assgnmnt basic instrument
TRANSCRIPT
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KLIA PROFESSIONAL AND MANAGEMENT
COLLEGE
AVIATION HISTORY AND LAW
Basic Flying Instruments
NAME: DAYANG LIDYA ABANG AZMAN
MATRIC NO: KPMC114201
COURSE: DIP. IN AVIATION MANAGEMENT
LECTURERS NAME : MEJAR MAYA MARIMUTHU
ASSIGNMENT DEADLINE: 5th
AUGUST 2011
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TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 3
2.0 OBJECTIVE ......................................................................................................................................... 3
3.0 PURPOSE.............................................................................................................................................. 3
4.0 EMERGENCE OF FLIGHT INSTRUMENT ................................................................................... 4
4.1 Visual radio direction finder ................................................................................................................... 4
4.2 Artificial horizon (Attitude Indicator)..................................................................................................... 4
4.3 Barometric altimeter ............................................................................................................................... 4
5.0 WHAT IS INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES (IFR).......................................................................... 4
6.0 BASIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT ................................................................................................................... 5
6.1 Altimeter ................................................................................................................................................. 5
6.2 Air Speed Indicator .................................................................................................................................. 5
6.3 Vertical Speed Indicator ......................................................................................................................... 6
6.4 Attitude Indicator .................................................................................................................................... 6
6.5 Heading Indicator .................................................................................................................................... 7
6.6 Turn Indicator.......................................................................................................................................... 7
7.0 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................... 7
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................................. 8
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1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe very first aircraft has a little or no flying instrument. With that, it is very difficult for
the pilot. Flying in bad weather is very risky. Aircraft become one of the main transportation
when an accurate flight instrument facilitates pilot from necessity of maintaining visual contactwith the ground. Flight instruments are important to conducting safe flight operations and thepilot need to have a basic understanding of their operation. The basic flight instruments required
for operation under visual flight rules (VFR) are airspeed indicator (ASI), altimeter, and
magnetic direction indicator.
In addition to these, operation under instrument flight rules (IFR) requires a gyroscopic
rate-of-turn indicator, slip-skid indicator, sensitive altimeter adjustable for barometric pressure,
clock displaying hours, minutes, and seconds with a sweep-second pointer or digital
presentation, gyroscopic pitch-and-bank indicator (artificial horizon), and gyroscopic direction
indicator (directional gyro or equivalent).
2.0 OBJECTIVE
To ensure pilot can take off and land safely.
To enable the aircraft fly through the bad weather conditions and during night.
To ensure safety and reliable operation.
To give the early warning about any failure of aircrafts system/part so that the pilotcould take the immediate action.
3.0 PURPOSE
Why do pilot need basic flying instrument? Pilot need basic flying instrument to help
them overcome their limitation while flying. If theres no flying instrument, pilot have to faced
many problem while flying. Let take Charles Lindbergs journey as an example. He flies alone
over Atlantic Ocean successfully and takes about 33 hours to complete his journey. Lindberg
faced a few challenges such as bad weather, cant sleep during flight,no radio and no proper
communication and no navigator instruments and lastly, theres no proper water survival gears.Hes using see and avoid flying concept.
Technology nowadays has changed everything. With the help of the flying instrument, it is
easier for the pilot to fly. Pilot can flyfor a long time and distant miles away. One of the
instruments that help the pilot isautopilot. Autopilot is a Computer device thatcan fly an airplaneon its own. However, pilot is always present to monitor and check in whether the flight is going
according to plan or not.
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4.0 EMERGENCE OF FLIGHT INSTRUMENT
On September 24, 1929, First flying blindperformed by Jimmy Doolittles.Flying Blind means fly by the aid of Flight Instrument only, without a view outside the
cockpit. Examples of basic flight instrument are:
4.1 Visual radio direction finder Using vibration system to direct the aircraft. The closer the plane is to the beacon, the
more intense the vibration.
4.2 Artificial horizon (Attitude Indicator) Showed the orientation of the flying aircraft in relation to the ground (show how the
wings were tilted, show whether aircraft nose up/down /level.
4.3 Barometric altimeter
Showed how far the aircraft above the ground. They will sensitively record the time andtherefore the distance from the aircraft to the ground.
5.0 WHAT IS INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES (IFR)
Instrument flight rules permit an aircraft to operate in instrument meteorological
conditions (IMC), which have much lower weather minimums than Visual Flight Rules (VFR).
Procedures and training are significantly more complex as a pilot must demonstrate competency
in conducting an entire cross-country flight in IMC conditions, while controlling the aircraftsolely by reference to instruments.
As compared toVFR flight, instrument pilots must meticulously evaluate weather, create a
very detailed flight plan based around specific instrument departure, en route, and arrivalprocedures, and dispatch the flight. Once airborne, the IFR pilot is then challenged to fly the
aircraft in the same air traffic control (ATC) environment and weather systems that two-crew jet
aircraft are using at the same time.
Rules of the road for flights permitted to penetrate clouds and low visibility conditions byreference to cockpit. Aircraft must be equipped and pilots qualified and current for IFR flight.Flight plans and ATC clearances are required. Flights are monitored and traffic separated by AirTraffic Control, usually by radar. Instrument Flight Rule (IFR) training combined with thenecessary instrumentation and the support of Air Traffic Control allows continued flight
operations in reduced or no visibility situations. All major airline pilots are IFR trained. IFRpilots are further trained to use on- board instrumentation to fly, and must communicate with AirTraffic Control, when operating above 18,000 feet. Instead of using only visuals, ATC cansupport them in navigation through bad weather and in separation from other aircraft and terrain .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_meteorological_conditionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_meteorological_conditionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_flyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_flyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_meteorological_conditionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_meteorological_conditions -
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6.0 BASIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT
If an airplane could be flown by concentrating on only one instrument, flight on the
gauges would be easy. Normally, constant reference must be made to six basic flight instruments
as well as the navigation and engine instruments. This is accomplished through the pilot'sinstrument scan and the instrument pilot's most basic skill.
List of basic flying instrument:
6.1 Altimeter
An altimeter is simply a barometer calibrated in feet instead inches of mercury. With an
increase in altitude, since there is now less air above the airplane, the pressure is less. The
altimeter measures this reduced atmospheric pressure and displays it as the aircraft's altitude.Tocompensate for barometric pressure changes, the altimeter is frequently calibrated by the pilot by
setting the current barometric pressure in the altimeter setting window using a small knob.
6.2 Air Speed Indicator
The airspeed indicator is one of the oldest and most important of the flight instruments. Itmeasures the aircraft's speed through the air by measuring the dynamic pressure of the airstream
rushing against the moving airplane.During cruise, the aircraft may be flown within a fairlybroad speed range depending on whether fuel economy, range or flight time is the primary
objective. However, in no case can the pilot allow the aircraft to slow to stall speed - at which
point the wings can no longer sustain the aircraft - or accelerate to "red line," above whichstructural failure may result.
http://www.gruner.com/flight/appendix/aviators/literature.htm#lindberghhttp://www.gruner.com/flight/appendix/aviators/literature.htm#lindbergh -
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6.3 Vertical Speed Indicator
The vertical speed indicator, or VSI, measures the aircraft's rate of climb or descent asmeasured by the change in the surrounding atmospheric pressure, because of the instrument's
inherent delay or "lag," accurate climb or descent information is not available for several
seconds. For this reason, the VSI is useful only as a back-up instrument in most flight
maneuvers.
6.4 Attitude Indicator
In the middle of the top row of the panel is the attitude indicator, or artificial horizon, the
central element of the pilot's instrument scan. In instrument conditions, the attitude indicatorreplaces the natural horizon, showing the relationship of the nose and wings to the horizontal
plane. The attitude indicator is the only instrument that gives direct information about an
aircraft's attitude. Each movement of the aircraft's controls is therefore made with reference tothis instrument.
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6.5 Heading Indicator
The heading indicator, or directional gyro, uses an internal gyroscope whose stability
provides accurate directional information once it is set to the correct heading. The gyro-stabilized
heading indicator is required because of the errors that occur in the magnetic compass duringturns, speed changes and even in turbulent air, because of drift errors, the instrument should be
checked against the magnetic compass during straight and level flight at least once every 15
minutes. Like the altimeter, a set knob is provided for corrections.
6.6 Turn Indicator
This electrically-driven instrument not only serves as a back-up to the attitude indicatorin the event of its failure, but also measures the rate and quality of a turn.In instrument flight
turns are typically made at a rate of three degrees per second or less; steeper turns are considered
dangerous. The quality of the turn is measured by the ball in the curved glass tube at the bottomof the instrument. A quality, or coordinated, turn balances centrifugal and gravitational forces
keeping the ball centered.
7.0 CONCLUSION
Basic flying instrument is very important to all pilots because without it flying will bevery difficult. They have to face lot of problem and they have to overcome their limitation while
flying. With the help of this modern technology, flying will be easier to all pilots.
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REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instruments http://soar.org/flight/appendix/instruments/index.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules http://www.google.com.my/search?tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=&bih=&q=flying
+instrument&btnG=Search+Images&gbv=2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://soar.org/flight/appendix/instruments/index.htmlhttp://soar.org/flight/appendix/instruments/index.htmlhttp://soar.org/flight/appendix/instruments/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_flight_ruleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_flight_ruleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_flight_ruleshttp://www.google.com.my/search?tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=&bih=&q=flying+instrument&btnG=Search+Images&gbv=2http://www.google.com.my/search?tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=&bih=&q=flying+instrument&btnG=Search+Images&gbv=2http://www.google.com.my/search?tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=&bih=&q=flying+instrument&btnG=Search+Images&gbv=2http://www.google.com.my/search?tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=&bih=&q=flying+instrument&btnG=Search+Images&gbv=2http://www.google.com.my/search?tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=&bih=&q=flying+instrument&btnG=Search+Images&gbv=2http://www.google.com.my/search?tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=&bih=&q=flying+instrument&btnG=Search+Images&gbv=2http://www.google.com.my/search?tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=&bih=&q=flying+instrument&btnG=Search+Images&gbv=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_flight_ruleshttp://soar.org/flight/appendix/instruments/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instruments