constructions is hereby accepted.

Approved by,

Date

Supervisor

Ir Mohd Saleh Jaafar, Ph D

Associate Professor, University Putra Malaysia

Date

Examiner

Ir Jamaloddin Noorzaei, Ph D

Associate Professor, University Putra Malaysia

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

vii

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and

citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it have not been

previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UPM or other institutions.

BABANDEDE M. ASHIRU

Date:

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

APPROVAL

DECLARATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Page

Ii

Iii

Iv

V

Vi

Vii

Viii

X

Xi

xxii

CHAPTER 1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Problem statement

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Scope Limitation of the Study

1

1

3

3

4

LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Non Destructive test 5

2.1.1 Definition of Non Destructive Testing 5

2.2 Development of Concrete Mix for NDT testing 7

2.2.1 Normal and High Performance Concrete

2.2.2 Definitions of HPC

2.2.3 Development of HPC

2.2.4 Material for HPC

2.2.4.1 Silica fumes

2.2.4.2 Aggregate

2.2.4.3 Super plasticizer Dosage

2.2.4.4 Water

7

9

10

11

12

14

16

17

2.3 NDT equipment for strength estimation 17

2.4 Surface Hardness Method 17

2.4.1 Rebound Hammer 18

2.4.2 Rebound Hammer Operation 20

2.4.3 Procedure Obtain Correlation between fcu and R 22

2.4.4 Interpretation of Result 23

2.5 Ultra Pulse Velocity tester 24

2.5.1 Ultra Pulse Velocity Operation and Procedure 26

2.5.2 Mounting of Transducer 29

2.5.3 Factors affecting Ultra pulse Velocity 31

2.5.3.1 Moisture Content 31

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

ix

2.5.3.2 Temperature 32

2.5.3.3 Path Length 33

2.5.4 Interpretation of Pulse Velocity Result 33

2.6 Calibration 36

2.7 Combine Method 39

2.8 Previous Research 45

2.9 Concluding Remark 57

3 METHODOLOGY 58

3.1 Introduction 58

3.2 Material Utilization 59

3.3 Concrete Mix Proportion 61

3.4 Specimen 62

3.5 Casting Details 62

3.5.1 Apparatus 63

3.5.2 Mix Design 65

3.5.3 Preparation of cubes 30 – 70MPa 65

3.5.3.1 Setting of samples 66

3.5.3.2 Compacting of sample 66

3.6 Testing Procedure 71

3.6.1 NDT Testing Detail 72

3.6.2 Cubes Compressive Strength 75

3.7 Techniques and analysis 77

3.7.1 Regression Analysis 78

3.7.2 Statistical Analysis Procedure 86

4 DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 91

4.1 Introduction 91

4.2 Validation of the model 92

4.2.1 Strength Prediction Model(Pascal ) Using Sclerometer 95

4.2.2 Strength Prediction Model(Shibli ) Using Sclerometer 97

4.2.3 Strength Prediction Model Using UPV 98

4.2.4 Strength Prediction Model Using Combined 101

4.3 Implication of the model on the insitu 103

4.4 Concluding Remarks 103

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 107

5.1 Introduction 107

5.2 Conclusion 107

5.3 Recommendation 108

REFERENCES 109

APPENDIX A 112

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

x

LISTS OF TABLES

Table Page

2.1 Some Significant achievement for HPC 10

2.2 Impact energy required for Rebound Hammer 21

2.3 Indicate Natural Frequency 29

2.4 Effect on Temperature on pulse velocity 33

2.5 Criteria for Concrete Quality Grading 35

2.6 Various Multiple Regression by Different Researchers 56

3.1 Mix Proportion for Normal Concrete 61

3.2 Mix Proportion for HPC 62

3.3 Suggested 95% Confidence Tolerance Factor 88

4.1 Actual cube strength and Sclerometer test for normal and HPC 105

4.2 Actual cube strength and UPV for normal and HPC 105

Appendix A Cubes Statistical Analysis Data for Normal Concrete. 112

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

xi

LISTS OF FIGURES

Figures Page

2.1 Schematic Diagram of Rebound Hammer 20

2.2 Various Position of Rebound Hammer 22

2.3 Apparatus for UPV 27

2.4 Direct Transmission 31

2.5 Semi Direct Transmission 31

2.6 Indirect Transmission 32

2.7 Relationship Between Explore Prove length 39

2.8 Monograph for Concrete Particular Aggregate. 62

3.1 Fine Aggreagate 60

3.2 Weighing Machine 64

3.3 Pocket Vibrator 64

3.4 Compacting Concrete 64

3.5 Mixing of Samples 67

3.6 Casting cubes placed in mould 67

3.7 Prepared top surface after placement 67

3.8 Final preparing of cubes 68

3.9 Setting before Demoulding 69

3.10 Demoulding of Cubes 70

3.11 Transporting after Demoulding 70

3.12 Curing Tank 70

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii

3.13 Showing Grid Point 73

3.14 Procedure of Collecting Sclerometer test result 73

3.15 Procedure of Colleting UPV result 73

3.16 Compressive Machine unit test 75

3.17 Placed cubes in Compressive Machine 76

3.18 Nature of Failure in Normal Concrete 76

3.19 Nature of Failur in HPC. 76

3.20 Illustration of Residual 78

3.21 Explore of Scatter plot Diagram 79

3.22 Characteristics Strength (95% Confidence limit) 90

4.1a Validation of Strength prediction model(Pascal) using fcst test. 95

4.1 Validation of Strength prediction model (shibli) using fcst test. 97

4.2a Validation of Strength prediction model(Pascal)using UPV . 99

4.2 Validation of Strength prediction model using UPV for normal. 100

4.3 Validation of Strength prediction model using UPV for HPC. 101

4.4 Validation of Strength prediction using generalized model. 102

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ACI American Concrete Institute

BS British Standard

C-S-H Calcium Silicate Hydrates

C3A Tricalcium Aluminates

COV Coefficient of variation

D, D’ Depth of reinforcement below the concrete surface

Expo Exponential

FC Compressive strength from correlation relationship

Fcu characteristic strength

Fmean

Sample mean strength

FKA Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam

HPC High Performance Concrete

ICRI International Concrete Repair Institute

JKR Jabatan Kerja Raya

k - Tolerance factor

Khz - Kilohertz

Km - Kilometer

KN - KiloNewton

Ln Lognormal

Log - Logarithmic

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

LS - Least square

MS Malaysian Standard

mm millimeter

MPa - MegaPascal

N/mm2 Newton per millimetres square

NDT - Nondestructive testing

OPC - Ordinary Portland Cement

PCHPC Portland cement High Performance Concrete

Q - Sum of squared deviation

R - Rebound number

r - Correlation coefficient

R2

- Coefficient of determination

s’ - Sample standard deviation

SF Silica Fume

SP Superplasticizer

sec - Seconde

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

UPM - Universiti Putra Malaysia

V - Pulse velocity

W/c - water/cement

ε - Random error

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

The assessment of concrete strength by NDT is of considerable interest to engineers.

Several national and international standards recognize the various NDT methods as

suitable.

The non-destructive testing (NDT) of concrete is of great scientific and practical

importance. The subject has received growing attention during recent years, especially

the need for quality characterization of damaged constructions made of concrete, using

NDT methods.

Nondestructive tests (NDT) provide indirect data that can be empirically related to

compressive strength by calibration with strength measurements from a number of cast

specimens. NDT measurement technique has been used for more than two decades for

quality evaluation and assessing concrete compressive strength.

The direct determination of the strength of concrete implies that concrete specimens must

be loaded to failure; it becomes abundantly clear that non destructive method of testing

concrete cannot be expected to yield absolute value of strength.

The currently available method can be broadly classified into two categories.

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

2

The first category consists of those methods which attempt to measure some property of

concrete from which an estimate of its strength, its durability, and its elastic property are

obtained.

Some such properties of concrete are its hardness, its resistance to penetration or

projectiles, rebound values, resonance frequency, and ability to allow ultrasonic pulses to

propagate through concrete.

Interest in testing of hardened concrete has increased considerably over these recent

years. In the UK this has mainly been due to the number of concrete structures, especially

those of relatively recent origin, that have showing signs of deterioration. Similar

problems have also emerged in other part of the world. Changes in cement manufacture,

the use of cement replacements and admixtures, and decline in standards of workmanship

and construction control, have all been held responsible. There is also an increasing

awareness of the shortcomings of control or compliance tests that require a 28 days wait

before the results are available. Even then, such tests reflect only the adequacy of the

material supplied rather than overall construction standards.

In each case the need for concrete strength measurement is clear but to many engineers

the features, and especially the limitations, of a variable test methods are unknown and

consequently left to “expert” .Whilst it is essential that the test should be performed and

interpreted by experienced specialist, many difficulty arise both at the planning and

interpretation stage because of lack of common understanding. A great deal of time,

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

3

effort and money can be wasted on unsuitable or badly planned testing, leading to

inconclusive results which then become the subject of the heated debate.

1.2 Problem Statement

Researches on normal strength concrete using non-destructive test techniques have been

established. But these researches are progressing for high performance concrete.

Estimation of strength for normal concrete using Sclerometer test and UPV test has been

quite discussed and different researchers recommended different correlation models. But

correlations for the high performance concrete are yet to be established. Several

researchers made attempt to generalize strength prediction models using those NDT

techniques. The generalized strength prediction regression model means; a model that can

estimate concrete strength for normal as well as for high performance concrete. The

reliability of those strength prediction models are yet to be verified in order to ascertain

whether they are suitable for their own mix or can be used for other mix as well.

Therefore, validations of those regression models are sought.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The aim of the present study work is to produced a range of concrete mix from normal to

high performance concrete in the laboratory and test them in non-destructive and

destructive manner. The followings objectives are set forth in the investigations:

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

i) To validate generalized strength prediction regression model using Sclerometer test.

ii) To validate generalized strength prediction regression model using UPV method.

iii) To validate generalized strength prediction regression model using combined NDT

method (Sclerometer and UPV test).

1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study covers five different mix of normal and high performance concrete (HPC),

which are mainly designed to achieve 28days characteristic strength of 30 MPa, 40 MPa,

50 MPa 60 MPa and 70 MPa. The locally sourced coarse aggregates (Sandstone) of

10mm maximum sizes were used in the mix. The 7 and 28 days strength in the normal

and HPC mix is investigated using Sclerometer test and UPV method to achieve the

stated objectives. The destructive test results were assumed as actual values of the

concrete properties. Results were analyzed by rule of statistics, using SPSS ver.14

computer program. It is expected that the results of this study will form the basis of

reliability of generalized strength prediction models using those NDT technique for civil

engineering applications.

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

109

Reference:

A. M. Neville (1995). Properties of Concrete, Longman Group Limited, England,

A. Samarin and R. K. Dhir (2002), Determination of in situ concrete strength; Rapidly

and confidently by Nondestructive testing

A. Samarin, (2004). Combined Methods. In: Malhotra, V.M. and Carino, N.J. eds.

Handbook on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete. West Conshohocken: CRC

Press, 9/1-9/12.

Al-samara’I, M., Ra’oof, Z.,”Non – destructive Testing of concrete’’Alshraja, 1999.

Bungey, J.H., Millard, S.G. (1996). Testing of Concrete in Structures. London: Blackie

Academic & Professional.

C. F. Ferraris, (1999) Measurement of the Rheological Properties of High Performance

Concrete: State of the Art Report, Journal of Research of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology.

C. T. Tam (1998) Supplementary Cementing Materials for Concrete, University Of

Singapore.

Carino, N.J. (1994).Nondestructive testing of Concrete: History and Challenges. (On-

line), TUhttp://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build94/art056.html UT, 18 May 2005

D. P. Bents. Interfacial Zone Percolation In Concrete Effects Of Interfacial Zone

Thickness And Aggregate Shape. Materials Research Society. Microstructure of

Cement-Based Systems/Bonding and Interfaces in Cementations Materials,

Symposia, November 28- December 1994, Boston: 438-442

E. Ariog_lua,*, N. Ariog_lub, C. Girgina (2000) A discussion of the paper ‘‘Concrete

strength by combined nondestructive methods simply and reliably predicted’’ by

H.Y. Qasrawi

Edwards, A.L. (1985). Multiple Regression and the Analysis of Variance and

Covariance, (pp. 221). New York: Willy H. Freeman and Company.

Elvery, R.H., Ibrahim, L.A.M.(1976). Ultrasonic assessment of concrete strength at early

ages, Mag.Concr. Res., 28(97), 181.

G. F. Kheder, “A two stage procedure for assessment of in situ concrete strength using

combined nondestructive testing", RILEM, Vol. 32, July 1999.

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

110

G. Pascale, A. D. Leo, R. Carli, (2000) Evaluation of Actual Compressive Strength of

High Strength Concrete by NDT, 15th conference of non destructive testing

Roma, Italy.

H. Y. Qasrawi*Concrete strength by combined nondestructive methods simply and

reliably predicted (2000).

I. Focaoaru, (1984). Romanian Achievements in Nondestructive Strength Testing of

Concrete. In: American Concrete Institute. In-Situ Nondestructive Testing of

Concrete. Detroit: ACI Spec. Publ. SP 82, 35-56.

Isam H. Nash't , Saeed Hameed A'bour , Anwar Abdullah Sadoon,Nov 2005, Finding an

Unified Relationship between Crushing Strength of Concrete and Non-

destructive Tests

J. A. Bickley and D. Mitchell (2001) A State-of-the-Art Review of High Performance

Concrete Structures Built in Canada: 1990-2000. The Cement Association of

Canada.

J. M. H. Schneider, (2002). Properties Of Ultra High Performance Concrete, University

Leipzig

J.H. Bungey, and S.G. Millard, (1996). Testing of Concrete in Structures. London:

Blackie Academic & Professional.

K.R Hindo, and W.R Bergstrom,.(1985). Statistical Evaluation of the In-place Strength of

Concrete. Concrete International, 7, No. 2, Feb. 1985, 44 - 48.

M. G. Grantham & M. J. Gray M. G. Associates Diagnosis, Inspection, Testing and

Repair Of Reinforced Concrete Structures

M. P. ismail, K. M. Yusof and A. N. Ibrahim (1996) A combined ultrasonic method on

the estimation of Compressive Strength journal reprints, the British Institute of

Non destructive Testing.

Price, W.F. Hynes, J.P. (1996). In-situ strength testing of high strength concrete.

Magazine of Concrete Research, Volume 48, No. 176, pp 189-197

R. Hamid, K. M. Yosuf and F. M. Zain,(2002) An Assessment on reliability of the

Rebound Hammer Method in estimating the strength of High performance

concrete with fly ash replacement , 2nd

world engineering congress , Sarawak ,

Malaysia.

R. Hamid, K. M. Yosuf and F. M. Zain, (2002) variation of ultra sonic pulse velocity and

relative amplitude in high performance concrete with fly ash replacement, 2nd

world engineering congress, Sarawak , Malaysia.

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

111

S. Popovics, (2001).Analysis of the Concrete Strength versus Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

Relationship.(Online)TUhttp://www.asnt.org/publications/materialseval/basics/fe

b01basics/feb01basics.htm 18 May 2005.

S. R. H. M Khan (2007) ``Reliability of Non Destructive Test Technique on High

Performance Concrete and test``. PhD Thesis Department of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Engineering University Putra Malaysia

W.F. and J.P .Hynes (1996) In – situ Strength testing of high Strength Concrete

Y. Tanigawa, K. Baba and H. Mori (1984). Estimation of Concrete Strength by

Combined Nondestructive Testing Methods. In: American Concrete Institute. In-

Situ Nondestructive Testing of Concrete. Detroit: ACI Spec. Publ. SP 82, 57-76