8/9/2019 ASTRO87 - Chapter 6 Review

1/3

ASTRONOMY 0087

CHAPTER 6 REVIEW

THRUST – Strength of rocket engine (often measured

in pounds of thrust). Thrust is a force.

1 lb. Thrust = 4.45 Newtons.

orce re!uired to kee" a 1lb ob#ect from falling due to

earth$s gra%it&.

SPUTNIK  – 'aunched ctober 4 th 1*5+. 'aunched the

SPACE AGE. ,re%iousl& satellites were %iewed as

impractical .

5- miles altitude at apogee.

1/5 miles altitude at perigee.

Period0 * minutes

2emained aloft for 3 o!"#$.

3nstruments were used to measure "e%er&"'re and

de!$i"( in its orbit.

REACTIONS TO SPUTNIK )

• an& "eo"le did not know how to think of a

satellite in orbit. 3t was too m&sterious for them

6hat is a 1-4 "ound ob#ect in orbit7 8re the&

looking down at us7

• 9ngineering colleges were flooded with new

students the following !uarter. 3t was as if

e%er&one was #oining the arm& to take on the2ussians in the New

• rontier.

• 9%er&one on :ohnston 3sland in the ,acific

were issued side arms to carr& at all times.

:ohnston 3sland is so small it onl& has room for a

runwa& and a hanger for air"lanes.

• Students at ;ase 3nstitute immediatel& became

2ocket Scientists and sta&ed u" man& late

nights discussing %arious methods of s"ace

tra%el.

• :im s Strategic 8ir ;ommand head!uarters. 8

fleet of ?1 fighters a""eared in the sk&

coming right for the school. i@sA the teacher 

shrieked. i@sA She ran h&sterical from the

classroom con%inced the& were about to be

nuked b& 2ussian fighter #ets. The kids mostl&

8ir orce brats ran to the windows to admire

the ?1s the coolest #et of its da&.

SPUTNIK)

1st stage0 /5 miles /5 miBhr 

C

nd

stage0 14 miles 1C5 miBhr 

/rd stage0 Hori*o!"&+ co&$" for , i!'"e$ s"eed

increase to 1- miBhr.

SPUTNIK - . 1C da&s in orbit recording instruments

attached to bod&.

E/PORER 1 ? 14 kg satellite.

YURI GAGARIN 2  first manned s"ace flight0 vostok 1

s"acecraft. Slowed b& retro rockets and "arachute.

ENOS – 5 D &ear old chim"anEee made two orbits of

9arth in ercur& S"acecraft ate drank and "erformed

sim"le tests.

OHN GENN – Mercury 6 – 4 hrs 55 minutes (/

orbits) – entire tri" co%ered b& tele%ision F "ress.

NEI ARMSTRONG – ste""ed onto moon (:ul& 1**)

APOO 11 CREW 2 Neil 8rmstrong ichael

;ollins GHuEEI 8ldrin. ;ommand module0 Co+'4i&.

'unar module0 E&5+e. – ;ulmination of man& earlier

missions.

ACTION REACTION PRINCIPE 2 forms bases

on rockets of "ast centuries and modern rockets.

8/9/2019 ASTRO87 - Chapter 6 Review

2/3

OTHER E/POSIVES – Nitrogl&cerine TNT

8mmonium Nitrate. or roc9e"$ we need

controlled release of gases. These gases are

channeled in o!e direc"io! so as to gi%e a

 "ro"ulsi%e thrust. TNT would destro& the rocket.

COUMIA SPACE GUN – ;ast iron

 "ro#ectile wB / "assengers and shock absorbing

s&stem.

PROEMS 2  ;an$t get back to earth air

resistance heats "ro#ectile need to slow

down "ro#ectile to land on moon initial take

off has huge shock 

KONSTANTIN TSIOKOVSKY – Gather of

modern 8stronauticsI

PROPOSE – S"ace eJ"loration b& rocket

li!uid "ro"ellant for rockets artificial

satellite different fuel miJes air?locks for

s"acewalks multi?stage rockets rocket

motion formula

R: ROERT GOAR –

Gather of 8merican 2ocketr&I – ;onducted

 "ractical eJ"eriments in rocketr& "ublished

GA Me"#od of Re&c#i!5 E;"ree

A+"i"'de$I – Equations of rocketry, Theory

and Experiment, Efficiency. 9arliest

eJ"eriments were with solid?"ro"ellant

rockets. Tried %arious t&"es of solid fuels

measured eJhaust %elocities of burning

gases.

8/9/2019 ASTRO87 - Chapter 6 Review

3/3

R: WERNHER VON RAUN – itler ordered

eJecution of @erman rocket members but not

carried out. on Hraun F team hel"ed O.S. arm&

im"ro%e C. Hecame director of guided missile

de%elo"ment.

SOVIET ROCKETRY – 2ussians ca"tured

@erman scientists and 1$s B C$s. So%iet Onion$s

 beginning in long?range rocketr&.

SERGEI PAVOVICH KOROOV – 6,)

8leJei 'eono% "erforms first s"acewalk (lasts 1

minutes). (:ames c81)

irst orbital test flight of S"ace Shuttle ;olumbia

'!e 1>83)

Sall& 2ide Q first 8merican woman in s"ace

&!'&r(B -6 1>86)

S"ace Shuttle ;hallenger is destro&ed in mid?air

eJ"losion. NeJt mission does not occur until late

Se"tember 1*--.