Assessing prospective memory in young healthy adults using virtualreality Julie Gonneaud, Pascale Piolino, Grgory Lecouvey, Sophie Madeleine, Eric Orriols, Philippe Fleury, Francis Eustache, and Batrice Desgranges

gonneaud@cyceron.fr http://www.u1077.caen.inserm.fr/9thInternational Conference onDisability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies

September 1012, 2012 - Laval, France

Memory for actions to be performed in the future (Einstein & McDaniel, 1990) 2 components Prospective (ProCom) Retrospective (RetCom)

2 kindsEvent-based (EBPM) Time-based (TBPM)

September 11th 12:00Podium presentation for the ICDVRAT What is prospective memory (PM)?ICDVRAT Podium presentation?

Multiple stages in PM(Gonneaud, Eustache & Desgranges, 2009)Prospective component

Retrospective componentTime-based (self-initiated)

Event-based (external cue)+Take cookies out of the oven

Why evaluate PM?Long neglected growing number of studies since 2000Special Issues Applied Cognitive Psychology - 2000International Journal of Psychology - 2003Brain Impraiment 2009Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 2011Zeitschrift fr Psychologie / Journal of Psychology 2011Neuropsychologia 2011 but still many unresolved questions

Altered in many populationHealthy aging under specific conditions ( McDaniel & Einstein ,2011) Transient Global Amnesia (Hainselin et al, 2011)Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease (Costa et al. 2010; 2011; 2012; Huppert & Bearsdall 1993) Dementia (Livner et al., 2009 ; Will et al., 2009)Traumatic Brain Injury (Cheng et al., 2008 ; Flemming et al., 2008 )Parkinson Disease (Costa et al., 2008 ; Kliegel et al., 2011)Multiple Sclerosis (Rendell et al. 2007; 2012)HIV (Carey et al., 2006)Alcohol (Heffernan, 2008 ; Leitz et al., 2009) Schizophrenia (Altgassen et al., 2008 ; Wang et al., 2008)Autism (Altgassen et al., 2009 ; Brandimonte et al., 2011)Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Cuttler & Graf, 2007)Subject of complaints in those populations

Classical techniques to assess PM QuestionnairesSubjective complaints

Naturalistic settings Call the experimenter everyday during 7 days, send a postcard,

Laboratory evaluation (Einstein et McDaniel, 1990)

Kvavilashvili et al., 2008; from Einstein & McDaniel, 1990

Methodological issue Is PM similar in naturalistic and laboratory settings ?Naturalistic-settings

lack of experimental controluse of external aids, differences in ongoing activities between subjects

Laboratory paradigms

lack of ecological validitypress y-key when you will see the word president is far from plan and remember going to an appointment or taking medication

The Age Prospective Memory ParadoxYoung > OlderYoung < OlderVirtual Reality (VR) would be particularly relevant to assess such kind of complex function

Theoretical issue The time-based/event-based distinctionDissociation EBPM TBPMTBPM harder than EBPM

TBPM requires more self-initiated processes (Craik 1986)

EBPM -> performance facilitated by strong Cue-Action associationRole of binding abilities (Gonneaud, Kalpouzos et al. 2011)Benefice of implementing intention (higher level of planning; Gollwitzer; 1999)Better performance when cue and action are semantically related (McDaniel et al. 2004)

TBPM -> no such link>

Objective of this study

Methodological purpose: Use a methodology that meets the criteria of ecological validity and allows experimental control Assess the validity of our material for future use

Theoretical purpose:

3 experimental conditionsLink-EBPM - EBPM intention with a strong link between ProCom&RetCom noLink-EBPM - EBPM intention with a weak link between ProCom&RetComTBPM - TBPM intention (a weak link between ProCom&RetCom)

Complementary neuropsychological assessment/>>

METHOD - Virtual environmentParis Descartes Memory and Cognition Lab software

Built with Virtools Dev 3.0 software

Urban environment

Virtual town

Projected on a 180x240 cm widescreen

Driving conditions a real steering wheel two pedals

Auditory immersion city noise (car, people)

Clock for TBPM condition

METHOD - Device

Familiarisation with the deviceSimple city (ordinary buildings, trees, interactive traffic lights)

Learning stage of the cityImmersionRecognition task

Encoding of 9 intentions3 Link-EBPM - buy stamp booklet at the post office3 noLink-EBPM - buy eyeglasses at the fountain3 TBPM - take medication after 4 minutes

Storage of intentions 10 minutes filled questionnaires

Retrieval of intentions in the city PM task Scored ProCom and RetCom in each condition

METHOD PM assessment

Clip of the virtual environment

Complementary evaluationRetrospective memory Recall of a 16-word list (accuracy /16)Executive functionShifting TMTB (time in ms)Inhibition Stroop (time in ms)Updating Running span (accuracy /16)Working memoryDual task Baddeley (% of cost in dual condition)Binding multimodal integration task (accuracy /20)Planning Zoo map Test (sequencing score)Time Estimation (% of deviation relative to real duration)Metamemory Memory complaints -PRMQ (score /40)

Population35 healthy young adults (18 to 40 ; 12 women / 23 men)French native speakers / no neurological or psychiatric antecedent / >7 years of schooling

METHOD Complementary evaluation & Population

ResultsCorrect recall (%)ConditionSignificant effect of condition Link-EBPM > NoLink-EBPM = TBPM Difference in RetCom recall only

**Difficulties in TBPM could be due to a lack of link between ProCom and RetComCorrelations between PM scores and the other cognitive functions.Condition effectDifferent processes underlie EBPM and TBPM, even controlling the strength of the ProCom-RetCom link

Link-EBPMnoLink-EBPMTBPMRecall of 16 wordsImmediate-0,110,36*0,23Delayed0,020,56***0,26Executive functionsShifting-0,090,13-0,40*Updating-0,100,060,35*Inhibition-0,220,10-0,16Working MemoryDual Task-0,15-0,21-0,12Binding0,35*0,270,23Planning-0,060,250,01Time estimation-0,170,050,05MetamemoryReports of Memory failures-0,080,03-0,06Note: Spearman correlation values * p

First results on healthy aging Get around the age-prospective memory paradox? Correct recall (%)Condition**Correct recall (%)Condition**Condition effect in young adultsCondition effect in older adults PM deficit in aging for each PM score no-Link-EBPM : correct detection of ProCom do not elicit reflexive retrieval of RetCom Further analyses ongoing

ConclusionsValidity of virtual reality to assess PMEven in young healthy populationEffect of the strength of the relationship Cue-Action Strong association facilitates the retrieval of the action (RetCom) but cant fully account for the EBPM/TBPM dissociation

Perspective for future workAssessment and rehabilitation of patientsDo patients demonstrate such effect ?Training in implementation intention / planning using VR/

and thank you foryour attention !!!September 11th 12:00Podium presentation for the ICDVRAT AcknowledgementsInserm U1077Memory and Cognition Lab (Paris 5)CIREVE All the participants

Funding Ministre de lEnseignement Suprieur et de la Recherche Association France-Alzheimer

gonneaud@cyceron.fr

VR and PM : what has been done so far? Patients deficits assessmentVirtual Bungalow

PM deficit in Traumatic Brain Injury (Brooks et al., 2004; Sweeney et al., 2010): No objective deficit in chronic fatigue syndrome (Atree et al., 2009)

Jansari-Agnew-Akesson-Murphy JAAM (virtual office)PM deficit in ecstasy users (Montgomery et al. 2010)PM deficit in cannabis users (Montgomery et al. 2012)

VR and PM : what has been done so far? Fundamental perspectiveImplementation of a standardized methodologyTrawley et al. 2011 Edinburgh Virtual Errands Task (EVET)

Identification of cerebral substrates of delayed intentions Kalpouzos et al. 2010

*I will first introduce the concept of prospective memory.What is prospective memory? Prospective memory in the memory for action to be performed in the future. It is opposed to retrospective memory, which is memory as envisaged generally, that is to say, the memory of the past.For example, how did I do to remind myself that I had to make a presentation at the 9th International Conference onDisability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies, today at twelve ? This kind of delayed intention refers to prospective memoryDifferent dissociations have been highlighted in prospective memory. First, we distinguish two components: a prospective and retrospective component. The prospective component refers to the fact that something has to be done at a specific moment. Its like the post-it function: I have to remember to do somethingThe retrospective component refers to the content of the intention, that is to say, what has to be done, for example being here to make a podium presentation .A second distinction refers to the type of information that will trigger the recall. The intention can be prompted by an external cue, which is called event-based prospective memory. The intention can also be retrieved after a period of time has elapsed or at a certain time. this second type of retrieval refers to time-based MP. For example, If I decide to make cookies, I need not to forget take cookies out of the oven at a specific time in the future. In a event-based fashion, I can start a timer, and when it will ring, remove the cookies from the oven. Conversely, I would be involved in a time-based PM task if I choose to remember by myself to take the cookies out of the oven in thirty minutes, or half past twelveTo correctly realize a PM task, different stage have to be completed.