astudy of regional variations of in the core of the
TRANSCRIPT
Architectural Institute of Japan
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Arohiteotural エnstitute of Japan
【カ テ ゴ リー1】 日本建築
厂マ：‘セ部．〔目11系論文 集 第550弓．， 1呂5−192， 2nOlイr−12月
」．Archit． Plarm ． Ellvir‘，11． Eng、． AIJ， No．55｛｝，185−192， Dec，2ひ0】
ASTUDY OF REGIONAL VARIATIONS OF RUMAH G4DAAL （冫TYPES
IN THE CORE OF THE MINANGKABAU AREAConsiderations about relations between form and regional background
ミナ ン カバ ウ の 核心域 に お け る 「ル マ ・ガ ダ ン 」の 地 域類 型に 関す る研究
〜家屋形態 と地 域性 との 関連 に つ い て〜
∫elma IVAKAMURA ＊
ナ カ ム ラ セ ル マ
This paper discusses abOut regiona1 types efrumah gadang （山e cロstomary llo置ls已＞in the coreland omle Minangkabau （West Sumatra， Indonesia）、Thじ rumah
gadang is usually shown as being of a stereo星yped 恥rm ら with r¢ gional variations bein＄us 隠 lly ignored． This paper qucstions！hisslmpli 価ed
‘popular
’type and deals ba5ically with ordinary people
’s houses（not houses of hi帥 er prestlge）， The coreland is dMded into 3 vaUeys 、
each valley with its own historical hackground and pa且icular characteristics． We chose Iwo villages 丘om ¢ ach valley as case studies、 and from each
vmage we chos 巳 an old and a new r霍‘励 g α伽 g ぐRG’）and analyzed their p【ans main ］y in terms ol／basic doniestic and oerenionial functlons． We
also ．analyzed front elevations ef these houses in order to beUer understal 皇d the RG as a whole ． Based on these samples of RG ， we presented重hen a‘basic moder ofRG hightighting basic comrrron character ｛stics of 重he RG today f沁 m the three valleys ， which is different from the μ｝pu【a τ type of
RG mentioncd ゆove：Based on the analysis of 和nc重lons and main lbrmaI elements 伽 the pl跏 s and 廿ont eleva 亡iolls ofthe RG fi’om our samplc ， we
鼠｝und o“ nhe mam d‘fferences and sirnilarities in betw◎en the RG fセorn the different vallcys ． In the end ， we suggested some hyp〔）thetical reasons il〕rsuch a variation in relation to each vaiiey
’sbackground ．
Ktpmvords．’Minangkabau， rumah gadang ，んOl ’8θケρ ε 3， Indonesia， regional variation ， vitiage structure
ミナ ン カバ ウ族、ル マ・ガダ ン 、家屋 類型、イ ン ドネ シア 、地域の 多様性、集落構成
1．0 凪JECTrV ’ES AND 駐ACKGROUND OF RESEAI ζCH
磁 即 個 a 2 ）畑 e 噛 RG （ず 晦 蜘 g ； tire
蜘 h se α 寧 1｝ 舘 ） 伽 Mir麟 u， m ix it alSt）圃 ti罵 spatial
oom 呻 n ぽ t覇 ） v濯嘩 a面 d鰍 d 崩 砿 曲 σFRG 麟 ThiSlnper
w 丗d聞 1w油 r騨 d瞰 of慨 RG ． D a血 su 罵 k畑 r鵬 f財 RG
団yks（朏 ぬ as‘騨 ん醐 皿 η ）， n跏 toヒ£ va聖id偽r al且d鴛 M 噛 a爬a． Fα
Van Hasse鷺（艮88皇r2 ）gcpah〃 mhar αn謬rekestO山e R（｝w 扣h2anjUngi andag 』bkedToof
FcrVellmgn（1994）蜘 b 曲 RG w 血 凱 aF寧 噸 毋9． andw 前ha 脚 ＆ gnbied
鹹 Bαha岨 並 蜘 i甑 塒 leμ 且血al・th M 蜘 蹠 1ゆ ！
h 紐 舳 oos〔，frumesofstykSalxiaI畑 t唖ev 舳 onof 咽 e 由 2．
Dud 欄 ・照 k we d翰 鍮 w t 胎 跚 団yle ℃ （na rot nman tile wmre 1 if
卿 tqyedbya（伽 t ，（膃 噂 m 飾 mam 〔thcrvllag．
1］腐 P鄲 alm 曲 〕c 壇頷xnI r釧 c σf血e RG ， t誼翩 1騒 o重
α叩 kly脱 u翩 嘯 めr 団y1爲 瞰 雌 y bblb働4，［重鯲 面撫
も邸 〔ガRG 曲 reecuimmalregi ［ms ini胎 Minarlgl（alr】u．旦1 a （ by
切 圃 丶ellcystxased（mi 睡 ofim （useofsweildieRG ）tStahr｝圃
伽 n旧 in綱 ekπ船 r副 h飴 bi回k騨 k測 r幅1． lt wm ぬ ）血ve 購 眈
st岬 噂 of 血 診RG 輔 虫血蛤舳 dい脱 r t1庶潤畑 ℃． 血診en【〜丘
的d鴫 眈 m 血 （ 伽 RG めr 3 畑 邸 o鮒 £ M 蜘 細 u
hi蜘 Ta囮血 D 血 CTD’）， L蜘 」uh K 〔舫 CLPK7）a鷹】／寧 m CAG
「）． Fcr
UtiqDWtiWWtrdlsoralt ”曲 歴〜蜘 眠｝0罵 他ms已蜘
’ ‘a贓 5
’．
2．BmHOGRAPHICAL REVmW ：D 藍FFERENT RG TYPES
p塒 （NakarrtUTa 2 O（））d 紬 a lt a 色w 膿 s dドc贈 s 〔ガ
鵬 RG 飆 areumm （ 毘 ．皿盛s 四f窟 w 皿釦 α期由魯 皿 im are 3 typmσFd揃 f幅 ofRG 確 s α sty」鯰 as血 Ta脚 1．「11腮 血 d a 配
lftTtiited． L（畑 阻 m 邸 σf蛍yl縣 are 叩lqyed a 脚 as 勍 val颯 飾「副l d鴛
MinarPtcahau． In齔 乳廿紀 躪 旧 1鋼 dh 騨 1剛 伽 u岫 1 靭 醐 鹹
ydear」cutdi ofRG stylesWhldia皿 be庸 αd沁 aH d篤 M 暾 u alca
1爪 畑 ydu離 ） r霤 〔 1 var St 》r’毋 ’η ピsofStykS 劇 v血 sd ドstytes thorTselwa
則 蚶 v 目r i〔殖Borl 聡 alKI 繍y臨 初 伽 ピ． N （冲℃ or脱 d曲 msab ［v鴨 w 諏じ（ 舳 a
耀藪 】1vahe 塵nedni ．
3．METHODOLOGY AND SCOP 巴 OFSTUDY
「四℃ M 血麟 uoo 劇 oo 噴 a r岨49， kn子（E跏 1983：2）、 M 〔S peqtle
in WestSumtivein villages （躙 86％ ao gめ ［舳 一Bed marm l979：3），個 in
【 ．In 18（X）一且830 曲 of 齢 麒 岫 嘱 副 （船 ． b 圃 lion
（1臘 ig83：i6ン Fcr觀 底 eveluticm 諭 鵬 see T醜 2．恥 齢
i旧pml int匿wuen l920and 197dS（KabD l982）． T齲 ，山G 曜削 Bd 醐 0
3a」iXiscall αditlhak（11D， LPK． AG ）．コ血 軸 cα 1臘 睇 紐齪 a剛 尺G “ 】蹠
ma 血ly由 5areas（Ka重o 董982；175）！in TD， AG ，凵徴 蹴 a面 Saw副 mk 》Sijunjui慘 f’．
A 岫 bK 晦 LPK has伽 曠 血 ah σfRG 伽 villa隣 齟 σ崛 的TD
細 dat困 AG7 、
NOi舳 ｝ lr艪 誌曲 細 鵬〕即 〕v咄 v血嫡 aIe皿 bdlv聞 畩 ）d眺 T短 3
／uhakx −eare 軸 圃 騨 yω 3d dS臘 颱 r曲 臙 8． We
w 且［also be uSigahthakekt 珈 僻 π d舳 臘 w ヒ a毘 q朗 ‘valk写
’，． In曲
隊 舳 珈厭 始 d叮 即y 繭 順 9α峨 鼬 9砌
．imng a stxtofminkepJbiic of
vjlhagescatkx 】koto．Anagarioouldbefimi）ed〔）f｛me or mm ）・ koto、 humly ，d℃ d純 顧 sa爬
〔断v劇 i田bsub面燃 ．E hsほ跏 ct Bα脚 Qf2 lo 正2 nagur ’（LKAAM l997）．’The圃 da）
’nagariec 叮 醐 salpux 血劇 y 蝕〕血 edd ，
＊Gradua しe Student， Graduate Sch （，DI of Sciencc and Tec ｝mobgy 、 KyoLo Institute〔」f Techno1Qgy
京都．1：芸 繊 維 人学 メく
’于：院 一L芸 科 学研 究手斗 博 ：「
．二課 裡
一 185一
N 工工一Eleotronio Library
Architectural Institute of Japan
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IMiy have we [bosm the negtvt? The nqga,i was the str{ngut poua sociai and
exmnic Lmit ftr the Minangl almu in the pm (ku de kng 1960) cumxnly
transiatedas`arrtinorTxmsrqubiicofvi1lagrs'.hnhepaday;itissiil:auniraexmbg
toadataulirbaram:inarporaledintheaciministrativesystemofimAoarrdingto
I)obi)in (19ss/1oo) hagara: in Samnkrit mx `cfy'.
lhe prvwhee crfWat SLmitma has
nrw S43 rnrgari (LKAArvf 19on> Each rargari had ari asHag: a,en of2Y70 pecple in
1930K in 1994, the aveqg: pff ,fflgari banms 7366 pecpla The 3 koin{pmen we are
suiclyinghaehavetogrhcr234ncrgdn,
wny ha we chfsen the koto? Ea[h nagivf cai have two cr rrxxe koto. Ihe ttrrgdii
cm bc larg2i with mariy thousands ofparple Ihe im is the uiit that wculd be whca1kri
Ca vilAage', arKl it is the Lmit that is nxntly mu as a case suJdy, due to bs
reascmhle si2R A[ :r(lhgto Dotbin (l9es,ICP) `kcta'
is a im wortl fu tfttrtl lhe
kotointhenqgmihaveaim.uNiallyfiuntheokiesttothepmToday,thekmo
bam:thesuiaticuimimitca11eddesa.iminsteadofloto,odicrtenTs
su[hasJatvngareused
Tatile3[ksaibesihehist(rkulbackgundandimainimofcadivalicy,
TinbSc2.'Pelationineachval'
Val]eTlsz-ls3es IS52 IYIO IV70
TD!cotoa)),cooGlo!ocroe?t. 153,e04(?9?1.)2co,oo9a7ofo)4axLmoaPt.)
AG1oo,or)D(IPtoor1crlo)1sc217(3rvto)246sgoeesofo)494,nmQg?t.)
LPK3cr!OOO(SOPIeer30Ple)103pa7(2crto)221as2{asnfo)eqsoooyte)
Solakvabcynddied 70,752(1301,)tM,672(oo'le)3fiS,ODO(2or1.)
atvoes/: /es'1
topopnintiongttvvvthratteinindaaestathatimtdmil]ledfitim1"1on1(Kati,19S2,131).
Tdhle3/CharuteristiosofaschvHm
AG
LPK
Bdir main uttrclertsiics
M ya ,pr[rvkfrigmm'tse 'm vvan .'L TD'coukimn''ksfiatlaul'OtidJarrul19a5/6D.-ItEgnareofrrnddlesizqmotsoepreadaborvathEvalcy,with hrgo mabinitt arens used ut for Rgtiaimal pmpeses (map 19SD. 1he rned'traditienal'
valcy, it is the birth pde ef de tuu mrd plao: of mbce ef ttremaroyulfunilyblthepast.ItisalsomphtniyintheeaTb=effrrcmathcMoantcartffsewoivedonfrrcbmSasefbetwcrswilhgokldeposksOobhn19g3,pm.MwasgenerallyrrxueKevlo-Pfimu('K-P'),apotimgaltadidelmorewtamededto
fiveTopimymidegokltradeObbiin19g3,632mp-Sl)iO.ltisthiasimtresisb=lmosttytotheNmic'ewokm'.Arenofeo=rpadorval)cutZcoOtuat600-7oometffsofimIthas nowedays 7P nqgut aKAAM 19gl/17). Avaege size of a nagmi/ a040 ha It vvas
ptebalalljJ tt, most pcrpulated valky. in the past tnt.newvadays is pm dw is thestnalestofthe3 .[thasmo the tminthe ,psrfiy ere ove , pm
at:2kXitvatheExehnpmt3',tt.AGexotoorrmisdwiFonrFtBBIc(getcrmp.egali:Xua/mituOewt with mo royal mm) Oobidn 19g3,61!op-51, JDsselin de Jorig 19ew],S3), lnthe!7thoeriniy,AGwastheonlyvalthcyoftlts:3enihadlsimcoatersofshdy(Arwor19S6,se), It was ttte valcy tu in the pm ef be 1pm e=rhtry, Islmc pmivalists {be Pedhinvoimules) uac mbfy rmmi psim lggs. Tbcy･ epposed to tuMtivagebmi aime Th: Ptsins wae hesila to ndat, anul mi dawn courxi1 lials orui RG,
ww.mb"-ini:ita.e'-Smnymgn.bdiS.c',.tfal..bl･t..,ggAsGpmpmffiF･ttt･ex.mpixIee'i,.b,"ase,,v.rim.in.Esir5:elImhnhwwfrorniteCato1scl5,121)A{;wasthFsawrivalcytobeec:ptaiacemtihrigtoeTalmmmad.Jarma1r9S5,6".Arcaofmaabcwt1;IOOMatamumilcoOrm
efaimluleJthas ran mi KAAM19cr7,} .A sizeofan av:',1670ha.
lpstheq!geofsewn'sw,fftat..Hng4atonry.irmiybewhot.ptimt31S'lecmFee(mmp 19g4. It was im fud vtillcy to be eecrpad aocttrdiB to orul im OfiicL jarrra11zzS/6D,ltisloededtobeeastindescratuctwtaIMalaocaStrafts,im,vilhigesaremixofurbarT mld nrral im ovas 1990. 1ts eamorrrio eHrter is ttre mb of FlayahtmbultPoryalaffnbith is a
'dasa town' (viflage town) with suorifi nm1 tm ptas 19M,IS.
LPKissaidtobeamposadofmitraditiorEbethK-PandBCbyDobtm(19S3,63)erasbchtgpsednmb-LbyK-PbyJossdiidejorBC19eaS3).'tsintikLPK'wuuldmem1'lessrfwnsovMaess', mendig ttut arumul so ¢ ,g. 49) famhes mh have senied dm mld fuamded 50vMag s tt 'thttopvhth kofo) GM jarmi 1rs5/6". Aree ef ma abmt 1;toO km!, atmmd 4re mehas of ahiti]de. Tt hes muys 77 nagmig.KAA/M 1997,ID. Avaage nagm;'
sizal-9eha,
We decided then to choose 2 nqgari in eadi vallcy CTD, KI'K AG) to have a
gqieral view ofthe RG in the arreland Rcas(ms for having chosen the nagari are
seeriinTable4,lneadinagan',vvechoseakotothatwasthemostirrportanL
AG t LPK N fi.' ouaWngglcby
"e,nvdi' , .."{ ;:;,e..,l, .,B"C 'paya-yh
ely
TheMimghthall oorknd,neurr-t-t-"-:V)k)et･AGtAoerrLP-[,Utrnapdiul,-eta/TDtlla"th
Mtar.Vneeet･KatketoGedena,P-:PndangKthenegHk
PT:Pnyebe-unetc:eAlePSm"mpAA:Pembn4e"aA/B#fitubirg.
"
RA. e"'N--.Fee/Lttent"vLt. Batusangwartown
twkentn,..TOTheMinartgkabaucare
Mg.1/Locationofthe3yalleysanachosenvillages
-186-
Tinhle4,Naariandketoslndiedinthis:mmfortheifcheioeandwmdmvanryNmi'beof' Koto'
m
Panatgn-Panmenagan'epmItisamrpesedof4Aoto,PaiargmLPutknjmgsualadi&Ggik,Amaartuulmotamhtharom,d4poOim{fieldweik1997),Itlmsmmri11ORGim,
PmimeaneA) oo
nagmtiPff[,Padarig-Panjarg.Itistodaya
deva.Areaaranxi2oolawith1oo3imin1op7,It}msssRG(fieldwvrk1
Nagnn'ug'nagnhaseacturkRGinTD,It-esorpmbye)mposeief4
koto,BalitndgKlrvawaLthmhKarch&enikTmnPacbuenalaLArex4scta9,IS7lithtibimtsin1coS.Ithas67RGHUIepY.
CBA),ttvetaenagofBalimdgItistodayadasa.
Are[6g4hawithZ734im,Ft
has31RGe}ftJlopYO.
AG
NagmiKotoGadmB,tu e2eetuy,frisnagml'nm'edimtrthuneqetim
tuimvveresdia1etofRG.TTrenageviwasopentoisimcdwimwasattatkubybe
Padrisattywayeladla199S).imdeseto
Blkiimgidy.Area,manl2ootawith2>OOirmbttuts(esdmaiem).Ithaslwvvoily1anRGfied-wnrk･
ThenagmirsffEctnsenumta(ILorpirismisohrgemiimeimofdesaM=ottfieemxpksffametissanrple
Nngen'iis e!esu/-
Ptm&Padmg-kmBatngak(fied-wck1999).LD[mi[eeiorvablyimfremenimtwdryemdKetoC}adarg,AreaooOh4wthmami7,coODesa
waschosenbcrHseirisdectmidmibeekksldmooftivenagan'.haatemi
eohawith2.soopt(esdrmaikllt),Ithasareurxi25RGim.imhiimsim.IttmssoRGevimaderi.
LPK
NagovvKotommGadng.thenagdi:'mLPKItisfdmb=lby24jrmgCmietS).NopletdmlocnedattivemhroadtoPaydaifnbithdyinlg7&ifhadarourtl20,ooOimArea'1,444heptg19g7).Fo-nywhvthepmfivlnBC(of1RGfeff2tmuena'mhhavePjORG
BeltiCmuageK)wasdinmbfiemseNghaiakcadymbfrisvMEg:"nwasajonmg,Aveff3Shalthadin19Sl
a[ourulg)oimovBlgg7).tthas
ssRGovg1993/1co},inapmiof.IRGfor21e
NagcrtPaye.rttim t
islomialhtlefufrurfrumbemdniroadtopayalarmbeindy.imamJxi2sohawhmms3,or]Dim(fieldwerk1997arulim).IthaslseRGamim.
PaCf'Y)/itisthefiTstesuenaghPayebesngAreaarani1oo
hawhharcuullpaOim(fick!-work&esmicm).Ithasaranul70RG
im･
IM2 chcme 2 RC} furi ea[h villlage (With the er"agim of K(] that had only a stigle
actaitRG>INletriedtodKseanotdandrbaveutrpleincachvillagewhene,urmbin
crdcrto seelmbabiy diffctenttM)es ofRG a[Nt ptly mictTnatjars in im Rcas[ns ftr
he[hciceemddetaitsufea[hRGwMbegiwninimi5,2,
4 BALglC LAY.()VT OF A SET OF BUILDINCS
Acardngto a Nwy wed kr)oMi sayin{) mi idml Mhimgicaban ngan' slmh hffver a
rrKsq)aamectingplaeqaplacefortnhingstreasacod[pif(fosselindekng1960:81>
Nknggis(19g2:12T3)acklsthata,zzgansimuldalsohaveRG,pmghdarxlsihur,
ri[D,fields and dy fiekk inignion wh txtEfaloes and cnvs fisk pcnds and gtuveyar(h
11ie", clo rKt inclLuie in their 'idcat'
piditre kidtseri tNtildingr stallls fu al sizes ofim
mmhouseqslcpsandthestutm.
VNJal rep[escrtadcns ofthe vi!lago cr konpmg are also iey ldealized Iim;arwy
(19S6) shows a ua}ogpajiy of a RG with a,yuarlg, w"h a trlpkuociixlguria[y arid a
ew (or a stiremt) kchind ig ontainly a vay speda1 exarrpla Syarrriic}ar (1991) shavs
and},er very special RG, aiso imh op`mrg, 7 pm in frunt ufin ad simalni in an
imxulsortol"tuban'pkt,
N,
<s>2
(lliill3::lttech
tt-}Eiskhop･
sun ussu. Fig.2.Pa[tofhanrpTngPmaarrginPariargarlvilagediekl-work,1996･9).
Above-'elnkstedaneraurpleofanadiLalpartotrParimgnisiillageldiatbelmgstothe
clan ltisaig(sttkzi Pisumgi The pizasaiee uffttse RC}wth 2 gmiarics in Fig 2 is $pc ial: if is
the only h[mse in the whote villagr to l"es"rt 2 pm ptiae are anly 3 pm in
Pariangm)ApartfremthisifisammkunlFn`mlg.Eadiimnpaangistwhfmi
by sanc RG and thdr rulaied sd of bojklings such as kichcri ttti1ng rk= banE
'mm' kuseq me er nxxe suruu, the animal stals a cfindery cr gnsos tm a
wel1.aimiingrp[t.fithortci1ctpcrick
S MAIN CIHARAcrERISTICS & FUNCI'IONS OF THE RG
51. Definlticn ofthe RG and its main charucteristics
`Runnh
gulmg' is the mi mm narT= gt,ei by um viIEagms fu tttseir
diintha]ses(origtihcmses>Manyviilagtsa}socul1tf,eRGa`iumahadat'ii.
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'iheRGhadbithepasLavayinp(itantimfimdionasaplacetoslerp,pt(xieatg
codg and as the pla[= kt mm su[h as wexking amsian ofpernyghthL dladi
acrui,or,iegliirreagrimhgs,tutheirLsehasbeeridmghgamsklerablyeqndally'intitis
catuy. ft is umally' said today that many mic 1imdions a[e in gananl rift an)tTKrrt]
pe[flmxil in the RG as pexple pltfer to usc mm crmlftxtabie housex }lavewer; the
caunaiial finttien ofthe RG is slII ingxrrtant in nuny ts ar,d the RG is nct
disappemngapaky in al anms 14.
S2. theseiiting 11 RG fhom tbe 3 vallcys
Table 8 ps s]ts plms and fut facades of 1 1 RCI fi[mi 6 viillagis fiuii ab the 3 n]ahi
inilqu ofthc NimghihaiL Rcnsuis {lr the chcice ot7vilagts arKl erc RG are seai in han
3.WehasetiedtochooseanoldarrdnewRGincachK-Zage(abLA'hmshTable8are
oldcrthan'B'hckses)inordertoalsoimtheRGimca1lyLBitifwasqilvTDthat
amklpTvvideiviwftha1argutin:spaninbdinyeaibitik}ingsftradmcattat)sinWe
havethencknerrimlyrmcijasimanal}sesi6waeals[}txicilydhne
Estinutien ofthe ag: was based m irterviavs arid an the gmetal mhcns of [ntrul
pMatE Tahle 5 shcnis the rawrts Ilr the dm of each RG in cach viltag: arKl chettelevartdatacrmoerningfialdworkandmmasofimatien
T2thle5;Rcesonsthrthecheioeufthe'RGandrrwhfield-weli[infbimuioner seuroes rctoeme
PAPA-[tlts]eldesteanRGofPA.E[o125ymotdmmantlestmtatronmuseThisRGwEsertatshrelyvisitaLvimzalyabimvvereimedtllemu
ecg?t"inrvT.rp.meedMarty&thcTs,,/-FLeld'wpnf49dr6,'mp,wdih:tVtalzzIl.tsmiMr.ajamPAPA=b,ayqueRGofPA.aronxl4gyenrsermmulestrmmsiillinusaRG
wasevdenstvelyvisc2irnhantswffeimeweabeewffniblepenptwnsimeved
psp.g,Fma-work(es98LmhBnvimYmbSvvadptamiNir,llaninimwhes&AdflimHdmrf'lastdeatttemJam
zzww"'.g'ffre,#i･326o{.liir11imSiill,IiiiWl,iillli.twy.mvauebalaisanare,.l!i･Slill-tlwa'iStP･i$'iSi.wweq'
tirettwhut.1hisRGwasvisiital3dnee2mblaeagemernbaswerebdebyirrttivievifedFkld-wck(96-98),mhBHUpm,SofrndatawasdnfiormBHU-KKI.pm{98)&Bmu
bewh･9S enN{UKKLr&tmithemithcr.
maRA.b/yas1ttxseoBA,ndyetinuse.ItanRqwasinttmmmetilaeqanrimboabaFsedin19S8,in1990,thisnesvRGmitohevehnrdnrktu
mTdit999thadmotbealthtistmifuelaalcofmorinyt.irstinhasnewalls,nofa'perrnan'fioor,
S[:rreinftmwaEtakeirtemiBmurcport199S6.Man},field-vuatkvists(9g-99),wnhBMJ
wwtthEwaajaimko&E,imth[hawhgsimalybyFenyckadaeun/lastdmwhgsncBC;a,tttisRGtsan70yems,(micrviewsm.dm),vqYmusaItwasvisiei
ftntafew1umwiti1asircntunmwithamonatFedweik(99)withBHUimanrlY.K±tae.BTIUY6-, fireanthor.
ecBCrb/RGisSOyeersotd(esdrmatimi,vaymuse,TtwasslgM61zz.withtt:gl:/apField-vvodk(po)withBmusuJdams.,iy.kitao.Bew:tafia
PYK"wytak.eewawaS.etr.=iCwn(tsOe･tw.rt.,epyearsFridyisitmor,[trawhes
pvPY-'"erimYftumMnwalgsswaorwn'cetheanttprfOYeMSF"stM97im
PBkt"fiGisvv'asvisitedfor'aSaifo"vifOi:K{arv.akhm'ur2esmh"'].'.Y.eimar5'zanv'vach,""iwa.
workPBPBb/rtisayomigermsgesinvabedsoyems
]nuseRGwasvstedor1ceveryft["-whb.,.2irmtigyffX/i::Yg,twt.Fkulwt(or-gepwithB}aushimts,
KaKC/itiseaallyertturrtRGmKG,museItrssaritobeleothcuseoAGandbube
lorettwntoo,.kW.ex,T.hiS,,#,G,,ww.,me.inoawaSW.studatsmihtvabidewrtwasNdeTheimoftheRGaborve]fastoTableS,
ss.TlteaumodelofdeRG
in 191& RaMe$ desail)ed 2 RG, ene in the area ofSok-c mid ancther fivm Smb'aig
vi!lago in ID (Raffles lg3():3516> lhe t}pe of RG with anltarg fioni Simawmg
[mi]inedwiththerio}bamsandcoleged[zr!ingsimiSolotgbairrteas[itof'stucu}pd
fu the ivimangtatvaii RG util tc(V"r. The jdm ofa prrtct)pe ofthe RG bosed on im
desaiFticms of Raffies is qusiaiable '7, Ahiiougt Rallles' am dtwhg afh("tsei
demtyslanysimthaewerechcrt)peswhortseswhregiorultmthesevariatkns
a[e Lwuaby ptcred by tftse re[nt tm cucr nrtch atthors ahn desaihn difkeent
tM)es of adot ms furm 187(ls to 191O 'S. The idm ufa single ptimglcahari tM)e ot'
hww be[ame struigrr re]crrtly (Vel1ingn mm> lhese are the rnain charadeisties Qfthe
stacu}pedRG:fthasasatlilehaclcedrocxrSvthgompqg.ro(fingrkelesmifioc;cnnci
aridco1(iedw{xxieriparielsdmatingthefacadgihasusualya,yiulg,stnallbaimmsat
tire bad[ and is sexnd ficor is balieved to mh hcirloorms (Wat£ rs[n 1990/76:7; Lai
IY)5, im & GMew 1994, Kato l999). Vcl1ingn a[lis (2CKK)/2)
`orrmtti sleping
walls'. in i}ut ofthe RG; there are stglxxxxily ane or rtlicre riee kems Vel1inga citici2ms
suh `mmmuicizx]'
irrvagr ofthe RG in his dixtcwal thesis saying that the fuidion and
memiingof'Minanghal)auhousesmestillpailyunderstoc(Landthattitilspcpslarinvageof
the RG only sewes to 'aqtiasirc
the eutic natrtre ofMimglcaban aikure' lp.4) nct to
hElpuntikrstandin
S4PIvposalofaconmronmodelofRG
Nerct,wewMbethwtigahasic'nx]dei'ofRGi9tm/gedonalimhedsarrple(seeTlables
8 & 10) it cbes nct irrterKi to be fthe RG pmpe'. We an camaig here a `miel' an
iniaglriary RC} thal imts to indude the Tim im furKl in mi RG in all 3
aJla;ralvallevs"barenctnts=elydiocshljasiwfetMreofRGtortlrrmataltlreRGasit
isLmmallydmeassernab[rseBelow,wewi11beailycxinidmigtheplanaidfagadedUeto
the liirnfed scrpe oftttils papcr. rhiis `basic
rrxxlel' ofpkn md fagadEs basod on a sarTple
ficm d,e presttt day ffAbie 8) siaws that the RG ofdrc eoiE{and toda}' hms Llimafy the
charactaisticssaaiinTable6andFig3.
es.-alxntstta±
n .e."' .a,s,ite. ps-nata. ..wa.m
main t-P --e-
p- e-.- -.- -.- frontwtthniui-3te7bays
brmms,
nooruttioor
eoTugetedm-ta1roels
su5titaertornelptlarsir=Enedeut-eKS
Frontlaca[±esC2attemathses}
Fig3.ModelofRGthat'cpitcmtizes'theRGfr(unthe3vallcys.Table6tMak1cimdesoftheeDimxmrmadelofRG,I?KAG
mo mofwh4tiffffmhon'&
4cr5hieml beckufber[x-ewiinrrtudmioas
el=etedfui irmeftrEofbeRCJisbehell
crthax meftsrredofmhstnts
moFko kmr fizRqmbimbuinhaanfiUtimIMasatbeffKismeixtmiainuads
tubeblatfuiiselesutedofamlasI)qnzmabe]"beyinftatefbebimkistiboelmuthrl(suTeimasbe
moained&amim
atbefiat
lkndthpteknurlffbeimaceasixthalrp-dsCtismi
fiutwiinwhlaws'ulfi[m]ts7inoedmurinas
Tabie6thewsthatahha]elisorneoftitse[hafedaisticsoftheronvaticizfilt}pearein
fact pm in al1 RG (raifmh go,gwzg, dovaled flom; snalll bedvorms ai the bedL
ortward sl[ping wallsl crthcr im me uat umaby rmsat (cmi & ciilcxed
uKxxkn paiels in the fagach arytulg to bcth wh Toofin palm fibcr, and riee bam,g in im).
Tlds t)pe wili aryiulg to hrth skks is sald to be axnidaed the iix)st ptmigicus tM,e
(Vellingi 199tL:60) ".
As a sigi ofig prmiga if had to be npt a rate featLve inordcrto 1)ear is numing Ilalm fibff mb are rue rKEvadays ivily BAut & BA4, T(x]fs ure
in gtaig> Oide ;oafs started to be sibstimed by n)aanic ones skiee the begtming ofthe 20thcainiry
(Kato 1999> These ToQfs are newadays so widesptua[i with a reas[mably ]enghistory'thatweshouGdcrnsiderthcmtrtvaetioual(Walerscn1997>
Table7,Celor&carvingsatthefientfaGadeofthcRGfromTiblcS
aalor
anYIPstnaizarvedpands
aro-rdsocrnwhIE
nourvtgsatallmhrmds
withsbitinomotifs rm BC-bPBbmoonkn PAT]A.bPY.2PY.b PBAKG
NotorBAra[pdnnedinbiack(aptmi-tamie)/BA.b,lsnctyctfutisiedCnownflsynt).
C(mcaningcokredcawhgsatthethnfagldeLTbi)le7skctvsimitisaraTefim/sii.
ILle ca! amelude im the stauX}pal rTxNiel of RG errplceed today i besed ori the nxnt
Tm}tigicms foertibrc mm) turre ofRG mKt it daes nct epitonti2e the RG. it is also
inrmtothinkthatinthepast.distypewnhaty,uzgwasthe'cxighal'rmxle9ofRGand
that al dhcr t)pes wae only `omtsal]anee'.
All old [lesuixiats (ficm the I)ndi and
Raffles) that I have knew1edgo shcnv (cr clea[ly sugg2st) that also in the past then, wae
diffctuittM}esof1iougesinasanEmvaamlallsoregtnalwuialcrtsoftypesofhms
SiLFunctk"Narulnvainforrrulchaiade,istiesa[=ordingtodtffertsrtvalletys
We decidedto anal}7e mainlytheplm in crdcrto undastarid main ftmdiens ofym
o[nskicring heie bdii imc and ocrenKnial uneK 'nrrougt
the plm. we caum also see
wmEbaslcimqg.themmhcrofkuat&ftatatbayswhi[hwrshighighedin
thetibliogtlhicalrwviesvasbdnginpodcrit WealsoincStuiedfiutfacades
mThl)le8,tuthcseitrese[[mda[yinouanalysisdietothelmitedsupeofthisprperCn)ol'
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slmpes ,,ee mvalyzed mm these are crtrsirSered irrpmant syIimly by bdr tire
Mipm Ieqtle arxi Imm slzMars). Table 1O a}so ttsotps to Fxuvlde infctTTmtkn
fu clarifying de hasic mndel ofRG slitwn in imi 5.4 {such as he pesa=e ofoutward
sloplng pilks ori the facade, runhr oflakma1 ptlais ete). We also irxtluded a= site plan ci'
ea[SiRG.becauseareRGisr(tseaiaswiftriepaxlatstTuanhatitisofiaicx]i"mito
odur tniildings such as kitchm beildings cr mm )K]ws Ho-ever; slte plans are also
secaxim}'i ttrispaper.
Ih rrnh amalysis "e dld mm im ofspa[ms in a RG. Main im and daily
im ormskiered hore are/ to crxik, to uuc the toilec to baa,e an,
to eaL to sloep !;. to
mpilatemitodvpm.TliemainLmm'fimctionufbercmhheis
to mbe gums dung aclat oorunmks (whg asoension ofa 1ineag: kndcr, dealt
1ineage rrDetings) !`.
We rxesenked in Tal"e 9 the dmlxitiicm cNfthese furKnicms pm to
cac}iva11cy'sRG,tmsed{ma1mhsarTvAefiunTabteS.
lable 8/ 11 RG frem the 3 valle s from the
'1'abie
lO slKNs finma1 elerTlitrrts that help us urtusta[ziing the nhri fo[m ofthe RG,
ixrii in tunrs ofregt]ma1 variaticms of ftmms as -el1 as presortiting oamon dut
ommm to ab RG, om= ds pmrer dmsues tmh therms (im 5.4). Chosen eiemms fu
analysis cuxnm en]y imain arcimural fims of be plan mi font fa ade such as
numiber ofhays main siva;ms ofrcofand ortitranc= pmitic"s Wc igxxed ckraiis dne to
lirnind spaee, Alnmst all arvaI)mi elaTmTts have bocri cited by one or atKnher anim as a
definftgimoftheRG2'and-eti)eieaxeinaltuledirincxrramalysis
sy,ttimaic arvalysis FTcndad regionol cimracte,tstics ofbe RG in the ITeserit day.
Bela-'aiederrninmuusiixrstxasoricmTabies9&10/
A)Axts/pa,Lgkal&lftulgopivnt&hack
Inux[rxntimacdivldedtoeiaubepmgkolcrmprgskks-nhinMim
rrmincmp[stknisintntwaanimulclheRGofAGisrrtuly'govcrnedbyafimhad[
epTxrstieqturKrtaJwysth,emisimina,dsamalsobeenatbepesititmgofbe
Minan kabaucoreland TD AG&LPK
TD ..!l.A-EUA.N-G-A-N-tEAI..--....m..."......
&
talifiiildlillsNX,
e---"tw
TD
w n
.. .!ALIM,..Bl! G.(B,.ID.. .................
A e t tudieDi"
(IYI}m Elil) as.pt
e..-ftA,;-.ggetsg'tt'L-m.-'--ijgebl\slmppt'iO113asmpt
B
kfuEnk e,e
o
pmAlfo
uSE!'daes--
"dyffg
.LP..K... ..
l', O/la-forn
L.t N
B.A..I,.IS. I.Q.E.!.QIPyN.G. ..(B9.)
VtvA, o,wbdaadat Li!ls.
//IiOEti=ts.-･-...'
utg
moesh,eet
me RasR
diRnG'" ",K'i'>R
E#kSI!lajtete, eR
LPK ...ey.bi..).vr.p.B.A..s..u.N.G.-t?.:t.[.).weeo
o1234SmD
Wbllak
mom'annbng
.b"ak..IMng'ivtwaop
A
tw
B
\ige
tsN'eiqta
N"SZIIicgl
e R+RG+n z7AG RAD.KUDO-BMAG!rmK.!!ILej
Ay
''
'' '×/ei
ii\
l,l,,ee,,,.-.'
,whXi
'
liigmrill] bl B
liG-.K...G-A..PLA.N.G-{!S9..),.WC trabTvcrnsrdknen
l-bhadng}k-ttt1tung'tttt:FallS4Snv--
ve$redek}#
in.isgi#ksgo
LegendRG,mugamp{customaryhou6e)
DTdeFxJ{kltehtn,klntmbufidingor
plaaetorthecrvenR/ nlmsh (house in wDod or mesenty )RD:ww[Mtehenbufidingotth ettTel demestla furctions)P:pend[torffsi1,usedesatoibtortor
wastdngclathsaj
KA:karxivvepm{ahlakencoop)KK,kandvvirurmbvg(goatstelO
ee V nteem ,trees or bushe6
Eii} / chosen fiGju:padmtberbdiakebSikJsleeplngctvamtsershalataueoLr=11ha11
ww:elevateciptattorrnC-20em]ruang cCatam, spaee msed rrulnly aung cererrt)nies
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niahidoor:L}{Khaveantmia2sattiregablaiside(mh'tsuitm-in'hikpmiese)widiedie
cthcrtwovalllcyshavethcirmeattilekrighi[thialside(called`in,'a-in'hiJapar1esej
wnelherthisdifi/amceinimaialaxis'ofLPKwhenorrrrparedtotltemher2valIQys
ha[1becrimerel},arecartdevekprr]=tinLPKrdaedtodmLrtrminfuiericpswea[enct
swe Wle gpp(ne that the qposirim hm pangkoD6ginlg in LPK is prwhbly an oki
thaructaistic which svas m=Ely straighaied atter 19cos ".
Each val]ny' wctild then
sugpcsorfiyhffvehadismmway'oforgntizingfindieniindiffixetaxiskralalgtimeza.
TnbLe9.Maln]itnctionseftheRGaccordingtoavalkyetassijicdien
Mmh&ees m as IPk'
scs(orridipte/anw todebsdcl!1 mbtstodeimes mhtytodebati&fundnimbcrtoimmpng10
ge[p-1/elededpmlamOwhFdmbleeorEndimtodendimpatdebszaL+ku! xN tmatt=bva+
theinth+mhdnbff
IStE!SorNoootthrgmp,]!drpw futifrtrehHncrepm
dytndefratcrim
pacSbptdpatde:a
ateetttbctedepeoekottt
pmeta&bsdi)rf
esttgrpeec:htiLtwcr'thtrg'ny.oe ftortpfftafbeheU"re
pmdpa
--e
ilridefoxkppt)trinltdipt-m
cr-p
rvathBrocmalthrfel
butldirBorindemp[ll!s
rewhtgmm'slgtnds mammucrimCtsvaamptilpt mhmuIiiiiGlminmucrtdeatadi"dbuikthBEiiiiigSil
reotivliv"-dirtgtrde mhmufi mhmuEiiiiil mbmuIiiii
isbauagrto-vtd"balrksptforfiumtitRG"qlft=)desepateepqbu
dwtodeRGesebatcutndedepectimdtodeRGpm.bediOrf
TablelO,MmnomialcharactertstiastheRGacewdintoai,aaclassication
m nc [PKbtmpten fiortlmiddlege ftcttiigcrbttklmiast" toimutny
Idaul' 4 4 Scr4I"ghdiuldy odido-n odd<.S-D rrnklywn4,scmhmsS
Roord=pe gnbledb!!1 rtditypm&ghku
`tpt
gh1edhtr!tl
RonftrmbaW or"ntal nd nrial
imthCtdeP-ESattteasj9 lrtiimwhsr imbdqta-erdssr hmtuqwhtt
Indts"thdebta"
mierriimmpanvedrpvathvcrttni-rwTdev ttMedrpvridsv
M Cmuant cr vaov'ng pmi m(xicls
TheRGdiIDIiasthesarrpimplaithatisrepenedinad4RGfi{rrnthesarrple
"i. 'Ihe
dliff 2 as piexd plars that are nct so clemty' ckfiied n. <ine ofthe p("sible
Twa$cn/g fu thenen#vmiatiom oftheplan in 'M
emild be ndabxi to ks kngu hinory as the
oatff dfthe kmlglcabau culatre and to ts highcr niral character in pmi to the
cxhcr 2 valleys which are m(tre 'exiLutMted'
(see ncte 11> Ihe ulcy that F"uarts rrrcne
smhcnsinthepknisLI{KandthemasorrsfuimmhbehinD[kataidgcogrrajiika143.
d)imrlewalstuiditsrelatrontolvevurely Sim,g1eselsrelatedtohictecrthy(mmingthehighestthesining1enelthe1igiatthe
social porutigt) is a c[mocpt omrtriumly crrpb)ecl by Malay grxps (Cmstei 1995:123>
lheMimekabat}hakn(miinghall)issakitobefiatifthevi1lagsaii)reoedadenx-nic
lledria"xa in LevetsL ifft aTtia[rd an aristocTatic tradrkn, 1he idca ofIbcr levds (andsittinglevels)astEingommanitosocialhiau[[hyisthenkncwntohffveinthmicfflthe
nectinghall'sarim
'll}e
pmicti hae is tlitt1 this cme lt ol'be rElatia] imeen thxT lewis and imaiso frfiiaiced fiaor 1esels in tire horse (RGP Wle mp a postive awweq based on onr
timited smTple (I/al;le 8> AG is sid to hffve 1iad follewed rrxntly a nx:e tmc
traditiori/ the RG we fl"md thete had all flEt fie(Ms LIK is said to have becri of mi
traditions fodh imc and misto=stioj and we ftrmd s[m, RG wkh leLulsL -hie
odiuswereinll)isdnsaidtobernLxetXbirtftisalsolheincmietableseatofaristimaic
pc-vcr/ tiieir RG have dii elewated plalftnn at fs beck pNt, 1re iebuk:] belsyeai social
hi=u[tiiyaxiflocrkuelssa=msti-itoendsta}softrtheRG,tictait)rticrdrebain.altIKngli
t}dsisam=ehmsthatneedstobechedcedwthdiniogapliicaldata
The soum[l qmhen would ba is there a im relaien bdlveeri frtse Irc imc
tracthirn and K7P imctradltkn wfth flo[v 1ese{s in a RG? Ule suggrnt the ans,･cr is
tregniveL fu a suks ofruasuis ".
Heweva; there rnay be a relation benveen the hisuxieal
hackgFum[I of'each val-cy arMlthe td
sigi' aeaie R6 fcimd in eadi area. as shmm in Fig 4,
TheRGofAGreinfmsatrxxe'ho[izcrtal'dinig;,balarrcngthewwqwniswththe
orrestmwititebeR(]afthedha2valasmnfyreinforvethdrmhcyftran
ftpvvard' directkn This is a}so a hpm that cm hattily be ut once the`designas:irrtcrrtkn'is1etinbepast
sc'K'paX"dS
l!III,iliilliltm,.,,,,,,-ee'"c-tll['
illtO
.
'
,,-eegbr':'eroedO:"C"'T'd"" : RGtmmAG
Ifib4mardhiixtsimbedyctfbeboktiutbeRGineachwal1cy
JDito(Vfshapas:gabZafasarfstocraticlin)zped&gabhaasmo,eimatic.7
AGwasinthepastrtMMeBC(tm)andinthe19incaimrybonmti,ecfirterof
Isla Ttc `Temhrimarks'.
this va1ley hffving beai thei atways in cmstait cpposkinn to the
a[ist(nmcy and pmcus systais of 'M
that was an be cmmy baska1ly kP
(suppordng ariso[ntic p[llN{rs) aul irttially mm str(r!gly resharf to Islarrtiinicm. U'K
was albo mme aristillat} wnh strmg K-P tradtions as in TD. Table 1O and Fig 4 im
that the ndofAG is hipped & gatiled mb in TD and LPK if is gtiled Fig 4 spgg sts
that thae rriay be a rdaicn benveai the nd design and mamings of im' cr
'de,rm:acv',
AG thai hawhg paflmbly `choscri'
the hpml & ghkn that amld have
rm intially `rrxxe
imc', with ds duign balanchg xp and dm ms ai the
odrer han[L LI'K arKi TD have bcth ctKsen `mxe
aristocratic'. wlih thcir RG clesign
ennyinasi2ingtheuppcrdirectionThisistiuxigi(nlyatspmthataubepmved
DMonhactbtvs
lheRGofnandAGhaveLwuallyLmeweirnmherofpmhays(3,S.7>lk
RG of LPK has usuall}' evuri nurrtms (4> Caicaning lm1 tm)s TI) and AG have
wh4hays"hilleinLFKercRGmayhave3or4,acrxrdingtoemsarTpleimTable8 (gee akn
'rable 10> lt s ms that while D and ms follew mh ru1es omKrmir!g
mmt)cringaflengimrtina1aullaterulha}NI?KdwksampartiatlarnUes
XM) wukl suggot that reasars fir this wuindcn in I:PK wculd be the sarne hn(vim1
and gtpgrqhini reasctris said above for tPK's high degree of im of RG plais
tAnmhcr reay]i cxnlld ahr) be that in 11'K thae axild be catain wh rules linked to scxtial
hierarthythaLwcxik1dtligefurtilieswh1rwerrar!ktobuikItheirRGwnhkwcrnLmttr
oflalflalhaysdmhigicrrankfuniliesThisisthcughahM)cthesisthaineedsumfinmion
fiumfieldwodc
Dl]igg,eeofuaticmak'sm'
"le um say that TD wculd pm rm to[ighal'
RG, ax)e rrknt imc funicms
ca1 sl11 be ftxmd to be pufcm)ed inskle the RG `f.
AG wculd be the sdimd `nxnt
ttaditienal'inthissuisegandLPKihe1eastimditienai'os.TDisalsotheenlyval1cythatstil1
has RG wnh palm fibcr r(x)fs 1aft (in ctT sarTplej this fact beingl"chably an indidm tif
localpExple'smhmstokeq)'oldtradiinkns'inimThisdegoeoftTadtimb
axild be Ihked to the way pm sprEed that a[xxmbg to eial tTackkits ftillom, the
pah M, thai AG and tha]ly LfK This agnin is a trHe lyrd,esis, ance im is no
historkalpa)fabfxJtthescr"ieneeofa"ortinticnbctLvedlvaUcysoflhehighaick
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G) Changes qfthe RG in thiie.' some mptheses
Haeareafe",mspmcharlgsoftheRGintiimbasedenTables8,9&
10(seerKrte16cmnmirigimamalysls).
-ckmwhimtendtobermtixTredoutskletheRG.rtrtary[Tllebwtleit
-tttseRGsurttobeniixedwiaimmtKrusesinsotr=vallcys
- stmE RG futrn TD beocm= 1ilze a ouei, aily used in mm nd so rrmi in
dafy1de{asstggestedbyWamm19co{brrrvirlylrutnesiati`valatimses);
- tire cLrvelrm of be
'daImf buildag arri the berancla' as rmver archinmual
strums-tirechangoofra]finghtktommgnedin)nrcofspctnbiycausedthealpcarat)eoftire
2ndficorpmIAyasafuTnofix)latiixifioml)eaO.
6O(NNCIIiSIONS
Thnarcbeirvainrcmksfumimpapc[
- it pm tt nxxiel ofRG im is ,elit ftx al1 be 3 main vallcys ofbe maenwmating ts rrvain archttoctnral im fomKl in mm eerrgSes of U RG
ficgiitheMitrangi[ahauma
- it anal)rted rmin fuTKticrrs and nvain im ofthe RG im d,e 3 va11etys rmrtetimclarifyngthenbeirregiorulimsynchmmha1ly;
-itpmedmn1vtmkrtt£ seimimonearinashistorwi
cuimmimipmhackgrouul
- it nv ma for dunges of im of be RG. is rvarts aixl odxx bein
suucaumsartmnddeRG.
LIMITATIONS & SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH' The i"ein
1iniitdnon refus to tlie t]uniber of R6 which were analyzed, wihich is very snial1. Tlie useofgesent-dayRGcavnbecomsideredofalimitedvalueforadiachraiieanalysis,onoethe
R6 may have been transfo"ned during its lifetime, net being ariynnre the 'old'
'ongrmi'
RG. A metho(ioIQgical limitation of this paper is referTed to the re]alion benveen
arothitenv fonn and the oontextuel background/ eari wa 'pmve'
that a context may'iniluerme directly architectufnl foEin? Sllggestions for the cominuation of research wnuld
be then deepen the ethLiognphieal data conceming uGe of spaDe mKl the relatiot) bet"eeTLi.e. atlat and actLul architectutni form.
Acknowledgemtnts/ This research wuuld mot hewe been acormp]ishod without the
financing spm of the Japan Scienoe Foundation. field wurk autborizaticrn fiem theLIPT, the support fimn Bung Hatta University staff and students (special thenks te EkeAjvares & Elaimaini Danvis). For helping with languag s, hvauld Iike to thank Yasunori
Kjtao (Japsnese), Git]es Hardy (Dutch) and in the field the help of D.iami]is nyarnin(MiTurighabau),
ABBREVIATIONS/ AC, Agann valley
BA.BalimbingvilLago
BC,BalaiCaiicaigviltage B-C, lareh Bocli-Caniago
BHU/BungHattaUniversity
I]d./[ndonesian
KG,KoteGadangvit]ago
K-P/ iareh Kcto-Pilimig
LNP/LarehnanPailjang
LPK,LinvrpulnhKetoval1cy
Min., imuPA/PariangnnviliagePB,PadangKndo-BatagHkvillage
PY,Pay6basungviHage
RG/rumahgadangTD,'1'anahDatarvaltcy
GLOSSARY:
adat/ cL[stomary 1aw, it is the body ofmaditiomaHoca] 1aws, which can be whtten or nct;anjatrg (ITul,) or ilny'"ang (Min.)/ most conmnly it is a dnds fitised in tiers to both sidesofaRGorhalai,butitcevialsobea'be(booJn'totltseayi{ngsideofaRG/
balai/ in tatt, it is called halvi adot, the oouncil 1iall;bandua, e]evated dais "f25-50 cm to the back ef the RG;
berando {Ind,) or batllndo (Min )/ an enc]osed and oovere(i speee connccted to the ftontFmut eftlE Ra/
biltk(Ind)orbiliak(Min.),smallcharTibersusedforsleepingandcopatation/
dapur/ kitchen:de.sa.' the smallest adininismiive unit in tmbnesiagonjong,poirrtingendsofaRGroogijuk/ fiber from the anau pmm tree/
jorong/ sanre as koto/kabupaten/disnict]
kampung clnd,) or kampuang (Min.), pm of a village iseally oocupted by the samesukti;kecamatan/subdisnict.
kote,a'vi]ta{lc',
-190-
lareh,liVhamorry',apolitioo-]egttraditien;lareh Bedi deniage/ a politioo-legn tradition which is more democrmtic;
lareh Kbte-Pihang/ a po]itia)-]egn tradition thnt is more aristocratic;
Larehnanthng'ang/athirdlareh,besidesK-PorB-C;timmpulah,50(fifiy);inhak, a mbtienal area in the Minanglcabau;mamakafahilyhead(sublineage);
negari'. a small oonfederatien ofvMages;
panghal/therighthalfoftlieRG.wi)enfill:-rgitsff(mtIutwithwindows;
pe,rghuin, sub-]ineag er :ircagt head, repsesented in the vil]aE}eouumci1;propinsi/province;pusako,aiioestialpmpertybe]ongingtoasub]irreago;
rangkiang/ rice grvaiiahes with goryong;rantau.'surTotmdingaEeaco]onizedareasoftheMinangkahan;
rumahadet.'theadathouseinIndonesiq
ntmahgadong:thecustomaryhouseororiginhouse(alsocaIIed'nimahadot);
suku, laige maiii]ireal elan;
surau/ mix ef Koranic sclM)ol. men's c]ub house, and place for urmiarTied men and boys
tospendthenight;
tingkah/elevatedptatformintheRGsimilartothehandua,foundinLPK;su'"ng/ the left holfefthe RG, "hen facing its fiont fut with "indows;warztng/a'coffeesbop'inavi11agi.
NOTES,1. See Cliossao, tbr Lnknewri -vrds.
!. Vellingn acknowiedges regional vaiati'oms of types of RG (Ve[]inga l9g4/45･6) but hesti]1considersthatnaniesofstylesareinvaiiableblulvalidforal1theM"vaqgicabaumea
3. In this paper 1 wi11 be msing ti}e words `tspe'
anul 'mndel'
the foltewing way/ "type'
isari actual exarnpte ot' llG. not a romanticized imago/
'model' is an idealized RG, that
does not nccessuuily exist bul that epitomizes the RG, containing rrHrst of its mcilt
chmuacteristics(asseen{nitem5.4).
4. Employing such nanres in a grnera1 fashien wil] eertainly lead to a misunderstanding
once aetual field-work data ffvm different regions wir] iaiely converge. Even in a singlevillage typo:ogy based ariiiftmiution fivm vi]]agers thermselvcs, not al1 buiidings willrrvatchthenpde]proposedbythenLacoordingtoVellinga(t994).
5. rns would meanL I suFEnse, one vi11age belonging to one lareh, therefore al1 bui1dings-(,uld have the semne sty:e (either K-P of B-C), or it could also mearL that a suktt (c;ari>-vutd betong te one or ather lareh. censequent]y one's house wnuld have to fo11ow alaJ'ahstylere]atedtoone'ssuku(whichshouldmatchteeitherB-CorK-Pstyle).
6. We wi11 not include Solok nor Sawah]unto-Sij urti Luig beemise wu had not stwdied thesc
valleysenoughforlackoftime.
7. In LPK 41% ot' vjl]ag:s {nagari) are said to hntve rnany RG {more than 30% of
buildings mre adut hcuses); in AG. mofe tim SO% of the vi11ages had no moTe e)[tant RG(Kato1982,175).S. It is ti]ough a rough appsoximation/ the distrtct AG reaches ihe -vest a]ast, whle iuhak
AG anLrpied oii]y the inLerior uplands; tbe district I.PK oceupies also a ]ai{lcrr area to the
noth whi]e tuhak LPK ocmipied mostly the seuth of tlve disnict, the mea amurxi
Payalkumibuh: at last, luhak TD is sometimes said to have inebuded the area of Sotok,beingtherefore1blgerthanthedistrtctM(JesselindeJeng19oo).
9.ReasonsforhavingchosentheiuhakfhabLv)atendivision/
a) each val]ey's edttme ls thougiit of being 'different' by the Minangkubau people
themselves; according to theia the Minmgkabau first sett1ed at TI), then sgead to AGand finalty LPK: the regions ware traditioma]]y calIed
']uhak' which in ]ocal langJage
meant either a 'wall',
being a synbolic eenter for each val1cy {Grayes l9g4/1), a river
(Mid. Jamal t985,6", but it could also mean 'less',
for instance, 'luhak
tanali dm' could
mean 'less
fiat larxi' meaning that this area i-vuld be then pmbably hi11y (Mid. Jamal19S5,67)/b)
reaso:rab;e goographical isolatioii/ tnounmie chains and hills ptoNfided a certain degneof isetaticun for each val]qy, pmnoting each valleys' own
'social ideritity' (Dotibin
t9S3/3};c) after visiting the mreq me could see that there mere certain 1enra1 chaaueristics ofthe
RG that varied rougtGy aooordlng to each val!ey (although theTe are variations also ftomvi]]agetovi]lage),
10.Ho-ever,forjosselindejong(l960,S3>,'i'Dhadmixedtnditiens(K-P&B-C),
U , Jn this paper, vve will be caliing 'coriurhation'
noi exact]y urban conzarhation, bnt aninteecdemsityoi'vil]agesettlements(seetheclescriptionofdesa-townsinNas1997).
12. Ng (1993) whtes 'Balai
Caeang' but when we visited this vi11agt in 19g9, twt,dilferent fami]ies to]d us it was tBalai Cancatlg' net
'Cacvang'. Therefu= we wM be
callingithere'BalaiCarmang'.
13, In PB vMage (AG}, rttmah adotis the 'custoiTiaiy house' whIc 'n[mnh
gadang' is asimple house, with almost the same shape but where aditt ceremonies are tbrbidden to beperfbm}edin14. I hmi visited a RG in 96 and in 97 in Balimbing ('BA') that was tctally ernpty, In
19g8, this old house became the center ef a mhng oercmony of a wuman who was
related to this RG Vellinga {2ooe) alse deseribed a vi]lag in the rantau (Abai Sangir),that is 1vaying its
'golden' age ef bui1ding RG nowmlnys. So the RG is ncrt vanishing
equal]y everywi)ere as it is ootrunon]y staied, even it rrvay soem al first sight so as seen in
BA.15.
0ne coutd question the valve ofthis paper to have used both old and new crxamples of
RG fu a s)mchionic stucly of 'tiaditinnal'
types. once `re-er'
RG could be seen as 'not-
as-much' traditional. The main aim ef this paper is to shuw regieml variations of the RG{n the omztand today. TTve Lmit of stuly is secie-cultutral (the villagr , the oereland), this
paperbeingastedyofbuiitformsofaliving'trnditional'society,theMinmgimbanu.Inthissense, any buik up sta)cture used for tiac±itional' fuwtions (e. g aLlat oeremDnies or
demestic ftmctions linked to a nmi or 'vi11age'
way of life) can (ar,d sboald) be used
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equally as objects of stLKly, mo rm their qge. Nl these bni]t-up structures are used
muwadays in oDe -ay or armhef, so to say, for domestic atrd eeremonial psrrposes ormerely as symbols therefbre al1 tltsese tmildimp are oonsidared here equally as IMngmbticunalsmm.16. We haye not done theugh reat diachronie stLulies (taken in consideration betildings inthe past) but -e ime mereiy taken older extant buildings and eompared them to thencsverones.
17. Raffles (1830} mainly described the houses where IE hiniselfstayed (being then
rrohal)ly very gestigious tvuses) aiNd he went only to TD and Solok regions, mut te AGnorLPK.1S.
Raffles (1830,351-8) uses exrHessions like 'for the most part',
'generally', 'marry
of
them: to deseribe the twu RG. He also speaks of a sma1] bouse type ('a smal[ plblikedbouse of al)ota 30 fecrt long') i" the area clese to Pww {'rD), There mere thendifferent types of RG arEi also cther types of houses (simpler houses) in a village. V.Pistotius (]g71) writes that eertain types of bouses [ulled lipat pandon could rot haveeither gonjong nor aayang, being bouses ofslave desoendants. It is clear that the ancient]iteTattlle described bouses of different rmiks, adot houses mi norHtdot bouseeq fivmsiirp]er plariked types ofhuts to very sophistieated omes with anjwrg. Not orily tite idea ofthe existence ofsingle type ef RG in the past but also the idea that most houses in itvi]lage s-ere adot houses in d,e past (Kate 19g2/176) seem then to be inorntect aDoordingtotheseo]ddescriptionsciterltibove.
19.Sbenote3forthedefinitionofltype'ar}d'mde1'useciinthisFxaper.2e. Vellinga sals that nowndays, the presence ef anjwig to both sides is niore aiitulictnion of -ealth thun rvestige {19g4/60). My"zay, mealth and psestige aie seen as
clcuely related in Austioncsian soeieties (Enington t9g9).2t. }louses ofhigh social rank firmtilies with anjung ime usually colorod mp, e.g
the RG of Dt. Bandaro Kuniang (Nakamura 2COD) and the RG of the Regent ofPayaktifnbtih(Waierson 1990/ 77).21,
'To tse the toilet' and
`to bathe' are usually conneLni in the saine plane (next to a
river, at a porKL by an artificial caiul, or next to a tank ofwater), close or fhr ffom the RG.23. C)oTzeming the
'sleepng' fimetio" it is not a spm-specific funtio4 meaning ha
poople um vinual]y sleep atiywhepe in a RG, even in the kitehen. We wi11 be ttumanalyzing be fuuction
'te a]ptiat=' {nstea[L rm this is dm in specific spaoes {bjlik or
'bedmorns').
14, We divided the findion `te
receive guests' in tsvo/ comm guests, uruelated toceremhal oc asiens (ador ceremonies or ]ineage meetings) aod
'eemmenial' guests,
re]atedtothem.
2S. These are the elemeirts cited by aLulhors/ the entrur}ce positien (Rafiles 1830); 1ateral& ]ongitndinal bays (aricient Dntch auliors); reof siinpe (recent Indonesian Iiteratuve);
roof material (Waterson 1990); exterior pl11ars inclined outwards (VeZ]ingR 2000). Weadded
'fivnt fapade imn tmder the windew', orK)e it is a reorment cimen'stic found in
al1theRG(Table9).26. See position ofmain entrlnoes in Table 1O.
27. [n the old Iimch literature, there is referenoe to the angung to only onc side ofthebouse (Verkerk PlsreriLts I87],Van Hasselt 1881). The drawings sbown by Van Hassett(1881,ptateLVIII&LX)indieatetimthisanjungwasiictliketheunjwu}tobothsides,butitwasasimpleelevatedplatformtotfrenyiv,gsideofaRG,similartewhat"efindin
LPK today (see BC-q BC-b in Table 8), Aooording to Vellimp {20eO/299-3ee), theseRG belenged to v"lages fiom tlie area of Solok. Aitbough these hauses wure fmat ftomLPK it is claar tivat at tlze liime van Hasselt m]d V. Pisteiius wrote their bcx,ks (aroundlg7ts), the pasence of a ]ervright em]osition in spmial division alreut' existed inMinangicahau,ThisdatewuuldbebeftieLPKdevelcrpedits'im1ike'clmuacter(whichwu sumnse probably oocurted in bet-een 192ds and 1970s, when the populadon of
Indonesiadoubled).28. ff vve considered that all buildings caine ftvm a singEe model anrci developed its
regiouel charaeteristios ]ater. nc vwwild have the fo]lowing toonclusioms'/
that the RG of
TD is closer to the oldest mocle1, fo11ewed by AG and fimily LPK (the youngest valleyaoa)rding to oral traditions}. This wuuld be a reason for the RG ofLPK to
'diverg ' frem
the 'original' model. This conc1usion is bough nct supported by historical records nor
or=haco]ogy, therefore we ure rurt adopting it here.29, The bilik are sinal1 chambers uscd by the wnrrren when thcy receive their h-simds atnight. In LPK a mnin chamber appears to the ay'ung side, this mvain charribei called'oj
uarig' or
'ajung' {field-,vark). It is not like tlre aryung cited by Raffles, but it is a sort
efmainbedroom,saidtobeoempiedbytheyoungestmarTiedgiri(Ng199j).
jO. Ilanghai & njung.' Ringhat and w'ang Tefbr te one of the main divisioms efthe RGspacc.
The
tight sicle {when facing a RG, looking at its windews) is usually called
panghai (eit 'ioet')
umd the left si[le, nyung (Cleafi or 'tip')
{Vellingn 19g4 & 2nm}.31. The elevated platform Trvay be calied bandua (in TD) or tingkoh (in LPK) (fieldiwork}. It seenrs to be comocted te the spuces foi ctrpulaiion {bilik & main channber),
once it appears in fiont ofthe biiik (TD, sometiines LPK) er at the main chamber (LPK).32. Dqpur {kitchen) is the oooking speee {it may be the oven itse1C er it may be a wholebuitding). In 1844, the Dutch forbade the ovens inside hauses due te constant fires(Jomstra 1923,]5S). It is commonly thought that ovcms -ere buiit eutside the RG after
this date. This is ptobal]ly be origin ofthe ̀ igpur buildiig It is incofiect to think thougl]that no oven is built any lo"ger imside the RG. We have stiIS witnessed siyelt gas ovemsinside the RG in viNages like Bandi Bukik (TD), BA and jng mbtienaj ovens insidefewRG in Sungni Patai (TD).33, ln TD. cuiimon guests aie reoeived in the hall in the old RG, but i" ne"er RG thcyaie received in srooes called berando. Similarly in LPK guests mey be reoeived in thefunt sFme of the atLulied buildirig34. Ado1 ceremonies usua1]y hl[e place iE] tl) fiont ]ull, includiiB the bandua' tingkohwhen they exist.3S. Tt is usully tiee p]ace with a water tarik. S(}rrretinres the sourve of v-ater is ftum ame11, clese to the RG (LPK), otiher times, the somoe c[,mes fumi ponds "tich amintemmectedinthevi]]aEp(AG),orfivm]ongharmbooorplastictubeslinlcedtoasvater
scmnoe. Ihe water is kept in a tank witidi is used for bathing arul cleaiting the fiocE afierevactution.InTD,bathingisdonefhrfiomtheRG,atariverorstm
36. It is usully at the bont fhgacle (M) or to im pangkoi side (or to a bui1ding atnchedtotl)el]anghalside).
37. It is coLmsidered in4)oimit by t]ie ancient Dutch anthors arid sornetimes by the reoent1iterature (Kato 1999). It is said im the largu the nwTiber of1ateral pl1lars. the higher immmkoftheimlyre1atedtoit{YariHhsselt18S2).
38. Tt is said to depend tesical]y on the size ofttre fainily/ the more the number of wonven
desoendants,therrprethenumberof1angittulirva1bays.
39. Sdwfold (1997/5) sa}s that one oftlre main fdatures of an Austrvnesian bouse is tohave
'oblique
walis', a feature Vellinge (2eOO/2) also incILHied as being de pm ef tinepopular intage ofthe Minarighaheti bouse {'outwuTl sloplng walls"). What I arn analyzinghere are pl]1ars frorn the favade, not pillars fivm the RG which afe independerTt fiom theimde-40.
This beani [curvod
upmKls' is a featume fourKl in al] val]eys. Later -e rea]ined thatroefeaves are also curved upwards. As the movement to euTve upwards is fot]omed bythe roof too, which is the most imp(ntant feat-e in a Mimarigt al)ati hnuse, -e added ithereinTal)le1OmidincludedthisfeatureinouTlrasicmo[le)eftlveRG{hem5.4).4t. The mcitiei ofplan in TD is, the bilik behind an eLevated platform in ftmrt of the biitk(in fhct, it is a p]atfkmTi oamFrying helfef the house) and the hel1 in fiont with the entTanceat ttre midd]e.42. Ihe RG of AG and LPK gesent ptan models as fo11ows/ the bilik aie r[,t alwaysoomipying al1 1ongitLulirva1 bays (altbo-gh they are mostly behind) in both AG mi LPKthe elovated platfbnn (under the bitik, in fiont of iL or uiKier tlk) imain cimiber at the
ngictng side} is sonietimes piesent but rnt alwn)s in LPK (the elevated piatfbmi is tibsentin AG), ar"l the embanoe position is variable in both AG arxt LPK.43. LPK as being clcser to the easterTi coast, hxve been 1ong in eontact with whr Malaycu1tues. We suppose thal these constant errterior contaets could ime also influenoed thedesign oftheir houses, therefore its highc[ degoe of vaiadon when compared to TD an(tAG,44.
This discussion of flcor levels started with the balat. BalaiB-C are said to have a fiatfioor, while halai K-P are said to have at their ends etevated platforins (anjung). B-CUndition is saicl to be mme derm)cratic, whi]e K-P is said to be moTe aistcrmtic. In thelast paper (Nalearnuva 2am), sve discH[(bd ti)e division in bet,veen K-P & B-C sttrles forthe RG, like it is suegested by s(m)e Imbnesian anttors, Besides, a viIlage ceuld changeits afTi]iatieq and it seems im[Nmbable that hrnii their halai and their RG would imechanged their flooi ]evels in oooordance with their
'polincal' aiiliatiofi of the momervt,
Some vi11ages nenher be1ong:d to K-P mor to B-C. To complicate more, eacb clan could
be rerated to a tareh B-C oT K-P. indepenckurt of their vi1]ages' lttreh. Tltstre is no
indication that the levets of a RG wnuld be retated to a clan's iareh. Therefore, we
discaided the relation tm the RG to beth the village or clan's iareh.
4S. We suppose that in the past, cot)mli]n types or bousas existed in a lomer peroentawtim toclay, tl}eretbre, most daimestic arid oeremonial functioms wnuld have been mainlyperft}nnedwidtintheRG.46.VelLinga(2000/10-1)questionsthenetionof'mere'or`lessantitentic'cerDemingthe
definitions of dorek & rantau (ooreland & funges), the tinrek beiug always consideredmore traditional thail the rantau. He thinks tu this is a wrorlg notion. orK)e it ignores thecontinuous ptooesses of rodefinition of histery (p. IO). He adds next that the scope ot'
stLdy of his thesis -as 'vernacular
bouses' net 'modern'
houses (p.11). I sumpose'vernacular'
as opmposed to 'modern'
should be included in the safr)e diseussicm abovebeuanamore'mJthentic',tihereforewitha'vemacular'chaincter(1inkedtotireplaocoforigin), as qpposed to a ]ess `anthentic',
with `exteriar' inflLmaoes ffom the modem
wnrld, he calIs 'modern'.
This opm)sing notion between 'more'
and 'Iess
authentic' is anirnportantcultiualcategoryinIndonesia(Watersen1990discussesthenvtionofinnerandouter torritories as being a widesgead cosmologic idea in Inckniesia). We cuimot ignorethis cu1tirrul vategery ifthis is responsible for coherent nieanings inside the Mirungl[abausoeial arKi cultttrul oontexts. We do net chviousLy meari that
'less tTaditionai' is 'inferior'
to the 'niore
traditiona1'. We use this term ]rere simply mearting that domstie fiJnctiemsperfdnrecl inside the RG is re]ated to the
`past' (as in the exarrtple ofa RG cited by
RaMes in 1818, ivere peop]e eooked inside the Ra, m]d dozens of peeple slept irside ,t)in opposition to what me see today (people eDok outside the RG, sleep imside
'conmioi]'houses arKl sornetimes leove the RG
'empty').
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和文要約
本論 は、イ ン ドネシ ア ・西ス マ トラの ミナ ン カバ ウ地 域に 根ざ した
家屋で ある、ル マ ガ ダンの地域性 につ い て 述 ぺ る もの で あ る。既往
研究で は、ル マ ガダ ン は紋切 り型 の モ デ ル と して の み 分析されて お
り、地域に よる多様性は 無視されて い た。そこ で 本論で は、貴族等
特殊な人々 の 家を除い た一般家屋で あるル マ ガダ ンを分析 した。
ミナ ンカバ ウ地域は 3つ の盆地に分か れ、それぞれの 盆地にはそ
れぞ れの歴 史 的な 背景が あ り、地域 ご とに個性が あ る。本 論 では、
そ れぞ れの 盆地か らケー
ス ス タ デ ィ として 2 つ の村 （koしo）を選 び、
さらに、そ の村 （koto）の 中で 古い ル マ ガダン と新 しい ル マ ガダ ン
を 対 象に家屋 の 平面構成 を主に 生活機能 の観点 か ら分析 した。そ し
て 、ル マ ガダ ンを全 体 と して把 握 す るた め に正 立 面を分析 した。
ル マ ガダ ン の 実例 を分析 した こ とに よ り、 現在の ル マ ガ ダ ン に 共
通 して み られ る基本 的な形態 を抽出で きた。こ の成果に よ り、現在
の ル マ ガダ ン に は、盆地 の違 い を越えて 見られ る特徴 が明 らかに な
っ た。こ れは従来か ら一般 的なモ デ ル と言われてい るもの とは異な
っ て い る。ま た、ル マ ガ ダ ン の 実例を、機能 と平 面 構成要 素 と正 面
の 立面の 分 析を行 っ た とこ ろ、盆地の 違 い に よ る差異 と類 似 性 を指
摘 す る こ ともで きた。最後 に、それぞ れの盆 地 の持 つ 歴史 的 ・地 域
的特徴 と関係 の あ ると考え られ るル マ ・ガ ダ ン の 多様 性 に間す る検
討 を行 っ た。
（2000年 11月10［1原稿受理 ，2001年 7 月 19 日採用 決定 ｝
一 192一
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