astm 1936-10 test report - voice of san diego...deltec field tester 2.5" monofilament (tbv)...

Evaluation Overview:The purpose of testing the shock attenuation properties of a sports surface is to estimate the probability that an impact on

the surface will cause an injury. In order to more accurately assess a surface, both safety and performance must be tested.

For this reason, in addition to testing Gmax according to the ASTM 1936-10 specification, simulated head impact tests were

performed with the ASTM F355-E method to determine Head Injury Criterion results. A forthcoming ASTM field testing

protocol will include the ASTM F355-E method. H.I.C. is a proven, accurate prediction of head injury probability and

severity. The Deltec Field Tester was used to measure the performance criteria of Force Reduction, Vertical Deformation,

and Energy Restitution. The World Rugby Regulation 22 is often referenced as the most comprehensive performance and

safety standard for synthetic turf. ASTM is in the process of adopting the safety component of the World Rugby Regulation

22. A complete explantion of the test methods and standards can be found in the Background section of this report.

ASTM 1936-10 Test Report

Project Information

Dry

Facility Name Southwestern College Practice Field

Field Use Football/ Soccer

Sand/ RubberInfill System

Tested By Edgar Llamas Regional Technical Services Manager

Test Date August 23, 2016

Weather Conditions &

Observations

84ºF Date Installed

with ASTM F355-E and Deltec Field Tester Results

Please Note- Test data herein is confidential information and the property of Brock International. Test data will be

provided on a confidential basis to the facility owner and/or an authorized representative of the tested facility. Tests

conducted by Brock International are unofficial tests for informational purposes only, and may or may not be conducted in

accordance with recognized test standards.

6/1/2012 ?Ambient Temperature

(ºF)

ASTM F355 -A missile

ASTM F355-E missile

Triax 2015

Deltec Field Tester

2.5" Monofilament (TBV)

over American WickTurf & Base Detail Test Apparatus

Brock International LLC – Main Office: 2840 Wilderness Place, Boulder CO, 80301

Tel. 303 544 5800 - Fax 303 544 1273 - [email protected]

F355- A missile Results

Drop # Gmax Infill depth mm Drop # Gmax Infill depth mm

Drop 1 122 40 Drop 16 125 41

Drop 2 130 40 Drop 17 130 42

Drop 3 136 42 Drop 18 134 40

Average 2-3 133.0 41 Average 17-18 132.0 41

Drop 4 119 42 Drop 19 122 39

Drop 5 125 40 Drop 20 129 40

Drop 6 129 40 Drop 21 132 41

Average 5-6 127.0 40 Average 20-21 130.5 41

Drop 7 122 40 Drop 22 123 39

Drop 8 131 41 Drop 23 127 41

Drop 9 137 41 Drop 24 130 42

Average 8-9 134.0 41 Average 23-24 128.5 42

Drop 10 114 40 Drop 25 123 39

Drop 11 122 41 Drop 26 129 39

Drop 12 125 42 Drop 27 131 43

Average 11-12 123.5 42 Average 26-27 130.0 41

Drop 13 122 42 Drop 28 124 40

Drop 14 130 42 Drop 29 132 42

Drop 15 133 42 Drop 30 135 43

Average 14-15 131.5 42 Average 29-30 133.5 43

ASTM F-355 - Gmax ASTM F-355 - Gmax

TEST POSITION 1 TEST POSITION 6


The maximum deceleration on impact is called “Gmax” as a multiple of g, the natural constant of gravity.

Impact force on the body is proportional to deceleration, so the Gmax test indicates maximum force to the

body during impact on the surface.

Gmax defined:






Testing Locations & Results

Location #Average

Gmax

Average Infill

Depth (mm)

Surface temp.

(°F)

130.4 41.2 104.4

133.5 43 108

Overall Averages

128.5 42 110

130 41 1046 ft from Goal Line to the back of the End Zone,

End A, field centerline

6 ft from the back of the End Zone to the Goal

Line, End B, field centerline

104

105

102

130.5 41 105

131.5 42

132 41

123.5 42

102

127 40 104

134 41 100

133 41

Location Description

Goal Line, End A, field centerline

10 Yard Line, End A, 63 ft from field centerline to

the Side C

25 Yard Line End A, 40 ft from field centerline to

Side C

Field centerline

25 Yard Line, East end, 63 ft from field centerline

to Side D

12 Yard Line, End B, field centerline

North Team area, Side D

37 Yard Line, End B, 40 ft from the field

centerline to Side C

1

2

3

4

5

9

10

6

7

8



ASTM F355-A Gmax Data

Location Average Gmax

1 133

2 127

3 134

4 123.5

5 131.5

6 132

7 130.5

8 128.5

9 130

10 133.5

Field Average 130.4

Max per STC/

NFL165

Infill Depth Data

Location Infill in (mm)

1 41

2 40

3 41

4 42

5 42

6 41

7 41

8 42

9 41

10 43

Field Average 41.2

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Field Average

Max per STC/ NFL

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Field Average



HIC Critical Fall Height Results

LocationCritical Fall

Height (m)Quck Reference:

"Critical Fall Height" = HIC 1,000.

1 1.1 Drop heights are measured in meters.

2 1.1

3 1.1

4 1.1 HIC 1,000 :

>0% risk "Critical" Head Injury (AIS 5)

16% risk of "Severe" Head Injury (AIS 4)

50% risk of "Serious" Head Injury (AIS 3)

90% risk of "Moderate" Head Injury (AIS 2) - skull fracture threshold

100% risk of "Minor" Head Injury (AIS 1) - concussion

Critical Fall Height results are rounded down to

nearest 0.1m

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2

2.1

1 2 3 4

Critical Fall Height- meters



Drop Height (m) TestHIC F355 E

MISSILE

GMAX F355 E

MISSILEDrop Height (m) Test

HIC F355 E

MISSILE

GMAX F355 E

MISSILE

Drop1 225 96 Drop1 227 96

Drop 2 231 98 Drop 2 235 99

Drop 3 227 97 Drop 3 241 102

average 2&3 229 97.5 average 2&3 238 100.5

Drop1 482 132 Drop1 469 130

Drop 2 483 136 Drop 2 478 133

Drop 3 471 133 Drop 3 493 136

average 2&3 477 134.5 average 2&3 485.5 134.5

Drop1 718 152 Drop1 674 146

Drop 2 686 148 Drop 2 701 150

Drop 3 730 157 Drop 3 710 153

average 2&3 708 152.5 average 2&3 705.5 151.5

Drop1 1026 179 Drop1 1032 179

Drop 2 1101 193 Drop 2 1090 188

Drop 3 1158 197 Drop 3 1269 212

average 2&3 1129.5 195 average 2&3 1179.5 200

Drop1 1373 201 Drop1 1232 209

Drop 2 1404 205 Drop 2 1303 213

Drop 3 1384 209 Drop 3 1389 216

average 2&3 1394 207 average 2&3 1346 214.5

Location 2

0.5

0.7

1

1.3

1.6

Location 1

0.5

0.7

1

1.3

1.6



Drop Height (m) TestHIC F355 E

MISSILE

GMAX F355 E

MISSILEDrop Height (m) Test

HIC F355 E

MISSILE

GMAX F355 E

MISSILE

Drop1 228 98 Drop1 245 102

Drop 2 241 101 Drop 2 261 103

Drop 3 268 103 Drop 3 271 106

average 2&3 254.5 102 average 2&3 266 104.5

Drop1 461 130 Drop1 455 128

Drop 2 472 132 Drop 2 463 131

Drop 3 488 135 Drop 3 482 134

average 2&3 480 133.5 average 2&3 472.5 132.5

Drop1 689 151 Drop1 692 155

Drop 2 703 156 Drop 2 715 157

Drop 3 721 159 Drop 3 726 160

average 2&3 712 157.5 average 2&3 720.5 158.5

Drop1 1056 183 Drop1 1086 185

Drop 2 1124 187 Drop 2 1233 192

Drop 3 1201 192 Drop 3 1301 198

average 2&3 1162.5 189.5 average 2&3 1267 195

Drop1 1265 197 Drop1 1168 198

Drop 2 1323 202 Drop 2 1322 201

Drop 3 1368 207 Drop 3 1413 211

average 2&3 1345.5 204.5 average 2&3 1367.5 206

1 1

1.3 1.3

1.6 1.6

Location 3 Location 4

0.5 0.5

0.7 0.7



Drop Height (m) HIC F355 E MISSILE Critical Fall Height (m) 1.1

0.5 229

0.7 477

1 708

1.3 1129.5

1.9 1394

HIC 1,000

0 1000

2.4 1000


0.5 238

0.7 485.5

1 705.5

1.3 1179.5

1.9 1346

HIC 1,000

0 1000

2.4 1000

Location 1

Location 2

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2




0.5 254.5

0.7 480

1 712

1.3 1162.5

1.9 1345.5

HIC 1,000

0 1000

2.4 1000


0.5 266

0.7 472.5

1 720.5

1.3 1267

1.9 1367.5

HIC 1,000

0 1000

2.4 1000

Location 3

Location 4

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2



Deltec Field Results:

TestForce

Reduction

Force

Reduction

Drop 1 60.0% 62.3%

Drop 2 54.6% 57.8%

Drop 3 54.5% 57.1%

Average 2-3 54.6% 57.5%

Drop 1 60.1% 63.4%

Drop 2 56.0% 57.2%

Drop 3 55.3% 56.7%

Average 2-3 55.7% 57.0%

Drop 1 57.8% 56.4%

Drop 2 56.8% 55.8%

Drop 3 55.9% 55.1%

Average 2-3 56.4% 55.5%

Drop 1 58.4% 61.2%

Drop 2 56.1% 58.1%

Drop 3 55.6% 56.2%

Average 2-3 55.9% 57.2%

Drop 1 58.1% 59.8%

Drop 2 56.9% 56.1%

Drop 3 55.7% 55.2%

Average 2-3 56.3% 55.7%

The Deltec Field Tester (International Standard EN 14808 / 14809) is a flat faced missile impact test to measure surface

performance properties under the simulated load of a running adult A spring connected to the impact missile simulates

ankle and knee flexion.

31.3% 8.3 Drop 3 33.2% 7.9

30.9% 8.4 Average 2-3 32.3% 8.0

30.1% 8.9 Drop 1 29.9% 8.6

30.5% 8.5 Drop 2 31.3% 8.1

29.9% 8.3 Average 2-3 32.1% 8.3


29.6% 8.4 Drop 2 30.6% 8.5

30.1% 8.2 Drop 3 33.5% 8.1


28.5% 8.7 Drop 1 29.5% 8.9

33.7% 8.1 Drop 3 33.6% 8.1

33.1% 8.2 Average 2-3 32.4% 8.2

31.1% 8.7 Drop 1 27.9% 8.4

32.5% 8.3 Drop 2 31.2% 8.3

32.7% 8.1 Average 2-3 30.1% 8.5


31.9% 8.1 Drop 2 29.9% 8.5

33.4% 8.1 Drop 3 30.2% 8.5

Drop 1 24.3% 9.4

32.8% 8.2 Drop 3 32.7% 8.9

32.5% 7.8 Average 2-3 32.1% 8.8

DELTEC FIELD TESTER DELTEC FIELD TESTER

Energy

Restitution

Vertical

Deformation

(mm)

TestEnergy

Restitution

Vertical

Deformation

(mm)


28.5% 8.8 Drop 1 27.5% 8.7

32.2% 7.3 Drop 2 31.5% 8.7


28.6% 8.0



Field Test Results

Min. Max. Field Average

123.5 134.0 130.4

1.1 1.1 1.1

7.8 8.8 8.3

54.6% 57.5% 56.1%

29.9% 33.1% 31.8%

Min. Max.Natural Turf

Average

70 100 84

2 2.6 2.26

6.0 11.0 9.0

60% 70% 67%

7.5% 17.5% 14.0%Energy Restitution 31.8%

Results based on testing by the University of Tennessee Center for Athletic Safety

ASTM F355-E (Critical Fall Height) 1.1

Vertical Deformation 8.3

Force Reduction 56.1%

Comparative Reference Results - Natural Sports Turf

Test Tested Field Average

ASTM F355-A (Gmax) 130.4

ASTM F355-A (Gmax)

Vertical Deformation

Energy Restitution WORLD RUGBY 22-48%

Force Reduction

STC / NFL - 165, ASTM 200

FIFA 4-11mm / WORLD RUGBY 6-10mm

FIFA 55-70% / WORLD RUGBY 57-68%

WORLD RUGBY 1.3mASTM F355-E (H.I.C.)

Test Conditions Summary:The field surface consists of a 2.5" Monofilament Turf (Height TBV) synthetic turf infilled with sand and crumb

rubber installed over American Wick. The ASTM F355-A test method was performed in accordance with the ASTM

1936-10 specification. The test was performed in dry conditions at an approx ambient temperature of 84 degrees

F. At each test location infill depth was measured and recorded.

Currently, the ASTM F1936-10 specificaiton requires that the average Gmax of the second and third drops at a

single test point shall not exceed 200 average Gmax. If a turf system is tested in accordance with the Test Method

ASTM F355-A, Procedure C, as specified, and the average Gmax of 1 or more of the tested points reported is in

excess of 200 average Gmax, the surface system should be brought into compliance, or replaced in full or in part.

Test Requirements

Quick Reference Results Summary

Under the above-mentioned ASTM Specification the F355-A test results indicate that the Southwestern College

Practice Field Gmax range is from 123.5 G’s to 134 G’s. The average G-max of the points tested on the field was

130.4 G’s.

Reference Standards:

The Synthetic Turf Council and NFL specifications require that the average Gmax of the second and third drops at a

single test point shall not exceed 165 average Gmax.

The World Rugby Turf Performance Specification requires an H.I.C. of <1,000 as a result of a 1.3m drop, with the 10

lb hemispherical headform missile.

As a reference, the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration requires an HIC limit of 700 as a result

of a head impact for those individuals 6 years and older.



Background

ASTM F355-A

Secton 6.3 of the ASTM F1936-10 Specification states: "Nothing in this specification is intended to keep an owner,

architect, engineer or other specifier from establishing more stringent performance requirements for a turf

playing system."

The maximum deceleration is called Gmax as a multiple of g, the natural constant of gravity. Gmax during the

impact is an indicator of the surface’s resilience. However, this parameter was not derived based on

biomechanical considerations but a convention to compare resilience pragmatically.

The development of this 2 ft fall height method can be traced back to the Ford and GM crash dummy tests of the

1960’s, medical research papers from the1960’s and 1970’s, and a Northwestern University study in which an

accelerometer was fixed to the helmet of a middle line backer to measure the impact received during actual play.

This study found the impact threshold to be 40 ft/lb that translates to the 20 lb. at a height of 2 ft used in

Procedure A of Test Method F 355.

The relevance that the ASTM F355-A Gmax test may have relative to head injury is that a concussion may be

caused either by a direct blow to the head, face or neck or a blow elsewhere on the body with and "impulsive"

force transmitted to the head. So a harder surface can cause a concussion even if the blow is not directly to the

head.

The ASTM F355-A (Gmax) test drops a 20lb - 20 in.2 flat faced missile from a 24” fall height producing an impact

force of 40ft/lb. The method involves dropping the “missile” three times at each location under a controlled

consistent height. The first drop conditions the surface. Only the second and third drops are averaged together

for the location average. The result is expressed as peak G’s or “Gmax”. The ASTM F355 A missile is currently the

standard test apparatus for the ASTM F1936-10 specification (field testing). A lower Gmax value indicates surface

with greater impact attenuation characteristics.

ASTM F1936-10 Specification currently requires that the average Gmax of the second and third drops at a single

test point shall not exceed 200 average Gmax. If a turf system is tested in accordance with the Test Method

ASTM F355-A, Procedure C, as specified, and the average Gmax of 1 or more of the tested points reported is in

excess of 200 average Gmax, the surface system should be brought into compliance, or replaced in full or in part.



Background

Results Include:

ASTM F355-E ("HIC" test) is an impact test intended to simulate a head impact with the surface. The results predict the

likelihood and severity of a head injury. The test method drops a 10 lb hemispherical missile headform, used to simulate the

mass of the average adult human head severed at the C3 vertebra. The results are comparable to the mid-adult Hybrid III

headform. The procedure involves dropping the “missile” from increasing heights at each location to determine "Critical Fall

Height" (HIC 1,000). At each drop height of each location, the missile is dropped three times. The first drop "conditions" the

surface. Only the second and third drops are averaged together for the drop height average. The standard requires that at

least 2 drops <HIC 1,000 and 2 drops > HIC 1,000 are recorded within a 0.5m height range.

ASTM F355-E / ASTM F1292

• Peak G’s or Gmax

• H.I.C. (Head Injury Criterion)

• Drop Height

The most common parameter for head injury is acceleration. The head can withstand higher accelerations for very short

durations. For example, submitting the body to 100 G’s for an extended period of time will result in death, whereas the head

may incur a sudden blow of 150 G’s and survive. Head Injury Criterion (H.I.C.) evaluates an impact by measuring both the

peak deceleration (Gmax), and duration of the impact event. H.I.C. is a portion the total energy within the impact curve and

duration measured in milliseconds. Impacts incurred during sports contact sports are generally under a 15-millisecond range.

Data originating from human cadaver studies have shown that H.I.C. is the most accurate prediction of head injury severity.

As a result, in 1971 H.I.C. was adopted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration as a measure to evaluate

potential head injury resulting from head impact. H.I.C. is the standard to measure playground safety, is included in the

World Rugby Turf Performance Specificaiton as a measure of safety, and is currently being evaluated as the new ASTM sports

field safety test standard.



Background

At HIC 700 the risk of an AIS 4 Severe head injury is 0-5% - statistically considered “improbable”. An AIS 4 “Severe” injury involves a

skull fracture and can be life-threatening, although survival is considered probable.

There is an abbreviated injury scale (AIS) for all types of injuries (neck, internal organs, etc.), including the head. The Abbreviate

Injury Scale (AIS) classifies head injuries according to a series of injury characteristics of ascending severity. The table below shows the

characteristics that define each level of the head injury scale.

ASTM F355-E / ASTM F1292 (continued)

The figure below shows examples of “Expanded Prasad-Mertz (HIC) Curves”. Each curve estimates the probability that an impact with

a given HIC score will result in a specified level of head trauma as defined by the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). It is important to note

that the result of a “severe” head injury has a 10-11% chance of a fatality based on the work of Hayes Forensic Engineering of

Portland, Oregon, but that generally survival is probable.

As an example, consider the case of an athlete experiencing a head impact with a HIC score of 500. The curve for a “minor” injury (i.e.

a brain trauma or concussion without loss of consciousness) has a value of 79% at a HIC score of 500, indicating that there is a 79%

probability that the athlete will incur a minor head injury (concussion). At the same HIC value, the risk of a “major” injury (skull

fracture, extended period of unconsciousness) is 13%. The risk of a 500 HIC producing a “critical” head injury is very low, but the

probability of experiencing this head impact and not being injured at all is only 21% (“No Injury” curve)

At 1,000 HIC there is a 16% risk of a “Severe" head injury (AIS 4) and a >0% chance of "Critical" head injury. A “Severe” head injury is

characterized as loss of consciousness, skull fracture, neurological damage, with a 10-11% chance of a fatality, but survival probable.



Background

Results Include:

Vertical

Deformation

Force

Reduction

Energy

Restitution

4-11mm 55-70% n/a

6-10mm 57-68% 22-48%

6-11mm 65-80% 6.3 - 16.5%

World Rugby

University of Tennessee Center for Atheltic Safety -

Results of Natural Sports Turf

Deltec Field Tester (EN 14808 / 14809) is a flat faced missile impact test to measure surface properties under the

simulated load of a running adult . The anticipated body movement is the one of short distance running. A

spring connected to the impact missile simulates ankle and knee flexion.

• Vertical Deformation (surface compression)

• Force Reduction (% shock absorption as compared to concrete)

• Energy Restitution (% energy returned from the surface)

The Deltec test method involves dropping the “missile” three times at each location under a controlled consistent

height. The first drop conditions the surface. Only the second and third drops are averaged together for the

location average. Our tests were performed at 10 locations on the field according to the ASTM 1936-10 Standard

Specification for Impact Attenuation of Turf Playing Systems as Measured in the Field.

FIFA and the IRB (International Rugby Board) are sports governing bodies that have directly examined natural

sports turf characteristics to establish player-surface interaction parameters for synthetic turf fields. These

parameters originally derive from UEFA testing (European Soccer Federation) of natural turf stadiums in the late

90’s in multiple countries and climatic conditions. More recent testing in 2013 by the University of Tennessee’s

Center for Athletic Safety produced results that were similar to the UEFA research for force reduction and vertical

deformation

Energy Restitution is the third property that is measured by the Deltec Field Tester. This result is expressed as a

percentage of the energy returned to the lower extremeities of an adult running athlete as compared to

concrete.

Vertical deformation is one of the surface properties that is measured by the Deltec™ Field Tester. Vertical

deformation measures the vertical compression of the surface. The result is expressed in millimeters. This result

indicates the stiffness and stability of the surface under the impact force of a running athlete.

Force reduction is another surface property that is measured by the Deltec™ Field Tester. Force reduction

measures the percentage of shock absorption that the surface provides as compared to concrete (0%).

The Deltec results are related to official test equipment mentioned in the FIFA Quality Concept and have an

indicative character.

Reference

FIFA 1-Star



astm 1936-10 test report - voice of san diego...deltec field tester 2.5" monofilament (tbv)...

Documents