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A s t w o o d S t r at e g y C o r p o r at i o nA s t w o o d S t r at e g y C o r p o r at i o nA s t w o o d S t r at e g y C o r p o r at i o nA s t w o o d S t r at e g y C o r p o r at i o n

MINISTRY OF ATTORNEY GENERAL MINISTRY OF ATTORNEY GENERAL CONFERENCECONFERENCE‐‐ BEST PRACTICES IN BEST PRACTICES IN ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIESABORIGINAL COMMUNITIES

December 5, 2008

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Copyright © 2008, Astwood Strategy Corporation and Michael C. Chettleburgh.

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Selected CredentialsSelected Credentials

Author and Research Director, 2002 Canadian Police ,Survey on Youth Gangs; Researcher Director, 2008 Canadian Street Gang SurveyP i i l I ti t Principal Investigator: Breaking the Cycle gang exit program, Toronto YOS Program, Niagara Falls – Canada’s first implementation YOS Program, Niagara Falls Canada s first implementation of American G.R.E.A.T. Program

Youth Challenge Fund/Youth Options for Success program, Ontario MCYSOntario MCYS

Making Connections program, Pangnirtung, Nunavut Domestic Violence Response Training program, Legal Aid p g p g gOntario

Selected CredentialsSelected Credentials

Street gang and youth criminal justice advisorg g y j RCMP NCPC Ottawa Police ServiceMinistry of Child and Youth ServicesC R i l A h i Q b Cree Regional Authority, Quebec

Four First Nations of Hobbema Edmonton’s Solutions to Gang Violence/Native Edmonton s Solutions to Gang Violence/Native Counselling Services of Alberta

Nishnawbe‐Aski Police Service, Ontario

Author, Author, Young ThugsYoung Thugs,, g gg g

Comprehensive portrait of C diCanadian street gang situation: causes, economics, girls in gangs, prison gangs, US influences mediaUS influences, media influences.

Prescriptions on suppression, j ti f itjustice reform, community mobilization, prevention and parenting.R 2008 09 D Runner‐up 2008‐09 Donner Book Prize, recognizing best Canadian book on public policypolicy

My Friend, Rick HarrisonMy Friend, Rick Harrisony ,y ,

Correctional Officer at RDC – Correctional Officer at RDC bench 450, leg press 750

In 1999, while guarding deportee, 4 guards

dcontracted mysterious illness

At 43, developed inner ear infection that travelled toinfection that travelled to brain stem

Diagnosed with neurological sarcoidosis, spent two yearssarcoidosis, spent two years in hospital, left a paraplegic

3 young boys…. Proceeds of book sales to Proceeds of book sales to

Rick Harrison Trust Fund.

Author, Author, Gladiator School: Life Inside Gladiator School: Life Inside Canadian PrisonCanadian PrisonCanadian PrisonCanadian Prison

Narrative non‐fiction

7

Narrative non fiction stories from perspective on inmates, corrections officers, families left behind, wrongfully convicted, etc.

Spring 2010 release, ll dHarperCollins Canada.

Host, Host, Gangland CanadaGangland Canada,, gg8

12 episode x 1 hour TV series examining street 12 episode x 1 hour TV series examining street gang situation in 12 different Canadian cities

Perspective of gang members, law enforcement, Perspective of gang members, law enforcement, corrections, victims, community, other criminal justice stakeholders

Fall 2009 on national TV

Gang member, ‘82‐’85 Gang member, 82 85

What’s the Same?What’s the Same?

Code of conduct

11

Code of conduct

Unique subculture

Mutual protection and camaraderie Mutual protection and camaraderie

Initiation and tests of worthiness

d Sanctioned aggression

Rite of passage

Opportunity to live life of distinction

Peers as primary agents of socialization

Tournament

What’s the Difference?What’s the Difference?

Criminal behaviour

12

Criminal behaviour

Socioeconomic conditions

Why Does this Matter?Why Does this Matter?yy

We are hard wired to belong in groups Not all street gangsters are the same

Propensity for violence Commitment to gang Commitment to gang Rank, productivity and importance

Should not treat as an undifferentiated, single archenemy of society

Pareto Principle or the 80/20 rule One size fits all approach will be ineffective One‐size‐fits‐all approach will be ineffective Redemption is possible, even for those that have done very bad things

D fi i TDefining our Terms

“Best Practice”“Best Practice”15

A best practice is a technique or methodology that, through experience and research, has proven to reliably lead to a desired result.

Determination of a best practice therefore is premised Determination of a best practice therefore is premised on scientific evaluation, but......

There has been very little evaluation of programs in Aboriginal communities or settings!Aboriginal communities or settings!

Therefore, we need a more liberal definition while we decide our commitment to evaluation: experience or

hresearch However, much of what we know about what works is clearly applicable to Aboriginal communitiesy pp g

“Aboriginal Communities”“Aboriginal Communities”gg16

Not a single community – First Nations, Métis and g y ,Inuit

Canada’s most diverse – 50+ Nations and Languages within 600+ individual bands

Tremendous variation within Nations – Plains Cree t th J B C i t fnot the same as a James Bay Cree in terms of

customs, language, traditions Therefore need to discriminate – recognize and Therefore, need to discriminate – recognize and value this diversity, to create a customized and balanced approach

“Balanced Approach” “Balanced Approach” –– Part 1Part 1pppp

Communities that

17

Prevention Communities that deal most effectively with

Balanced

yyouth crime and victimization Balanced

Approach InterventionEnforcement employ a

balanced h

Diversion

approach.

Astwood

“Balanced Approach” “Balanced Approach” –– Part 2Part 2pppp

Police Actions v Risk LevelsPolice Actions v Risk Levels

“Balanced Approach” “Balanced Approach” –– Part 3Part 3Police Actions v. Risk LevelsPolice Actions v. Risk Levels

40%

NR LR MR HR VHR

40% 40% 20%40%

Education/ Early Identification/ Diversion/ Enforcement Suppression/Awareness Early Intervention Sanctions ReintegrationAwareness Early Intervention Sanctions Reintegration

PREVENTIONEngaged/Mobilized CommunitiesEngaged/Mobilized Communities

Cautionary TaleCautionary Taleyy20

Samson Cree First Nation, Hobbema, Alberta: Samson Cree First Nation, Hobbema, Alberta: 90 km south of Edmonton Population 6,000 Population 6,000Median age 19.1 Pigeon Lake oil find in 1953g INAC controlled resource royalties Despite protestations of band councils, distribution to those reaching age of majority ‐ $100 to $240K

Cautionary TaleCautionary Taleyy21

Agency Caseload

A M i i l 40Average Municipal 40

Average RCMP 110g

Hobbema RCMP 290

Member DemographicsMember Demographicsg pg p34

Race/Ethnicity % Can.

African Canadian/Black 24.7

First Nations 21.4

Caucasian/White 18.2

East Indian/Pakistani 13.8

Asian 12.4

Latino/Hispanic 6.1

Middle Eastern/Arabic 3.4

Estimates Estimates –– Under 28, Selected Under 28, Selected Western Province Cities 2007Western Province Cities 2007Western Province Cities, 2007Western Province Cities, 2007

36

City #City #

Winnipeg 3,000

Hobbema 250

Saskatoon 800

Vancouver/Lower Mainland 2,000

Red Deer 600

Edmonton 4,000

Regina 500

Prince Albert 300

Calgary 600

Estimate 11,000

Estimated Per Capita Concentration Estimated Per Capita Concentration ‐‐ 2007200737

City # per 1,000

Hobbema 19.00

Ed 4 00Edmonton 4.00

Winnipeg 3.00

Saskatoon 2 60Saskatoon 2.60

Regina 1.50

Calgary 0 50Calgary 0.50

Vancouver 1.00

Toronto 1.40

Montreal 0.50

Largest Street Gang in Country?Largest Street Gang in Country?g g yg g y38

Indian Posse, established 1988 Indian Posse, established 1988

Est. several thousand members in Canada

8 to 28+; drugs extortion IPG prostitution etc 8 to 28+; drugs, extortion, IPG prostitution, etc..

Stronghold in western provinces, movement into Ontario through NANOntario through NAN

Close links in west to Asian Triads and HA

“E d 18 i N th Wi i “Every young person under 18 in North Winnipeg is in a gang....”

P i i P iPromising Practices

Why Prevention?Why Prevention?yy

“Cut the head off the serpent”, hard core p ,suppression approaches alone do not work. U.S. example:

Year Prisoners Gang Members

1980 314,457 100,000

2005 2 193 798 760 0002005 2,193,798 760,000

$1.00 spent on prevention saves $7.00 to $10.00 in downstream judicial system costs.

Why Prevention?Why Prevention?Challenging Prison EnvironmentsChallenging Prison EnvironmentsChallenging Prison EnvironmentsChallenging Prison Environments

Gangsters of all description coalesce within g pfederal, provincial and youth corrections facilities.

For some, doing time earn stripes and street credD ti t t f f t d d l Do time to earn nut for future drug deals

“Victim or victimize” ethos ‐ difficult to do your time divorced from larger group dynamics

Drivers of prison gang growth‐ protection, highly competitive economic markets, widespread use of drugs, growth in gang membershipdrugs, growth in gang membership

CO: “We control the perimeter, the gangs control the range”E J h N Ex. Jonathan Nepoose

The Problem with PreventionThe Problem with Prevention

Easier to attack symptoms than causes Easier to attack symptoms than causes

We do not properly fund prevention so we have

littl id h t t ll klittle idea what actually works.

Culture of expediency where we are troubled by

a lag between investment and result Suppression more immediate – when we seemore cops on street we feel safercops on street, we feel safer.

We’ve left prevention to the underfunded social services sector

Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value?Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value?q y qq y q

Job SalaryOttawa Bus Operator $129,999.97

London 1st class constable $159,317.99

County of Norfolk paramedic $106,642.74

18-year CSC Officer $59,000.00

Average Boys and Girls Club worker $37,000.00g y ,

Youth closed custody front line average $35,299.00


Prevention education in schools has traditionally Prevention education in schools has traditionally been didactic in nature, where concepts are taught through lectures and delivery of facts and figures g y gby teachers.

However useful these approaches are in terms of delivering information, they are not particularly effective in changing behaviors.


American G.R.E.A.T. program – 1991 to present day American G.R.E.A.T. program 1991 to present day Similar in style to RCMP former D.A.R.E. program

Joint effort of Phoenix PD and BATF

Police‐led, middle‐school, 13‐weeks in duration, teach consequences of gang involvement and foster better police/youth relationshipspolice/youth relationships

4000 certified instructors, 5 million students

Well over $200 million program investment to date Well over $200 million program investment to date

Longitudinal studies show improvement in attitudes about police, but no discernable differences in gang involvement


Scared Straight! Regrettably, the idea that youth can be deterred from crime by scaring them early and often persists.

1970s program – Rahway lifers depicting life of rape, p g y p g p ,murder, gangs.

No evidence that such programs work. Indeed various randomized tests of scared straight Indeed, various randomized tests of scared straight programs (where a random selection of youth take the program and a random sample do not), have shown there to be very little statistically significant effect of these approaches on its participants, and even some of these studies have demonstrated that program participants were even more likely to be arrested.

Social Development PerspectiveSocial Development Perspective

The Goal… Healthy Behaviors …for all children and youth

Healthy Beliefsand

Cl St d d…in families, schools, and peer groups

Ensure…Clear Standards and peer groups

Bondingf ili h lBuild…

g–Attachment

–Commitment…to families, schools, and peer groups

By providing… Opportunities Skills Recognition …in families, schools, and peer groups

50 Individual CharacteristicsBe Aware of…

Promising Practices: PreventionPromising Practices: Prevention

Child Development Centre, Toronto

gg

Child Development Centre, Toronto Under 12 Outreach program for boys Established 1985 with Toronto Police Service Established 1985 with Toronto Police Service Youth identified at‐risk by community as well as police contacts

Life skills and cognitive behavioral training – decision making, victim restitution, family counseling, tutoring, tetc.

Evaluation shows improved social functioning of youth reduced negative police contactsyouth, reduced negative police contacts.

Promising Practices: PreventionPromising Practices: Prevention

Ottawa’s Project Early Intervention

gg

Ottawa s Project Early Intervention 42 month intervention in high‐risk Banff‐Ledburycommunity – Somali, Afghani, Ethiopian and Iraqi refugeesrefugees

Targeted to boys and girls aged 6 to 9 and 10 to 12 deemed “at risk” using risk assessment instrumentLif kill d l t t d ti Life skills development, sports and recreation, homework club

Parenting support QED evaluation including control group. Subject children, relative to control group, demonstrated improved social functioning, p g,enhanced school performance; community demonstrated +90% reduction in calls for service.

Promising Practices: PreventionPromising Practices: Preventiongg53

Nor’West Community Health Centre, Winnipeg Nor West Community Health Centre, Winnipeg Gilbert Park Housing complex, Native Syndicate territory

Intensive life skills developmentCultural reclamationSports and recreation Multi‐systemic therapyGang exit

relocation


Wabano Centre for Aboriginal Health: Little Wabano Centre for Aboriginal Health: Little Arrows Clubs Youth 10 to 17 Cyber cafe Elder led cultural programs and celebrations – sweats, p gdrum making, summer camps

Homework club with tutors Family art therapy


Wabano Centre for Aboriginal Health: Aboriginal Youth Diversion and Intervention Program Youth 12 to 17 EJM referrals from Ottawa Police, Mental Health Court, EJM referrals from Ottawa Police, Mental Health Court, Youth Court, CAS, Boys and Girls Club

Assessment of risk and responsivity Intake process then custom intervention with intensive Intake process, then custom intervention with intensive case management over 4 to 6 month period Anger management Life skills Life skills Substance abuse Art therapy Etc. Etc.

Promising Practices: Youth InvolvementPromising Practices: Youth Involvementgg

They are at front lines too They are at front lines too

They understand issues that impact them

Peer to peer prevention can be remarkably Peer to peer prevention can be remarkably effective

Ottawa DFSA example Ottawa DFSA example

Winning Winning PSAsPSAsgg

Promote Gang Exit ProgramsPromote Gang Exit Programsg gg g59

Many youth want out Many youth want out

See past gang affiliation and work with the youth

Gang ExitGang Exitgg60

Breaking the Cycle: Youth Gang Exit and Ambassador Leadership Program 2 week intensive skills development 1 week intensive case management 1 week intensive case management 25 week employment and leadership program funded by Service Canada

Since 2004 have exited 160 youth from some of Toronto’s Since 2004, have exited 160 youth from some of Toronto s most notorious gangs Jamestown Crips Malvern Crew Malvern Crew Driftwood Crips MS‐13

Gang ExitGang Exitgg61

Ogijita Pimatiswin Kinamatwin – Ojibway for g j j y“warrior spirit”

North Winnipeg, Indian Posse, Larry Morrissette 10 IP members, average age 24, 100+ years of experience in corrections facilities; 3 elders

Home renovation skills Last group – all 10 enrolled in University of M it bManitoba

Biggest problem? Location

Reality Based ProgrammingReality Based Programmingy g gy g g62

Those that have lived the live can be more credible –messenger can sometimes be more important than messageH d t f d dili t However, need to perform due diligence to: Confirm bona fides Ensure free from criminal behaviour or contacts Ensure free from criminal behaviour or contacts Ensure messages are not: SensationalistA i li Anti‐police

Age appropriate Negative

Native Counselling Services of AlbertaNative Counselling Services of Albertagg65

Dr. Allen Benson and Kochee Mena Program Contracted Service with Alberta Justice Aims to serve the needs of Aboriginal male young offenders through an open custody facility inoffenders through an open custody facility in Edmonton. provides advocacy for residents within the Justice system and programs that address residents’ needs for personaland programs that address residents’ needs for personal development.

The Facility provides cultural programs, as well as recreational and independent living programs that helprecreational and independent living programs that help prepare youth for reintegration as healthy members of community.

Native Counselling Services of AlbertaNative Counselling Services of Albertagg66

Healing Tears Program Funded by the Aboriginal Healing Tears Program Funded by the Aboriginal Healing Foundation

NCSA delivered the Healing Tears Program to meet NCSA delivered the Healing Tears Program to meet the unique needs of Residential School Survivors and their children's children.

Provides a combined traditional and western approach to healing in order to address the effects of sexual, physical, emotional, mental and spiritual abuse that occurred in the Residential Schools.

Seeing Oneself ProgramSeeing Oneself Programg gg g67

Dr. Nancy Comeau Dr. Nancy Comeau

The Seeing Oneself Initiative aims to work with youth to develop the gifts they carry within themyouth to develop the gifts they carry within them that comes in part from their ancestral heritage and to empower youth to honour their ancestors’ memories by living to their fullest potential.

Piloted in Mi’Kmaq First Nation in 2004

Seeing Oneself ProgramSeeing Oneself Programg gg g68

Objectives: to reduce alcohol and other illicit drug consumption and related delinquent behaviour among youth at risk

to increase protective factors in the lives of Aboriginal youth h i d i i i i di i lsuch as community engagement and participation in traditional

healing and cultural activities to establish a local partnership board and build the capacity of that team to generate knowledge through the on‐going deliverythat team to generate knowledge through the on‐going delivery and outcome evaluation of this novel program

Students who participated in the program drank less, engaged in less binge‐drinking episodes (i e 5 drinks orengaged in less binge drinking episodes (i.e., 5 drinks or more/occasion), had fewer alcohol‐related problems, were more likely to abstain from alcohol use, and reduced their marijuana use at four‐months post‐intervention j p

Police/Youth PartnershipsPolice/Youth Partnerships/ p/ p69

PAL PAL

Ottawa Police Youth Centre

TPS Legal Graffiti Program TPS – Legal Graffiti Program

Empowered Student Partnerships

P ti C d Kid F d ti Proaction – Cops and Kids Foundation

Restorative JusticeRestorative Justice71

Restorative Justice, or “RJ”, is a philosophy that views harm and crime as violations of people and relationships.

RJ works according to the premise that crime and RJ works according to the premise that crime and conflict inflict harm and that individuals must accept responsibility for repairing that harm as well as be directly accountable to the people they violateddirectly accountable to the people they violated.

Conflict is viewed as an opportunity for a community to learn and grow, and for those involved including the victim offender and other stakeholders to have theirvictim, offender and other stakeholders, to have their voices heard, their needs addressed and their solutions considered.

Restorative Justice Restorative Justice ‐‐ FormsForms72

Community Justice Forums (CJFs) is a controlled environment where an offender victim(s) and others are brought together under the guidance ofoffender, victim(s) and others are brought together under the guidance of a trained facilitator to discuss the offence, its impacts and possible solutions which may include apologies, return of items, counselling, community service and other forms of redress to address the harms causedcaused.

Victim‐Offender Mediation (VOM) is usually a face‐to‐face meeting, in the presence of a trained mediator, between the victim of a crime and the person who committed that crime.

Sentencing or Peacemaking Circles, popular within Canada’s Aboriginal communities, use traditional circle ritual and structure to involve the victim, victim supporters, the offender, offender supporters, judge and court personnel police and a selection of community members togethercourt personnel, police and a selection of community members, together who search for an understanding of the criminal act and identify means for healing to occur.

Family Group Conferencing is often used in juvenile crime cases and i l id i l f ti i t th VOM i ll f ilinvolves a wider circle of participants than VOM, especially family members, due to the important role they play in a young person’s life.

Restorative JusticeRestorative Justice73

Dimension Traditional RJ

Offense A violation of the legal system A harm to a person and/or community

bl h bl l h d l blFocus Establishing blame or guilt Repairing harm and solving problems

Victim Perspectives of victim largely ignored

Significant voice that helps decide outcomes

Offender Largely passive participant Active participant that helps decide outcomes

Responsibility Offender often seeks to deny Offender must accept

Stigma of Crime

Often cannot be removed Can be lifted with appropriate actions

Repentance Of secondary concern Encouraged, as forgiveness is deemed iblpossible

Key Players Professionals Those directly affected

Other Best PracticesOther Best Practices74

Mental health Mental health

Drugs and alcohol addictions counselling

Wraparound programs Wraparound programs

Biggest Roadblocks?Biggest Roadblocks?gggg75

Willingness of all sectors of society to act! Willingness of all sectors of society to act!

Problems within Aboriginal community are not an Aboriginal problem but a societal problemAboriginal problem but a societal problem

Can’t arrest our way out of the problem

Many of us are part of the problem Many of us are part of the problem....

Pull of the Drug TradePull of the Drug Tradegg76

Drug trade facilitated by relationships to OCGs Drug trade facilitated by relationships to OCGs who partner with street and drug gangs to do risky street‐level selling.

Despite... Societal scorn

Unsavoury gangster salesmen

Dubiously doctored substances

Prohibitionary laws and possible criminal sanction

Risk of addiction

C di d t t t t f illi it ....Canadians demonstrate a taste for illicit drugs


CCSA Canadian Addictions Survey 2004 – CCSA Canadian Addictions Survey 2004 random sample of 13,000 Canadians over age 15. Cannabis14.1% use during previous 12 months Using 2006 population number for >15, means 3.8 million users this year.y

Excluding cannabis, lifetime usage: PCP/LSD (11.4%), cocaine (10.6%), amphetamines (6.4%), ecstasy (4.1%)y ( )

Fastest growth cohort? Men aged 35 to 44/marijuana (3X growth)

Across all drugs consumption has doubled in last Across all drugs, consumption has doubled in last 10 years


So…..drug user by their robust consumption, have supported the growth of street gangs and organized crime

Gangs have stepped in to capture the demand induced Gangs have stepped in to capture the demand induced profits from Canadian’s desire for illicit substances.

“I’m a businessman….”h i “j ” b ll i Many expect homies to “just say no”, but pull is strong

when economic alternatives are meager or less attractive

$100 per shift for dial a dope runner; youth in Winnipeg clearing $2k week selling pot/crack

Chibougamau dealer ‐ $18K every two weeks Chibougamau dealer ‐ $18K every two weeks

York Regional Police Service, Ontario

Boucherville, Quebec,

Boucherville, Qc, May 9, 2000

Jane Jane JJacobsacobs

“The first thing to understand is that theThe first thing to understand is that the public peace—the sidewalk and street peace—of cities is not kept primarily by the p f p p y ypolice, necessary as police are. It is kept primarily by an intricate, almost unconscious, network of voluntary control and standards among the people h l d f d b h lthemselves, and enforced by the people themselves.”


Lack of root cause analysis Lack of root cause analysis

Risk factors and root causes of criminal behaviour are not excuses for criminal behaviours, butare not excuses for criminal behaviours, but underlying causes which we must confront once and for all

Many Aboriginal communities face 3rd world conditions, Canada’s dirty little secrets

Let’s all give a F***

War in Afghanistan ‐ $5m/day; est. $7 to $10B War in Afghanistan $5m/day; est. $7 to $10B


Parental engagement, leadership and mentoring Parental engagement, leadership and mentoring

ContactContact

Michael C. Chettleburgh

102

Michael C. Chettleburgh 416‐568‐2564 Cell

905‐884‐1938 Tel 905‐884‐1938 Tel

www.astwood.ca

mc@astwood ca [email protected]

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