assisting in other medical specialties - wordpress.com · © 2014 by mcgraw-hill education. this is...

CHAPTER

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

42 Assisting in Other

Medical Specialties


42-2

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

42.1 Describe the medical specialties of allergy,

cardiology, dermatology, endocrinology,

gastroenterology, neurology, oncology, and

orthopedics.

42.2 Identify common diseases and disorders

related to cardiology, dermatology,

endocrinology, gastroenterology, neurology,

oncology, and orthopedics.


42-3

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

42.3 Relate the role of the medical assistant in

examinations and procedures performed in

the medical specialties of allergy, cardiology,

dermatology, endocrinology,


orthopedics.


42-4

Introduction

• The medical assistant working for a

specialist will

– Assist with the examinations

– Assist with diagnostic testing and processing

specimens

– Address common concerns and questions

– Perform basic administrative and clinical skills


42-5

Working in Other Medical Specialties

• Allergy

– Allergist

– Allergies ~ inappropriate immune responses

– Allergic reaction ~ inflammation and tissue

damage

• Local

• Systemic

• Anaphylaxis


42-6

Cardiology

• Cardiologist – heart disease and disorders

• Be familiar with

– The structure of the cardiovascular system

– Typical exams and measurements

– Common heart diseases and treatments

– Diagnostic tests


42-7

Dermatology

• Dermatologists – skin diseases and disorders

• Medical assistant must

– Understand elements of dermatologic exams and procedures

– Be familiar with skin disorders and treatments

– Understand terminology


42-8

Endocrinology

• Endocrinologists – diseases and disorders

related to glands and hormones

• Medical assistant

– Assists with examinations

– Collects specimens for analysis


42-9

Gastroenterology

• Gastroenterologists – disorders of the GI

tract, liver and pancreas


– Understands the basic elements of GI exam

and procedures

– Become familiar with GI disorders, treatments,

and terminology

– Patient education ~ prepares for the exams


42-10

Neurology

• Neurologists – diseases and disorders of

the central nervous system


– Assists with examination

– Perform diagnostic testing

– Educates patients


42-11

Oncology

• Oncologist – tumors and cancerous growths

• Tumor

– Lump of abnormal cells

– Benign or malignant

– Metastasis

– Carcinogenesis


– Be aware of common types of cancers

– Patient education

– Family education and support


42-12

Orthopedics

• Orthopedist – disorders, injuries, and

diseases of the muscular and skeletal

systems


– General examinations

– X-rays

– Casting

– Hot/cold treatment



42-13

Apply Your Knowledge

Match the following

Allergist

Cardiologist

Dermatologist

Endocrinologist

Gastroenterologist

Neurologist

Oncologist

Orthopedist

Skin cancers

Nervous system disorders

Joint and bone disorders

Vascular system disorders

Hormonal imbalances

Malignant tumors

Liver & pancreas disorders

Immune system responses

ANSWER:

P e r f e c t M a t c h !


42-14

Diseases and Disorders Of Medical Specialties

• Cardiology

– Cardiovascular

disease

• Coronary artery

disease

• Hypertension

• Myocardial

infarction

– Risk factors

• Inactivity

• Obesity

• High blood pressure

• Smoking

• High cholesterol

• Diabetes


42-15

Diseases and Disorders Of Medical Specialties (cont.)

• Cardiology

– Patient education ~ prevention of heart

disease, stroke, or heart attack

– Diseases include

• Arterial and vascular disorders

• Coronary artery disease

• Dysrhythmias

• Heart failure

• Inflammation of heart tissue

• Valvular diseases


42-16

Dermatologic Conditions and Disorders

• Skin disorders include

– Acne vulgaris

– Contact dermatitis

– Psoriasis

– Ringworm

– Moles

– Skin cancers

– Warts

– Eczema


42-17

Endocrine Diseases and Disorders

• Diabetes

– Causes

• Pancreas ~ secretes less insulin

• Body ~ resistant to insulin

– Hyperglycemia

– Goal of treatment ~ normalize blood sugar

levels


42-18

Endocrine Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

• Thyroid disorders

– Hypothyroidism

• Decreased activity of the thyroid gland

• Underproduction of thyroxine

– Hyperthyroidism ~ increased gland activity


42-19

Gastrointestinal Disease and Disorders

• Document GI symptoms accurately

• Common diseases and disorders

– Hernia

– Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis

– Colitis

– Constipation and diarrhea

– Diverticulitis

– GERD

– Hemorrhoids


42-20

Neurologic Diseases and Disorders

• Common diseases

– Alzheimer’s

disease

– Bells palsy

– Encephalitis

– Epilepsy

– Migraines

– Parkinson’s

disease


42-21

Neurologic Diseases and Disorders

• Trauma

– Loss of sensation and voluntary motion

– Hemiplegia

– Paraplegia

– Quadriplegia

• Encephalopathy – alters brain function and

structure


42-22

Orthopedic Diseases and Disorders

• Common diseases and disorders

– Arthritis

– Carpal tunnel syndrome

– Dislocations, sprains, and fractures

– Osteoporosis

• Low back pain

– Common disorder

– Treatment ~ heat, analgesics, muscle

relaxants, exercise, braces, traction, surgery


42-23


Match disorder with specialty

diabetes

GERD

paraplegia

Grave’s disease

cholelithiasis

hypertension

myocarditis

acne

bursitis

Paget's disease

psoriasis

Alzheimer's disease

A. Cardiology

B. Dermatology

C. Endocrine

D. GI

E. Neurology

F. Orthopedic

A

A

B

B

C

C

D

D

E

E

F

F

Bravo!

ANSWER:


42-24

Exam and Procedures in Medical Specialties

• Allergy exams and testing – medical

history and diagnostic testing


– Assist with or perform tests



42-25

Allergy Exams and Testing (cont.)

• Scratch test

– Used to test for specific

allergies

– May cause discomfort

and itching

• Intradermal test - more sensitive than the

scratch test


42-26

Allergy Exams and Testing (cont.)

• Patch test –

discover the cause of

contact dermatitis

• RAST – measures

blood levels of

antibodies to specific

allergens


42-27

Cardiology Exams

• Auscultation

– Blood pressure

– Heart sounds

• Palpation

– Chest wall

– Vessels in

extremities

• Electrocardiogram

– measures the

electrical activity

of the heart


42-28

Cardiology Exams (cont.)

• Stress test

– Measures response to a constant or increasing workload

– Stress thallium ECG

– Chemical stress test

• Holter monitor – records ECG over a period of time


42-29

Radiography and Imaging Techniques

• Chest x-ray

• Radionuclide

studies

– Fluoroscopy

– Venogram

– Angiography


42-30

Radiography and Imaging Techniques (cont.)

• Ultrasound – reflected sound waves

• Echocardiography

– High-frequency sound waves

– Tests structures and function of heart

• Heart MRI – strong

magnets and radio

waves


42-31

Radiography and Imaging Techniques (cont.)

• Cardiac catheterization

– Obtain blood samples

– Measure pressure in the heart’s chambers

– View the heart’s motion

– Perform a balloon angioplasty

– Insert a stent

• Coronary artery bypass graft


42-32

• Whole-body skin examination – top layer

of the entire surface of the skin

• Wood’s light examination – skin is

inspected under ultraviolet lamp in a

darkened room

Dermatology Exams


42-33

Endocrine Exams and Tests

• Assessment

– Skin condition

– Weight and cardiac functioning

– Physical exam ~ palpation of glands

• Diagnostic urine and blood tests

• Ultrasound, X-ray, and iodine scan


42-34

Gastroenterology Exams

• Invasive exam procedure based on patient

symptoms


– Provide reassurance and ensure comfort

– Assist as permitted

– Patient instructions


42-35

Gastroenterology Exams (cont.)

• Endoscopy – direct

visualization of a

body cavity

• Peroral endoscopy

– Esophagus

– Stomach

– Duodenum


42-36

Gastroenterology Exams (cont.)

• Colonoscopy – examination of the large

intestine

• Proctoscopy – examination of the lower

rectum and anal canal

• Sigmoidoscopy – examination of the

sigmoid area of the large intestine


42-37

Diagnostic and Laboratory Testing (cont.)

• Lab tests

– Analysis of stomach contents

– Occult blood

• Imaging techniques

– Cholecystography • Gallbladder function test

• Differentiate between bile duct obstruction and gallstones


42-38

Diagnostic and Laboratory Testing

– Ultrasound

– Barium swallow – esophagus, stomach, and small intestine

– Barium enema – large intestine

– Radionuclide imaging


42-39

Neurologic Exams and Diagnostic Testing

• The neurologist evaluates

– Cognitive function

– Cranial nerves

– Motor system

– Reflexes

– Sensory system


42-40

Neurologic Exams and Diagnostic Testing (cont.)

• Electroencephalography (EEG)

• Imaging procedures

– Cerebral angiography

– Brain scan

– Computed tomography (CT scan)


42-41


• Imaging procedures (cont.)

– Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

– Positron emission tomography (PET scan)

– Myelography

– Skull X-rays


42-42


• Lumbar puncture

– Diagnose infection

– Measure CSF pressure

– Check for blood or proteins

• Electromyography – neuromuscular

disorders or nerve damage


42-43

Oncology Exams and Diagnostic Testing

• Biopsy

– Incisional or open

– Needle

• Medical Assistant

– Standard Precautions, sterile technique

– Specimen preparation and labeling

– Clean and bandage site


42-44

Oncology Exams and Diagnostic Testing (cont.)

• X-rays

• CT scans and MRI

• Blood tests to detect

tumor markers

• Ultrasonography


42-45

Cancer Treatment

• A combination of treatments is used

• Surgery

– Removal of all or part of the tumor

– Most effective if tumor contained or localized

• Radiation therapy

– Kills or stop the growth of tumor cells

– Damages cells the undergo rapid division


42-46

Cancer Treatment

• Chemotherapy

– Anticancer drugs administered to kill malignant cells

– Used alone or in combination

– Highly toxic ~ use PPE


42-47

Orthopedic Exam and Procedures

• Assessment by

– Inspection

– Palpation

– Diagnostic tests


– Drape

– Position and support patient

– Patient instructions


42-48

Orthopedic Exam and Procedures (cont.)

• Bone and muscle biopsies

• Electromyography

• Urine and blood tests

• Radiographic exams

– X-rays

– CT scan and MRI

– Angiography

– Diskography

– Arthrography

– Bone scans


42-49

Orthopedic Exam and Procedures (cont.)

• Arthroscopy

– View of the inside of a joint

– Arthroscope

• Joint replacement surgery


42-50


True or False:

___ An ECG tests the function of the heart through reflected sound

waves.

___ A scratch test uses extracts of suspected allergens to test for

specific allergies

An ultraviolet lamp is used in a Wood’s light examination.

A colonoscopy examines only the sigmoid portion of the colon.

A PET scan studies the blood flow and metabolic activity of the brain.

A needle aspiration is performed using an open biopsy.

Arthroscopy is used to visualize the inside of a joint.

T

echocardiogram

F

ANSWER:

T

F sigmoidoscopy

T

F

T needle


42-51

In Summary

42.1 The medical specialties discussed in this

chapter include: allergy, cardiology,

dermatology, endocrinology,


orthopedics.

42.2 Many common diseases and disorders are

identified in the specialty practices. You

should have an understanding of the

implications of these diseases on the patient

and the necessary treatments.


42-52

In Summary (cont.)

42.3 Exams and diagnostic tests performed in

allergy, cardiology, dermatology,

endocrinology, gastroenterology, neurology,

oncology, and orthopedics specialties are

numerous.

During most of these exams and tests, your

role may include patient safety and comfort,

educating the patient about the necessary

preparation and the procedure, and assisting

the physician


42-53

End of Chapter 42

Diagnosis is not

the end, but the

beginning of

practice. ~Martin H. Fischer

assisting in other medical specialties - wordpress.com · © 2014 by mcgraw-hill education. this is...

Documents