assessment of spirituality and meaning in research and...

Assessment of Spirituality and

Meaning in Research and Clinical Settings

American Counseling Association Charlotte NC, March 21, 2009

Mark E. Young, University of Central Florida Leila Roach, Stetson University

W. Bryce Hagedorn, University of Central Florida

Assessment of Spirituality & Meaning 2

Young, Roach, & Hagedorn (ACA, 2009)

Packet Contents

The Ultimate Meaning Technique 3

Assessment Techniques

Measures of Meaning 4

Brief Spiritual Assessment 5

Spiritual History 6

Quantitative Measures of Spirituality 7

Qualitative Measures of Spirituality 10

Spiritual Lifemap 11

Bibliography 13



The Ultimate Meanings Technique from Mark E. Young (2009) Learning the Art of Helping

Leontiv (2007) devised a creative technique for identifying important meaning issues. The

technique consists of writing down your answer to a question with the stem, “Why do people. . .”

and then following up with more “why questions” to the answers. For example, “Why do people

watch TV, smoke cigarettes, get married, buy a house etc.) Below is an example using the

question, “Why do people travel?”

Answer: “To see new things.”

Question: “Why see new things?”

Answer: “Because you can see different ways of doing things”

Question: “Why see other ways of doing things?”

Answer: “Because then you will be able to think of new ideas.”

Question, “Why think of new ideas?”

Answer: “So that you can create new products a work and get an edge on other people.”

This example is truncated but perhaps you can see that this person may value creativity,

success at work and competing with others. Of course, you would need a longer series of

questions and different topics to get a clearer insight. If you would like to try the Ultimate

Meanings Technique for yourself, respond to the following question: “Why do people work?”

Write down your answer. Then ask a series of “why questions” based on your responses. Try to

put down 20 or so answers, then look through your answers and see if you can spot some key

values and meanings for yourself.

______________________________________________________________________________



Selected Instruments for the Measurement of Meaning in Life

Instrument Construct Measured

Brief Description of the Instrument

Citation

Personal Views Survey (PVS)

Hardiness 50-item revised 3 subscales, Challenge, Commitment, Control

Hardiness Institute (1985).

Sources of Meaning Profile (SMP)

Sources and strength of personal meaning in one’s life

16 item scale which has been used with older adults

Reker & Wong (1988).

Pargament’s Meaning Scale (PMS)

Meaning that spirituality provides in one’s life

20-item scale that does not measure spirituality but the degree that religion and spiritual practice add meaning.

Pargament (1999).

Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC)

Sense of Coherence

13-items on three subscales; Comprehensibility, Manageability and Meaningfulness

Antonovsky & Sagy (1986).

Purpose In Life (PIL)

Overall meaning and purpose in life.

20 items. It is an attitude scale that measures the degree to which a person feels meaning and purpose in life includes existential elements.

Crumbaugh & Maholick (1964).

Life Regard Index (LRI)

Positive life regard, a synonym for personal meaning in life

28 items. Two subscales: Framework (the person has a meaningful perspective_ and Fulfillment (Am I fulfilling my life goals?).

Battista & Almond (1973). Debats (1998).

Personal Meaning Profile (PMP)

Measures specific domains of meaning as well as magnitude, breadth and balance.

57 items measuring seven factors: Achievement striving, relationship, intimacy religion, self-transcendence, self-acceptance, fair treatment

Wong (1998).

Life Purpose Questionnaire (LPQ)

Overall meaning and purpose in life similar to the PIL.

A 20 item test. Agree/disagree format allowing geriatric and brain injured to respond.

Hablas & Hutzell, 1982

Seeking of Noetic Goals (SONG)

Overall meaning and purpose in life

20 Likert items. Crumbaugh, 1977

Meaning in Suffering Test (MIST)

Multidimensional A 29-item scale with three subscales and one overall score.

Starck, 1985



Life Attitude Profile- Revised (LAP-R)

Multidimensional 48 items, six subscales and two composite scores.

Reker, 1992

The Brief Spiritual Assessment from Hodge (2005) Spiritual Assessment in Marital and Family Therapy



The Spiritual History from Hodge (2005) Spiritual Assessment in Marital and Family Therapy



Selective Instruments for the Quantitative Measure of Spirituality and Religion

Instrument Construct Measured

Brief Description of the Instrument

Citation

Human Spirituality Scale (HSS)

Global measure of spirituality

20 item scale rated from 1 (never, almost never) to 5 (constantly, almost constantly)

Wheat (1991)

Spiritual Assessment Inventory (SAI)

Spiritual maturity from a Judeo-Christian perspective

43 item inventory scored on a 5-point scale of 1(not true of me) through 5 (true of me)

Hall &Edwards (1996)

Index of Core Spiritual Experiences (INSPIRIT)

Two core elements of spirituality; experience(s) that convince an individual God exists, and a perception that God dwells in the individual

On-line, 7 item instrument (item 7 has 13 parts)

Kass, Friedman, Lesserman, Zuttermeister, & Benson (1991)

Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS)

Religious Well-Being (RWB) as it relates to concepts of God, and Existential Well-Being (EWB) as it relates to a sense of purpose and satisfaction in life

20-item scale with 6 responses ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree

Ellison (1983)

Systems of Belief Inventory (SBI-15R)

Quality of life, stress, and coping with life-threatening illness by examining 2 factors: beliefs and practices; and social support

15-item measure scored on a 4-point likert scale ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 3 (strongly agree)

Holland, Kash, Passik, Gronert, Sison, Lederberg, Russak, Baider, & Fox (1998)

The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being Scale (FACIT-Sp)

Two subscales: sense of meaning and peace; and role of faith in illness. Produces a total score for spiritual well-being.

12-item measure scored on a 5-point likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (very much)

Peterman, Fitchett, Brady, Pharm, & Cella (2002)

Spiritual Health Inventory (SHI)

Personal Spiritual Experience, Spiritual Well-being, Sense of Harmony, and Personal Helplessness

18 item scale with 6 responses ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree

Veach & Chappel (1992)

Spirituality Assessment Scale (SAS)

Unifying Interconnectedness, Purpose and Meaning in Life, Innerness or Inner Resources, and Transcendence

28 statements rated from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree)

Howden (1992)

Spiritual Support Scale

Emotional, intimacy, and faith aspects of spiritual support

3-items rated on a 5-point scale.

Maton (1989)



Religious Orientation Inventory (ROI)

Orientation toward religion on both an intrinsic and extrinsic dimension

20-item measure Allport & Ross (1967)

Age Universal I-E Adapted from Allport and Ross’s Religious Orientation Scale that can be used with children and adolescents

Gorsuch and Venable (1983)

Quest (Interactional) Scale

Adds 3rd dimension to religious orientation: quest (degree to which one’s religion involves open-ended, responsive dialogue to existential questions raised by contradictions and tragedies in life)

9- item scale version 6-item scale version 12-item scale version Each rated on a 9-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 9 (strongly agree)

Batson (1976) Batson & Ventis (1982) Batson & Schoenrade (1991)

Christian Religious Internalization Scale (CRIS)

Degree of self-determination for Christian beliefs and practices (could be adapted for other religions)

12-item measure rated on a 4-point scale from not at all true to very true

Ryan, Rigby & King (1993)

Religious Coping Scale (RCOPE)

Methods of coping with life situations based on a Judeo-Christian perspective

105 item scale consists of 21 subscales with 5 items each, that asks respondents to rate the degree to which various types of religious coping were involved in dealing with a negative life event on a 4-point likert scale from not at all to a great deal

Pargament, Koenig, and Perez (2000)

Religious Support Measure

Relationships between perceived religious support and life satisfaction and religious attendance

Assesses three factors: God support, congregational support, and church leader support

Fiala, Bjorck, and Gorsuch (2002)

Spiritual History Scale (SHS-4)

Spiritual and religious practices and attributions over the lifespan

23 item, four dimensional retrospective summary

Hays, Meador, Branch & George, (2001)

Spirituality Scale (SS) spirituality from an Afro-cultural perspective

20 item measure rated on a 6 point scale ranging from 1 (completely false) to 6 (completely true)

Jagers & Smith (1996)



Daily Spiritual Experience Scale

Ordinary experiences of spirituality; awe, joy that lifts one up, deep inner peace, gratitude, and love

16 item measure with 6 responses ranging from never or almost never to many times a day

Underwood & Teresi (2002)

Brown-Peterson Recovery Index (B-PRPI)

Spirituality in members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

53 item instrument rated on a 5 point scale from 0 (no or never) to 4 (yes, daily, or always)

Brown & Peterson (1991)

Spiritual Competency Scale (SCS)

Competency to counsel on spiritual and religious issues

28 item, six factor instrument with seven response format.

Robertson (2008).



Selected Instruments for the Qualitative Measure of Spirituality and Religion

Instrument Construct

Measured Brief Description of the Instrument

Citation

Spiritual Narrative Awareness of the Holy, providence, faith, grace or gratefulness, repentance, communion, and sense of vocation

Provides an understanding of the client’s spiritual narrative in relation to 7 Christian themes

Pruyser (1976)

Spiritual Histories Spiritual Life Maps Spiritual Genograms Spiritual Ecomaps Spiritual Ecograms

Explore spiritual & religious themes, significant life events, spiritual journeys, intergenerational patterns, spiritual strengths & relationships

Utilize existing frameworks of systemic assessments with a focus on spirituality

Hodge (2005)

Spiritual Dimensions Beliefs and meaning; vocation and consequences; experiences and emotions; courage and growth; ritual and practice; community; and authority and guidance

Offers guidelines for assessing 7 spiritual dimensions in two subdivisions; holistically and explicitly spiritual; and can be utilized with a wide variety of faith traditions.

Fitchett (1993)

Spiritual Quest Form (SQF)

Seeks to understand the client’s process toward spiritual growth and development

10-item sentence completion task followed by an in-depth dialog that produces a narrative

Nino(1997)

Experience Based Spiritual Development Scale (EBSDS)

Scourge, Emerge, Purge, Diverge, Resurge, Converge, and Merge

Identifies seven stages of spiritual realization

Sandhu and Asrabadi (2003) Sandhu (2007)

Faith Development Intuitive-Projective Faith, Mythical-Literal Faith, Synthetic-Conventional Faith, Individuative-Reflective Faith, Conjunctive Faith, and Universalizing Faith

Assesses stages of faith development thorough the use of Faith Interviews

James Fowler (1981)



The Spiritual Lifemap

from Hodge (2005) Spiritual Assessment in Marital and Family Therapy



The Spiritual Lifemap Spiritual lifemaps are a graphic representation of a verbal spiritual history – they note the client’s spiritual journey with pictures along a lifeline. “Much like roadmaps, spiritual lifemaps tell us where we have come from, where we are now, and where we are going” (Hodge, 2005, p. 344). Uses: A spiritual lifemap can be used with individuals, couples, and families. If it is used with couples or families, each individual can construct his/her own lifemap or the couple/family can jointly construct a single lifemap representing their shared spiritual story. Materials: 1. Drawing implements – crayons, markers, colored pencils, chalk, paints (oil, watercolor,

acrylic, tempura), paint brushes, etc. 2. Paper – large pieces of paper (e.g., 11" x 18" or 24" x 36") work best 3. Other – stickers, stencils, construction paper, rulers, magazines, scissors, glue sticks, etc. Directions: 1. In this exercise, you will depict those spiritually significant events that represent your

spiritual journey on a path, a roadway, or a single line. 2. Using hand-drawn symbols, cut-out pictures, stickers, and so on, mark the key events along

your journey (e.g., birth, death, loss of a job, spiritual crisis, spiritual encounter, etc.). 3. Indicate on your lifemap the various trials you have faced along with the spiritual resources

you have used to overcome those trials. You may want to depict hills, bumps and potholes, rain, clouds, lightning, and so on, to portray difficult life situations. Feel free to use words that you write or cut out of magazines to highlight these events.

4. Indicate your age at the various spiritual milestones along your journey, both those that were difficult and those that were positive.

5. Somewhere on the lifemap, indicate three spiritual strengths that you have developed while on your journey.

Processing: 1. Present your spiritual lifemap to the group (or to the counselor) – share the symbols you

used, why you chose what you did to represent various events, and what your journey has been like for you.

2. What patterns do you notice? 3. Who have been the significant figures along your spiritual journey (both human and

transcendent)? 4. What strengths emerged from your lifemap? 5. What are some successful strategies that you have used in the past that can suggest

options for overcoming some of your present struggles? 6. What was this process like for you?



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