astrobiology 2016 lesson 1 - leiden observatorymackie/astrobio... · #1 introduc,on: overview, life...
TRANSCRIPT
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Astrobiology
MalcolmFridlund
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TheTeacher• MalcolmFridlund–Swedish,livedintheNetherlandsandGermanyatotal
of29years• Ph.Dastrophysics,1987,StockholmbutstudiedinStockholm,Groningen
andOnsala• AtESTECbetween1988and2013• GuestProfessorinBerlin(DLR)2013-2014• GuestProfessorinHeidelberg(MPIA)2015• ProfinLeiden(SpaceObservaXonsofExoplanets)since2010• ProfatChalmers(RadioastronomyandAstrophysics)since2014• StarformaXon,Interferometry,Astrobiology,Exoplanetology,Stellar
physics
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Structureandoutlineofcourse• 9lessonsinHL20713:45to15:30• Form:Lectures,lecturenotes(VG’s)someexercises• EveryThursday• Wri^enexam
• Contact:[email protected]– Tel0651-408529IaminLeiden(SterrewachtorESTEC)alsomostTuesdays,Wednesdays
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ObjecXvewiththecourse• Thecourseisintendedtogivea(relaXvely)complete
overviewofthebasicsofAstrobiology,aswellassomeideaaboutfuturedevelopments
• ThisincludesahistoricalbackgroundandmoXvaXonforstudy• ThedifferentsciencesthatformpartofAstrobiology• Thecurrentandfutureground-andspace-basedobservaXons
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Course structure
Thecourseisnowbuiltuparoundthefollowingcoreelements:
#1Introduc,on:Overview,LifebeyondtheEarth,LifeinthesolarsystemvslifeintheUniverseasawhole.HowcansciencehelpusanswerthefundamentalquesXonsconcerningwherelifecomesfromandhowitisformed?WhereandhowdowesearchforlifeoutsidetheEarth?Astrobiologyisanewscience-howdoesitestablishitself?
#2Backgroundandhistory:Theancientideas(e.g.Plato),TheCopernicanrevoluXon,Enlightenmentvsreligion,Themodernideas.Astrobiologyturnsintoascience.
#3Theastronomicalcontext(“Astronomy101”):Thislessonisintendedforboththosewhocometothecoursewithli^leornoknowledgeoftheastronomicalcontext.ButitisalsointendedandusefulforstudentswhohavestudiedastronomybecauseitprovidesanotherperspecXve.Instruments,SpaceAssets
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Course structure
#4-#6TheEarth,Exoplanets&Habitableplanets:WhyistheEarthanabodeforlife?,i.e.Whyisit‘Habitable’?HistoryofthelifeonEarth.HowdidtheEarthgetanatmosphereandoceans.Earlylifeandgeology.Climatechanges(natural)anditsimpactonlife.ExXncXons.WhatdowethinkwillbethemostinteresXngplacestolookforlifeoutsidetheEarth?OrbiXngreddwarfstars?Howdowefindplanets?Andwhydowethinkweneedplanetsinordertohavelifeatall.Whathavewediscoveredsofar.
#7Planetforma,on:Howdoyoubuildahabitableplanet?Howdoyoufindahabitableplanetandhowdoyousearchforlifeatinterstellardistances?
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Course structure
#8TheSolarSystem:Lifeinthesolarsystem.Howdoyoufindit?Mars?,Jupiter’smoons?,Titan?ExploraXonoftheSolarSystem
#9Contact:SearchforIntelligentlife(SETI).InterplanetaryandInterstellartravelinthiscontext.Repetition, Discussion and rehearsal for exam
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Lesson1
• IntroducXon• LifeinthesolarsystemvslifeintheUniverseasawhole
• HowcansciencehelpusanswerthefundamentalquesXonsconcerningwherelifecomesfromandhowitisformed?
• WhereandhowdowesearchforlifeoutsidetheEarth?
• Astrobiologyisanewscience-howdoesitestablishitself?
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Lesson1
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ArewealoneintheUniverse?
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LifebeyondtheEarth?
• SomeXmesIthinktheUniverseisfulloflifeandsomeXmesIdonot.Eitherwayisequallyamazing–ArthurC.Clarke
• 341–270BCEpicuros“Wemustbelievethatthereareotherworldsandthatthereislifeonthem–somesimilartooursandothersthatarequitedifferent”
• ButAristotelearguedthatthiswasNOTthecase• Justafewexamplesmorethan2000yearsapartdebaXng
aboutlifeintheUniverse-BasicallythequesXonwaswhetherwearealoneorunique?ThishadandconXnuestohavegreatphilosophicalimplicaXons
• ButisitreasonablenowtoimaginelifebeyondtheEarth?
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The birth of the belief in other worlds
“Thereareinfiniteworldsbothlikeandunlikethisworldofours…”Epicurus(c300BC)
“…falseanddamnable…”G.Galiliei(born1564)
“TherearecountlesssunsandcountlessearthsallrotaXngaroundtheirsunsinexactlythesamewayasthesevenplanetsofoursystem…ThecountlessworldsintheuniversearenoworseandnolessinhabitedthanourEarth”GiordanoBruno,1584inDeL'infinitoUniversoEMondi
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‘BigQuesXons’
“WhatistheuniquenessofourownEarth?”
“Arewe(lifeforms)alone?”
“Whatisourpast&future?”-TheformaXonofplanets-TheevoluXonofplanetarysystems
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Cosmic Vision is centered around four Grand Themes: 1. What are the conditions for planet formation and
the emergence of life?
• From gas and dust to stars and planets
• From exo-planets to biomarkers
• Life and habitability in the Solar System
2. How does the Solar system work?
3. What are the Fundamental Physical Laws of the Universe?
4. How did the Universe originate and what is it made of?
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Cosmic Vision is centered around four Grand Themes: 1. What are the conditions for planet formation and
the emergence of life?
• From gas and dust to stars and planets
• From exo-planets to biomarkers
• Life and habitability in the Solar System
2. How does the Solar system work?
3. What are the Fundamental Physical Laws of the Universe?
4. How did the Universe originate and what is it made of?
First: In-depth analysis of terrestrial planets. Next: Understanding the conditions for star & planet formation, and the origin of life. Later: Census of Earth-sized planets, exploration of Jupiter’s moon Europa. Finally: Image terrestrial exoplanet.
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LifebeyondtheEarth?
• ThereisagreatgeneralinterestinthequesXon:– Viz.Films,TV,UFO’s,PersistentrumoursaboutArea51,etc.
• ButalsoscienXstsareinterestedforanumberofreasons:– WedonotreallyknowhowlifearoseontheEarth– WedonotknowwhattheroleoflifeintheUniverseis– WedonotknowmanyoftheevoluXonarystagesonEarth
• ItisclearthatthediscoveryofanykindoflifeoutsidetheEarthwouldhaveanenormousimpact
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LifebeyondtheEarth?
• Sowhatarewegoingtolookfor:– TheintelligentlifeportrayedinfilmslikeStartrek?Orourselves?
– GiraffesPlatypusorHamsters?– SimpleonecellularlifelikethatinhabiXngourEarthformostofitshistory?~4Gyrs
• Alloftheabove–ThehistoryoflifeonourEarthmakesthatclear.Modeledonourownexperience
• Caveat:SomehowwewillhavetoaddressthequesXonthatlifewillbeverydifferent(Oblivion)
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Astrobiology
• Whatisastrobiology?– Astrobiologyisthestudyoftheorigin,evoluXon,distribuXonandfutureoflifeinthewholeUniverse
• Howcanitbeaddressed?– BystudytheeventsontheEarth,bysearchingforsignsoflifeontheplanetsintheSolarSystem,bysearchingintherestoftheUniverse
– ByusingacrossdisciplinarymethodincludingeverythingfromgeophysicstoSETI
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LifebeyondtheEarth?
• ButtheissuesarealsointeresXngwhenconsideringlifeontheEarthitself
• WedonotknowwhenorhowlifearoseonEarth• Weknowveryli^leabouttheevoluXonoflifeforthefirst~4Gyrs
• Wedonotknowwhyaper~4Gyrwehadthe“CambrianExplosion”
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Astrobiologyisanewscience-howdoesitestablishitself?
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Astrobiology
• Byclarifying,eventually,oneofthegreatquesXons:ArewealoneintheUniverse?
�BydemonstraXngitsvaluetounderstandlifeonEarthanditsevoluXon
� BydemonstraXnghowwecanunderstandtheevoluXonoftheSolarSystemandEarthitself
�BydemonstraXnghowitcanhelptopredictthefutureevoluXonoftheSolarSystemandlifeinit
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HowcansciencehelpusanswerthefundamentalquesXonsconcerningwherelife
comesfromandhowitisformed?
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LifeontheEarth?
• ThreeimportantquesXons:• Whatislife?• WhendidlifebeginontheEarth?• AndhowdidlifeariseontheEarth?
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Whatislife(Clausius,1865)
• Clausiusformulatedthefirsttwolawsofthermodynamics
• 1:TheenergyoftheUniverseisconstant• 2:Theentropy(degreeofdisorder)oftheUniversetendstoamaximum
• Boltzmanspeculated:“Thegeneralstrugglefortheexistenceofanimatebeingsisnotastruggleforrawmaterials,norforenergy,butfornega4veentropy,availablebythetransiXonofenergyfromthehotSuntothecoldEarth
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WhatislifeSchrödinger’sparadox(1944)
• Inaworldgovernedbythe2ndlawofthermodynamicsisolatedsystemsareexpectedtotendtoastateofmaximumdisorder.
• Lifeapproachesandmaintainsahighlyorderedstate–doesthisviolatethe2ndLaw.Aparadox?
• Lifeisnotanisolatedsystemènoparadox.Whynot?• Theincreaseoforderinsideanorganismiscompensated
morethanenoughbytheincreaseindisorderoutsidethisorganism.Thehighlyorderedstate,issustainedbycausinganetincreaseindisorderintheUniverse.
• ThecomplexityonEarthcausedbyliferequiresenergymostlyprovidedbytheSunandsupernova(radioacXvity)èincreasesentropymorethanlifediminishit
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WhatislifeSchrödinger’sparadox(1944)
• SoweliveincloseconnecXonwiththeUniverseandnotseparatefromitinanyway
• LaterwewillseethisagainwhendiscussingphotosynthesesandhowthisconnectlifeonEarthwiththeSun
• IstheUniverseintendedforlife?ThisisabigissueinCosmology
• ParallelUniverseswithdifferentnaturallaws(aninfiniteamount)solvethisissue
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LifeontheEarth?–Whatdoweknow
• TheEarthformedabout4.54Gyrago• Earliestundisputedsignsoflifearefossilmicrobialmats(Stromatolites)from3.48Gyr(Australia)
• Biogenic(?)Graphiteinsedimentary?3.7GyrrocksinGreenland
• Twootherstudiesfindsigns(fossil12C/13CraXos)from4.25and4.4Gyr
• èLifearoseEarly?ImplicaXons?
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Abriefhistoryoflife
• AlllifeonEarthisprobablyrelatedandgoesbacktoa“firstcell”~4Gyrsago
• Theoldestfossilsareprobably(thestromatolites)simpleone-cellularwithnonucleus(~3.5Gyr).Procaryotes
• 2Gyrscellswithanucleusevolved.Eucaryotes• MulXcellularlifeareknownfrom650–542Myrsago.The
firstsignsarefossilisedtracksofwormlikelife• 542MyrCambrianexplosion(TheBurgessshale)• Organismswithshellsand(exo-)skeletonsappear• FirstVertebrates(488-416MyragoOrdovicium),Jawlessfish
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Abriefhistoryoflife
• Firstplantsonlandnotlaterthan444-416Myrago(Silur)• Firstfrogs416-359Myrago(Devon)• Firstmammals251-200Myrago(Trias)• Firstprimates(endofCretaceus)66Myrago• SeparaXngfromourcousins(Chimpanzees)7-6Myrago• HomoErectus~1Myr–143Kyrago• HomoHeidelbergiensis(thebrightestofthelot),
Neanderthalensis,Denisovans800Kyr–40Kyr• HomoSapiens200Kyr-.....
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Howdoweanswerthe’big’quesXons?WhyofftheEarth?
• Probablynotbystudyingourownplanet!Theevidenceisgone!(impacts,tectonics,recyclinginextrenum)
• Otherplanetsinthesolarsystem–maybebutuncertainwhatthismeansforthequesXon:LifeintheUniverse!
• Studyalargenumberofother(exteror)solarsystemsanddetermineiflifeexistelsewhere!
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LifebeyondtheEarth?
• MaybeweshouldstartintheSolarSystem– MarswaslongconsideredthebestchanceforlifeintheSolarSystem
– Straightlinesobserved(1877)criss-crossingthesurface–Canali=channels=canals
– Lowell(1894)builtlargeobservatoryandmappedthousands“canals”,“carryingwaterfromthepolestoadyingplanet”
– Radioshowof“Waroftheworlds”in1938causedpanicintheUSA
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LifebeyondtheEarth?
• Butthecanalsdoesnotexist–MarinerIV(1965)
AbleakworldwithextremelythinatmosphereofahosXlecomposiXon
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LifebeyondtheEarth?
• MarinerIV(1965)+atmosphericanalysisinthe50:XesèNoLife
• Viking1&2in1976soplandedontheplanet.Eachcarried3experimentstolookformicrobes.AmbigousdetecXonsprobablytheresultofstrangechemistry,cool,bleakandtotallydryplace
• Newsetofmissionsbeganin1997andconXnuetoday,landers,roversbutnosignsoflife
• Evidence,however,forliquidwater,onawarmer,we^erMarsinancientXmes
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Document title | Author Name | Place | Data doc | Programme | Pag. 34
FIRSTEUROPEANMISSIONTOMARS(2003–)MarsExpress
• Returningbreathtakinghigh-resoluXon3Dimages
• FirstmissiontoprobebeneathMarXansurface
• Findingwatericeandtracesofmethane,possiblecondiXonsforlife…
MARS EXPRESS
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LifebeyondtheEarth?
• MarsexploraXonconXnues• Newspacecraparriveevery2years• Analysisofsamplesin-situhasfailed–nextstepissamplereturnwhichwillhappenwithin5years
• Meanwhile,preparaXonsforhumanexploraXonconXnues,slowlybutcertainly
• But,wemayhavetogooutsidethesolarsystemtosearchforlife....
• Howdowedothat
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Butthinkaboutthis:IfatthemomentweknowonlythatlifeexistatoneplaceintheUniverse–Whatdoesittellusifwefindoutthatlifearoseonone(ormore)otherplanetsinthesamesystem?
TheexploraXonoftheSolarSystemwillbedescribedinmoredetailinalaterlecture
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LifebeyondtheSolarSystem?
• Wewillhavetouseremotesensing–atleastfornow– Youwillhear(ali^le)laterinthecourseaboutpossiblefuture
starships
• Thismeanswehavetofindsuitableplacestosearchforlife– ThislikelymeansplanetsorbiXngstarsotherthanourSun.Thecourse
willdescribethissearchasithasbeengo^enunderwayinthelast20years
• Andwehavetodefinebiomarkers–signsofbiologicalacXvitythatisvisibleacrossinterstellardistances
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Astrobiology–typicalquesXonsforothersystems
• So,howfastdidlifeariseontheEarth?(107–>108years?)
• Iforiginoflifeisasimpleprocess–MaybeithappenedseveralXmesontheEarth?
• Aretheregoverningprinciplesfortheoriginoflife–ontheEarth,intheSolarSystemandintheUniverse?
• IfsimpleunicellularlifeformedquicklyandmulX-cellularcomplexlifetakeslonger(Cambrianexplosiontookplace3-3.5x109yrsaperoriginoffirstlife)-Whatdoesthisimply?
If we can not answer these questions on the Earth – then what?
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Spectroscopy will be key in order to look for biomarkers in deep space?
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Biomarkers
The goal is to find rocky planets with an atmosphere out of photo-chemical balance.
(cf. Lederberg, 1965 and Lovelock, 1965)
Working definition:
Life ≡ O3 + H2O + CO2
Ideally, detect reduced molecules (CH4, N2O) as well
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A plan to go for?
Look for oxygen
Look for liquid water
Analyze the reflected light from the planet to see if the planet has an atmosphere
Look for other signs of biological activity (methane)
and rule out all other explanations. 17
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EvoluXonisimportant
• Wewillneedtheagesofthesystems• Withasignificantimprovementinprecisions• Howdowedothat?
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SoWheredowelook?
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Astrobiology
End of lesson