assignment four in humanities: painting

8/13/2019 Assignment Four in Humanities: PAINTING

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Name: Tehanie Christy G. Molarto Assignment No. 4

Section: 25N Date: July 16, 2013

Forms of Art

There are several forms of art that have been in existence for thousandsof years. People have been using, learning, and enjoying art for a long time. Overthe years, new art forms have gradually appeared; however, at the same timeseveral art forms have lost their popularity and are now considered obsolete bymany (such as graffiti). However, this often changes from region to region as thisform of art is still very famous in several countries.

Art can be expressed in the form of a lovely melody composed by a giftedMusician, in the form of a beautiful figure made by the hands of a creativeSculptor, in the form of a colorful picture painted by the hands of a visionaryPainter or in the form of various and innovative objects made by talented and

recursive Artisans. Art is the physical result of the expression of our feelingsthrough our talents; therefore it can come in many different forms.

There are many ways in which one can be artistic. There are differentforms of art that one can choose from when they wish to express themselvesthrough art. A list of the different art forms will show you that there are manymediums that one might choose to work with. FORMS OF ARTmeans the typeof artwork such as PAINTING, drawing, sculpting, pottery, wood carving,architecture, pencil drawings, photography, wood crafts, jewelry making, fashiondesign, and calligraphy.

PAINTING

Paintings are classified according to the style in which they are made aswell as the genre and main object of the painting. Still life, landscapes,seascapes, abstract and pop art are the different types of painting genres thatare popular among artists. Moreover, the kind of medium used for the paintinglike oil colors, pastels, water colors, charcoal and the surface that it is painted on,whether it is canvas or paper has a bearing on how the painting would look.

The Oxford English Dictionary describes painting as the act orart ofusing paint to produce pictures. Many of us cultivate painting as a hobby. But,are you aware about the major forms of painting and the main elements that form

a part and parcel of painting? Let s ponder over them a little:Real Life: Such paintings capture life in actionbusy street, beach party, dinnergathering or any place where life activity is going on.

Still Life: A still life painting depicts objects such as flowers or food. Still lifepaintings are often found in the interiors o the ancient Egyptian tombs. AncientGreek, especially vase paintings are examples of the same genre. Wall paintingsand floor mosaics unearthed in Pompeii (Italy) stand evidence to still life painting.Masters in this category include Caravaggio, Diego Velasquaez and AnnibaleCorracci.

Landscape Painting: It deals with the depiction of natural scenery, like valley,mountains, rivers and forests. The subject is usually a wide view with coherentlyarranged elements. Sky is almost included in all landscape paintings. Famouslandscape painters include names like Claude Lorraine and JMW Turner.

Portrait Painting: In this genre, the intent is to depict the visual appearance ofthe subject. Usually portrait artists create an work of art after they have been


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commissioned by patrons. Historically, portrait paintings have primarily been theforte of the rich and the powerful.

What are the Types of Painting?

Alandscapeis an outdoor scene. A landscape artist uses paint to create notonly land, water, and clouds but air, wind, and sunlight.

Aportraitis an image of a person or animal. Besides showing what someonelooks like, a portrait often captures a mood or personality.

Astill lifeshows objects, such as flowers, food, or musical instruments. A still lifereveals an artist's skill in painting shapes, light, and shadow.

A real lifescene captures life in action. It could show a busy street, a beachparty, a dinner gathering, or anyplace where living goes on.

A religiouswork of art shares a religious message. It might portray a sacredstory or express an artist's faith.

Painting Movements

Abstract expressionism - Movement in painting, originating in New York City inthe 1940s. It emphasized spontaneous personal expression, freedom fromaccepted artistic values, surface qualities of paint, and the act of painting itself.Pollock,de Kooning,Motherwell, and Kline, are important abstractexpressionists.

Art deco - Design style prevalent during the 1920s and 1930s, characterized bya sleek use of straight lines and slender form.

Art nouveau -A decorative art movement that emerged in the late nineteenthcentury. Characterized by dense asymmetrical ornamentation in sinuous forms, itis often symbolic and of an erotic nature.Klimt worked in an art nouveau style.

Ash Can school - Group of American artists active from 1908 to 1918. Itincluded members of The Eight such as Henri and Davies; Hopper was also partof the Ash Can group. Their work featured scenes of urban realism.

Barbizon school -An association of French landscape painters, c. 1840-70,who lived in the village of Barbizon and who painted directly from nature.Theodore Rousseau was a leader;Corot andMillet were also associated with thegroup.

Baroque -A movement in European painting in the seventeenth and earlyeighteenth centuries, characterized by violent movement, strong emotion, anddramatic lighting and coloring. Bernini,Caravaggio andRubens were amongimportant baroque artists.

Byzantine -A style of the Byzantine Empire and its provinces, c. 330-1450.

Appearing mostly in religious mosaics, manuscript illuminations, and panelpaintings, it is characterized by rigid, monumental, stylized forms with goldbackgrounds.

Classicism -Referring to the principles of Greek and Roman art of antiquity withthe emphasis on harmony, proportion, balance, and simplicity. In a generalsense, it refers to art based on accepted standards of beauty.
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Color field painting -A technique in abstract painting developed in the 1950s. Itfocuses on the lyrical effects of large areas of color, often poured or stained ontothe canvas. Newman, Rothko, and Frankenthaler painted in this manner.

Conceptual art -A movement of the 1960s and 1970s that emphasized theartistic idea over the art object. It attempted to free art from the confines of thegallery and the pedestal.

Constructivism -A Russian abstract movement founded byTatlin,Gabo, andAntoine Pevsner, c. 1915. It focused on art for the industrial age. Tatlin believedin art with a utilitarian purpose.

Cubism -A revolutionary movement begun byPicasso and Braque in the earlytwentieth century. It employs an analytic vision based on fragmentation andmultiple viewpoints.

Dadaism -A movement, c. 1915-23, that rejected accepted aesthetic standards.It aimed to create antiart and nonart, often employing a sense of the absurd.

The Eight -A group of American painters who united out of opposition toacademic standards in the early twentieth century. Members of the group wereRobert Henri, Arthur Davies, Maurice Prendergast, William James Glackens,Ernest Lawson, Everett Shinn, John Sloan, and George Luks.

Expressionism -Refers to art that uses emphasis and distortion tocommunicate emotion. More specifically, it refers to early twentieth centurynorthern European art, especially in Germany c. 1905-25. Artists such asRouault, Kokoschka, and Schiele painted in this manner.

Fauvism -From the French word fauve, meaning "wild beast ." A style adoptedby artists associated with Matisse, c. 1905-08. They painted in a spontaneousmanner, using bold colors.

Folk art -Works of a culturally homogeneous people without formal training,generally according to regional traditions and involving crafts.

Futurism -An Italian movement c. 1909-19. It attempted to integrate thedynamism of the machine age into art. Boccioni was a futurist artist.

Gothic -A European movement beginning in France. Gothic sculpture emergedc. 1200, Gothic painting later in the thirteenth century. The artworks arecharacterized by a linear, graceful, elegant style more naturalistic than that whichhad existed previously in Europe.

Impressionism -A late-nineteenth-century French school of painting. It focusedon transitory visual impressions, often painted directly from nature, with anemphasis on the changing effects of light and color.Monet,Renoir,andPissarro were important impressionists.

Mannerism -A style, c. 1520-1600, that arose in reaction to the harmony andproportion of the High Renaissance. It featured elongated, contorted poses,crowded canvases, and harsh lighting and coloring.

Minimalism -A movement in American painting and sculpture that originated inthe late 1950s. It emphasized pure, reduced forms and strict, systematiccompositions.
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Nabis - From the Hebrew word for "prophet." A group of French painters active inthe 1890s who worked in a subjective, sometimes mystical style, stressing flatareas of color and pattern. Bonnard and Vuillard were members.

Naive art -Artwork, usually paintings, characterized by a simplified style,nonscientific perspective, and bold colors. The artists are generally notprofessionally trained.Henri Rousseau and Grandma Moses worked in thisstyle.

Neoclassicism -A European style of the late eighteenth and early nineteenthcenturies. Its elegant, balanced works revived the order and harmony of ancientGreek and Roman art. David and Canova are examples of neoclassicists.

Op art -An abstract movement in Europe and the United States, begun in themid-1950s, based on the effects of optical patterns. Albers worked in this style.

Photorealism -A figurative movement that emerged in the United States andBritain in the late 1960s and 1970s. The subject matter, usually everyday scenes,is portrayed in an extremely detailed, exacting style. It is also calledsuperrealism, especially when referring to sculpture.

Pointilism -A method of painting developed bySeurat and Paul Signac in the1880s. It used dabs of pure color that were intended to mix in the eyes of viewersrather than on the canvas. It is also called divisionism or neoimpressionism.

Pop art -A movement that began in Britain and the United States in the 1950s. Itused the images and techniques of mass media, advertising, and popular culture,often in an ironic way. Works of Warhol, Lichtenstein, and Oldenburg exemplifythis style.

Postimpressionism -A term coined by British art critic Roger Fry to refer to agroup of nineteenth-century painters, includingCezanne,Van Gogh,andGauguin,who were dissatisfied with the limitations of expressionism. It hassince been used to refer to various reactions against impressionism, such asfauvism nd expressionism.

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood -A group of English painters formed in 1848.These artists attempted to recapture the style of painting preceding Raphael.They rejected industrialized England and focused on painting from nature,producing detailed, colorful works.Rossetti was a founding member.

Realism -In a general sense, refers to objective representation. Morespecifically, a nineteenth century movement, especially in France, that rejectedidealized academic styles in favor of everyday subjects. Daumier, Millet,andCourbet were realists.

Renaissance -Meaning "rebirth" in French. Refers to Europe c. 1400-1600.Renaissance art which began in Italy, stressed the forms of classical antiquity, arealistic representation of space based on scientific perspective, and secularsubjects. The works ofLeonardo,Michelangelo,and Raphael exemplify thebalance and harmony of the High Renaissance (c. 1495-1520).

Rococo -An eighteenth-century European style, originating in France. Inreaction to the grandeur and massiveness of the baroque, rococo employedrefined, elegant, highly decorative forms. Fragonard worked in this style.
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Romanesque -A European style developed in France in the late eleventhcentury. Its sculpture is ornamental, stylized and complex. Some Romanesquefrescoes survive, painted in a monumental, active manner.

Romanticism -A European movement of the late eighteenth to mid nineteenth

century. In reaction to neoclassicism, it focused on emotion over reason, and onspontaneous expression. The subject matter was invested with drama andusually painted energetically in brilliant colors.Delacroix,Gericault,Turner,andBlake were Romantic artists.

Suprematism -A Russian abstract movement originated byMalevich c. 1913. Itwas characterized by flat geometric shapes on plain backgrounds andemphasized the spiritual qualities of pure form.

Surrealism -A movement of the 1920s and 1930s that began in France. Itexplored the unconscious, often using images from dreams. It used spontaneous

techniques and featured unexpected juxtapositions of objects.Magritte,Dali,Miro,and Ernst painted surrealist works.

Symbolism -A painting movement that flourished in France in the 1880s and1890s in which subject matter was suggested rather than directly presented. Itfeatured decorative, stylized, and evocative images.

History of Painting

The history of paintingreaches back in time to artifacts from pre-historichumans, and spans all cultures. It represents a continuous, though periodicallydisrupted tradition from Antiquity. Across cultures, and spanning continents and

millennia, the history of painting is an ongoing river of creativity that continuesinto the 21st century. Until the early 20th century it relied primarilyonrepresentational,religious andclassical motifs, after which time morepurelyabstract andconceptual approaches gained favor.

Developments in Eastern painting historically parallel those inWesternpainting,in general, a few centuries earlier.African art,art, Islamic,Indian art,

Chinese art,andJapanese arteach had significant influence on Western art,and, eventually, vice-versa.

Initially serving utilitarian purpose followed by imperial, private, civic andreligious patronage, Eastern and Western painting later found audiences in

thearistocracy and the middle class. From the Modern era, themiddleAges through theRenaissance painters worked for the church and a wealthyaristocracy. Beginning with theBaroque era artists received private commissionsfrom a more educated and prosperous middle class. Finally in the west the ideaof "art for art's sake"began to find expression in the work oftheRomantic painters likeFrancisco de Goya,John Constable,andJ.M.W.Turner.During the 19th century the rise of the commercialart gallery providedpatronage in the 20th century.

The oldest known paintings are at theGrotte Chauvet in France, claimedby some historians to be about 32,000 years old. They are engraved and paintedusingred ochre and black pigment and show horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo,

mammoth or humans often hunting. There are examples ofcave paintings allover the worldin France, India, Spain, Portugal, China, Australia etc. Variousconjectures have been made as to the meaning these paintings had to thepeople that made them. Prehistoric men may have painted animals to "catch"theirsoul orspirit in order to hunt them more easily or the paintings mayrepresent ananimistic vision and homage to surroundingnature,or they may be
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the result of a basic need of expression that isinnate to human beings, or theycould have been for the transmission of practical information.

InPaleolithic times, the representation of humans in cave paintings wasrare. Mostly, animals were painted, not only animals that were used as food butalso animals that represented strength like therhinoceros or largeFelidae,as in

theChauvet Cave.Signs like dots were sometimes drawn. Rare humanrepresentations include handprints and half-human / animal figures. The ChauvetCave in theArdcheDepartments of France contains the most importantpreserved cave paintings of the Paleolithic era, painted around 31,000 BC.TheAltamiracave paintings in Spain were done 14,000 to 12,000 BC and show,among others,bisons.The hall of bulls inLascaux,Dordogne, France, is one ofthe best known cave paintings from about 15,000 to 10,000 BC.

If there is meaning to the paintings, it remains unknown. The caves werenot in an inhabited area, so they may have been used for seasonal rituals. Theanimals are accompanied by signs which suggest a possible magic use. Arrow-like symbols inLascaux are sometimes interpreted ascalendar oralmanac use.But the evidence remains inconclusive. The most important work oftheMesolithic era were the marching warriors, a rock painting at Cingle de laMola,Castelln,Spain dated to about 7000 to 4000 BC. The technique used wasprobably spitting or blowing the pigments onto the rock. The paintings are quitenaturalistic, though stylized. The figures are not three-dimensional, even thoughthey overlap

The earliest known Indian paintings (see section below) were the rockpaintings ofprehistoric times, thepetroglyphs as found in places like theRockShelters of Bhimbetka,(see above) and some of them are older than 5500 BC.Such works continued and after several millennia, in the 7th century, carved

pillars ofAjanta,Maharashtra state present a fine example of Indian paintings,and the colors, mostly various shades of red and orange, were derived fromminerals.

The Mediums in Painting

The Medium of Paintingis a complex of materials and conventions, bothof which have been modified and augmented over the years. Its materials tend tobe various paints and the surfaces which receive and support them. Itsconventions are "usages" of those materials. Some conventions involverepresentation and figuration; others don't.

The medium of painting (like many other media) has often been comparedto a language. While it isn't specific enough to be one, like language, itcommunicates through symbols, usages, and inflections. Unlike language, it alsocommunicates through material and optical presence.

The medium of painting isn't fixed and final. It changes, albeit slowly. Thisdevelopment is brought about by changes in materials and in the conventionsthat govern their use. These don't necessarily coincide. Thus, the medium can'tbe considered apart from its history, and that history is affected by materials andtheir uses.

There are different mediums in paintings that are used today.Artist's usesdifferent kinds of mediums, they includes acrylic, pastels, fresco, gouache, oiltempura, water color and water miscible oil paint.

Acrylicis a fast drying paint. It contains pigments suspended in polymer

emulsion. Acrylic paints are usually diluted with waters.
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Another medium that is being used is the Pastel. Pastel comes in three differenttypes, the soft pastels, the hard pastels and the pastel pencils. The soft pastelsare the most widely used; it has a higher portion of pigments and less binder.The hard pastel has a higher portion of binder and less pigment. The pastelpencils are pencils with pastel leads.

Fresco paintingscan often be seen on walls and ceilings. The word fresco

came from the Italian word fresco (fresh). There are three types of fresco, theBuon fresco, which consist of painting pigments mixed with water on a thin layerof plaster. Secco, which done in dry plaster. The pigment requires a bindingmedium such as egg (tempura, glue or oil to attach pigments). The Mezzo-fresco. In this type, the pigment should only penetrate slightly on the plaster.

Gouache, derived from Italian guazzo, water pan, splash or body color. Thismedium is also dilute in water. It differs from water color considering that itsparticles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much bigger and white

pigment such as chalk is present on it.

Oil, oil is a type of slow drying paint. It consists of particular pigments suspendedin a drying oil. This kind of medium does not dry quickly. It blends into thesurroundings and allow the blending of color. It produces vivid colors with anatural sheen and distinct context. It provides a surface translucency similar tohuman skin making it an ideal for portrait painting.

Tempura, another medium is the Tempura. It is a permanent fast drying painting

medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with water soluble binder. Tempurapaints dries rapidly and it allows for great precision. When dry it produces smooth

matte finish. Tempura painting has been found on early Egyptian sarcophagidecorating many of the Fayum mummy portraits sometimes in combination withencaustic.

Water Color, in water color the pigments are suspended in a water solublevehicle. The art of water color extremely began in the cave paintings of thePaleolithic Europe, used in the manuscript illumination by the Egyptians andcontinuous to flourish in the renaissance. Water color paint consist of fourprincipal ingredients; colorant (commonly pigment), binder, the substance thatholds the pigment in suspension and fixes the pigment to the painting surface,additives, substance that alter the viscosity, hiding, durability or color of thepigment and vehicle mixture, lastly, the solvent, the substance use to thin ordilute the paint for application and that evaporates when the paint hardens or dry.

Another medium is the Water Miscible Oil Paint; this is a modern variety of oilpaint. One of its features is that it can be thinned and cleaned up with water. Thewater solubility comes from the use of oil medium in which one end of themolecule has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules.

Masters of Painting

The world has seen thousands of artists and millions of great pieces of art,but we chose just a handful of pieces of art from some of greatest masters ofpainting to show a little of how they were inspired by color... or perhaps, how theyinspire us with color.


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The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci

Painted between 1503 and 1506 in Florence,Italy. It is painted using the sfumato method, a termcoined by Leonardo referring to a painting techniquein which translucent layers of paint are applied so

subtly that there is no perceptible transition. Herenigmatic smile has been both evocative and causeof speculation as to whom she might be.

Three Musicians by Pablo Picasso

Painted in the summer of 1921 in a greatconstrast to his monumental sculptures thatyear. The seemingly cut-out paper painting

evokes a bohemian period in life that wasenjoyed even by Picasso, who is the diamond-covered figure in the centre.

Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dal

Painted in 1931, the surrealisticpainting has also been popularly known asSoft Watches, Droopy Watches, or Melting

Clocks, and the theme of the painting waslater revisited by Dali in 1954 with 'TheDisintegration of the Persistence ofMemory.

The Water Lily Pond by Claude PierreMonet

The Water Lily Pond was in thecollection of the Havemeyers, who considered

Monet the greatest impresssionist landscapepainter.

At the turn of the twentieth century, Monetbecame the most popular impressionistpainter in the United States, as well as theone best-represented in American collections.

The Birth of Venus by SandroBotticelli

The Birth of Venus depicts thegoddess Venus, having emergedfrom the sea as a full grown woman,arriving at the sea-shore. It issuggested that the painting mayhave been created in 1483 forLorenzo di Pierfrancesco. The

inspirations Botticelli used where of second century art and history.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_lisahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picassohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Persistence_of_Memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus_%28Botticelli%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus_%28Botticelli%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus_%28Botticelli%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus_%28Botticelli%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Persistence_of_Memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picassohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_lisa


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Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh

Painted in 1889 and embodiesan inner, subjective expression of vanGogh's response to nature. In thicksweeping brushstrokes, a flamelike

cypress unites the churning sky andthe quiet village below. The villagewas partly invented, and the churchspire evokes van Gogh's native land,the Netherlands.

Harmony in Red by Henri Matisse

One of Mattise's most unusual color

creations, with a history just as fascinatingand complex. Created in 1908, the pieceoriginally started out as Harmony in Green,and then Harmony in Blue. Thepredominantly blue canvas was thenpainted over in the bold red seen now.

Marilyn Monroe by Andy Warhol

Warhol created several "mass-produced" images from photographs.Gracing his creative flair with things inheavily in the public eye, Warhol createdprints during the 1960s featuring JackieOnassis, and Elvis Presley. His mostpopular images during this time are ofMarilyn Monroe and Cambell's TomatoSoup.

La Promenade by Pierre-Auguste Renoir

La Promenade depicts a young manhelping a woman up a sloping path into thewood. In doing so, he backs into the trees andbushes and becomes a "green man." Hegestures into the trees; she looks away, as ifwondering whether she really wants to

surrender to the trees and his green embrace,to be tumbled and cradled beneath the dressthe trees, soiling her radiant white dress.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starry_Nighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matissehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matissehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starry_Night


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The Scream by Edvard Munch

Part of a seminal series of expressionistpaintings by Norwegian artist Edvard Munch. Itis said by some to symbolize the human

species taken by an attack of existential angst.The landscape in the background is Oslofjord,viewed from the hill of Ekeberg.

Les Amants by Ren Magritte

Painted in 1928, This isone of a small group of picturespainted by Magritte in Paris, inwhich the identity of the figures ismysteriously shrouded in whitecloth. The origin of this disturbingimage has been attributed tovarious sources, including...Magritte's fascination by'Fantmas', the shadowy hero ofthe thriller series which first appeared in novel form in 1913. And another sourcehas been suggested as the memory of his mother's apparent suicide. In 1912,when Magritte was only thirteen years of age, his mother was found drowned inthe river Sambre; when her body was recovered from the river, her nightdresswas supposedly wrapped around her head.

No. 5 by Jackson Pollock

No. 5, 1948 is an abstract painting byJackson Pollock, an American painter known forhis contributions to the abstract expressionistmovement. The painting was done on a 8 x4 feet sheet of fiberboard, with thick amounts ofbrown and yellow paint drizzled on topof it, forming a nest-like appearance. It hasbecome one of the most controversialpaintings because of its sale to David Martinezfor $140 million.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Screamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magrittehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._5,_1948http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._5,_1948http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magrittehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scream

assignment four in humanities: painting

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