assessment concepts reliability validity inter-rater test-retest construct content...
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assessment concepts
reliability
validity
• inter-rater • test-retest
• construct• content• concurrent/descriptive• predictive/criterion
standardizationuse of consistent set of standards in procedure for testing, scoring, evaluation
clinical interview
mental status exam
1. appearance & behavior
1. thought process
1. mood & affect
1. intellectual functioning
1. sensorium
semi-structured clinical interview
DSM Multiaxial System
Axis I: Major DisordersAxis II: Personality Disorders & Mental RetardationAxis III: Medical ConditionsAxis IV: Psychosocial & Environmental FactorsAxis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
testing
Projective tests
• Rorschach• Thematic Apperception Test
testingPersonality Inventories (e.g .MMPI)
Also:Lie Scale Malingering Scale
testing
Neuropsychological Tests
-tasks are associated with functioning of specific brain areas-poor task performance indicates impaired function (and possibly physical damage) of the specific brain area
structural vs. functional
CTMRI
PETfMRI
testing
Neuroimaging
CT scan
• x-ray & sensor• low spatial resolution
computerized axial tomography
MRI
high spatial resolution
magnetic resonance imaging
PET scanpositron emission tomography
• low resolution (both temporal & spatial)
• radioactive material is absorbed
fMRI scan
• higher spatial resolution than PET (poor temporal resolution)
• 3-D images possible
• hemoglobin (blood protein that binds oxygen) changes its magnetic field response
functional MRI
EEG
psychophysiological techniques
EOG
EMG
“electrophysiology”
= electro-myograph
= electro-oculograph
= electro-encephalograph
EEGelectroencephalography
record of electrical activity below each electrode
EEG brainwaves characterize mental states
EMGelectromyograph
SCRskin conductance/resistance
index of physiological arousal
classification
Classification – categoriesTaxonomy – scientific categoriesNosology – psych or medical categories
Classical Categorical ApproachUsed in medicine; discrete categories
Dimensional ApproachCharacteristics range from low to high. Not “presence
or absence” but rather “How much?”
Prototypical ApproachEssential features + meet # symptoms for dx
types of research
• descriptive
• experimental
-observation (naturalistic vs lab)
-survey
-case study
-correlational studies
-epidemiology
correlation
Are two variables related?
1. Do they move together or opposite?
2. How strongly?
(if they are strongly related, we can predict one from the other)
correlation coefficient
POSITIVENEGATIVE NO ASSN
-1.00 0 +1.00
+ / -
number
= direction
= strength
weak (0 - .40)moderate (.41 - .69)strong (.70 – 1.00)
correlational studies
POSITIVE NEGATIVE NO ASSN
To a group of people, give a questionnaire about their degree of shyness.
Are shy people happy?
To this same group, give a questionnaire about their degree of happiness.
Each person has two scores. Use correlation.
Is there a relationship between shyness & happiness? (Did one cause the other?)
correlational studies
Correlation is NOT causation!
A
A
B
B
C
B
A
example
e.g. Ice cream sales positively correlate with the occurrence of violent crime.
ice cream sales
Variable 1 Variable 2
violent crime
independentvariable
dependentvariable
experimental research
confoundingvariable
experimental research
Interested in a specific treatment?
Compare its effects to a control condition.
“baseline” comparison
internal validity
external validity - generalizability
experimental research
statistical vs clinical significance
repeated measurements
withdrawal designs
single case designs
multiple baseline
family studies
adoption studies
twin studies
genetics
genotype
phenotype
molecular genetic studies
linkage analysis
association study
- searches for approximate location of a gene
- tests a candidate disease gene
behavior over time
prevention studies
cross sectional
-health promotion-universal -selected-indicated
- diff age cohorts compared at same time
longitudinal- one group tracked over time
sequential- cross sectional study done longitudinally